FINAL REPORT

European Commission Directorate General Environment

Verification of Vulnerable Zones Identified Under the Nitrate Directive and Sensitive Areas Identified under the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

Austria

January 2000

Institut für Hydraulik und Landeskulturelle Wasserwirtschaft Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien Telephone +43-1-36 006/5450 Facsimile +43-1-36 006/5499 http://ihlww.boku.ac.at

Environmental Resources Management 8 Cavendish Square, London W1M 0ER Telephone 0171 465 7200 Facsimile 0171 465 7272 Email [email protected] http://www.ermuk.com FINAL REPORT

European Commission Directorate General XI

Verification of Vulnerable Zones Identified Under the Nitrate Directive and Sensitive Areas Identified under the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

Austria

January 2000

Reference 5765

For and on behalf of Environmental Resources Management

Approved by: ______

Signed: ______

Position: ______

Date: ______

This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Management the trading name of Environmental Resources Management Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client.

We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above.

This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk.

In line with our company environmental policy we purchase paper for our documents only from ISO 14001 certified or EMAS verified manufacturers. This includes paper with the Nordic Environmental Label. CONTENTS

1 BACKGROUND 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 METHODOLOGY 1

2 INTRODUCTION 2

2.1 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES FOR WATER 2 2.2 WATER QUALITY MONITORING 2

3 VERIFICATION OF THE DESIGNATION OF VULNERABLE ZONES IDENTIFIED UNDER THE NITRATE DIRECTIVE 4

3.1 IMPLEMENTATION 4

4 VERIFICATION OF THE DESIGNATION OF SENSITIVE AREAS UNDER THE URBAN WASTE WATER TREATMENT DIRECTIVE 6

4.1 IMPLEMENTATION 6 4.2 VERIFICATION OF SENSITIVE AREAS 7 4.3 NITRATE IN SURFACE WATERS USED FOR DRINKING WATER ABSTRACTION 7 4.4 ASSESSMENT OF THE TROPHIC STATE OF SURFACE WATERS 8 4.5 TROPHIC STATE OF THE RIVERS 8 4.6 TROPHIC STATE OF LAKES 33 4.7 CONCLUSION 38

5 REFERENCES AND DATA SOURCES 40

5.1 GENERAL 40 5.2 NITRATE DIRECTIVE 40 5.3 URBAN WASTE WATER TREATMENT DIRECTIVE 41 1 BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This Draft Final Report details the preliminary findings of a project carried out on behalf of the European Commission - DG Environment entitled:

Verification of the Vulnerable Zones Identified Under the Nitrates Directive and Sensitive Areas Identified Under the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

Contract B4-3040/98/000705/MAR/D1

This report presents the results of the investigations carried out in Austria.

The overall co-ordination/management of the study was carried out by ERM in London. The study was conducted by the Institut für Hydraulik und Landeskulturelle Wasserwirtschaft (BOKU - IHLW) in Vienna.

1.2 METHODOLOGY

The objective of this study was to verify that those waters that should have been identified according to the Nitrate and Urban Waste Water Directives (with reference to nitrogen and phosphorus) had been. Following initial direct contacts with the Austrian authorities to understand the thinking behind Austrian implementation, data were collected covering the period up to when the decision on designations was taken. These were then used for this verification exercise.

Given that Austria has chosen to apply the action programmes under the Nitrate Directive across its whole territory the obligation to designate Vulnerable Zones under the Directive does not exist. For this reason this verification exercise has only examined the designation requirements of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. As the criteria for assessing the trophic status of waters are not explicitly defined in this Directive a surrogate value of total dissolved phosphorus was used for rivers. Whilst this parameter is far from perfect it is the best available. For lakes the assessment of eutrophication by the provincial authorities was used. For each of the areas identified by this study basic background information is provided as well as a more detailed description of the local waste water treatment infrastructure and the trends in total (dissolved) phosphorus content` over time.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 1 2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES FOR WATER

Within the federal structure the federal government is responsible for water policy. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is responsible for setting overall water quality objectives for surface and groundwaters and for standardisation and co-ordination. The Ministry of Health is responsible, given the public health element, for the quality of bathing waters. The monitoring can be loosely separated for the purposes of discussion into that covered by the ”Austrian Water Quality Monitoring System” (AWQMS) and that which is not. Both of these are elaborated in more detail below. The nine provincial authorities generally co-operate closely, particularly in the field of monitoring, where the Federal Environment Agency also plays a significant role.

2.2 WATER QUALITY MONITORING

2.2.1 The Austrian Water Quality Monitoring System (AWQMS)

The legislation providing the basis for the AWQMS was adopted in 1990 through an amendment to the Water Act and the Hydrography Act (BGBl. Nr. 252/1990). All basic requirements of this monitoring system are laid down in the Hydrography Act, which provides the legal and financial basis for the establishment of a country-wide, standardised water quality monitoring system covering groundwater and running waters. Details and definitions are listed in the Ordinance on Water Quality Investigation (BGBl. Nr. 338/1991) which also provides for the continuous adaptation of the monitoring programme to detect pollution.

The monitoring network is intended to provide information on the current water quality to allow trends to be detected and hence to provide the basis for the establishment of preventive or remediation measures and to monitor their effects. The network is based on uniform principles, for example for site selection and distribution. Standardised methods are used for sampling and analysis. Assessments for groundwater and rivers in the presented study are based on the comprehensive data available from the Austrian Water Quality Monitoring System.

Groundwater

Groundwater has been periodically sampled for decades in drinking water investigations (ground- and spring water) to ensure good quality. Nationally standardised groundwater quality investigations started in December 1991 following the amendment of the Austrian Water Act (see above). Groundwater quality monitoring is currently carried out at about 2,000 groundwater monitoring sites in tertiary and quaternary sediments and karst

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 2 and fissured rocks. The monitoring network for groundwater is designed to monitor adverse impacts from diffuse pollution sources rather than to detect point source impacts. Samples are taken quarterly.

Rivers

Biological river quality has been investigated since 1962 and results have been published roughly every two years since then. In accordance with the amended Water Act systematic river water quality monitoring began in 1991. Quality monitoring is currently carried out at 244 monitoring stations selected to detect point source inputs. Water samples are taken twelve times per year, sediments and biological material once a year. At some monitoring stations samples are taken 24 times a year because of special bilateral agreements on transboundary water management issues.

2.2.2 Lake Monitoring

Some lakes have been continuously investigated since 1960, however no standardised, national water quality monitoring programme currently exists. Lake water quality has frequently been investigated in special provincial monitoring programmes and since 1997 in accordance with the Bathing Water Quality Directive (76/160/EEC). It is planned that lake monitoring will be integrated into the AWQMS in the future.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 3 3 VERIFICATION OF THE DESIGNATION OF VULNERABLE ZONES IDENTIFIED UNDER THE NITRATE DIRECTIVE

3.1 IMPLEMENTATION

Council Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters from pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources came into force on 19.12.1991. Upon accession to the European Union on 1.1.1995 Austria was not granted any derogations in its implementation. As a result, all the deadlines already reached by this time had to be complied with by Austria on this date. The measures in the Directive which are required to have been taken are shown in Table 3.1 below, together with the date on which they were taken.

Table 1 Directive requirements and dates for compliance for compliance

Directive Requirement Relevant Article Date for Date of Compliance of Directive Compliance Transposition into National Law 12 1. 1. 1995 26. 1. 1996 Elaboration of a Code of Good 4 1. 1. 1995 26. 1. 1996 Agricultural Practice Identification of Waters 3 1. 1. 1995 26. 1. 1996 Action Programme 5 19. 12. 1995 1. 10. 1999 Report to Commission 10 19. 6. 1996 11. 11. 1996 Source: European Commission (1998) The implementation of Council Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources

3.1.1 Implementation of the Action Programme

The code of good agricultural practice, based on the requirements of Annex II to the Directive, was transposed by an ordinance which came into force on 1st January 1996. The action programme, which should have come into force on 19th December 1995, containing measures designed to fulfil the requirements of Annex III of the Directive was made legally binding on 1st October 1999. The Decision to identify the Whole Territory was taken in accordance with Article 3(5)

As Austria decided to apply Article 3(5) of the Directive and to apply action programmes across the whole of its territory it is not required to identify waters and designate vulnerable zones according to Articles 3(1) and 3(2) of the Directive.

The decision to apply the action programme across the whole territory does not, according to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, in any way imply that the whole of Austria was judged to be nitrate vulnerable. Given that over half of the territory is situated in mountain regions, much of which do not have any type of agriculture, this assertion would appear to be well founded. The primary reason that this Ministry gave for the decision was the objective of a high and comprehensive level of environmental protection and the

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 4 raising of environmental awareness among farmers. An additional factor was the desire to avoid discriminating between different groups of farmers. At the present time a switch to the designation of vulnerable zones is not being considered. Nevertheless this can not be ruled out in the future, in particular if the measures in the action programmes fail to have the desired effects.

3.1.2 Verification of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones

As no nitrate vulnerable zones have been identified and it is the intention that action programmes will be applied across the whole territory in accordance with Article 3(5) there are no vulnerable zones to verify.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 5 4 VERIFICATION OF THE DESIGNATION OF SENSITIVE AREAS UNDER THE URBAN WASTE WATER TREATMENT DIRECTIVE

4.1 IMPLEMENTATION

Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water treatment came into force on 21.5.1991. Upon accession to the European Community no derogation in implementing the Directive was granted, consequently the dates prescribed in the Directive apply in Austria. As a result, all the deadlines already reached by this time had to be complied with by Austria on this date. The measures in the Directive which are required to have been taken are shown in Table below, together with the date on which they were taken.

