5 Computer Organization
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Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Computer Arithmetic: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) • Part of the computer that actually performs arithmetic and logical operations on data • All of the other elements of the computer system are there mainly to bring data into the ALU for it to process and then to take the results back out • Based on the use of simple digital logic devices that can store binary digits and perform simple Boolean logic operations ALU Inputs and Outputs Integer Representations • In the binary number system arbitrary numbers can be represented with: – The digits zero and one – The minus sign (for negative numbers) – The period, or radix point (for numbers with a fractional component) – For purposes of computer storage and processing we do not have the benefit of special symbols for the minus sign and radix point – Only binary digits (0,1) may be used to represent numbers Integer Representations • There are 4 commonly known (1 not common) integer representations. • All have been used at various times for various reasons. 1. Unsigned 2. Sign Magnitude 3. One’s Complement 4. Two’s Complement 5. Biased (not commonly known) 1. Unsigned • The standard binary encoding already given. • Only positive value. • Range: 0 to ((2 to the power of N bits) – 1) • Example: 4 bits; (2ˆ4)-1 = 16-1 = values 0 to 15 Semester II 2014/2015 8 1. Unsigned (Cont’d.) Semester II 2014/2015 9 2. Sign-Magnitude • All of these alternatives involve treating the There are several alternative most significant (leftmost) bit in the word as conventions used to -
FUNDAMENTALS of COMPUTING (2019-20) COURSE CODE: 5023 502800CH (Grade 7 for ½ High School Credit) 502900CH (Grade 8 for ½ High School Credit)
EXPLORING COMPUTER SCIENCE NEW NAME: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING (2019-20) COURSE CODE: 5023 502800CH (grade 7 for ½ high school credit) 502900CH (grade 8 for ½ high school credit) COURSE DESCRIPTION: Fundamentals of Computing is designed to introduce students to the field of computer science through an exploration of engaging and accessible topics. Through creativity and innovation, students will use critical thinking and problem solving skills to implement projects that are relevant to students’ lives. They will create a variety of computing artifacts while collaborating in teams. Students will gain a fundamental understanding of the history and operation of computers, programming, and web design. Students will also be introduced to computing careers and will examine societal and ethical issues of computing. OBJECTIVE: Given the necessary equipment, software, supplies, and facilities, the student will be able to successfully complete the following core standards for courses that grant one unit of credit. RECOMMENDED GRADE LEVELS: 9-12 (Preference 9-10) COURSE CREDIT: 1 unit (120 hours) COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS: One computer per student with Internet access RESOURCES: See attached Resource List A. SAFETY Effective professionals know the academic subject matter, including safety as required for proficiency within their area. They will use this knowledge as needed in their role. The following accountability criteria are considered essential for students in any program of study. 1. Review school safety policies and procedures. 2. Review classroom safety rules and procedures. 3. Review safety procedures for using equipment in the classroom. 4. Identify major causes of work-related accidents in office environments. 5. Demonstrate safety skills in an office/work environment. -
The Central Processing Unit(CPU). the Brain of Any Computer System Is the CPU
Computer Fundamentals 1'stage Lec. (8 ) College of Computer Technology Dept.Information Networks The central processing unit(CPU). The brain of any computer system is the CPU. It controls the functioning of the other units and process the data. The CPU is sometimes called the processor, or in the personal computer field called “microprocessor”. It is a single integrated circuit that contains all the electronics needed to execute a program. The processor calculates (add, multiplies and so on), performs logical operations (compares numbers and make decisions), and controls the transfer of data among devices. The processor acts as the controller of all actions or services provided by the system. Processor actions are synchronized to its clock input. A clock signal consists of clock cycles. The time to complete a clock cycle is called the clock period. Normally, we use the clock frequency, which is the inverse of the clock period, to specify the clock. The clock frequency is measured in Hertz, which represents one cycle/second. Hertz is abbreviated as Hz. Usually, we use mega Hertz (MHz) and giga Hertz (GHz) as in 1.8 GHz Pentium. The processor can be thought of as executing the following cycle forever: 1. Fetch an instruction from the memory, 2. Decode the instruction (i.e., determine the instruction type), 3. Execute the instruction (i.e., perform the action specified by the instruction). Execution of an instruction involves fetching any required operands, performing the specified operation, and writing the results back. This process is often referred to as the fetch- execute cycle, or simply the execution cycle. -
