DOCSLIB.ORG

José Antonio Lisbona

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
José Antonio Lisbona MÁS ALLÁ DEL DEBER La respuesta humanitaria del Servicio Exterior frente al Holocausto José Antonio Lisbona José Antonio Lisbona Martín (Barcelona, 1961) es licenciado en Ciencias Políti- cas por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Máster en Relaciones Interna- cionales por la Universidad de la Sorbona de París. Politólogo y periodista con más de veinticinco años de ejercicio profesional. Como especialista e investigador en la historia de los judíos en la España con- temporánea durante los siglos XX y XXI, las relaciones de España con Israel y el Mundo Árabe así como en la política exterior española hacia Oriente Medio, ha escrito tres libros de investigación: Retorno a Sefarad. La política de Es- paña hacia sus judíos en el siglo XX (1993), Samuel Hadas. Embajador de Israel al Servicio de la Paz (2011) y España-Israel. Historia de unas Relaciones Secretas (2002), obra por la que se le concede en Jerusalén el Premio Samuel Toledano en 2001. Así mismo, también ha participado en obras colectivas: La Libertad Religio- sa en España y las Comunidades Judías (2010), Israel Siglo XXI (2011), Palabras para un reencuentro (2006), España e Israel. Veinte años des- pués (2007), Los judíos en la España Contemporánea (2000), La especi- ficidad de las migraciones judías de Marruecos a España (1956-1970) (1996). En enero del año 2012 recibe el Premio Samuel Hadas, a la Amistad España-Israel. Es miembro del Consejo Asesor del Centro Sefarad-Israel, de la Society for Se- fardic Studies, integrado en The Mandel Institute of Jewish Studies de la Universi- dad Hebrea de Jerusalén. Además, colabora en docencia e investigación con la Universidad Juan Carlos I de Madrid. MÁS ALLÁ DEL DEBER La respuesta humanitaria del Servicio Exterior frente al Holocausto MÁS ALLÁ DEL DEBER La respuesta humanitaria del Servicio Exterior frente al Holocausto José Antonio Lisbona GOBIERNO MINISTERIO DE OFICINA DE DE ESPAÑA ASUNTOS EXTERIORES INFORMACIÓN Y DE COOPERACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA Noviembre 2015 © José Antonio Lisbona, 2015 © Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación Unidad editora: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación. Secretaría Ge- neral Técnica. Diseño interiores y cubiertas: Javier Hernández (www.nolsom.com) / Oficina de In- formación Diplomática. Tratamiento fotomecánico: Javier Hernández e Ignacio Gómez (www.nolsom.com) / Oficina de Información Diplomática. NIPO: 501-15-046-1 Depósito legal: M-36377-2015 A tenor de lo dispuesto en la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, no está permitida la re- producción total o parcial de esta publicación, ni su tratamiento informático, ni la transmisión de ninguna forma o por cualquier medio, ya sea electrónico, por foto- copia, por registro u otros métodos, ni su préstamo, alquiler o cualquier otra forma de cesión de su uso, sin el permiso previo y por escrito del autor, salvo aquellas co- pias que se realicen para su uso exclusivo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación. En memoria de Pilar Martín Muniesa (1928-2015), mi madre, una bella persona. Por todo. ÍNDICE PRÓLOGO ...................................................................................... 13 José Manuel García Margallo, ministro de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación PREFACIO ........................................................................................17 Haim Avni, profesor emérito del Instituto de Judaísmo Contemporáneo de la Universidad Hebrea de Jerusalén AGRADECIMIENTOS ........................................................................ 23 SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS ................................................................ 29 INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................. 33 Capítulo 1. POLÍTICA OFICIAL DE PROTECCIÓN DURANTE EL HOLOCAUSTO ... 37 Se pudo hacer más Antecedentes: el filosefardismo y el Decreto de 1924: “Españoles sin patria” .................................................................................... 37 España ante la cuestión judía durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial ..40 Mistificación y mitificación ....................................................... 47 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................ 51 HUNGRÍA ....................................................................................... 65 Capítulo 2. MIGUEL ÁNGEL DE MUGUIRO Y MUGUIRO MINISTRO (BUDAPEST, 1938-1944) ............................................... 67 Una denuncia permanente Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores de Franco .............................68 Crítica al antisemitismo húngaro ............................................... 70 Atrocidades y crueldad ............................................................. 74 Visado colectivo para 500 niños judíos ........................................ 74 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................ 78 7 Capítulo 3. ÁNGEL SANZ BRIZ ENCARGADO DE NEGOCIOS (BUDAPEST, 1942-1944) ...................... 81 La milagrosa multiplicación de sefardíes El Ángel de Budapest ................................................................ 83 Informar sobre Auschwitz .........................................................86 Casas Protegidas bajo bandera de España ....................................88 Las Listas de Sanz Briz ..............................................................89 Por iniciativa propia ................................................................. 