Table 2 Directive requirements and dates for compliance

Directive Requirement Relevant Article Date for Date of of Directive Compliance Compliance Transposition into National Law 19 1. 1. 1995 1994 Identification of sensitive waters 5 1. 1. 1995 1996, 1998 Regulation of discharges of industrial 11 1. 1. 1995 1959–1995 wastewater into urban waste water systems Regulation of discharges of industrial 13 1. 1. 1995 1959–1995 wastewater into receiving waters Transmission of implementation 17 1. 1. 1995 1996 programme Source: European Commission (1999) Implementation of Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste water treatment, as amended by Commission Directive 98/15/EC of 27 February 1998.

4.1.1 The Decision to Identify No Sensitive Areas

The decision to notify the Commission that no sensitive areas would be identified was taken by a working group of federal and provincial representatives and communicated to the Commission at the end of 1996. The official position is that it is not necessary to identify areas according to the criteria laid down in Annex II(A)(a) or (b) because the measures that would be required should such an identification be necessary have already been introduced. These measures have taken the form of phosphorus removal or, in the case of some lakes, the piping of waste water into rivers downstream of lakes which may be susceptible to eutrophication.

In addition the Austrian authorities have stated that their measures go beyond those required by the Directive by requiring all 677 urban waste water treatment plants, including 429 serving between 2,000 and 10,000 p. e. to have tertiary treatment.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 6 4.2 VERIFICATION OF SENSITIVE AREAS

Given the decision not to identify any sensitive areas and the apparent absence of any coherent assessment exercise having been undertaken according to Annex II (A) of the Directive it is necessary to assess whether any should have been identified. In the Directive the following criteria for identification are relevant to Austria:

• surface waters intended for the abstraction of drinking water that contain >50 mg nitrate/l as a maximum or average winter value, or more than 40 mg/l and demonstrate a trend of increasing values; • surface freshwater lakes, other freshwater bodies, estuaries, coastal waters considered to be or to become eutrophic if action is not taken; • risks for surface waters intended for the abstraction of drinking water not fulfilling the requirements of other Directives (regarding nitrates and phosphorus) if protective action is not taken; • areas where further treatment than that prescribed in Article 4 of Directive 91/271/EEC and tertiary treatment (phosphorus and/or nitrogen) is necessary to fulfil Council Directives.

Therefore this report will first look at whether sensitive areas should have been identified according to the nitrate content of surface waters used for drinking water abstraction before examining the eutrophication of freshwater bodies.

4.3 NITRATE IN SURFACE WATERS USED FOR DRINKING WATER ABSTRACTION

There is only one surface water, the Wienerwald See, from which drinking water is drawn. Data since the beginning of 1987 were obtained from the Vienna Water Board (MA 31-Wiener Wasserwerke). These showed that in the

period 1990–1996 the maximum was 13 mg NO3/l. In the evaluation period of

1996 the maximum value was 4.1 mg NO3/l which is far below the limit value of 50 mg/l as is laid down in the Directive.

Figure 4.1 Wienerwald See – Nitrate time series

14,0

12,0

10,0

8,0

6,0

nitrate in mg/l nitrate 4,0

2,0

0,0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 7 As the values measured are substantially below the 50 mg/l threshold and there is an overall downward tendency the Wienerwald See can not be considered to be a sensitive area according to the Directive.

4.4 ASSESSMENT OF THE TROPHIC STATE OF SURFACE WATERS

In Article 1(11) of the Directive eutrophication is defined as, "the enrichment of water by nutrients, especially compounds of nitrogen and/or phosphorus, causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms present in the water and to the quality of the water concerned". In order to undertake an assessment of the trophic state of the waters it is necessary to translate this definition into some kind of practical values which can then be compared to those of the individual surface waters.

In most European surface waters phosphorus is the factor limiting eutrophication, although other factors such as light, temperature, water residence time, the carbon supply and the trace element supply also play a role. As the characteristics are different for lakes and rivers these will be considered separately. It is important to realise that for a judgement of eutrophication the natural trophic status of each water body has to be taken into consideration.

4.5 TROPHIC STATE OF THE RIVERS

4.5.1 Assessment Criteria

The biological quality of rivers is normally defined according to the intensity of organic decomposition in waters and not, as is the case for lakes, by the trophic state.

However, the loading from inorganic nutrients can also present a quality problem in running waters. As for lakes the supply of plant nutrients, in particular phosphorus, directly affects the intensity of the primary production and can lead to an accentuated development of algae and higher aquatic plants and hence to eutrophication. Aspects of discharge and shading are additional important factors influencing the eutrophication of rivers.

River Assessment in Austria

At the present time no standardised assessment scheme for the evaluation of the trophic state of running waters is used nationally. However discussions are currently ongoing concerning the development of a trophic assessment scheme which is based on the use of indicator species. A first approach on the basis of algal communities was drawn up by Rott et al., 1999. Parameters, which may also assist in the characterisation of the trophic state, are considered to be oxygen concentration, pH or phosphorus concentration, these are covered by the AWQMS.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 8 Verification Methodology for Rivers

As there is currently no single, national trophic level evaluation scheme the evaluation of eutrophication and tendencies towards eutrophication within the framework of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive must make the best use of substitute criteria. The establishment of an evaluation parameter and the definition of a guide value are, in the present study, based on the following considerations:

• For the first time in Austria a trophic level evaluation of running waters was carried out for the Province of Upper Austria (Pipp, 1997). The system applied uses the composition of the diatom communities as an indicator for the nutrient loading. In the resulting trophic scale each level corresponds to a combination of species groups. Phosphorus concentrations are assigned to the trophic levels as set out in Table 3.

Table 3 Trophic Level Evaluation Scheme for Upper Austria – Trophic Levels and corresponding Total Phosphorus Concentrations (source: Pipp, 1997)

Trophic Level Total Phosphorus 1 < 0.04 mg/l, median up to 0.03 mg/l 2 median 0.12–0.13 mg/l 3 on average 0.15 mg/l 4 ~ 0.2 mg/l 5 ~ 0.32 mg/l 6 > 0.3 mg/l, on average 0.42 mg/l

• The 1987 preliminary guideline setting water quality standards for receiving water bodies (BMLF, 1987) contains a limit value for total phosphorus of 0.2 mg/l. A draft running waters quality standards ordinance (BMLF, 1995) is currently under discussion in which the limit value for the concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus in upland waters is proposed to be 0.07 mg/l and that for lowland waters to be 0.15 mg/l. These values are held by the Upper Austrian authorities to equate to somewhere between levels 2 and 3 of the upper Austrian trophic level evaluation scheme which are consequently considered to indicate when unsatisfactory water quality has been reached.

• Council Directive 78/659/EEC on the quality of fresh waters needing protection or improvement in order to support fish life contains in its

Annex I the observation that the limit value of 0.2 mg PO4 /l

(corresponding to 0.065 mg PO4-P /l) in salmonid waters and 0.4 mg PO4 /l

(corresponding to 0.13 mg PO4-P /l) in cyprinid waters may be regarded as indicative in order to reduce eutrophication. If it is assumed that the majority of the dissolved phosphorus is orthophosphate this supports the use of 0.13 mg/l of total dissolved phosphorus as the value for being in danger of eutrophication.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 9 In the light of the aforementioned points and given the lack of a nationally applied trophic assessment scheme for rivers the median value of 0.13 mg/l total dissolved phosphorus will be used for this verification exercise.

4.5.2 Verification for Rivers

Evaluations are based on AWQMS data of total dissolved phosphorus for each of the 244 running water monitoring sites. The monitoring sites are situated on Austria's main rivers and are sampled at least 6 times per year. Median values were calculated for the reference year 1996 and compared to the value of 0.13 mg/l.

When this is exceeded there will be assumed to be a risk of eutrophication. However, it needs to be remembered that phosphorus can only be seen as a substitute criterion aiding the evaluation of eutrophication in running waters and that it is only being used due to the lack of a standardised trophic level evaluation scheme.

At the following monitoring sites the (limit) value of 0.13 mg/l total dissolved phosphorus was exceeded. The following table gives the number and name of the monitoring sites, the river concerned and the calculated median value.

Table 4 River monitoring sites where the median value of total dissolved phosphorus is ≥ 0.13 mg/l (1996)

Monitoring Site Name River Tot. Diss. P - Median (mg/l) Number 31100027 Wulzeshofen Thaya 0.14 31100037 Bernhardsthal Thaya 0.39 31100057 Hohenau March 0.33 31100047 Markthof March 0.26 40505037 Antiesenhofen Antiesen 0.14 40506017 Riedau Pram 0.14 40916017 St. Georgen Gusen 0.15 91102017 Donaukanal Donaukanal 0.28 91401817 Wienfluss-Ludwigg. Wienfluss 0.13

For each of these monitoring sites a description of the catchment area is given.

4.5.3 Methodology of description

First, the location of the monitoring site is described and its median value for total dissolved phosphorus and its temporal development since the beginning of the monitoring to the present given. The temporal development is presented in a figure. The extent of the time series varies with the longest going back to the beginning of 1992.

The description of the catchment area includes information on its location and its size. In the case of international drainage basins the Austrian share is given.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 10 The figures for the total catchment area of the Rivers March and Thaya are taken from reports of the Czech and Slovak ministeries (Umweltministerium der Tschechischen Republik, 1994; Umweltministerium der Slowakischen Republik, 1994). The catchment areas lying within Austrian territory and the parts thereof have been calculated using Austrian National Survey 1:50,000 (ÖK50) and manual delimitation using GIS.

