Characteristics of Memory “Location Wrt Processor”
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Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Computer Arithmetic: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) • Part of the computer that actually performs arithmetic and logical operations on data • All of the other elements of the computer system are there mainly to bring data into the ALU for it to process and then to take the results back out • Based on the use of simple digital logic devices that can store binary digits and perform simple Boolean logic operations ALU Inputs and Outputs Integer Representations • In the binary number system arbitrary numbers can be represented with: – The digits zero and one – The minus sign (for negative numbers) – The period, or radix point (for numbers with a fractional component) – For purposes of computer storage and processing we do not have the benefit of special symbols for the minus sign and radix point – Only binary digits (0,1) may be used to represent numbers Integer Representations • There are 4 commonly known (1 not common) integer representations. • All have been used at various times for various reasons. 1. Unsigned 2. Sign Magnitude 3. One’s Complement 4. Two’s Complement 5. Biased (not commonly known) 1. Unsigned • The standard binary encoding already given. • Only positive value. • Range: 0 to ((2 to the power of N bits) – 1) • Example: 4 bits; (2ˆ4)-1 = 16-1 = values 0 to 15 Semester II 2014/2015 8 1. Unsigned (Cont’d.) Semester II 2014/2015 9 2. Sign-Magnitude • All of these alternatives involve treating the There are several alternative most significant (leftmost) bit in the word as conventions used to -
FUNDAMENTALS of COMPUTING (2019-20) COURSE CODE: 5023 502800CH (Grade 7 for ½ High School Credit) 502900CH (Grade 8 for ½ High School Credit)
EXPLORING COMPUTER SCIENCE NEW NAME: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING (2019-20) COURSE CODE: 5023 502800CH (grade 7 for ½ high school credit) 502900CH (grade 8 for ½ high school credit) COURSE DESCRIPTION: Fundamentals of Computing is designed to introduce students to the field of computer science through an exploration of engaging and accessible topics. Through creativity and innovation, students will use critical thinking and problem solving skills to implement projects that are relevant to students’ lives. They will create a variety of computing artifacts while collaborating in teams. Students will gain a fundamental understanding of the history and operation of computers, programming, and web design. Students will also be introduced to computing careers and will examine societal and ethical issues of computing. OBJECTIVE: Given the necessary equipment, software, supplies, and facilities, the student will be able to successfully complete the following core standards for courses that grant one unit of credit. RECOMMENDED GRADE LEVELS: 9-12 (Preference 9-10) COURSE CREDIT: 1 unit (120 hours) COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS: One computer per student with Internet access RESOURCES: See attached Resource List A. SAFETY Effective professionals know the academic subject matter, including safety as required for proficiency within their area. They will use this knowledge as needed in their role. The following accountability criteria are considered essential for students in any program of study. 1. Review school safety policies and procedures. 2. Review classroom safety rules and procedures. 3. Review safety procedures for using equipment in the classroom. 4. Identify major causes of work-related accidents in office environments. 5. Demonstrate safety skills in an office/work environment. -
The Central Processing Unit(CPU). the Brain of Any Computer System Is the CPU
Computer Fundamentals 1'stage Lec. (8 ) College of Computer Technology Dept.Information Networks The central processing unit(CPU). The brain of any computer system is the CPU. It controls the functioning of the other units and process the data. The CPU is sometimes called the processor, or in the personal computer field called “microprocessor”. It is a single integrated circuit that contains all the electronics needed to execute a program. The processor calculates (add, multiplies and so on), performs logical operations (compares numbers and make decisions), and controls the transfer of data among devices. The processor acts as the controller of all actions or services provided by the system. Processor actions are synchronized to its clock input. A clock signal consists of clock cycles. The time to complete a clock cycle is called the clock period. Normally, we use the clock frequency, which is the inverse of