V850E2S User's Manual: Architecture
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Micro-Circuits for High Energy Physics*
MICRO-CIRCUITS FOR HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS* Paul F. Kunz Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Microprogramming is an inherently elegant method for implementing many digital systems. It is a mixture of hardware and software techniques with the logic subsystems controlled by "instructions" stored Figure 1: Basic TTL Gate in a memory. In the past, designing microprogrammed systems was difficult, tedious, and expensive because the available components were capable of only limited number of functions. Today, however, large blocks of microprogrammed systems have been incorporated into a A input B input C output single I.e., thus microprogramming has become a simple, practical method. false false true false true true true false true true true false 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROCIRCUITS Figure 2: Truth Table for NAND Gate. The first question which arises when one talks about microcircuits is: What is a microcircuit? The answer is simple: a complete circuit within a single integrated-circuit (I.e.) package or chip. The next question one might ask is: What circuits are available? The answer to this question is also simple: it depends. It depends on the economics of the circuit for the semiconductor manufacturer, which depends on the technology he uses, which in turn changes as a function of time. Thus to understand Figure 3: Logical NOT Circuit. what microcircuits are available today and what makes them different from those of yesterday it is interesting to look into the economics of producing microcircuits. The basic element in a logic circuit is a gate, which is a circuit with a number of inputs and one output and it performs a basic logical function such as AND, OR, or NOT. -
Computer Architecture Out-Of-Order Execution
Computer Architecture Out-of-order Execution By Yoav Etsion With acknowledgement to Dan Tsafrir, Avi Mendelson, Lihu Rappoport, and Adi Yoaz 1 Computer Architecture 2013– Out-of-Order Execution The need for speed: Superscalar • Remember our goal: minimize CPU Time CPU Time = duration of clock cycle × CPI × IC • So far we have learned that in order to Minimize clock cycle ⇒ add more pipe stages Minimize CPI ⇒ utilize pipeline Minimize IC ⇒ change/improve the architecture • Why not make the pipeline deeper and deeper? Beyond some point, adding more pipe stages doesn’t help, because Control/data hazards increase, and become costlier • (Recall that in a pipelined CPU, CPI=1 only w/o hazards) • So what can we do next? Reduce the CPI by utilizing ILP (instruction level parallelism) We will need to duplicate HW for this purpose… 2 Computer Architecture 2013– Out-of-Order Execution A simple superscalar CPU • Duplicates the pipeline to accommodate ILP (IPC > 1) ILP=instruction-level parallelism • Note that duplicating HW in just one pipe stage doesn’t help e.g., when having 2 ALUs, the bottleneck moves to other stages IF ID EXE MEM WB • Conclusion: Getting IPC > 1 requires to fetch/decode/exe/retire >1 instruction per clock: IF ID EXE MEM WB 3 Computer Architecture 2013– Out-of-Order Execution Example: Pentium Processor • Pentium fetches & decodes 2 instructions per cycle • Before register file read, decide on pairing Can the two instructions be executed in parallel? (yes/no) u-pipe IF ID v-pipe • Pairing decision is based… On data -
Parallel Computing
Lecture 1: Computer Organization 1 Outline • Overview of parallel computing • Overview of computer organization – Intel 8086 architecture • Implicit parallelism • von Neumann bottleneck • Cache memory – Writing cache-friendly code 2 Why parallel computing • Solving an × linear system Ax=b by using Gaussian elimination takes ≈ flops. 1 • On Core i7 975 @ 4.0 GHz,3 which is capable of about 3 60-70 Gigaflops flops time 1000 3.3×108 0.006 seconds 1000000 3.3×1017 57.9 days 3 What is parallel computing? • Serial computing • Parallel computing https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp 4 Milestones in Computer Architecture • Analytic engine (mechanical device), 1833 – Forerunner of modern digital computer, Charles Babbage (1792-1871) at University of Cambridge • Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), 1946 – Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania – The first, completely electronic, operational, general-purpose analytical calculator. 