Following this a short description of the following points is given:

Administrative district: Indicates which administrative districts or parts thereof lie in the respective catchment areas.

Inhabitants: The number of inhabitants for each municipality is based on information from the Austrian Statistical Office (ÖSTAT) for 1991. In estimating the number of inhabitants within the catchment area the proportion of the municipality within the catchment area is considered as well as the location of agglomerations. The second figure given provides the population density in inhabitants/km².

Geology: This information comes from Austrian geological maps.

River flow characteristics: This information is based on that in the Austrian Hydrographical Yearbook for 1995. Information is only given where a relevant water quantity measurement point is available.

Major tributaries in Austria: The most important tributaries are also given where these are of relevance given the size of the river. These were taken from the ÖK50.

Land use: This information comes from the ÖSTAT for 1991. The estimate takes account of the share of certain land uses within the catchment area. It is possible to see the spatial distribution of land uses from the attached maps which are based on the catchment area delineation mentioned above and land use data from CORINE Landcover.

Additional information of relevance to urban waste water will also be given where appropriate. This will contain detailed information on the number of urban waste water treatment plants according to their size and treatment level and a list of the plants themselves including their code, their name, their operator, the river into which they discharge, their capacity in p. e. and the level of treatment. The listing of the plants in the March and Thaya catchments will be presented in individual tables.

The information is based on the report of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry entitled ”Kläranlagen in Österreich” (Urban Waste Water Treatment Plants in Austria), with, where necessary, additional information obtained from the relevant provincial authorities. The plants can be found on the attached catchment area land use map. As there is no map indicating the exact location of the waste water treatment plants in Austria these have been manually identified using the ÖK50.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 11 In addition the agglomerations with more than 2,000 inhabitants in the catchment area are listed and whether they are connected to a treatment plant and if so to which.

As there is no information concerning the population equivalents (p. e.) of the individual agglomerations the ÖSTAT data for the population of the municipality in 1991 was used as the basis for an estimate. There is unlikely to be a great discrepancy between the two because the catchment areas concerned are neither tourist areas or areas of intensive industry. This estimate takes into account the proportion of the municipality within the catchment area as well as the location of agglomerations.

Where there are large, direct inflows into the catchment area information on their industrial activity, position and the p. e. is given in addition to the receiving water.

This information is taken from the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry’s report, ”Kläranlagen in Österreich” as well as from the draft of their ”Gewässerschutzbericht 1999” (Water Protection Report).

4.5.4 Thaya – Wulzeshofen

The sampling station Wulzeshofen (31100027) is situated on the Thaya at the border with the Czech Republic, upstream of the confluence with the Pulkau. At this point the river leaves Czech territory, only to flow back immediately downstream.

In 1996 the median value for total dissolved phosphorus was 0.14 mg/l and, as can be seen from Figure 4.5.1 there was a rising trend.

The catchment area lies in the north of the country and at this point is shared with the Czech Republic, where the major part lies. The Austrian part covers about 1,240 km² and is situated about 35 km upstream of the sampling site (see Map 1).

• Administrative districts: Waidhofen/Thaya, Zwettl, Gmünd, Horn, Hollabrunn.

• Inhabitants: ~47,000 = 38/km² (1991)

• Geology: Eastern part of the Bohemian mass (granite, gneiss), with the weathering products grit, loam etc. molasse (clays with embedded gravel and sand, conglomerates).

• River flow characteristics: (at Hardegg) MQ (1981–1995) = 8.83 m³/s (3.71 l/s.km²), NNQ (1982) = 0.63 m³/s; HHQ (1987) = 170 m³/s.

• Major tributaries in Austria: Deutsche Thaya, Mährische Thaya, Thauabach

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 12 • Land use: 49 % arable land (including land currently out of production), 10 % grassland, 27 % forest. The distribution of land uses within the catchment area are given in the attached map (see Map 2).

Figure 4.5.1 Time series for total dissolved phosphorus at Wulzshofen/Thaya

9210 9410 9610 9810

N.B.: Turnus 9210 = 7/92, 9310 = 7/93, etc.

Table 5 Waste Water Treatment Plants >50 p. e., 1999

Treatment level Capacity (p. e.) prim. sec. tert. total 50–2,000 2 10 13 25 2,001–10,000 - - 7 7 10,001–15,000 - - 1 1 > 15,000 - - 1 1 total 2 10 22 34

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 13 Table 6 Agglomerations > 2,000 inhabitants

Agglomeration Inhabitants Plant ID Waidhofen 5,600 37 Groß-Siegharts 3,300 31 Raabs 3,300 34 Allentsteig 2,500 53 Vitis 2,500 36

For the detailed list of waste water treatment plants see Table 11.

In the Austrian part of the catchment area, which only constitutes a small proportion of the whole catchment, comprehensive measures have already been taken to combat eutrophication in the field of urban waste water treatment. All agglomerations of more than 2,000 inhabitants are connected to a waste water treatment plant. 34 treatment plants are situated in the catchment area. 22 of these provide tertiary treatment (all plants >2.000 p. e.) of which 16, including all those >7,500 p. e., are equipped with phosphorus removal.

Two plants only provide primary treatment. These are both very small. At one of them, ”Langau” planning permission for the construction of a biological treatment facility has been granted and is currently being constructed. The second plant, ”Niederfladnitz”, will either be modernised or will be connected to another plant that is currently being constructed. It is therefore clear that treatment conforming to the Directive will be guaranteed before 2005.

4.5.5 Thaya – Bernhardsthal

The sampling station at Bernhardsthal (31100037) is situated on the border with the Czech Republic about 15 km upstream of the confluence with the March. Thus the sampling station represents nearly the whole catchment area of the Thaya.

In 1996 the median value for total dissolved phosphorus was 0.39 mg/l with no discernible trend.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 14 Figure 4.5.2 Time series of total dissolved phosphorus at Bernhardsthal/Thaya

9210 9410 9610 9810

N.B.: Turnus 9210 = 7/92, 9310 = 7/93, etc.

83 % of the total catchment area of the Thaya (12,600 km²) is situated in the Czech Republic. The Austrian part of the catchment (~2,100 km²) is situated in the north of Lower Austria. The Thaya forms part of the border between the two countries (see Map 1).

• Administrative districts: Gmünd, Hollabrunn, Horn, Mistelbach, Waidhofen/Thaya, Zwettl.

• Inhabitants: ~88,000 = 42/km² (1991)

• Geology: Eastern part of the Bohemian mass (granite, gneiss), with the weathering products grit, loam etc. To the East is a molasse zone (clays with embedded gravel and sand and conglomerates). Further east the Waschberg (limestone and klippe) in the central part of the Weinviertel (in part heavily karst).

• Major tributaries in Austria: Deutsche Thaya, Mährische Thaya, Thauabach, Pulkau, Hametbach.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 15 • Land use: 56 % arable land (including land currently out of production), 6 % grassland, 3 % vineyards, 20 % forest. The distribution of land uses within the catchment area are given in the attached map (see Map 2).

• Direct discharges: There is one large industry in Wulzeshofen, the JUNGBUNZLAUER AG (chemical industry – citric acid) with 350,000 p. e, which discharges its treated effluents directly into the Pulkau. Waste water treatment is conducted in accordance with best available technology.

Table 7 Waste Water Treatment Plants >50 p. e., 1999

Treatment level Capacity (p. e.) prim. sec. tert. total 50–2,000 2 11 21 34 2,001–10,000 - 4 14 18 10,001–15,000 - - 3 3 > 15,000 - - 1 1 total 2 15 39 56

Table 8 Agglomerations > 2,000 inhabitants

Agglomeration Inhabitants Plant ID Laa a. d. Thaya 6,300 22 Waidhofen 5,600 37 Retz 4,300 10 Groß-Siegharts 3,300 31 Raabs 3,300 34 Allentsteig 2,500 53 Vitis 2,500 36 Zellerndorf 2,500 9 Staatz 2,000 36

For the detailed list of waste water treatment plants see table 11.

Austrian territory constitutes 17 % of the catchment area. In this area comprehensive measures have already been taken to combat eutrophication. All agglomerations of more than 2,000 inhabitants are connected to a waste water treatment plant of which 56 are situated in the catchment area. 39 provide tertiary treatment of which 28 (including all those with >8,000 p. e.) are equipped with phosphorus removal. Two (small plants) provide primary treatment only. These are the same as have already been detailed in 0 ”Thaya – Wulzeshofen” and hence the same points apply here.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 16 4.5.6 March – Hohenau, Markthof

For 70 km, before it flows into the Danube (km 1,880.26), the March forms the border between Austria and the Slovak Republic. Two Austrian monitoring stations are situated on this reach: Hohenau (31100057) at the point where the March reaches on Austrian territory after the confluence with the Thaya and; Markthof (31100047) roughly 3 km upstream of the confluence with the Danube.

The area upstream of the Markthof monitoring station (31100047) constitutes nearly the entire catchment area of the March (~40,000 km²), includes nearly the whole of Moravia, the western part of the Slovak Republic and the northern and north-eastern part of Lower Austria (~3,675 km²). 2,280 km² of the catchment area of Hohenau (31100057) lies within Austria. This is the same catchment area as Bernardsthal with the addition of 180 km² (see Map 1).

In 1996, the median value for total dissolved phosphorus exceeded 0.13 mg/l at both Hohenau (31100057) and Markthof (31100047) with median values of 0.33 mg P/l and 0.26 mg P/l respectively. A comparison of the fluctuations at both monitoring points shows that since the beginning of 1996 the concentrations at Markthof (31100047), the more downstream of the two sites, has been, without exception, lower than those at Hohenau (31100057). This indicates that as far as the concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus is concerned there has been no deterioration between the two measuring points.