the clock period, to specify the clock. The clock frequency is measured in Hertz, which represents one cycle/second. Hertz is abbreviated as Hz. Usually, we use mega Hertz (MHz) and giga Hertz (GHz) as in 1.8 GHz Pentium. The processor can be thought of as executing the following cycle forever: 1. Fetch an instruction from the memory, 2. Decode the instruction (i.e., determine the instruction type), 3. Execute the instruction (i.e., perform the action specified by the instruction). Execution of an instruction involves fetching any required operands, performing the specified operation, and writing the results back. This process is often referred to as the fetch- execute cycle, or simply the execution cycle. -
Micro-Circuits for High Energy Physics*
MICRO-CIRCUITS FOR HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS* Paul F. Kunz Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Microprogramming is an inherently elegant method for implementing many digital systems. It is a mixture of hardware and software techniques with the logic subsystems controlled by "instructions" stored Figure 1: Basic TTL Gate in a memory. In the past, designing microprogrammed systems was difficult, tedious, and expensive because the available components were capable of only limited number of functions. Today, however, large blocks of microprogrammed systems have been incorporated into a A input B input C output single I.e., thus microprogramming has become a simple, practical method. false false true false true true true false true true true false 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROCIRCUITS Figure 2: Truth Table for NAND Gate. The first question which arises when one talks about microcircuits is: What is a microcircuit? The answer is simple: a complete circuit within a single integrated-circuit (I.e.) package or chip. The next question one might ask is: What circuits are available? The answer to this question is also simple: it depends. It depends on the economics of the circuit for the semiconductor manufacturer, which depends on the technology he uses, which in turn changes as a function of time. Thus to understand Figure 3: Logical NOT Circuit. what microcircuits are available today and what makes them different from those of yesterday it is interesting to look into the economics of producing microcircuits. The basic element in a logic circuit is a gate, which is a circuit with a number of inputs and one output and it performs a basic logical function such as AND, OR, or NOT. -
Computer Monitor and Television Recycling
Computer Monitor and Television Recycling What is the problem? Televisions and computer monitors can no longer be discarded in the normal household containers or commercial dumpsters, effective April 10, 2001. Televisions and computer monitors may contain picture tubes called cathode ray tubes (CRT’s). CRT’s can contain lead, cadmium and/or mercury. When disposed of in a landfill, these metals contaminate soil and groundwater. Some larger television sets may contain as much as 15 pounds of lead. A typical 15‐inch CRT computer monitor contains 1.5 pounds of lead. The State Department of Toxic Substances Control has determined that televisions and computer monitors can no longer be disposed with typical household trash, or recycled with typical household recyclables. They are considered universal waste that needs to be disposed of through alternate ways. CRTs should be stored in a safe manner that prevents the CRT from being broken and the subsequent release of hazardous waste into the environment. Locations that will accept televisions, computers, and other electronic waste (e‐waste): If the product still works, trying to find someone that can still use it (donating) is the best option before properly disposing of an electronic product. Non‐profit organizations, foster homes, schools, and places like St. Vincent de Paul may be possible examples of places that will accept usable products. Or view the E‐waste Recycling List at http://www.mercedrecycles.com/pdf's/EwasteRecycling.pdf Where can businesses take computer monitors, televisions, and other electronics? Businesses located within Merced County must register as a Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator (CESQG) prior to the delivery of monitors and televisions to the Highway 59 Landfill. -
Console Games in the Age of Convergence