The Von Neumann Computer Model 5/30/17, 10:03 PM
The von Neumann Computer Model 5/30/17, 10:03 PM CIS-77 Home http://www.c-jump.com/CIS77/CIS77syllabus.htm The von Neumann Computer Model 1. The von Neumann Computer Model 2. Components of the Von Neumann Model 3. Communication Between Memory and Processing Unit 4. CPU data-path 5. Memory Operations 6. Understanding the MAR and the MDR 7. Understanding the MAR and the MDR, Cont. 8. ALU, the Processing Unit 9. ALU and the Word Length 10. Control Unit 11. Control Unit, Cont. 12. Input/Output 13. Input/Output Ports 14. Input/Output Address Space 15. Console Input/Output in Protected Memory Mode 16. Instruction Processing 17. Instruction Components 18. Why Learn Intel x86 ISA ? 19. Design of the x86 CPU Instruction Set 20. CPU Instruction Set 21. History of IBM PC 22. Early x86 Processor Family 23. 8086 and 8088 CPU 24. 80186 CPU 25. 80286 CPU 26. 80386 CPU 27. 80386 CPU, Cont. 28. 80486 CPU 29. Pentium (Intel 80586) 30. Pentium Pro 31. Pentium II 32. Itanium processor 1. The von Neumann Computer Model Von Neumann computer systems contain three main building blocks: The following block diagram shows major relationship between CPU components: the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices (I/O). These three components are connected together using the system bus. The most prominent items within the CPU are the registers: they can be manipulated directly by a computer program. http://www.c-jump.com/CIS77/CPU/VonNeumann/lecture.html Page 1 of 15 IPR2017-01532 FanDuel, et al. -
The Intel Microprocessors: Architecture, Programming and Interfacing Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer
Microprocessors (0630371) Fall 2010/2011 – Lecture Notes # 1 The Intel Microprocessors: Architecture, Programming and Interfacing Introduction to the Microprocessor and computer Outline of the Lecture Evolution of programming languages. Microcomputer Architecture. Instruction Execution Cycle. Evolution of programming languages: Machine language - the programmer had to remember the machine codes for various operations, and had to remember the locations of the data in the main memory like: 0101 0011 0111… Assembly Language - an instruction is an easy –to- remember form called a mnemonic code . Example: Assembly Language Machine Language Load 100100 ADD 100101 SUB 100011 We need a program called an assembler that translates the assembly language instructions into machine language. High-level languages Fortran, Cobol, Pascal, C++, C# and java. We need a compiler to translate instructions written in high-level languages into machine code. Microprocessor-based system (Micro computer) Architecture Data Bus, I/O bus Memory Storage I/O I/O Registers Unit Device Device Central Processing Unit #1 #2 (CPU ) ALU CU Clock Control Unit Address Bus The figure shows the main components of a microprocessor-based system: CPU- Central Processing Unit , where calculations and logic operations are done. CPU contains registers , a high-frequency clock , a control unit ( CU ) and an arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ). o Clock : synchronizes the internal operations of the CPU with other system components using clock pulsing at a constant rate (the basic unit of time for machine instructions is a machine cycle or clock cycle) One cycle A machine instruction requires at least one clock cycle some instruction require 50 clocks. o Control Unit (CU) - generate the needed control signals to coordinate the sequencing of steps involved in executing machine instructions: (fetches data and instructions and decodes addresses for the ALU). -
Computer Organization & Architecture Eie
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE EIE 411 Course Lecturer: Engr Banji Adedayo. Reg COREN. The characteristics of different computers vary considerably from category to category. Computers for data processing activities have different features than those with scientific features. Even computers configured within the same application area have variations in design. Computer architecture is the science of integrating those components to achieve a level of functionality and performance. It is logical organization or designs of the hardware that make up the computer system. The internal organization of a digital system is defined by the sequence of micro operations it performs on the data stored in its registers. The internal structure of a MICRO-PROCESSOR is called its architecture and includes the number lay out and functionality of registers, memory cell, decoders, controllers and clocks. HISTORY OF COMPUTER HARDWARE The first use of the word ‘Computer’ was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculation or computation. A brief History: Computer as we all know 2day had its beginning with 19th century English Mathematics Professor named Chales Babage. He designed the analytical engine and it was this design that the basic frame work of the computer of today are based on. 1st Generation 1937-1946 The first electronic digital computer was built by Dr John V. Atanasoff & Berry Cliford (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer named colossus was built for military. 1946 – The first general purpose digital computer- the Electronic Numerical Integrator and computer (ENIAC) was built. This computer weighed 30 tons and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which were used for processing. -