30 tons, 72 square meters, 200KW. – Read in 120 cards per minute, Addition took 200µs, Division took 6 ms. • IAS machine, 1952 – John von Neumann at Princeton’s Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) – Program could be represented in digit form in the computer memory, along with data. Arithmetic could be implemented using binary numbers – Most current machines use this design • Transistors was invented at Bell Labs in 1948 by J. Bardeen, W. Brattain and W. Shockley. • PDP-1, 1960, DEC – First minicomputer (transistorized computer) • PDP-8, 1965, DEC – A single bus -
V850 Series Development Environment Pamphlet
To our customers, Old Company Name in Catalogs and Other Documents On April 1st, 2010, NEC Electronics Corporation merged with Renesas Technology Corporation, and Renesas Electronics Corporation took over all the business of both companies. Therefore, although the old company name remains in this document, it is a valid Renesas Electronics document. We appreciate your understanding. Renesas Electronics website: http://www.renesas.com April 1st, 2010 Renesas Electronics Corporation Issued by: Renesas Electronics Corporation (http://www.renesas.com) Send any inquiries to http://www.renesas.com/inquiry. Notice 1. All information included in this document is current as of the date this document is issued. Such information, however, is subject to change without any prior notice. Before purchasing or using any Renesas Electronics products listed herein, please confirm the latest product information with a Renesas Electronics sales office. Also, please pay regular and careful attention to additional and different information to be disclosed by Renesas Electronics such as that disclosed through our website. 2. Renesas Electronics does not assume any liability for infringement of patents, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights of third parties by or arising from the use of Renesas Electronics products or technical information described in this document. No license, express, implied or otherwise, is granted hereby under any patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights of Renesas Electronics or others. 3. You should not alter, modify, copy, or otherwise misappropriate any Renesas Electronics product, whether in whole or in part. 4. Descriptions of circuits, software and other related information in this document are provided only to illustrate the operation of semiconductor products and application examples. -
Palmice3 V850 Apr
Product Summary PALMiCE3 V850 Apr. 1, 2014 (1/1) JTAG emulator PALMiCE3 V850 PALMiCE3 V850 is a JTAG emulator that incorporates on-chip debugging function in Renesas Electronics-made V850. It supports USB2.0 (High-speed) as the host interface, and the Vbus which requires no power supply. Furthermore, PALMiCE3 V850 has a palm-sized, light and compact body, providing excellent portability to support you with debugging. As for the debugger, it surely incorporates CSIDE, which provides a user-friendly debugging environment. CSIDE supports not only high-level language debugging of a range of C languages but also a wide range of debugging environments by optional debug libraries. Support for SuperH family and H8S/H8SX family are also available with optional CSIDEs. ■ Supports V850 ■ Real-time watcher feature (Optional) ■ Supports USB2.0(High-speed), allowing high-speed ■ Simulated I/O feature processing ■ Allows access to memory and I/O during break ■ A palm-sized, compact body ■ Supports debugging on on-chip/external flash memories ■ Requires no power supply with Vbus support Main Specifications Supporting model HUDI141(JTAG) model Supported CPUs *1 V850E2/MN4, V850E2/ML4 JTAG clock Can be set freely in 1MHz increments between 1MHz and 25MHz. Voltage 1.65V - 5.5V (Follows target) Measures by sampling and shows the results with accuracy of 50mV Target I/F Voltage measurement and precision showing 2 decimal places. Connector 14-pin MIL connector Supports referencing/editing of register and downloading to memory during break. Register, memory, I/O operation It supports referencing/editing of memory and I/O even during execution of the user program. -