Figure 4.5.3 Time series of total dissolved phosphorus at Hohenau and Markthof monitoring stations on the River March

9210 9410 9610 9810

N.B.: Turnus 9210 = 7/92, 9310 = 7/93, etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 17 Figure 4.5.4 Comparison of total dissolved phosphorus at the Hohenau and Markthof monitoring stations on the River March

1 0,9 0,8 0,7 Markthof 0,6 (31100047) 0,5 Hohenau 0,4 (31100057) 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 total dissolved phosphorus dissolved (mg/l) total 9110 9140 9210 9240 9310 9340 9411 9441 9511 9541 9611 9641 9711 9741 9811 9823

N.B.: Turnus 9110 = 7/91, 9210 = 7/92, etc.

• Administrative districts: Gmünd, Hollabrunn, Horn, Mistelbach, Waidhofen/Thaya, Zwettl, Gänserndorf, Korneuburg

• Inhabitants: 180,000 = 49/km² (1991)

• Geology: Eastern part of the bohemian mass (granite, gneiss), with the weathering products grit, loam etc. To the East is a molasse zone (clays with embedded gravel and sand and conglomerates). Further east the Waschberg (limestone and klippe) in the centre of the Weinviertel (partly strongly karst). Joined on to this is the Vienna Basin (Tegel, sandstone and gravel); the northern part of the Weinviertel hills are covered with loess). In the South the flatlands of the Marchfeld (large gravel terraces covered with fine soils of varying thickness.

• River flow characteristics: (at Angern) typical lowland river. MQ (1951–1995) = 105 m³/s (4.1 l/s.km²). NNQ (1992) = 12 m³/s; HHQ (1965) = 940 m³/s.

• Major tributaries in Austria: Deutsche Thaya, Mährische Thaya, Thauabach, Pulkau, Hametbach, Zaya, Waidenbach (Sulzbach), Weidenbach and Stempfelbach.

• Land use: 60 % arable land (including land currently out of production), 4 % grassland, 4 % vineyards, 17 % forest. The distribution of land uses within the catchment area are given in the attached map (see Map 2).

• Direct discharges: There are two large industries in the catchment area. The JUNGBUNZLAUER AG (chemical industry – citric acid) in Wulzeshofen

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 18 with 350,000 p. e, which discharges its treated effluents directly into the Pulkau and the AGRANA Zucker und Stärke AG (sugar industry) in Hohenau with 460,000 p. e, which discharges its treated effluents directly into the March. In both cases, waste water treatment is conducted in accordance with best available technology.

Table 9 Waste Water Treatment Plants >50 p. e., 1999

Treatment level Capacity (p. e.) prim. sec. tert. total 50–2,000 2 18 27 47 2,001–10,000 - 6 34 40 10,001–15,000 - - 5 5 > 15,000 - - 2 2 total 2 24 68 94

For the detailed list of waste water treatment plants see Table 4.11.

Table 10 Agglomerations > 2,000 inhabitants

Agglomeration Inhabitants Plant ID

Mistelbach 10,300 63 Gänserndorf 6,400 69 Laa a. d. Thaya 6,300 22 Waidhofen 5,600 37 Poysdorf 5,500 59 Zistersdorf 5,500 84 Retz 4,300 10 Gaweinstal 3,300 87 Groß-Siegharts 3,300 31 Raabs 3,300 34 Angern 2,900 89 Hohenau 2,800 72 Marchegg 2,800 90 Allentsteig 2,500 53 Zellerndorf 2,500 9 Vitis 2,500 36 Matzen-Raggendorf 2,500 70, 86 Dürnkrut 2,100 66 Staatz 2,000 36

Nine percent of the catchment area lies on Austrian territory. In this part of Austria all agglomerations with more than 2,000 inhabitants are connected to a waste water treatment plant, of which there are 94. 68 of these provide tertiary treatment, of which 49 (including at least all plants > 8,000 p. e.) have phosphorus removal.

Two (small plants) provide only primary treatment. These are those already described in section 0 ”Thaya – Wulzeshofen”.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 19 Table 11 Waste Water Treatment Plants >50 p. e. – March, Thaya (Source: BMLF, 1999)

Plant Name, Operator River Capacity Treatment ID (p. e.) level* 63 Mistelbach, Gde 25,000 3. C,N,D,P 31 Groß-Siegharts, Gde Sieghartsbach 18,000 3. C,N,P 86 Matzen-Raggendorf, GAV Weidenbach 14,000 3. C,N,P Mittlerer Weidenbach 87 Gaweinstal, GAV Oberer Weidenbach 13,000 3. C,P Weidenbach 37 Waidhofen a.d. Thaya, Gde Deutsche Thaya 12,000 3. C,N,P 22 Laa a.d.Thaya, GAV Laaer Thayamühlbach 12,000 3. C,P Becken 3Haugsdorf, GAV Haugsdorf-Pulkau 12,000 3. C,N,P Pernersdorf 69 Gänserndorf-Nord, Gde Sulzgraben 10,000 3. C,N,D,P 19 Drasenhofen, GAV Mühlbach 10,000 3. C,P Drasenhofen 59 Poysdorf, Gde Poybach 9,500 3. C,N,P 71 Palterndorf-Dobermannsdorf, Zaya 9,000 3. C,N,D,P GAV Unteres Zayatal 89 Angern, Gde March 8,500 3. C,N,D,P 5 GAV Seefeld - Groß-Kadolz Pulkau 8,000 2. C 53 Allentsteig, Gde Thauabach 7,500 3. C,N 70 Matzen, Raggendorf, Klein Klein-Harras Bach 6,000 3. C,N Harras, GAV Kleinharraserbach 72 Hohenau a.d.March, Gde Abzugsgraben in die March 6,000 3. C,N 30 Herrnbaumgarten, Gde Herrnbaumgartnergraben 6,000 3. C,N,D,P 10 Retz/Altstadt, Stadtgemeinde Altbach/Pulkau 5,940 2. C 9 Zellerndorf, Gde Pulkau 5,400 3. C,N 27 Wildendürnbach, Gde Wildendürnbach 5,000 3. C,N,P 7 Obermarkersdorf, Gde Markersdorferbach 4,590 2. C 36 Vitis, Gde Thaya 4,500 3. C,N,P 90 Marchegg, Gde Zapfengraben 4,200 3. C,N,D 58 Großkrut, Gde Althöfleinergraben 4,000 3. C,N,P 61 Wilfersdorf, Gde Zaya 4,000 3. C,N,P 79 Sulzbach, GAV Sulzbach Sulzbach 4,000 3. C,P 84 Zistersdorf, Gde Zister 4,000 3. C,N,P 29 Schrattenberg, Gde Schrattenberger Mühlbach 4,000 3. C,N,D,P 73 Lassee, Gde Stempfelbach 3,500 2. C 34 Raabs, Gde Thaya 3,350 3. C,N,D,P 75 Prottes, Gde Protteserbach 3,200 3. C,N,D,P 57 Asparn a.d.Zaya, GAV Oberes Zaya 3,000 3. C,N,P Zayatal 66 Dürnkrut, Gde March 3,000 3. C,N 83 Weikendorf, Gde Weidenbach 3,000 3. C,P 88 Jedenspeigen, Gde 3,000 3. C,N,P 93 Hausbrunn, Gde Weidenbach 3,000 3. C,N,D,P 24 Neudorf b. Staatz, Gde Kühwiesgraben 3,000 3. C,N,D,P 4 Retz/Klein Riedental, GAV Landbach 3,000 2. C Retzbach-Retz 45 Karlstein, Gde 2,700 3. C,N,P 65 Drösing, Gde Zaya-Abzugsgraben 2,600 3. C,P 20 Großharras, Gde Mottschüttelbach 2,600 3. C,N,P 38 Windigsteig, Gde Thaya 2,450 3. C,N,P 62 Mistelbach/Paasdorf, GAV Taschlbach 2,400 3. C,N,P Taschlbach