Class-4 Computer L-2 Input and Output Devices
CLASS-4 COMPUTER L-2 INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES BOOK EXERCISE A. Tick () the correct options. 1. Which of the following is NOT an input device? a. touchpad ( ) b. projector () c. MICR ( ) 2. What does OCR stands for? a. Optical Character Recognition () b. Oriented Character Recognition ( ) c. Optical Copy Recognition ( ) 3. A plotter prints on paper by using . a. A stylus ( ) b. pencils ( ) c. pens () 4. Which of the following is an output device? a. projector ( ) b. laser printer ( ) c. both a and b () B. Fill in the blanks. Picture barcode biometric projection MICR typeface 1. A barcode is a pattern of parallel lines of varying width printed on different products. 2. OCR does not treat the text as picture. 3. A projector projects an image (or moving images) onto a large surface known as projection screen. 4. The MICR technology recognizes the data printed bin the MICR typeface. 5. A biometric device uses fingerprint, facial scans or voice recognition to identify users. CLASS-4 COMPUTER L-2 INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES C. Identify each of the following as input or output devices. Projector, Light pen, Touchpad, Touchscreen, web-cam, Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Keyboard, Mouse, MICR, Speakers, Scanner, OCR, Microphone. Ans: Input Devices Output Devices MICR Projector Touchpad Monitor Scanner Printer Touchscreen Speakers Keyboard Plotter OCR Web Cam Mouse Microphone D. Answer in one word- 1. A latest input device enables you to choose options on the computer screen by simply touching with a finger. (Touchscreen) 2. A device that projects an image onto a large surface. (Projector) 3. A device that draws on paper with one or more automated pens. -
Lecture Notes
Lecture #4-5: Computer Hardware (Overview and CPUs) CS106E Spring 2018, Young In these lectures, we begin our three-lecture exploration of Computer Hardware. We start by looking at the different types of computer components and how they interact during basic computer operations. Next, we focus specifically on the CPU (Central Processing Unit). We take a look at the Machine Language of the CPU and discover it’s really quite primitive. We explore how Compilers and Interpreters allow us to go from the High-Level Languages we are used to programming to the Low-Level machine language actually used by the CPU. Most modern CPUs are multicore. We take a look at when multicore provides big advantages and when it doesn’t. We also take a short look at Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and what they might be used for. We end by taking a look at Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) and Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC). Stanford President John Hennessy won the Turing Award (Computer Science’s equivalent of the Nobel Prize) for his work on RISC computing. Hardware and Software: Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Software refers to the programs or instructions that run on the physical computer. - We can entirely change the software on a computer, without changing the hardware and it will transform how the computer works. I can take an Apple MacBook for example, remove the Apple Software and install Microsoft Windows, and I now have a Window’s computer. - In the next two lectures we will focus entirely on Hardware. -
Unit 8 : Microprocessor Architecture
Unit 8 : Microprocessor Architecture Lesson 1 : Microcomputer Structure 1.1. Learning Objectives On completion of this lesson you will be able to : ♦ draw the block diagram of a simple computer ♦ understand the function of different units of a microcomputer ♦ learn the basic operation of microcomputer bus system. 1.2. Digital Computer A digital computer is a multipurpose, programmable machine that reads A digital computer is a binary instructions from its memory, accepts binary data as input and multipurpose, programmable processes data according to those instructions, and provides results as machine. output. 1.3. Basic Computer System Organization Every computer contains five essential parts or units. They are Basic computer system organization. i. the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) ii. the control unit iii. the memory unit iv. the input unit v. the output unit. 1.3.1. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is that part of the computer that The arithmetic and logic actually performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. All other unit (ALU) is that part of elements of the computer system - control unit, register, memory, I/O - the computer that actually are there mainly to bring data into the ALU to process and then to take performs arithmetic and the results back out. logical operations on data. An arithmetic and logic unit and, indeed, all electronic components in the computer are based on the use of simple digital logic devices that can store binary digits and perform simple Boolean logic operations. Data are presented to the ALU in registers. These registers are temporary storage locations within the CPU that are connected by signal paths of the ALU. -