Programmable Digital Microcircuits - a Survey with Examples of Use
- 237 - PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL MICROCIRCUITS - A SURVEY WITH EXAMPLES OF USE C. Verkerk CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 1. Introduction For most readers the title of these lecture notes will evoke microprocessors. The fixed instruction set microprocessors are however not the only programmable digital mi• crocircuits and, although a number of pages will be dedicated to them, the aim of these notes is also to draw attention to other useful microcircuits. A complete survey of programmable circuits would fill several books and a selection had therefore to be made. The choice has rather been to treat a variety of devices than to give an in- depth treatment of a particular circuit. The selected devices have all found useful ap• plications in high-energy physics, or hold promise for future use. The microprocessor is very young : just over eleven years. An advertisement, an• nouncing a new era of integrated electronics, and which appeared in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronics News, is generally considered its birth-certificate. The adver• tisement was for the Intel 4004 and its three support chips. The history leading to this announcement merits to be recalled. Intel, then a very young company, was working on the design of a chip-set for a high-performance calculator, for and in collaboration with a Japanese firm, Busicom. One of the Intel engineers found the Busicom design of 9 different chips too complicated and tried to find a more general and programmable solu• tion. His design, the 4004 microprocessor, was finally adapted by Busicom, and after further négociation, Intel acquired marketing rights for its new invention. -
OVP Presentation
OpenOpen VirtualVirtual PlatformsPlatforms (OVP)(OVP) AnAn IntroductionIntroduction andand OverviewOverview [email protected] Dec 2011 Page 1 © 2011 Imperas, Open Virtual Platforms, www.OVPworld.org, v1211 TheThe growinggrowing challengechallenge SW content of electronic products grows dramatically Millions and millions lines code In 2007 SW dev costs exceeds HW design costs for SoC ICs Examining the economics of building next-generation mobile handsets with Linux By: Bill Weinber, Jun. 14, 2005 11:00 AM, linux.sys-con.com and the software needs to run faster and faster to provide more and more functionality Source: Xilinx Page 3 © 2011 Imperas, Open Virtual Platforms, www.OVPworld.org, v1211 TheThe realreal solutionsolution isis MultiMulti--CoreCore “Von Neumann is a poor use of scaling – all the energy is going on the communication between the processor and the memory. Its much better to use 20 microprocessors running at 100MHz than one at 2GHz” Hugo de Man, IMEC Early movers have been building multi-core standard processors And more and more System on Chips (SoCs) and Platform chips are becoming multicore Page 4 © 2011 Imperas, Open Virtual Platforms, www.OVPworld.org, v1211 ProcessorProcessor countcount predictedpredicted toto increaseincrease dramaticallydramatically Source: ITRS 2006 Update ITRS 2006 Source: Engine DPE: Data Processing Page 5 © 2011 Imperas, Open Virtual Platforms, www.OVPworld.org, v1211 EmbeddedEmbedded SoftwareSoftware forfor MPSoCsMPSoCs:: AnAn extremeextreme challenge!challenge! “30 to 50 per cent of R&D budgets are spent on software, and the cost is rising 20 per cent a year. The software effort overtakes the hardware effort at 130nm.” Jack Browne, MIPS Technologies “Some say we are at a crisis stage with the software side overwhelming the hardware side. -
Renesas Automotive