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 20 Plant Name, Operator River Capacity Treatment ID (p. e.) level* 81 Untersiebenbrunn, Gde Stempfelbach 2,400 2. C 92 Kirchberg/Walde Moosbach 2,250 3. C,N 35 Thaya, Gde Thaya 2,070 3. C,N 56 Altlichtenwarth, Gde Hofstattgraben 2,016 3. C,N,P 60 Rabensburg, Gde Abzugsgraben 2,000 3. C,N,P 68 Erholungszentrum Lassee Stempfelbach 2,000 2. C 55 Schwarzenau, Gde Deutsche Thaya 2,000 3. C,P 25 Ottenthal, Gde Ottenthalerbach 2,000 3. C,N,D,P 14 Langau, Gde 1,935 1. M ** 47 Göpfritz a.d. Wild, Gde Ortsbach 1,900 3. C,N,P 46 Echsenbach, Gde Aubach 1,820 3. C,N,P 91 Niederabsdorf, Gde Eichhorner Bach 1,800 3. C,N 74 Obersiebenbrunn, Gde Stempfelbach 1,800 2. C 44 Dobersberg, Gde 1,800 3. C,P 8 Pulkau, Gde Pulkaubach 1,733 3. C,N 64 Bad Pirawarth, Gde Weidenbach 1,620 3. C,P 67 Ebenthal, Gde Krüttelbach 1,600 2. C 96 Weiden a.d. March 1,400 3. C,N 12 Geras, Gde Lange Teiche 1,400 3. C,N,P 18 Bernhardsthal, Gde Hametbach 1,400 3. C,N,D,P 26 Reintal, Gde Hametbach 1,350 3. C,N 16 Weitersfeld, Gde Pratzendorferbach 1,300 3. C,N,P 1 Hirschbach, Gde Moosbach 1,150 2. C 77 Ringelsdorf, Gde Unbenannter Graben 1,012 3. C,N 48 Lager Kaufholz, Allentsteig 1,000 2. C 49 Liechtensteinkaserne 1,000 2. C 28 Zwingendorf, Gde Gemeindegraben 1,000 3. C,N,P 21 Katzelsdorf, Gde Mühlbach 975 3. C,N 52 Schweiggers, Gde Deutsche Thaya 900 3. C,N,D,P 54 Drosendorf, Gde Thaya 900 3. C,N 15 Theras, Gde Therasbach 900 3. C,N 76 Reyersdorf, Gde 850 2. C 82 Waltersdorf/March, Gde March 800 2. C 2 Alberndorf, Gde Pulkau 750 2. C 85 Maustrenk, Gde Seiherbach 700 3. C,N 32 Hollenbach, Gde Hollenbach 620 2. C 33 Pfaffenschlag, Gde Hochleitengraben 600 3. C,N,D,P 6 Niederfladnitz, Gde Wiesengerinne 540 1. M *** 78 Schönfeld, Gde 500 2. C 51 Sallingstadt, Gde 490 3. C,P 80 Tallesbrunn, Gde Rustergraben, Feilbach 425 2. C 50 Limbach, Gde 375 3. C,P 11 Merkersdorf, Gde 350 3. C,P 43 Jarolden, Gde Jaroldsbach 158 3. C,N 41 Nonndorf/Raabs, Gde Gabersbach 150 2. C 42 Rabesreith, Gde Gabersbach 150 2. C 95 Modlisch, Gde 150 2. C 17 Kloster Pernegg 142 3. C,N,P 40 Alberndorf/Raabs, Gde Ortsbach 100 2. C 39 Schaditz/Raabs, Gde Schaditzbach 80 2. C 94 Grossharmans, Gde Ortsgraben 69 2. C * 1- primary, 2- secondary, 3 - tertiary treatment M - mechanical treatment , C - biological treatment, N - nitrification, D - denitrification, P - phosphorus removal ** Planning permission obtained for biological treatment *** Either modernisation or diversion will occur. Will conform by 2005.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 21 4.5.7 Antiesen – Antiesenhofen

The monitoring site Antiesenhofen (40505037) is situated close to the confluence of the Antiesen and the Inn. The median value for total dissolved phosphorus was 0.14 mg/l in 1996 with no discernible trend.

The catchment area of the Antiesen covers about 280 km². The Antiesen is a small tributary of the Inn in Upper Austria, south of Passau (see Map 3).

• Administrative districts: Ried/Innkreis

• Inhabitants: ~35,000 = 125/km² (1991)

• Geology: Molasse (Marl, Sand, Gravel, Limestone)

• River flow characteristics: (at Haging) MQ (1951–1995) = 2.69 m³/s (16.4 l/s.km²), NNQ (1979) = 0.21 m³/s; HHQ (1954) = 190 m³/s.

• Land use: 39 % arable land (including land currently out of production), 32 % grassland, 18 % forest. The distribution of land uses within the catchment area is given in the attached map (see Map 4).

Figure 4.5.5 Time series of total dissolved phosphorus at Antiesenhofen on the River Antiesen

9210 9410 9610 9810

N.B.: Turnus 9210 = 07/92, 9310 = 07/93, etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 22 Table 12 Waste Water Treatment Plants >50 p. e., 1999

Treatment level Capacity (p. e.) prim. sec. tert. total 50–2,000 - 3 1 4 2,001–10,000 - - 3 3 10,001–15,000 - - - - > 15,000 - - 1 1 total - 3 5 8

Table 13 Agglomerations > 2,000 inhabitants

Agglomeration Inhabitants Plant ID Ried im Innkreis 11,300 125 Eberschwang 3,300 122 Aurolzmünster 2,600 127

Table 14 Waste Water Treatment Plants >50 p. e – Antiesen; BMLF 1999

Plant Name, Operator River Capacity Treatment level* ID (p. e.) 125 RHV Ried und Umgebung Riederbach 96,100 3 C,N,D,P 127 RHV Mittlere Antiesen Antiesen 10,000 3 C,N,D ** 122 Eberschwang Antiesen 6,000 3 C,N,D 124 RHV Oberach Oberach 3,000 3 C,N,D,P 121 Antiesenhofen Antiesen 2,000 3 C,N,D 120 Andrichtsfurt Osternach 500 2 C 126 St.Marienkirchen/H. St. Marienkirchbach 410 2 C 128 Peterskirchen Osternach 300 2 C * 1 - primary, 2 - secondary, 3 - tertiary treatment C - biological treatment, N - nitrification, D - denitrification, P - phosphorus removal ** Capacity increase to 20,000 p. e and phosphorus removal from spring 2000

The river was also identified as being eutrophic in the Upper Austrian Water Protection Report which in addition stated that the situation had not improved.

Several measures have been taken in the catchment concerning waste water treatment. All agglomerations of more than 2,000 inhabitants are connected to a waste water treatment plant of which there are eight. Five of these provide tertiary and three secondary treatment. One plant, operated by RHV Mittlere Antiesen, will be enlarged to a capacity of 20,000 p. e in spring 2000. Phosphorus removal will be included.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 23 4.5.8 Pram – Riedau

The measuring point Riedau (40506017) is situated in Upper Austria in the upper reaches of the Pram catchment area.

The median value for total dissolved phosphorus in 1996 was 0.15 mg/l. Although an improvement occurred in 1997 the value in 1998 was 0.18 mg/l and therefore still significantly over the threshold of 0.13 mg/l.

Figure 4.5.6 Time series of total dissolved phosphorus at Riedau on the river Pram

9210 9410 9610 9810

N.B.: Turnus 9210 = 07/92, 9310 = 07/93, etc.

The catchment area of the Pram stretches over 80 km². It is a small tributary of the Inn and its confluence with the Inn is situated slightly above the confluence of the Inn with the Danube (see Map 3).

• Administrative districts: Grieskirchen, Ried/Innkreis, Schärding

• Inhabitants: ~8,300 = 100/km² (1991)

• Geology: Molasse (Marl, Sand, Gravel, Limestone)

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 24 • River flow characteristics: (at Riedau) MQ (1976–1995) = 0.86 m³/s (14.4 l/s.km²), NNQ (1983) = 0.02 m³/s; HHQ (1982) = 39 m³/s.

• Land use: 42 % arable land (including land currently out of production), 39 % grassland, 12 % forest. The distribution of land uses within the catchment area is given in the attached map (see Map 4).

Table 15 Waste Water Treatment Plants >50 p. e., 1999

Treatment level Capacity (p. e.) prim. sec. tert. total 50–2,000 - - 2,001–10,000 - - 2 2 10,001–15,000 - - - > 15,000 - - - total - 2 2

Table 16 Agglomerations > 2,000 inhabitants

Agglomeration Inhabitants Plant ID Zell an der Pram 2,000 123

Table 17 Waste water treatment plants >50 p. e. – Pram; BMLF 1999

Plant ID Name, Operator River Capacity Treatment level* (p. e.) 123 RHV Riedau und Umgebung Pram 7,000 3 C,N 129 RV Oberes Pramtal Pram 3,000 3 C,N,D,P * 1 - primary, 2 - secondary, 3 - tertiary treatment C - biological treatment, N - nitrification, D - denitrification, P - phosphorus removal

The river was also identified as being eutrophic in the Upper Austrian Water Protection Report and the situation was shown to have deteriorated.

All agglomerations of more than 2,000 inhabitants are connected to a waste water treatment plant. Two treatment plants are situated in the catchment area, both provide tertiary treatment.

4.5.9 Gusen – St. Georgen

The measuring point St. Georgen (40916017) is situated near to the confluence of the Pram and the Donau. The median value for total dissolved phosphorus was 0.14 mg/l in 1996. Since then an improvement has been evident and the median value was 0.11 mg/l in 1998.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 25 Figure 4.5.7 Time series of total dissolved phosphorus at the monitoring station St. Georgen on the River Gusen

9210 9410 9610 9810

N.B.: Turnus 9210 = 07/92, 9310 = 07/93, etc.

The catchment area of the Gusen stretches over 260 km². It is a small tributary of the Danube and is situated north of Linz (see Map 5).

• Administrative districts: Ried/Innkreis

• Inhabitants: ~32,000 = 123/km² (1991)

• Geology: Bohemian mass (granite, gneiss)

• River flow characteristics: (at St. Georgen) MQ (1981–1995) = 2.14 m³/s (8.3 l/s.km²), NNQ (1986) = 0.09 m³/s; HHQ (1988) = 54.4 m³/s.

• Land use: 31 % arable land (including land currently out of production), 28 % grassland, 25 % forest. The distribution of land uses within the catchment area is given in the attached map (see Map 6).