92 Liberar de las marchas de la muerte ............................................94 Silencio y olvido ...................................................................... 95 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ...................................................................... 100 Capítulo 4. “JORGE” (GIORGIO) PERLASCA FALSO CÓNSUL (BUDAPEST, 1944-1945) .......................................107 El gran impostor Voluntario fascita en la Guerra de España .................................. 108 Cuarenta días como falso cónsul ............................................... 115 Regreso, discreción y desamparo ..............................................123 Justo entre las Naciones ...........................................................128 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ....................................................................... 131 RUMANÍA ......................................................................................139 Capítulo 5. JOSÉ ROJAS Y MORENO MINISTRO (BUCAREST, 1940-1943) .............................................. 141 Simplemente, españoles En defensa de la colonia sefardita ..............................................146 Confiscación de propiedades ....................................................148 Nación más favorecida .............................................................149 Desde Ankara: facilitar el traslado a Palestina .............................153 Angelo Roncalli ......................................................................156 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .......................................................................158 Capítulo 6. MANUEL GÓMEZ-BARZANALLANA Y GARCÍA MINISTRO (BUCAREST, 1943-1945) ..............................................163 Un compromiso personal Apoyo a la repatriación ............................................................164 Solo judíos “católicos o catolizables” .........................................168 Con su “visto bueno”: fórmula Barzanallana ..............................169 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .......................................................................173 8 GRECIA .........................................................................................175 Capítulo 7. EDUARDO GASSET Y DÍEZ DE ULZURRUN CÓNSUL Y ENCARGADO DE NEGOCIOS (ATENAS Y SOFÍA, 1941-1944) 177 Misión confidencial ......................................................................... Repatriación y entrega de alimentos ......................................... 180 Protección directa ...................................................................182 Mensaje a Madrid ....................................................................184 Traslado a Bulgaria ..................................................................189 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ....................................................................... 191 Capítulo 8. SEBASTIÁN ROMERO RADIGALES CÓNSUL GENERAL (ATENAS, 1943-1945) ......................................195 Detener las deportaciones De Salónica a Bergen-Belsen. ...................................................199 La deportación llega a los judíos españoles de Atenas ................. 202 “Es justo quien hace más de lo que debe” .................................. 207 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ...................................................................... 209 Capítulo 9. PADRE IRENEO TYPALDOS CANCILLER (ATENAS, 1942-1944) ................................................213 El “papaziko” trabajará por vuestra libertad Intercesión por los judíos de Salónica ........................................214 En favor de los niños de Atenas .................................................218 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .......................................................................222 BULGARIA .....................................................................................225 Capítulo 10. JULIO PALENCIA Y ÁLVAREZ-TUBAU MINISTRO (SOFÍA, 1940-1943) .....................................................227 El amigo de los judíos Conflicto greco-búlgaro ...........................................................232 Enfrentarse a la legislación racial ............................................. 234 Dramática situación ................................................................237
Load more

Recommended publications
  • El Ángel De Budapest Egy Angyal Budapesten
    EL ÁNGEL DE BUDAPEST EGY ANGYAL BUDAPESTEN EL ÁNGEL DE BUDAPEST EGY ANGYAL BUDAPESTEN 4 En memoria del diplomático español Ángel Sanz Briz Justo entre las Naciones (1910-1980), quien en 1944, junto con los empleados y colaboradores de la Legación de España en Budapest, salvó la vida de más de 5.000 judíos húngaros de la persecución del nazismo. “No te quedes inactivo cuando derraman la sangre de tu prójimo” (Levítico 19/16.) Embajada de España en Budapest (Hungría), 2015 IN MEMORIAM Ángel Sanz Briz a „Világ Igaza” (1910-1980), spanyol diplomata, 1944-ben Budapesten a Span- yol Követség munkatársaival és segítőivel közösen több mint 5000 magyar zsidó életét mentette meg a náci üldöztetéstől”. „…ne légy tétlen, ha felebarátaid vérét ontják” (3Móz. 19:16) „ Spanyol Nagykövetség, 2015 5 5 Antisemitismo, Antiszemitizmus, persecución üldöztetés y deportaciones és deportálások Al poco de comenzar la segunda guerra mundial Kevéssel a II. világháború kitörése után, a háttérben y con el telón de fondo del auge del nazismo y del Európában a nácizmus és az antiszemitizmus antisemitismo en Europa, se promulgaron una se- megerősödése mellett, számos olyan törvényt rie de leyes en Hungría contra la población judía hírdettek ki Magyarországon, amelyek szörnyű que les impuso unas condiciones terribles. Así lo helyzetbe hozták a zsidó lakosságot. Katarina Bohrer, narra la superviviente judía húngara Katarina Bo- egy túlélő magyar zsidó így meséli el: hrer: „ […] Például, a gimnáziumban egy osztályban csak ”[…] Por ejemplo, en el instituto, en la clase no podía 6-7 zsidó származású diák tanulhatott. Ez volt a haber más de 6 ó 7 estudiantes judíos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mount Scopus Enclave, 1948–1967