Renesas Automotive www.renesas.com 2011.10 Introduction Renesas "Green" Automotive Initiative Automotive Leading the World with a Wide-Ranging Product Lineup I Application Systems I Renesas Products I Renesas Constituent Technologies HEV/EV 15 Car Instrumentation 36 I Renesas Automotive Products Selection Guide I Renesas Development Environments Analog and Power Devices 03 Security Solutions 09 Powertrain 19 Car Audio 39 Analog and Power Device Products 65 Contents AUTOSAR Solutions Optimized for Renesas MCUs 53 RL78 Family of New Affordable MCUs 05 Functional Safety Solutions 11 Chassis & Safety 24 Car Information System 41 Analog Master (Semi-Custom)/Mixed Signal ASIC (Fully Custom) Products 75 Development Environments from Renesas Partner 55 SoC R-Car Series for In-Vehicle Terminals 07 AUTOSAR Solutions 13 Advanced Driver Assistance System 28 In-Vehicle Networking 47 SoC Products for In-Vehicle Information Terminals 75 Body 31 Analog & Power Devices 49 01 02 Renesas Products Renesas Analog and Power Devices Automotive Automotive Power Devices Combining Low-Voltage Power MOSFETs with Ultralow On-Resistance ECO Renesas is the world’s No. 1 supplier of Comparison with TO-263-7 (40V) Energy Efficiency and Compactness Process Name low-voltage MOSFETs, offering a broad Pch A N L 1 Series No. 312 lineup of attractive products. Through Low Voltage Tolerance 7th Generation Channel the use of a fabrication process Four Technologies That Contribute to “Green Cars” 8th Generation For Automotive Applications 171 –30V to 100V 1.2mohm employing an -
Table 21.1 Traditional Superscalar Versus IA-64 Architecture
Table 21.1 Traditional Superscalar versus IA-64 Architecture Superscalar IA-64 RISC-like instructions, one per word RISC-like instructions bundled into groups of three Multiple parallel execution units Multiple parallel execution units Reorders and optimizes instruction stream at Reorders and optimizes instruction stream at run time compile time Branch prediction with speculative execution Speculative execution along both paths of a of one path branch Loads data from memory only when needed, Speculatively loads data before its needed, and and tries to find the data in the caches first still tries to find data in the caches first Table 21.2 Relationship Between Instruction Type and Execution Unit Type Instruction Type Description Execution Unit Type A Integer ALU I-unit or M-unit I Non-ALU integer I-unit M Memory M-unit F Floating-point F-unit B Branch B-unit X Extended I-unit/B-unit Table 21.3 Template Field Encoding and Instruction Set Mapping Template Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 00 M-unit I-unit I-unit 01 M-unit I-unit I-unit 02 M-unit I-unit I-unit 03 M-unit I-unit I-unit 04 M-unit L-unit X-unit 05 M-unit L-unit X-unit 08 M-unit M-unit I-unit 09 M-unit M-unit I-unit 0A M-unit M-unit I-unit 0B M-unit M-unit I-unit 0C M-unit F-unit I-unit 0D M-unit F-unit I-unit 0E M-unit M-unit F-unit 0F M-unit M-unit F-unit 10 M-unit I-unit B-unit 11 M-unit I-unit B-unit 12 M-unit B-unit B-unit 13 M-unit B-unit B-unit 16 B-unit B-unit B-unit 17 B-unit B-unit B-unit 18 M-unit M-unit B-unit 19 M-unit M-unit B-unit 1C M-unit F-unit B-unit 1D M-unit F-unit B-unit Table 21.5 IA-64 Application Registers Kernel registers (KR0-7) Convey information from the operating system to the application. -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0067389 A1 Galloway (43) Pub
US 2015 OO67389A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0067389 A1 Galloway (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 5, 2015 (54) PROGRAMMABLE SUBSTITUTIONS FOR (52) U.S. Cl. MCROCODE CPC .......... G06F 1 1/1405 (2013.01); G06F 9/3016 (2013.01) (71) Applicant: ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, USPC ............................................................ 71.4/10 INC., Sunnyvale, CA (US) (72) Inventor: Frank C. Galloway, Dripping Springs, TX (US) (57) ABSTRACT (73) Assignee: ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, INC., Sunnyvale, CA (US) The apparatuses, systems, and methods in accordance with the embodiments disclosed herein may facilitate modifying (21) Appl. No.: 14/014,220 post silicon instruction behavior. Embodiments herein may provide registers in predetermined locations in an integrated (22) Filed: Aug. 29, 2013 circuit. These registers may be mapped to generic instruc Publication Classification tions, which can modify an operation of the integrated circuit. In some embodiments, these registers may be used to imple (51) Int. C. ment a patch