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 26 Table 18 Waste Water Treatment Plants >50 p. e., 1999

Treatment level Capacity (p. e.) prim. sec. tert. total 50–2,000 - 1 3 4 2,001–10,000 - - 1 1 10,001–15,000 - - - > 15,000 - 1 - 1 total - 2 4 6

Table 19 Agglomerations > 2,000 inhabitants

Agglomeration Inhabitants Plant ID Gallneukirchen 5,100 140 Engerwitzdorf 4,000 140 Alberndorf in der Riedmark 3,200 140 Sankt Georgen an der Gusen 3,100 * Wartberg ob der Aist 2,500 147 Neumarkt im Mühlkreis 2,200 145 Altenberg bei Linz 2,000 140 * connected to UWWTP Linz (Danube)

Table 20 Waste water treatment plants >50 p. e. – Gusen; BMLF 1999

Plant ID Name, Operator River Capacity Treatment (p. e.) level* 140 RHV Gallneukirchner Becken Große Gusen 15,500 2 C ** 147 RHV Mittlere Gusen Gusen 7,700 3 C,N,D,P 145 Neumarkt i.M. Kleine Gusen 2,000 3 C,N,D,P 146 Unterweitersdorf Kleine Gusen 2,000 3 C,N 144 Hirschbach Kleine Gusen 1,650 3 C,N,D,P 141 Reichenau Große Gusen 1,500 2 C * 1 - primary, 2 - secondary, 3 - tertiary treatment C - biological treatment, N - nitrification, D - denitrification, P - phosphorus removal ** will soon be rebuilt, all treatments planned.

The river was also identified as being eutrophic in the Upper Austrian Water Protection Report.

Several measures have been taken in the catchment concerning waste water treatment. All agglomerations of more than 2,000 inhabitants are connected to a waste water treatment plant of which there are six. Four of these provide tertiary and two secondary treatment. The largest plant in the catchment will soon be rebuilt and nitrogen and phosphorus removal is planned. According to research by the Upper Austrian provincial authorities roughly 50 % of the phosphorus comes from point sources and 50 % from diffuse sources (Amt der Oberösterreichischen Landesregierung, 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 27 4.5.10 Donaukanal – Wien

The Donaukanal is a side-arm of the Danube, which leaves the main body of the Danube in the Nussdorf suburb of Vienna, flows through the city and rejoins the main body downstream at the edge of the Vienna conurbation. The measuring point concerned, Donaukanal (91102017), is situated directly below the outflow from the Vienna urban waste water treatment plant which has a capacity of 2.5 Mio. p. e..

As can be seen in the diagram below the maximum value for total dissolved phosphorus decreased from around 7.5 mg/l at the beginning of the monitoring period to under 0.55 mg/l at the beginning of 1995. Since turnus 9750 (March/April 1998) the concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus lie, without exception, around 0.1 mg/l. These reductions are the result of the progressive removal of phosphorus at this urban waste water treatment plant.

Before the Donaukanal leaves the main body at Nussdorf there is a monitoring point at Wien/Nussdorf. The concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus in the Danube at this point lie, without exception, under 0.1 mg/l. This also shows that the phosphorus concentrations in the Danube have no influence on those monitored in the Donaukanal. As can be seen from the radical improvements in the phosphorus concentrations following the progressive installation of phosphorus removal the problem of phosphorus inputs into the Donaukanal is only influenced by the urban waste water outflow from the Vienna waste water treatment plant.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 28 Figure 4.5.8 Time series of total dissolved phosphorus at the monitoring stations Wien/Nussdorf at the river Danube and the station Donaukanal at the Donaukanal (Note: different scale)

9210 9410 9610 9810

9210 9410 9610 9810

N.B.: Turnus 9210 = 7/92, 9310 = 7/93, etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 29 Figure 4.5.9 Comparison of total dissolved phosphorus at the monitoring stations Danube – Wien/Nussdorf and Donaukanal

0,6

0,5

0,4 Donau (92001017) 0,3 Donaukanal (91102017) 0,2

0,1

0 total dissolved phosphorus (mg/l) phosphorus dissolved total 9110 9140 9210 9240 9310 9340 9411 9441 9511 9541 9611 9641 9711 9741 9811 9823

N.B.: Turnus 9210 = 7/92, 9310 = 7/93, etc.

In 1998 98,2 % of the 1,540,000 inhabitants of Vienna were connected to a collecting system. The Vienna conurbation will be served almost exclusively by this plant. The modernisation and enlargement of the urban waste water treatment plant from 2.5 to 4.3 million p. e. is currently being planned and will have taken place before 2004.

Table 21 Waste Water Treatment Plant >50 p. e., 1999

Treatment level Capacity (p. e.) prim. sec. tert. 50–2,000 - - 2,001–10,000 - - - 10,001–15,000 - - - > 15,000 - - 1

Table 22 Waste water treatment plants >50 p. e. – Donaukanal; BMLF 1999

Name, Operator River Capacity (p. e.) Treatment level* Wien-Simmering, Gde. Donaukanal 2,500,000 3. C,P * 1 - primary, 2 - secondary, 3 - tertiary treatment C - biological treatment, P - phosphorus removal

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 30 4.5.11 Wien – Ludwiggasse

The monitoring station Wien-Ludwiggasse (91401817) is situated on the edge of the Viennese conurbation. The median value for total dissolved phosphorus was 0.13 mg/l in 1996. The trend in the concentrations is downwards and since the beginning of 1998 the values have all been, with the exception of one slightly raised value of 0.13 mg/l, under 0.08 mg/l.

Figure 4.5.10 Time series of total dissolved phosphorus at Wienfluss-Ludwiggasse on the Wien

9210 9410 9610 9810

N.B.: Turnus 9210 = 7/92, 9310 = 7/93, etc.

The catchment area of the Wienfluss extends over 110 km² and is situated west of Vienna (see Map 7). In the river valley are settlements but the main part of the catchment area is wooded.

• Administrative districts: Wien-Umgebung

• Inhabitants: ~19,000 = 170/km² (1991)

• Geology: Flysch

• River flow characteristics: (at Wien-Kennedy Bridge) MQ (1981–1995) = 1.01 m³/s (5.08 l/s.km²), NNQ (1985) = 0.15 m³/s; HHQ (1991) = 138 m³/s.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 31 • Land use: 2 % arable land (including land currently out of production), 33 % grassland, 73 % forest. The distribution of land uses within the catchment area is given in the attached map (see Map 8).

Table 23 Waste Water Treatment Plants >50 p. e., 1999

Treatment level Capacity (p. e.) prim. sec. tert. total 50–2,000 - - 1 1 2,001–10,000 - - 1 1 10,001–15,000 - - 1 1 > 15,000 - - 1 1 total - - 4 4

Table 24 Agglomerations > 2,000 inhabitants

Agglomeration Inhabitants Plant ID Pressbaum, 8,000 103 Tullnerbach Purkersdorf 6,000 102 Gablitz 3,500 101

Table 25 Waste water treatment plants >50 p. e. – Wien; BMLF 1999

Plant ID Name, Operator River Capacity Treatment (p. e.) level* 103 Tullnerbach, Wiental-Sammelkanal, Wien 23,000 3 C,N,P GmbH 102 Purkersdorf, Gde Wien 12,000 3 C,P 101 Gablitz, Gde Gablitzbach 7,000 3 C,N,P 104 Lungenheilstätte Tullnerbach- 500 3 C,N Wilhelmshöhe * 1 - primary, 2 - secundary, 3 - tertiary treatment C - biological treatment, N - nitrification, D - denitrification, P - phosphorus removal

In the catchment area all agglomerations of more than 2,000 inhabitants are connected to a waste water treatment plant of which there are four. All provide tertiary treatment and with the exception of one plant with 500 p. e. all have phosphorus removal.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 32 4.6 TROPHIC STATE OF LAKES

4.6.1 General assessment criteria

The biological quality of lakes is generally assessed according to the intensity of the primary production of plants. A scheme for the assessment of the trophic state of lakes has been drawn up by Vollenweider, which characterises the trophic level depending on the nutrient concentration of the water (measured as total phosphorus), the quantity of algae produced (measured as chlorophyll-a) and the transparency of the water in summer. The range of these values is shown in table 24. These criteria provide good guide values for the assessment of the trophic level. However this system is only suitable for lakes which have a stable layering in summer; those which are not shallow or small (as these generally have increased algal growth by virtue of their basic characteristics, i. e. light penetrates to lake bed, nutrients are reabsorbed from reed beds) or meromictic lakes in which only parts of the whole water body mix in spring and autumn. Therefore it is important that each lake is considered separately when judging eutrophication.

Table 26 Trophic Level Classification according to VOLLENWEIDER (source: BMLF, 1996)

Trophic Level oligotrophic mesotrophic eutrophic hypertrophic Transparency in Summer (m) > 6 2–5 0.5–1.5 < 0.5 Total phosphorus (µg/l) < 13 < 40 < 100 > 100 Chlorophyll-a (µg/l) < 3 3–8 7–30 > 40

4.6.2 Lake Assessment in Austria

The competent department of each individual province is responsible for the assessment of the trophic state of lakes. On the basis of the Vollenweider classification (sometimes supplemented by additional parameters) and expert judgement the provinces assign each lake to a trophic level. A review of the trophic state is conducted every three years by the individual provinces concerning the measures which have been taken and the condition of the lakes themselves.