    Yfaat Weiss Sovereignty in Miniature: The Mount Scopus Enclave, 1948–1967 Abstract: Contemporary scholarly literature has largely undermined the common perceptions of the term sovereignty, challenging especially those of an exclusive ter- ritorial orientation and offering a wide range of distinct interpretations that relate, among other things, to its performativity. Starting with Leo Gross’ canonical text on the Peace of Westphalia (1948), this article uses new approaches to analyze the policy of the State of Israel on Jerusalem in general and the city’s Mount Scopus enclave in 1948–1967 in particular. The article exposes tactics invoked by Israel in three different sites within the Mount Scopus enclave, demilitarized and under UN control in the heart of the Jordanian-controlled sector of Jerusalem: two Jewish in- stitutions (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Hadassah hospital), the Jerusa- lem British War Cemetery, and the Palestinian village of Issawiya. The idea behind these tactics was to use the Demilitarization Agreement, signed by Israel, Transjor- dan, and the UN on July 7, 1948, to undermine the status of Jerusalem as a Corpus Separatum, as had been proposed in UN Resolution 181 II. The concept of sovereignty stands at the center of numerous academic tracts written in the decades since the end of the Cold War and the partition of Europe. These days, with international attention focused on the question of Jerusalem’s international status – that is, Israel’s sovereignty over the town – there is partic- ularly good reason to examine the broad range of definitions yielded by these discussions. Such an examination can serve as the basis for an informed analy- sis of Israel’s policy in the past and, to some extent, even help clarify its current approach.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Money in Palestine: from the 1900S to the Present
    A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Mitter, Sreemati. 2014. A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12269876 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present A dissertation presented by Sreemati Mitter to The History Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts January 2014 © 2013 – Sreemati Mitter All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Roger Owen Sreemati Mitter A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present Abstract How does the condition of statelessness, which is usually thought of as a political problem, affect the economic and monetary lives of ordinary people? This dissertation addresses this question by examining the economic behavior of a stateless people, the Palestinians, over a hundred year period, from the last decades of Ottoman rule in the early 1900s to the present. Through this historical narrative, it investigates what happened to the financial and economic assets of ordinary Palestinians when they were either rendered stateless overnight (as happened in 1948) or when they suffered a gradual loss of sovereignty and control over their economic lives (as happened between the early 1900s to the 1930s, or again between 1967 and the present).
    [Show full text]
  • Argentina Commemorates the International Day in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust Within the Framework of the International
    Argentina commemorates the International Day in memory of the victims of the Holocaust Within the framework of the International Day of Commemoration in memory of the victims of the Holocaust – which was settled by the United Nations in 2005 in remembrance of the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz on January 27, 1945- yesterday the national government organized its ceremony, which was attended by members of the national government, authorities of the City of Buenos Aires, survivors and members of different organizations of the Jewish community and the civil society committed with the Holocaust remembrance. The ceremony was organized by the Argentinean Chapter of the IHRA (International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance), the main international organization dedicated to the research, remembrance and education on the Holocaust. The IHRA is currently integrated by 31 member countries: States of Europe, Israel, United States, Canada and Argentine (which is the only full member of Latin America). The IHRA Local Chapter is formed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Justice and Humans Rights (represented by the Secretary of Humans Rights and Cultural Pluralism) and organizations of the civil society. It has an annual rotating Chairmanship among the Ministries, being in 2016 Chaired by the Secretary of Humans Rights and Cultural Pluralism from the Ministry of Justice and Humans Rights. In this opportunity, the ceremony was held together with the inauguration of the National Monument to honor Holocaust Survivors and also with the inauguration of the “Paseo de los Justos” (The Righteous Square). The Monument consists of a concrete wall composed by 114 cubes with impressions of objects of everyday life, emphasizing the absence of the human being through these marks carved on stone.