Console Games in the Age of Convergence Mark Finn Swinburne University of Technology John Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3122 Australia +61 3 9214 5254 mfi [email protected] Abstract In this paper, I discuss the development of the games console as a converged form, focusing on the industrial and technical dimensions of convergence. Starting with the decline of hybrid devices like the Commodore 64, the paper traces the way in which notions of convergence and divergence have infl uenced the console gaming market. Special attention is given to the convergence strategies employed by key players such as Sega, Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft, and the success or failure of these strategies is evaluated. Keywords Convergence, Games histories, Nintendo, Sega, Sony, Microsoft INTRODUCTION Although largely ignored by the academic community for most of their existence, recent years have seen video games attain at least some degree of legitimacy as an object of scholarly inquiry. Much of this work has focused on what could be called the textual dimension of the game form, with works such as Finn [17], Ryan [42], and Juul [23] investigating aspects such as narrative and character construction in game texts. Another large body of work focuses on the cultural dimension of games, with issues such as gender representation and the always-controversial theme of violence being of central importance here. Examples of this approach include Jenkins [22], Cassell and Jenkins [10] and Schleiner [43]. 45 Proceedings of Computer Games and Digital Cultures Conference, ed. Frans Mäyrä. Tampere: Tampere University Press, 2002. Copyright: authors and Tampere University Press. Little attention, however, has been given to the industrial dimension of the games phenomenon. -
Computer Architecture Out-Of-Order Execution
Computer Architecture Out-of-order Execution By Yoav Etsion With acknowledgement to Dan Tsafrir, Avi Mendelson, Lihu Rappoport, and Adi Yoaz 1 Computer Architecture 2013– Out-of-Order Execution The need for speed: Superscalar • Remember our goal: minimize CPU Time CPU Time = duration of clock cycle × CPI × IC • So far we have learned that in order to Minimize clock cycle ⇒ add more pipe stages Minimize CPI ⇒ utilize pipeline Minimize IC ⇒ change/improve the architecture • Why not make the pipeline deeper and deeper? Beyond some point, adding more pipe stages doesn’t help, because Control/data hazards increase, and become costlier • (Recall that in a pipelined CPU, CPI=1 only w/o hazards) • So what can we do next? Reduce the CPI by utilizing ILP (instruction level parallelism) We will need to duplicate HW for this purpose… 2 Computer Architecture 2013– Out-of-Order Execution A simple superscalar CPU • Duplicates the pipeline to accommodate ILP (IPC > 1) ILP=instruction-level parallelism • Note that duplicating HW in just one pipe stage doesn’t help e.g., when having 2 ALUs, the bottleneck moves to other stages IF ID EXE MEM WB • Conclusion: Getting IPC > 1 requires to fetch/decode/exe/retire >1 instruction per clock: IF ID EXE MEM WB 3 Computer Architecture 2013– Out-of-Order Execution Example: Pentium Processor • Pentium fetches & decodes 2 instructions per cycle • Before register file read, decide on pairing Can the two instructions be executed in parallel? (yes/no) u-pipe IF ID v-pipe • Pairing decision is based… On data -
Parallel Computing
Lecture 1: Computer Organization 1 Outline • Overview of parallel computing • Overview of computer organization – Intel 8086 architecture • Implicit parallelism • von Neumann bottleneck • Cache memory – Writing cache-friendly code 2 Why parallel computing • Solving an × linear system Ax=b by using Gaussian elimination takes ≈ flops. 1 • On Core i7 975 @ 4.0 GHz,3 which is capable of about 3 60-70 Gigaflops flops time 1000 3.3×108 0.006 seconds 1000000 3.3×1017 57.9 days 3 What is parallel computing? • Serial computing • Parallel computing https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp 4 Milestones in Computer Architecture • Analytic engine (mechanical device), 1833 – Forerunner of modern digital computer, Charles Babbage (1792-1871) at University of Cambridge • Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), 1946 – Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania – The first, completely electronic, operational, general-purpose analytical calculator. 30 tons, 72 square meters, 200KW. – Read in 120 cards per minute, Addition took 200µs, Division took 6 ms. • IAS machine, 1952 – John von Neumann at Princeton’s Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) – Program could be represented in digit form in the computer memory, along with data. Arithmetic could be implemented using binary numbers – Most current machines use this design • Transistors was invented at Bell Labs in 1948 by J. Bardeen, W. Brattain and W. Shockley. • PDP-1, 1960, DEC – First minicomputer (transistorized computer) • PDP-8, 1965, DEC – A single bus -
What Is a Microprocessor?
Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation 1978, Vol. 10 (2),238-240 SESSION VII MICROPROCESSORS IN PSYCHOLOGY: A SYMPOSIUM MISRA PAVEL, New York University, Presider What is a microprocessor? MISRA PAVEL New York University, New York, New York 10003 A general introduction to microcomputer terminology and concepts is provided. The purpose of this introduction is to provide an overview of this session and to introduce the termi MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM nology and some of the concepts that will be discussed in greater detail by the rest of the session papers. PERIPNERILS EIPERI MENT II A block diagram of a typical small computer system USS PRINIER KErBOARD INIERfICE is shown in Figure 1. Four distinct blocks can be STDRIGE distinguished: (1) the central processing unit (CPU); (2) external memory; (3) peripherals-mass storage, CONTROL standard input/output, and man-machine interface; 0111 BUS (4) special purpose (experimental) interface. IODiISS The different functional units in the system shown here are connected, more or less in parallel, by a number CENTKll ElIEBUL of lines commonly referred to as a bus. The bus mediates PROCESSING ME MOil transfer of information among the units by carrying UN IT address information, data, and control signals. For example, when the CPU transfers data to memory, it activates appropriate control lines, asserts the desired Figure 1. Block diagram of a smaIl computer system. destination memory address, and then outputs data on the bus. Traditionally, the entire system was built from a CU multitude of relatively simple components mounted on interconnected printed circuit cards. With the advances of integrated circuit technology, large amounts of circuitry were squeezed into a single chip. -
Programmable Digital Microcircuits - a Survey with Examples of Use
- 237 - PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL MICROCIRCUITS - A SURVEY WITH EXAMPLES OF USE C. Verkerk CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 1. Introduction For most readers the title of these lecture notes will evoke microprocessors. The fixed instruction set microprocessors are however not the only programmable digital mi• crocircuits and, although a number of pages will be dedicated to them, the aim of these notes is also to draw attention to other useful microcircuits. A complete survey of programmable circuits would fill several books and a selection had therefore to be made. The choice has rather been to treat a variety of devices than to give an in- depth treatment of a particular circuit. The selected devices have all found useful ap• plications in high-energy physics, or hold promise for future use. The microprocessor is very young : just over eleven years. An advertisement, an• nouncing a new era of integrated electronics, and which appeared in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronics News, is generally considered its birth-certificate. The adver• tisement was for the Intel 4004 and its three support chips. The history leading to this announcement merits to be recalled. Intel, then a very young company, was working on the design of a chip-set for a high-performance calculator, for and in collaboration with a Japanese firm, Busicom. One of the Intel engineers found the Busicom design of 9 different chips too complicated and tried to find a more general and programmable solu• tion. His design, the 4004 microprocessor, was finally adapted by Busicom, and after further négociation, Intel acquired marketing rights for its new invention. -
Class of 2023 Required Laptop Computer Specifications
Class of 2023 Required Laptop Computer Specifications Computer Component Mandatory Minimum Additional Information Computer’s Operating System Windows 10 Professional Edition Windows OS required by IMSA OS Computer Science Department Apple/Macintosh OS Not Recommended Linux OS Not Recommended Computer’s processing power Intel or AMD i5, 8th Generation i7 – 8th Generation Chip Processor Chip recommended for students interested in graphic design, animation, CAD/CAM, high processing demand applications Computer’s Memory 8GB 16GB recommended for students interested in graphic design, animation, CAD/CAM, high processing demand applications Computer’s Video Capabilities Intel HD (High Definition) AMD or Nvidia Independent Integrated Graphics Processor Graphics Processors recommended for students interested in graphic design, animation, CAD/CAM, high processing demand applications Computers Internal Storage – 256GB Hard Drive SSD type drive recommended Hard Drive for processing power and reliability Computer’s Wired Ethernet Strongly recommended. May Wired network connections are Connection require the purchase of an 10x faster than wireless additional adapter or “Dongle” network connections Computer’s WiFi – Internet Intel Brand – Dual Band Wireless We do not recommend other Access Card Card capable of 802.11ac wireless network card brands, 2.4/5.0GHz Dual Band Wireless Intel is the only one that works Network Card reliably in the IMSA environment Computer’s WebCam Required, to support eLearning as necessary Computer’s USB Ports 3- USB Ports -
The History of Computing in the History of Technology
The History of Computing in the History of Technology Michael S. Mahoney Program in History of Science Princeton University, Princeton, NJ (Annals of the History of Computing 10(1988), 113-125) After surveying the current state of the literature in the history of computing, this paper discusses some of the major issues addressed by recent work in the history of technology. It suggests aspects of the development of computing which are pertinent to those issues and hence for which that recent work could provide models of historical analysis. As a new scientific technology with unique features, computing in turn can provide new perspectives on the history of technology. Introduction record-keeping by a new industry of data processing. As a primary vehicle of Since World War II 'information' has emerged communication over both space and t ime, it as a fundamental scientific and technological has come to form the core of modern concept applied to phenomena ranging from information technolo gy. What the black holes to DNA, from the organization of English-speaking world refers to as "computer cells to the processes of human thought, and science" is known to the rest of western from the management of corporations to the Europe as informatique (or Informatik or allocation of global resources. In addition to informatica). Much of the concern over reshaping established disciplines, it has information as a commodity and as a natural stimulated the formation of a panoply of new resource derives from the computer and from subjects and areas of inquiry concerned with computer-based communications technolo gy.