4.6.3 Methodology for Lake Verification

This verification of the trophic state of lakes is based upon the provincial authorities’ assessment of the 26 lakes which have an area greater than 1 km2. Table 4.26 provides an overview of the trophic state and the total phosphorus concentrations in these lakes over the period from 1990 to 1998. A value for total phosphorus is also given from the late 1970s or early 1980s to show changes during the last 20 years.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 33 In the text that follows the trophic state for the period 1996–1998 is compared with that for 1993–1995. Where the trophic state either remained mesotrophic or eutrophic or there was a worsening additional information on the trend in total phosphorus concentrations between 1990–1992 and 1996–1998 was taken into account.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 34 Table 27 Quality of all lakes with a surface area greater than 1 km²

Lake Province * Surface Catchment Trophic level Ptot (µg/l) annual mean value area(km²) area (km²) 1993–95 1996–98 year 1990–92 1996–98 Achensee T 6.8 218 oligotrophic oligotrophic ~7,5 (80) 6.0 <3.0 Altausseer See ST 2.1 55 oligotrophic oligotrophic 4.0 6.0 Attersee U 46.2 464 ultra-oligotrophic ultra-oligotrophic <11.0 (79) 3.5 2.5 Bodensee-Obersee** V 476.0 10,900 mesotrophic mesotrophic 87.0 (79) 34.3 19.0 Faaker See C 2.2 36 oligotrophic oligotrophic 7.6 (80) 6.0 4.7 Fuschlsee S 2.7 30 oligotrophic oligotrophic 13.0 (81) 7.5 6.7 Grabensee S 1.3 65 eutrophic eutrophic 90.0 (81) 37.7 22.1 (-mesotrophic) (-mesotrophic) Grundlsee ST 4.1 125 oligotrophic oligotrophic <10.0 (81) 4.0 5.0 Hallstätter See U 8.6 646 mesotrophic oligotrophic 16.8 (80) 10.0 9.5 Heiterwanger See T 1.4 69 oligotrophic oligotrophic 8.3 (81) 6.5 3.0 Irrsee U 3.6 28 oligo-mesotrophic oligo-mesotrophic 11.5 (80) 7.0 6.2 Keutschacher See C 1.3 29 oligotrophic slightly mesotrophic 14.0 (79) 9.0 7.4 Klopeiner See C 1.1 4,4 slightly slightly mesotrophic 13.0 (80) 11.0 8.8 mesotrophic Millstätter See C 13.3 276 slightly slightly mesotrophic 12.9 (80) 9.7 12.0 mesotrophic Mondsee U 13.8 247 oligo-mesotrophic oligo-mesotrophic 17.4 (80) 9.0 7.4 Neusiedler See B 321.0 1,200 mesotrophic mesotrophic 160.0 (79) 100.7 59.6 Niedertrumer See S 3.6 11 mesotrophic mesotrophic ~15.5 (81) 12.3 10.7 Obertrumer See S 4.8 58 mesotrophic mesotrophic 93.5 (81) 19.7 16.4 Ossiacher See C 10.8 155 slightly slightly mesotrophic 16.0 (81) 15.0 14.9 mesotrophic Plansee T 2.9 46 oligotrophic oligotrophic 6.4 (80) 5.0 3.0 Traunsee U 24.4 1,422 oligotrophic oligotrophic 12.2 (80) 3.7 2.2 Wallersee S 6.1 110 mesotrophic mesotrophic 26.0 (81) 26.0 16.5 Weißensee C 6.5 50 oligotrophic oligotrophic 9.0 (83) 4.0 4.7 Wolfgangsee S 12.8 125 oligotrophic oligotrophic <10 80) 4.0 4.3 Wörthersee C 19.4 164 mesotrophic mesotrophic 18.0 (82) 14.7 13.7 Zeller See S 4.6 55 oligotrophic oligotrophic ~25 (79) 10.0 7.5 * B...Burgenland, C...Carinthia, U...Upper Austria, S...Salzburg, ST...Styria, T...Tyrol, V... Vorarlberg ** Lake Constance A comparison of the trophic state for the periods 1993–1995 and 1996–1998 shows that 13 lakes have remained either oligotrophic, oligotrophic- mesotrophic or slightly mesotrophic and that the Hallstätter See has improved from mesotrophic to oligotrophic. As these lakes have not shown any signs of eutrophication they were not further investigated.

A worsening of the trophic level from oligotrophic in 1993–1995 to slightly mesotrophic in 1996–1998 was found in one lake: the Keutschacher See. However a comparison of the values for total phosphorus shows a reduction over the period since 1990–1992. This lake is therefore not considered to have been in danger of becoming eutrophic.

Six lakes remained mesotrophic between 1993–1995 and 1996–1998. When the development of the total phosphorus concentrations in these lakes between 1990–1992 and 1996–1998 is examined a reduction is found which in some cases was considerable. On the basis of this information no eutrophication trend has been in evidence.

Particularly striking is the total phosphorus value of 59.6 µg/l in 1996–1998 in the Neusiedler See, which is classified as mesotrophic. The Neusiedler See is a typical shallow Pannonian lake which, given its low average depth of 1.1 m, does not develop stable thermal stratification. A reed belt surrounds the lake, reaching a depth of 5 km in places. Phosphorus concentrations have shown a considerable decrease since the late 1970s. The classification of the Neusiedler See as a mesotrophic shallow lake has to be seen in the light of the aforementioned points.

Only one lake, the Grabensee, was classified by the provincial authorities as being eutrophic (-mesotrophic) in both 1993–1995 and 1996–1998. A detailed description (for criteria see 0) of the Grabensee catchment area is given below.

4.6.4 Grabensee

The Grabensee, situated in the province of Salzburg, is the third lake in the chain of the Trumer Seen which is composed of the Niedertrumer See, Obertrumer See and Grabensee (Map 9).

A small inflow to the Grabensee comes from the Flurnsbach but the main inflow is from the Obertrumer See and it is this which determines to a large extent the nutrient concentrations in the lake. This is also the case for the seasonal distribution of total phosphorus, which closely follows that of the Obertrumer See.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 36 Table 28 Trophic Level and Total Phosphorus Concentration in the Grabensee

Trophic level Ptot (µg/l) annual mean value

1993–95 1996–98 1981 1990–92 1996–98 eutrophic eutrophic 90.0 37.7 22.1 (-mesotrophic) (-mesotrophic)

Up to the 1980s the Grabensee was the lake in the chain of the Trumer Seen which was most affected by eutrophication. Since that time water treatment measures within the catchment have led to a considerable decrease in nutrient concentrations. Between 1981 and the years 1996–1998 the total phosphorus concentrations decreased from 90 µg/l to 22,1 µg/l. When the results of the years 1990-92 and 1996-98 are compared a continuing downward trend is evident (Table 27).

• Lake area: 1.3 km2 • Catchment area: 65 km2 • Maximum depth: 14 m • Mean inflow: 1.78 m3/s (1981/82) • Mean outflow: 1.76 m3/s (1981/82) • Water retention time: 83 days • Administrative districts: Salzburg-Umgebung, Braunau • Inhabitants: ~ 8,000 = 120/km² (1991) • Geology: quarternary moraines; partially flysch formations, sand, sandstone and marls • Soil type: gleysols, pseudogleysols, cambisols and histosols • Land use: dominated by agricultural area (grassland). 4 % arable land, 57 % grassland, 16 % forest (ÖSTAT, 1991) (see Map 10). In recent years there has been a decrease in arable land and an increase in grassland.

Table 29 WWTP >50 p. e., 1999

Treatment level Capacity (p. e.) prim. sec. tert. 50–2,000 - - - 2,001–10,000 - - - 10,001–15,000 - - - > 15,000 - - 1

Table 30 Agglomerations > 2,000 inhabitants

Agglomeration Inhabitants Plant ID Obertrum 3,400 200 Mattsee 2,500 200

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 37 Table 31 Waste water treatment plants >50 p. e. – Grabensee; BMLF 1999

Plant ID Name, Operator River Capacity (p. e.) Treatment level*

200 Mattsee, RHV Trumerseen Mattig 40,000 3. C,N,D,P

C…biological treatment, N…nitrification, D…denitrification, P…phosphorus removal

The Grabensee catchment is mainly served by the waste water treatment plant of the municipality of Mattsee (located in Zellhof) (Table 4.30 and Map 9). This plant was enlarged in 1995 to cover 40,000 p. e. and provides tertiary treatment. The agglomerations of Obertrum and Mattsee, which have more than 2,000 inhabitants are connected to this plant. Its outflow is channelled into the River Mattig below the Grabensee. In the north of the Grabensee catchment a small area is connected to the Upper Austrian waste water treatment plant at Mattig-Hainbach (27,500 p. e.) which is situated outside of the Grabensee catchment area.

Model calculations from 1986 predict that once the whole population in the Grabensee catchment is served by waste water treatment plants the lake will once again become mesotrophic (in: Amt der Salzburger Landesregierung, 1986). The process of connecting the population of the catchment was completed in 1995. Over the period 1980–1998 a considerable reduction in the total phosphorus concentrations has taken place due to the increased coverage of treatment. Following this reduction the major cause of continuing nutrient inputs is now diffuse pollution most likely from agricultural sources (Amt der Salzburger Landesregierung, personal communication).