    [Show full text]
  • THE JEWISH HOLOCAUST and the ARMENIANS Türkkaya Ataöv
    THE JEWISH HOLOCAUST AND THE ARMENIANS Türkkaya Ataöv One can discern, off and on, some effort on the part of some Armenian authors and their close supporters to associate the notorious Jewish Holocaust of the Nazi period (1933-45) with Armenian-Turkish relations during the First World War (1914-18). There are sweeping generalizations stating that unfortunately there had been "no Nuremberg"1 (Nürnberg) for the defeated Ottomans in 1918. There are even attempts to lump together Fascist Germany, the United States, Israel, South Africa, Britain, El Salvador, Guatemala and Kampuchea under the collective heading of "genocide".2 While the latter source makes an unqualified, one- sided and highly objectionable generalization on the Ottoman Empire in just two sentences in the whole book,3 another source draws parallels between the Armenians, Jews, Bangladeshis and the Hutu.4 There also exist, largely Armenian-inspired, outright comparisons of the Armenian and the Jewish cases.5 William Wordsworth, immortal English poet said in a poem: "Like–but oh, how different!" One may agree with Alexandre Dumas (fils): "All generalizations are dangerous-even this one." The danger of historic comparisons is obvious. All-inclusive assumptions quoted in the first paragraph are over-simplifications. They strike one as 'too liberal' refutations of veritable differences in terms of origins, accumulation, circumstances, and results. Concisely, in various phases of European history, dominant Christian groups living on that continent, who needed to 1 Peter Lanne, Armenia: The First Genocide of the XX Century, tr. Krikor Balekdjian, Munchen, Institute for Armenian Studies, 1977, pp. 175-208. 2 Alexander Galkin et al., Genocide (Genotsid), Moskva, Izdatel'stvo Progress, 1985.
    [Show full text]
  • Loyal to Israel: Transnational Solidarity with the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict
    LOYAL TO ISRAEL: TRANSNATIONAL SOLIDARITY WITH THE ISRAELI- PALESTINIAN CONFLICT A STUDY OF LOYALIST TRANSNATIONAL SOLIDARITY WITH ISRAEL 1 Loyal to Israel: Transnational solidarity with the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Thesis MA Modern Middle East Studies Leiden University Andrew Graham Robertson Page Student number: 1963023 15 January 2018 Supervisor: Dr. Noa Schonmann Words: 21,676 Cover Photo: Adrian McKinty, “Israeli flags in Belfast”, Adrian McKinty Blogspot, accessed January 14, 2018, http://adrianmckinty.blogspot.nl/2015/04/the-israeli-flags-in-belfast.html. Abstract: The Ulster Loyalist community of Northern Ireland have long regarded themselves as a people besieged by Irish Republican ideology. While lacking international support, the Loyalists have formed a geographically and culturally unusual bond with the State of Israel. Loyalist support for Israel increased visibly during the 2002 Intifada and Loyalists continue to make declarations of support for Israel. Yet, the governing Likud Party in recent years has commemorated Zionist insurgents, who committed acts of terror against the British administration in the 1940s. The Israeli government’s actions have led to criticism from the Her Majesty’s British government, which the Loyalist community aims to stand alongside, to maintain the Union and prevent the triumph of Irish Republicanism. Despite British public support for Israel declining during the past few decades, Ulster Loyalist support for the Jewish State is believed to be one of the strongest in Europe. 2 Contents Page
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Survival in Budapest, March 1944 – February 1945
    DECISIONS AMID CHAOS: JEWISH SURVIVAL IN BUDAPEST, MARCH 1944 – FEBRUARY 1945 Allison Somogyi A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2014 Approved by: Christopher Browning Chad Bryant Konrad Jarausch © 2014 Allison Somogyi ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Allison Somogyi: Decisions amid Chaos: Jewish Survival in Budapest, March 1944 – February 1945 (Under the direction of Chad Bryant) “The Jews of Budapest are completely apathetic and do virtually nothing to save themselves,” Raoul Wallenberg stated bluntly in a dispatch written in July 1944. This simply was not the case. In fact, Jewish survival in World War II Budapest is a story of agency. A combination of knowledge, flexibility, and leverage, facilitated by the chaotic violence that characterized Budapest under Nazi occupation, helped to create an atmosphere in which survival tactics were common and widespread. This unique opportunity for agency helps to explain why approximately 58 percent of Budapest’s 200,000 Jews survived the war while the total survival rate for Hungarian Jews was only 26 percent. Although unique, the experience of Jews within Budapest’s city limits is not atypical and suggests that, when fortuitous circumstances provided opportunities for resistance, European Jews made informed decisions and employed everyday survival tactics that often made the difference between life and death. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everybody who helped me and supported me while writing and researching this thesis. First and foremost I must acknowledge the immense support, guidance, advice, and feedback given to me by my advisor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • USHMM Finding
