La Memòria De L'holocaust a L'estat Espanyol. Des D'una Perspectiva

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La Memòria De L'holocaust a L'estat Espanyol. Des D'una Perspectiva ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en La Memòria de l’Holocaust a l’Estat Espanyol Des d’una perspectiva sociològica i una perspectiva històrica Tesi doctoral Marta Simó Sànchez Directors: Joan B. Culla i Clarà i Joan Estruch i Gibert Doctorat en Sociologia Departament de Sociologia Facultat de Ciències Polítiques i Sociologia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Juliol 2018 1 Dedicat a totes les persones que van patir l’Holocaust, en la seva memòria i amb tot el respecte Dedicat al Jordi Batlló, per la seva incondicional estima i al Cesc i la Maria, per ser els futurs transmissors d’aquesta memòria 2 3 Taula de continguts Agraïments.................................................................................................10 1. Introducció............................................................................................13 2. Definició de conceptes..........................................................................17 2.1. Memòria i Història..............................................................................................17 2.1.1. Modernitat i memòria.............................................................................17 2.1.2. Memòria i història. Una perspectiva metodològica................................18 2.1.3. Memòria, història i testimoni..................................................................20 2.2. Memòria i oblit...................................................................................................22 2.2.1. El concepte de desmemòria....................................................................23 2.2.2. Memòries fortes i memòries dèbils........................................................24 2.2.3. Ús i abús de la memòria..........................................................................24 2.2.4. Memòria literal i memòria exemplar......................................................25 2.2.5. El culte a la memòria...............................................................................26 2.3. El concepte d’Holocaust......................................................................................27 2.3.1. Quan fou que el terme Holocaust va passar a ser d’ús general..............36 2.3.2. Què inclou el terme Holocaust................................................................38 2.3.3. Definicions d’Holocaust...........................................................................39 2.3.4. L’Holocaust com esdeveniment singular.................................................40 2.3.5. L’Holocaust com esdeveniment moral, històric i epistèmic....................41 2.3.6. En quin context o contextos s’enquadra l’Holocaust?............................42 2.3.7. És el genocidi dels jueus, el que s’anomena Holocaust, diferent de les altres tragèdies en alguna mesura?...........................................................43 2.3.8. De quina manera es pot relacionar l’Holocaust amb el genocidi com a concepte i com a esdeveniment?...............................................................46 2.4. La memòria de l’Holocaust.................................................................................47 4 2.4.1. La memòria de l’Holocaust en el nou mil·lenni: memòria universal i memòria global..........................................................................................53 2.4.2. La memòria de l’Holocaust a l’Estat Espanyol.........................................56 2.4.3. Reptes actuals que comporta la memòria de l’Holocaust.......................58 2.5. Antisemitisme.....................................................................................................60 2.6. Totalitarisme.......................................................................................................63 2.6.1. Diferències entre Nazisme i Estalinisme.................................................65 3. Víctimes.................................................................................................................68 3.1. Introducció..........................................................................................................68 3.2. Jueus...................................................................................................................68 3.2.1. La Comunitat Jueva a l’Estat Espanyol 1840-1936..................................71 3.2.2. Comunitats Sefardites.............................................................................80 3.2.2.1. Marroc.........................................................................................86 3.2.2.2. Nacionalitzacions després de la Segona Guerra Mundial............88 3.2.3. Guerra Civil 1936-1939............................................................................90 3.2.3.1. Situació al Bàndol Franquista......................................................90 3.2.3.2. Situació al Bàndol Republicà........................................................95 3.2.3.2.1. Brigades Internacionals (BI).............................................97 3.2.3.3. Testimonis i Històries de Vida...................................................106 3.2.4. Govern de Franco - Període 1939-1945................................................112 3.2.4.1. Situació dels Jueus amb nacionalitat espanyola o que vivien a l’Estat Espanyol................................................................................112 3.2.4.1.1. Política franquista envers els jueus residents a l’Estat Espanyol..................................................................................113 3.2.4.1.2. Canvi d’Identitat - Conversions - Assimilacions.............116 3.2.4.1.3. Persecució - Expulsió - Empresonament........................118 3.2.4.2. Situació dels refugiats................................................................121 3.2.4.2.1. Política Franquista envers els jueus que cerquen refugi a l’Estat Espanyol o a través de l’Estat Espanyol........................122 3.2.4.2.2. Miranda de Ebro............................................................149 3.2.4.2.3. Súbdits polonesos a l’Estat Espanyol.............................152 3.2.4.3. Organitzacions/Entitats/Persones d’ajuda................................155 5 3.2.4.3.1. Luis Stern.......................................................................156 3.2.4.3.2. The Jewish Agency for Palestine (JAP)...........................159 3.2.4.3.3. World Jewish Congress..................................................167 3.2.4.3.4. American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JOINT)171 3.2.4.3.5. Altres organitzacions.....................................................175 3.2.5. Govern de Franco - Període 1945 -1948...............................................176 3.2.5.1. Situació dels jueus que van transitar per l’Estat Espanyol........176 3.2.5.2. Altres refugiats..........................................................................179 3.3. Republicans......................................................................................................182 3.3.1. Treballadors forçosos - Organització TODT (OT)..................................184 3.3.2. Camps a França.....................................................................................187 3.3.2.1. Camp d’Argelers........................................................................188 3.3.2.2. Camp de Gurs............................................................................189 3.3.2.3. Camp de Rivesaltes....................................................................190 3.3.2.4. Camp de Le Vernet....................................................................192 3.3.2.5. Camp de Sètfonts......................................................................193 3.4. Treballadors / Productors espanyols................................................................194 4. Perpetradors, col·laboradors, testimonis passius, neutrals?...............203 4.1. Introducció........................................................................................................203 4.2. Antisemitisme...................................................................................................204 4.2.1. El contubernio judeo-masónico-bolchevique.......................................204 4.2.2. L’antisemitisme durant la Guerra Civil..................................................209 4.2.3. L’antisemitisme de Franco....................................................................212 4.2.4. L’antisemitisme en el període de la Segona Guerra Mundial...............215 4.3. Les Relacions entre l’Estat Espanyol i l’Alemanya nazi.....................................217 4.3.1. Colònia Alemanya i pronazi a l’Estat Espanyol......................................222 4.3.2. Propaganda...........................................................................................224 4.3.3. Col.laboració Policial.............................................................................226 4.3.4. Col·laboració en l’Espoli d’obres i altres béns.......................................228
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