4.7 CONCLUSION

In Article 1(11) of the Directive eutrophication is defined as, "the enrichment of water by nutrients, especially compounds of nitrogen and/or phosphorus, causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms present in the water and to the quality of the water concerned". In order to undertake an assessment of the trophic state of the waters it was necessary to translate this definition into some kind of practical values which could then be compared to those of the individual surface waters. As there is currently no single, national trophic level evaluation scheme for rivers the evaluation of eutrophication and tendencies towards eutrophication within the framework of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive must make the best use of substitute criteria. In the light of the aforementioned points and given the lack of a nationally applied trophic assessment scheme for rivers the median value of 0.13 mg/l total dissolved phosphorus was used for this verification exercise. The verification of the trophic status of lakes was based upon the provincial

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 38 authorities´ assessment. Considering the chosen criteria for assessing eutrophication in rivers and lakes (based on data for 1996) nine rivers and one lake have been verified as being eutrophic or in danger of becoming eutrophic. For these water bodies the catchment areas have been described and analysed in detail. Due to the fact that a further criterion for the designation of a sensitive area is the existence of agglomerations larger than 10,000 p. e. in the catchment area, the following three rivers should have been identified as sensitive areas according to Council Directive 91/271/EEC:

• March (see chapter 0 and map 1 and 2) • Antiesen (see chapter 0 and map 3 and 4) • Donaukanal (see chapter 0)

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 39 5 REFERENCES AND DATA SOURCES

5.1 GENERAL

• BGBl. (Bundesgesetzblatt, Federal Legal Gazette) (1959): Wasserrechtsgesetz, Nr. 215/59

• BGBl. (Bundesgesetzblatt, Federal Legal Gazette) (1990): Wasserrechtsgesetznovelle, Nr 252/1990

• BGBl. (Bundesgesetzblatt, Federal Legal Gazette) (1991): Verordnung des Bundesministers für Land- und Forstwirtschaft über die Erhebung der Wassergüte in Österreich (WGEV) Nr. 338/1991

• Council Directive 76/160/EEC of 8 December 1975 concerning the quality of water for bathing, OJ L 376, 5.2.1976, p. 1

• Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning Urban Waste Water Treatment, OJ L 135, 30.5.1991, p. 40

• Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources, OJ L 375, 31.12.1991, p. 1

• Council Directive 78/659/EEC of 18 July 1978 on the quality of fresh water needing protection or improvement in order to support fish life, OJ L 222, 14.8.1978, p. 1

• European Commission (1997): Proposal for a Council Directive establishing a framework for Community action in the Field of Water Policy, COM(97) 49 fin. (version Council working document ENV/98/127)

• WMO (1994): Advances in Water Quality Monitoring. Report of a WMO Regional Workshop (Vienna, 7–11 March 1994). Technical Reports in Hydrology and Water Resources, No. 42. World Meteorological Organization. Geneva.

5.2 NITRATE DIRECTIVE

• CEPUDER, P., M. TULLER and P. MOUTONNET (1996): Field measurements to investigate the nitrogen leaching by means of the 15N- method. Proceedings of the IXth International Symposium of CIEC "Soil Fertility and Fertilization Management", Kusadasi, Turkey, 1996.

• CEPUDER, P., M. TULLER, M.K. SHUKLA, H. MÜLLER, E. KORTSCHAK, P. LIEBHARD, H. HAGER, S. HUBER, R. HABERL (1997): Estimation of groundwater contamination by various land uses with the

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 40 simulation model EPIC and GIS. Proceedings of the 11th World Fertilizer Congress. Gent, Belgium.

• CEPUDER. P. und Ch. MITTERMAYR (1998): Landwirtschaftung und Stickstoffaustrag. Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft, 50 (9/10): S. 243-253.

• European Commission (1998a): The implementation of Council Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg

• European Commission (1998b): Report of the Commission to the Council and European Parliament – Measures taken pursuant to Council Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources - Summary of Reports submitted to the Commission by Member States under Article 11, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg

• MURER, E., BRANDSTETTER, S. und A. NADLINGER (1996): Pilotprojekte zur Grundwassersanierung in Oberösterreich. In: Der Förderungsdienst, Heft 12/1996, S. 410–413, Wien

• TULLER, M. and P. CEPUDER (1996): Prevention of groundwater pollution with nitrate by controlled fertilization practices. Proceedings of the IXth international Symposium of CIEC "Soil Fertility and Fertilization Management", Kusadasi, Turkey, 1996.

5.3 URBAN WASTE WATER TREATMENT DIRECTIVE

• Amt der Kärntner Landesregierung (Hrsg.), (1992): Kärntner Seenbericht 1992.

• Amt der Kärntner Landesregierung (Hrsg.), (1995): Kärntner Seenbericht 1995.

• Amt der Kärntner Landesregierung (Hrsg.), (1997): Kärntner Seenbericht 1997.

• Amt der Oberösterreichischen Landesregierung (Hrsg.), 1997: Biologische Güte und Trophie der Fließgewässer in Oberösterreich, Entwicklung seit 1966 und Stand 1995/96, Gewässerschutz Bericht 18/1997, 143 S.

• Amt der OÖ. Landesregierung (1998) Gewässerschutzbericht 20/1998, CD-Rom

• Amt der Salzburger Landesregierung (1986): Projekt Vorlandseen. Wallersee, Obertrumer See, Mattsee, Grabensee. Ergebnis-Band. Raumbezogene Forschung und Planung im Land Salzburg. Heft 2/1986. • Amt der Salzburger Landesregierung (1999): Seenbericht Sommer 1998 und Frühjahr 1999 http://www.land- sbg.gv.at/gewaesserschutz/berichte/seeber98.htm (6.8.1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 41 • Arbeitskreis "Trophiekartierung in Fließgewässern" (1998): Hinweise zur Kartierung der Trophie von Fließgewässern in Bayern.

• Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen (1996): Flüsse und Seen in Bayern. Gewässergüte und Wasserbeschaffenheit 1995.

• Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BMLF) (Hrsg.), (1982): Seenreinhaltung in Österreich.

• Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BMLF) (Hrsg.), (1989): Seenreinhaltung in Österreich, Fortschreibung 1981–1987.

• Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BMLF) (1987): Vorläufige Richtlinie für die Begrenzung von Immissionen in Fließgewässern.

• Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BMLF) (1993): Gewässerschutzbericht 1993.

• Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BMLF) (1995): Allgemeine Immissionsverordnung Fließgewässer. Entwurf, Wien.

• Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BMLF) (1996): Gewässerschutzbericht 1996.

• Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BMLF) (1998): Hydrographisches Jahrbuch von Österreich 1995. 103. Band, Hydrographischer Dienst in Österreich, Wien.

• Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BMLF) (1999): Kläranlagen in Österreich. Kommunale und große biologische Kläranlagen der Industrie in Österreich. Stand 1999. Wien.

• Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BMLF) (forthcoming): Gewässerschutzbericht 1999.

• Einlageblatt zu Zl. 32.304/79-III/2/96: EU/RL 91/271/EWG – Kommunale Abwasserbehandlung; Mitteilung betreffend Art. 5 Abs. 8; Umsetzung der Art. 17 der RL; Übermittlung des österr. Programms.

• European Commission (1999) Implementation of Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste water treatment, as amended by Commission Directive 98/15/EC of 27 February 1998 – Summary of the measures implemented by the Member States and assessment of the information received pursuant to Articles 17 and 13 of the Directive, Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 42 • GZ 47.033/48-IV7/97: EU/RL 271/EWG - Kommunale Abwasserbehandlung; Mitteilung betreffend Art. 5 Abs. 8 - Überprüfung auf Ausweisung empfindlicher Gebiete durch Österreich.

• GZ 671.801/178-V/A/8/98: Stellungnahme der Republik Österreich zum Mahnschreiben der Kommission vom 26. Jänner 1998 im Vertragsverletzungsverfahren Nr. 97/2037 gemäß Art 169 EGV betreffend die mangelhafte Umsetzung der Richtlinie des Rates vom 21. Mai 1991, 91/271/EWG, über die Behandlung von kommunalem Abwasser.

• Pipp, E. (1997): Klassifikation oberösterreichischer Fließgewässer anhand der Kieselalgen. Wasserwirtschaftskataster, BMLF (Hrsg.), Wien.

• Rott, E. et al. (1999): Indikationslisten für Aufwuchsalgen in österreichischen Fließgewässern. Teil 2 Trophische Indikation und autökologische Anmerkungen. BMLF (Hrsg.), Wien.

• WGEV-Daten (Data from the AWQMS)

• Wiener Wasserwerke: Qualitätsdaten zum Wienerwald See

• Umweltministerium der Tschechischen Republik (1994): Gewässergütestudie Thaya.

• Umweltministerium der Slowakischen Republik (1994): Abwasserstudie March.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENVIRONMENT 43

Map 0: Catchment areas of water bodies assessed within the study Thaya

Catchment areas of water bodies assessed within the study Catchment areas of waterbodies which should have been identified as March sensitive according to Council Directive 91/271/EEC

Gusen

Pram Wienfluss Antiesen

Grabensee

Source: WGEV Data analysis and graphics: UBA GmbH 0 100 200 km

projection: Lambert conformal conic Catchment area

Catchment area boundary

40916017 monitoring station

Urban waste water treatment plant

Size [inhabitants]

50 - 2,000

2,001 - 10,000

10,001 - 15,000

> 15,000

Level of treatment primary secondary tertiary

CORINE-Landcover

2.1.1. Non-irrigated arable land 2.2.1. Vineyards 2.3.1. Pastures 2.4.2. Complex cultivation patterns 2.4.3. Land principally occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation 3.1.1. Broad-leaved forest 3.1.2. Coniferous forest 3.1.3. Mixed forest 3.2.1. Natural grassland 3.2.2. Moors and heathland (Latschen) 3.2.4. Transitional woodland/shrub 3.3.2. Bare rock 3.3.3. Sparsely vegetated areas 4.1.1. Inland marshes 4.1.2. Peatbog 5.1.1. Water courses 5.1.2. Water bodies 3.3.5. Glaciers and perpetual snow

1.1.1. Continuous urban fabric 1.1.2. Discontinuous urban fabric 1.2.1. Industrial or commercial units 1.2.2. Road and rail networks and associated land 1.2.3. Port areas 1.2.4. Airports 1.3.1 Mineral extraction sites 1.4.1. Green urban areas 1.4.2. Sport and leisure facilities