Computer Monitor and Television Recycling
Computer Monitor and Television Recycling What is the problem? Televisions and computer monitors can no longer be discarded in the normal household containers or commercial dumpsters, effective April 10, 2001. Televisions and computer monitors may contain picture tubes called cathode ray tubes (CRT’s). CRT’s can contain lead, cadmium and/or mercury. When disposed of in a landfill, these metals contaminate soil and groundwater. Some larger television sets may contain as much as 15 pounds of lead. A typical 15‐inch CRT computer monitor contains 1.5 pounds of lead. The State Department of Toxic Substances Control has determined that televisions and computer monitors can no longer be disposed with typical household trash, or recycled with typical household recyclables. They are considered universal waste that needs to be disposed of through alternate ways. CRTs should be stored in a safe manner that prevents the CRT from being broken and the subsequent release of hazardous waste into the environment. Locations that will accept televisions, computers, and other electronic waste (e‐waste): If the product still works, trying to find someone that can still use it (donating) is the best option before properly disposing of an electronic product. Non‐profit organizations, foster homes, schools, and places like St. Vincent de Paul may be possible examples of places that will accept usable products. Or view the E‐waste Recycling List at http://www.mercedrecycles.com/pdf's/EwasteRecycling.pdf Where can businesses take computer monitors, televisions, and other electronics? Businesses located within Merced County must register as a Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator (CESQG) prior to the delivery of monitors and televisions to the Highway 59 Landfill. -
Console Games in the Age of Convergence
Console Games in the Age of Convergence Mark Finn Swinburne University of Technology John Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3122 Australia +61 3 9214 5254 mfi [email protected] Abstract In this paper, I discuss the development of the games console as a converged form, focusing on the industrial and technical dimensions of convergence. Starting with the decline of hybrid devices like the Commodore 64, the paper traces the way in which notions of convergence and divergence have infl uenced the console gaming market. Special attention is given to the convergence strategies employed by key players such as Sega, Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft, and the success or failure of these strategies is evaluated. Keywords Convergence, Games histories, Nintendo, Sega, Sony, Microsoft INTRODUCTION Although largely ignored by the academic community for most of their existence, recent years have seen video games attain at least some degree of legitimacy as an object of scholarly inquiry. Much of this work has focused on what could be called the textual dimension of the game form, with works such as Finn [17], Ryan [42], and Juul [23] investigating aspects such as narrative and character construction in game texts. Another large body of work focuses on the cultural dimension of games, with issues such as gender representation and the always-controversial theme of violence being of central importance here. Examples of this approach include Jenkins [22], Cassell and Jenkins [10] and Schleiner [43]. 45 Proceedings of Computer Games and Digital Cultures Conference, ed. Frans Mäyrä. Tampere: Tampere University Press, 2002. Copyright: authors and Tampere University Press. Little attention, however, has been given to the industrial dimension of the games phenomenon. -
Demystifying Internet of Things Security Successful Iot Device/Edge and Platform Security Deployment — Sunil Cheruvu Anil Kumar Ned Smith David M
Demystifying Internet of Things Security Successful IoT Device/Edge and Platform Security Deployment — Sunil Cheruvu Anil Kumar Ned Smith David M. Wheeler Demystifying Internet of Things Security Successful IoT Device/Edge and Platform Security Deployment Sunil Cheruvu Anil Kumar Ned Smith David M. Wheeler Demystifying Internet of Things Security: Successful IoT Device/Edge and Platform Security Deployment Sunil Cheruvu Anil Kumar Chandler, AZ, USA Chandler, AZ, USA Ned Smith David M. Wheeler Beaverton, OR, USA Gilbert, AZ, USA ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-2895-1 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-2896-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2896-8 Copyright © 2020 by The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.