    http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection GIORGIO PERLASCA CORRESPONDENCE WITH EVA AND PÁL LANG, 1988‐1997 2016.169.1 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place SW Washington, DC 20024‐2126 Tel. (202) 479‐9717 e‐mail: [email protected] Descriptive summary Title: Giorgio Perlasca correspondence with Eva and Pál Lang Dates: 1988‐1997 Accession number: 2016.169.1 Creator: Perlasca, Giorgio. Extent: 5 folders Repository: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place SW, Washington, DC 20024‐2126 Abstract: Correspondence, sent between Giorgio Perlasca, of Padua, Italy, and Eva and Pál Lang, of Budapest, Hungary, 1988‐1992. and with Perlasca's family, 1992‐1997. The Langs, who were among the Jews saved by Perlasca's actions in Budapest in 1944‐1945, when Perlasca provided over 5,000 people with safe conduct passes through the Spanish legation in Budapest to prevent their deportation by the Nazis, contacted him in 1988 to express their gratitude. The Langs remained in contact with Perlasca in the following years, visiting him in Italy and hosting visits in Hungary, which are documented in this correspondence. In addition, Perlasca describes Holocaust commemoration events he had been invited to, including his naming as a Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem in 1988, and his reflections on human rights and anti‐ Semitism in contemporary Europe. Languages: Italian, Hungarian. Administrative Information Access: Collection is open for use, but is stored offsite. Please contact the Reference Desk more than seven days prior to visit in order to request access.
    [Show full text]
  • Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002 - 2003
    Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002 - 2003 Based on information by the National Focal Points of the RAXEN Information Network Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002 – 2003 Based on information by the National Focal Points of the EUMC - RAXEN Information Network EUMC - Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002 - 2003 2 EUMC – Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002 – 2003 Foreword Following concerns from many quarters over what seemed to be a serious increase in acts of antisemitism in some parts of Europe, especially in March/April 2002, the EUMC asked the 15 National Focal Points of its Racism and Xenophobia Network (RAXEN) to direct a special focus on antisemitism in its data collection activities. This comprehensive report is one of the outcomes of that initiative. It represents the first time in the EU that data on antisemitism has been collected systematically, using common guidelines for each Member State. The national reports delivered by the RAXEN network provide an overview of incidents of antisemitism, the political, academic and media reactions to it, information from public opinion polls and attitude surveys, and examples of good practice to combat antisemitism, from information available in the years 2002 – 2003. On receipt of these national reports, the EUMC then asked an independent scholar, Dr Alexander Pollak, to make an evaluation of the quality and availability of this data on antisemitism in each country, and identify problem areas and gaps. The country-by-country information provided by the 15 National Focal Points, and the analysis by Dr Pollak, form Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 of this report respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Notes Introduction 1. AJP Taylor, English History, 1914–1945 (Oxford: OUP, 1965), p. 522. 2. For sentiments similar to Taylor’s, expressed in the memoirs of several pro- tagonists and makers of British foreign policy during the Second World War, see Major General Sir Francis de Guingand, Operation Victory (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1947), p. 49; Bernard Fergusson, The Trumpet in the Hall, 1930–1958 (London: Collins, 1970), pp. 81–5; Lord Ismay, The Mem- oirs of General the Lord Ismay (London: Heinemann, 1960), pp. 322, 330–1; Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen, Diplomat in Peace & War (London: John Murray, 1949), pp. 203–4; Arthur S Gould Lee, Special Duties – Reminis- cences of a Royal Air Force Staff Officer in the Balkans, Turkey and the Middle East (London: S Low, Marston & Co, 1946), p. 28; Sir John Lomax, Diplo- matic Smuggler (London: A Barker, 1965), pp. 245–6; Geoffrey Thompson, Front-Line Diplomat (London: Hutchinson, 1959), p. 167. 