routine to change the behavior of at least a G06F II/4 (2006.01) portion of the integrated circuit. In this manner, the original G06F 9/30 (2006.01) design of the integrated circuit may be altered. Peera Revices Processor Central Processing init (CPU) agrarirrate Comute act Output. {-n}init(s) Dynamic Randon evices) 165 Access Merroy 142 (DRAM) i 2 t South Eridge pi (evices) f Graphics Processing Unit (GP or Floating Point (Graphics Processor) B (EPU) 8 as 8 : Programmate -: agrariate Scrage Storage Paic nit as it 1 65 Patent Application Publication Mar. 5, 2015 Sheet 1 of 7 US 2015/0067389 A1 §6% Patent Application Publication Mar. -
Database Integration
I DATABASE INTEGRATION ALPHA SERVERS & WORKSTATIONS Digital ALPHA 21164 CPU Technical Journal Editorial The Digital TechnicalJournal is a refereed Cyrix is a trademark of Cyrix Corporation. Jane C. Blake, Managing Editor journal published quarterly by Digital dBASE is a trademark and Paradox is Helen L. Patterson, Editor Equipment Corporation, 30 Porter Road a registered trademark of Borland Kathleen M. Stetson, Editor LJ02/D10, Littleton, Massachusetts 01460. International, Inc. Subscriptionsto the Journal are $40.00 Circulation (non-U.S. $60) for four issues and $75.00 EDA/SQL is a trademark of Information Catherine M. Phillips, Administrator (non-U.S. $115) for eight issues and must Builders, Inc. Dorothea B. Cassady, Secretary be prepaid in U.S. funds. University and Encina is a registered trademark of Transarc college professors and Ph.D. students in Corporation. Production the electrical engineering and computer Excel and Microsoft are registered pde- Terri Autieri, Production Editor science fields receive complimentary sub- marks and Windows and Windows NT are Anne S. Katzeff, Typographer scriptions upon request. Orders, inquiries, trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Joanne Murphy, Typographer and address changes should be sent to the Peter R Woodbury, Illustrator Digital TechnicalJournal at the published- Hewlett-Packard and HP-UX are registered by address. Inquiries can also be sent elec- trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Company. Advisory Board tronically to [email protected]. Single copies INGRES is a registered trademark of Ingres Samuel H. Fuller, Chairman and back issues are available for $16.00 each Corporation. Richard W. Beane by calling DECdirect at 1-800-DIGITAL Donald Z. Harbert (1-800-344-4825). -
New Measurement Concepts for Internal ECU Signals Enable High
High-speed Measurements for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles New Measurement Concepts Enable High Data Rates and Frequent Sampling Times In the development of electric and hybrid vehicles, in particular, the requirements for instrumentation used to measure internal ECU signals are very high. Nonetheless, measurement data rates of up to 30 Mbyte/s and the necessary sampling rates of 100 kHz can be achieved with the latest generations of microcontrollers and an intelligent measuring instrumen- tation solution. The ECU’s CPU is not loaded here. The drives of electric or hybrid vehicles are generally con- pins and the POD is 10 cm. Communication between the trolled by pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals. The ad- measuring instrumentation module and the test PC is over vantage of PWM technology is that it incurs very low power XCP on Ethernet in accordance with the MCD-1 XCP stan- losses at power switches, because they only need to be dard from ASAM. The physical connection is made by a operated in two operating states: fully conducting or fully standard CAT-5 Ethernet cable. Essentially, two different blocking. The frequency of the PMW signals typically lies in measurement methods are distinguished: the “RAM copy the 10 – 20 kHz range, and in exceptional cases up to method” and the “data trace method.” They are presented 100 kHz. Maximum sampling rates of only 1 kHz are achiev- in this article, together with their advantages and disad- able for internal ECU signals when XCP – a widely used vantages, based on current microcontrollers and new standardized measurement and calibration protocol for ve- microcontrollers that will be available soon.