3. For a concise account of the nature of this material, and the means by which it was gathered, see Robin Denniston, ‘Diplomatic Eavesdropping, 1922–44: A New Source Discovered,’ Intelligence & National Security 10:3 (1995), 423–48. 4. Robin Denniston, Churchill’s Secret War: Diplomatic Decrypts, the Foreign Office and Turkey, 1942–44 (Stroud: Sutton, 1997). 5. There is a complete run of diplomatic intercepts dating back to the early 1920s, although the period June–December 1938 is missing. 6. John Robertson, Turkey & Allied Strategy, 1941–45 (New York: Garland, 1986). 7. Gabriel Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion – Stalin & the German Invasion of Russia (London: Yale University Press, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Paula M. Bruno Bucknell University Consideration of the Holocaust And
    RED AND BLUE TRIANGLES IN A GRAY PLACE: SPAIN AND THE HOLOCAUST IN STORIES, LETTERS, AND PHOTOGRAPHS Paula M. Bruno Bucknell University Consideration of the Holocaust and its meaning in Spain materialize and continue to emerge, silhouetted within haunting spaces encircled by memory, absence, presence, and oblivion. The doubled and layered construction and reconstruction of the shadow of Raquel, or what this figure signifies, points back to the farthest reaches of history and legend. Eventually, looping forward, this narrative develops in the direction of a future that is now the past; arriving, in other words, at the twentieth century’s Second World War and the Shoah. The effects of fascist persecution and the exile of Republican and Jewish refugees after the Spanish Civil War, in Spain and in the German extermination camps, winds through the Spanish encounter with the Jewish Other as Self. The connecting past and present is a liminal area that is central to the development of Spain and Spanish identity in and outside of the Peninsula. Raquel, in the shadows of the past, maintains a subtle link with the gray area that is illuminated in the present by the Italian Sephardi, Primo Levi. In this article, in response, I analyze portrayals of Sephardim and of shadows, and locate them in Spain, in the stories of refugees, and in testimonial and memory documents of the stateless Republicans in Mauthausen. I effect this analysis via a focus on oral history, photographs, letters, and selected chapters from Primo Levi’s memoirs alongside Antonio Muñoz Molina’s Sefarad: Una novela de novelas.
    [Show full text]
  • I TURKEY and the RESCUE of JEWS DURING the NAZI ERA: a RE-APPRAISAL of TWO CASES; GERMAN-JEWISH SCIENTISTS in TURKEY & TURKISH JEWS in OCCUPIED FRANCE
    TURKEY AND THE RESCUE OF JEWS DURING THE NAZI ERA: A REAPPRAISAL OF TWO CASES; GERMAN-JEWISH SCIENTISTS IN TURKEY & TURKISH JEWS IN OCCUPIED FRANCE by I. Izzet Bahar B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 1974 M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering, Bosphorus University, Istanbul, 1977 M.A. in Religious Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 2006 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Art and Sciences in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Cooperative Program in Religion University of Pittsburgh 2012 i UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences This dissertation was presented by I. Izzet Bahar It was defended on March 26, 2012 And approved by Clark Chilson, PhD, Assistant Professor, Religious Studies Seymour Drescher, PhD, University Professor, History Pınar Emiralioglu, PhD, Assistant Professor, History Alexander Orbach, PhD, Associate Professor, Religious Studies Adam Shear, PhD, Associate Professor, Religious Studies Dissertation Advisor: Adam Shear, PhD, Associate Professor, Religious Studies ii Copyright © by I. Izzet Bahar 2012 iii TURKEY AND THE RESCUE OF JEWS DURING THE NAZI ERA: A RE-APPRAISAL OF TWO CASES; GERMAN-JEWISH SCIENTISTS IN TURKEY & TURKISH JEWS IN OCCUPIED FRANCE I. Izzet Bahar, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2012 This study aims to investigate in depth two incidents that have been widely presented in literature as examples of the humanitarian and compassionate Turkish Republic lending her helping hand to Jewish people who had fallen into difficult, even life threatening, conditions under the racist policies of the Nazi German regime. The first incident involved recruiting more than one hundred Jewish scientists and skilled technical personnel from German-controlled Europe for the purpose of reforming outdated academia in Turkey.
    [Show full text]