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El Ángel De Budapest Egy Angyal Budapesten EL ÁNGEL DE BUDAPEST EGY ANGYAL BUDAPESTEN EL ÁNGEL DE BUDAPEST EGY ANGYAL BUDAPESTEN 4 En memoria del diplomático español Ángel Sanz Briz Justo entre las Naciones (1910-1980), quien en 1944, junto con los empleados y colaboradores de la Legación de España en Budapest, salvó la vida de más de 5.000 judíos húngaros de la persecución del nazismo. “No te quedes inactivo cuando derraman la sangre de tu prójimo” (Levítico 19/16.) Embajada de España en Budapest (Hungría), 2015 IN MEMORIAM Ángel Sanz Briz a „Világ Igaza” (1910-1980), spanyol diplomata, 1944-ben Budapesten a Span- yol Követség munkatársaival és segítőivel közösen több mint 5000 magyar zsidó életét mentette meg a náci üldöztetéstől”. „…ne légy tétlen, ha felebarátaid vérét ontják” (3Móz. 19:16) „ Spanyol Nagykövetség, 2015 5 5 Antisemitismo, Antiszemitizmus, persecución üldöztetés y deportaciones és deportálások Al poco de comenzar la segunda guerra mundial Kevéssel a II. világháború kitörése után, a háttérben y con el telón de fondo del auge del nazismo y del Európában a nácizmus és az antiszemitizmus antisemitismo en Europa, se promulgaron una se- megerősödése mellett, számos olyan törvényt rie de leyes en Hungría contra la población judía hírdettek ki Magyarországon, amelyek szörnyű que les impuso unas condiciones terribles. Así lo helyzetbe hozták a zsidó lakosságot. Katarina Bohrer, narra la superviviente judía húngara Katarina Bo- egy túlélő magyar zsidó így meséli el: hrer: „ […] Például, a gimnáziumban egy osztályban csak ”[…] Por ejemplo, en el instituto, en la clase no podía 6-7 zsidó származású diák tanulhatott. Ez volt a haber más de 6 ó 7 estudiantes judíos. Esto era el „numerus clausus”. Az egyetemeken a helyzet még llamado ”numerus clausus”. En las universidades, la ennél is rosszabb volt. […] Az egyetemen időnként situación era aún peor. […] En ciertas ocasiones, en megrendezték az úgynevezett „zsidóverés napját”. la universidad, se organizaba el llamado “día de la Egyik nap az unokatestvéremet, aki állatorvosnak paliza a los judíos”. Un día, un primo mío que estu- tanult, kegyetlenül megverték zsidó származása diaba veterinaria, recibió una horrible paliza por el miatt. Ettől kezdve a barátai előre értesítették melyik mero hecho de ser judío. Desde entonces, sus ami- napokon ne menjen be az egyetemre, mert balhé gos le avisaban para que no fuera a la universidad lehet,. […]. A férjemnek be kellett volnulni katonának, los días que iba a haber bronca. […].Mi marido tuvo és én fizettem azért, hogy egy jobb helyre kerülhessen, que alistarse, yo pagué para que fuera destinado mert egy idő után elvették az egyenruhájukat a un buen lugar porque después de un tiempo, les és Magyarország területén kényszermunkára quitaban el uniforme y tenían que ir a trabajos for- vitték őket. Én havonta rendszeresen fizettem 6 Y Familia mudándose a una casa marcada con la estrella en la calle Logodi Csillagos házba költöző család a Logodi utcában 7 7 Y Inventario de enseres de los judíos Budapest, 16 de junio de 1944 Zsidók ingóságainak leltározása, Budapest, 1944. június 16. 8 zosos dentro de Hungría. Yo les pagaba todos los két magasbeosztású tisztnek, hogy az eredeti meses a dos oficiales de alto rango para que se állomáshelyen maradhasson. Azonban 1944-ben, pudiera quedar en el lugar que le habían asignado minden előzetes értesítés nélkül a férjemet a frontra pero en 1944, sin previo aviso, mi marido fue lleva- vezényelték és egy levélben azt írták, ha megtalálom do a la frontera y recibí una carta que decía que si mielőtt elhagyná az országot, akkor hazamehet. De lo encontraba antes de salir del país, podía volver a nem sikerült felkutatnom. […]. casa. Pero ya no lo encontré. […]. 1944. március 19-én a német csapatok elfoglalták El 19 de marzo de 1944 las tropas alemanas ocupa- az országot és átvették az irányitást a Rendőrség ron el país y tomaron el control de la Policía y de la és a Magyar Zsidók Országos Hivatala felett. Oficina Nacional de los ciudadanos judíos húngaros. Adolf Eichmann, a kegyetlen SS kapitány, akit a Adolf Eichmann, el temible Teniente de la SS encar- „zsidókérdés” megoldásával bíztak meg, Budapestre gado de resolver la “cuestión judía”, llegó a Buda- érkezett, és a Belügyminisztérium utasította a pest y el Ministerio del Interior dio órdenes a la Poli- Rendőrséget, hogy a német tisztek bevonásával a cía de tomar las siguientes medidas con la ayuda de következő intézkedéseket hajtsák végre: minden los oficiales alemanes: la colocación obligatoria de zsidó számára kötelezővé tenni a sárga csillag la estrella amarilla por parte de todo judío; la expro- viselését; a zsidók vagyonának elkobzása illetve piación del patrimonio y la privación de los derechos állampolgári jogainak megvonása; először „csillagos civiles de los judíos; la concentración de la pobla- házakban”, majd gettóban való elhelyezésük, végül ción judía en “casas marcadas con estrellas”, luego koncentrációs táborokba való elszállításuk. en guetos; y finalmente, su traslado a los campos de exterminio. 1944. április 27. és július 6. között, vagyis hat hét alatt, mintegy 437.000 embert deportáltak, El 15 de octubre de 1944 el partido filonazi de las és 147 tehervagonban Auschwitz-Birkenau cruces flechadas dio un golpe de Estado y su líder felé irányítottak. Az egyes vagonokban 70-100 Ferenc Szálasi se autodeclaró líder de la nación. Tras ember utazott bezsúfolva, zárt ajtók mögött és 9 9 la toma del poder, su nuevo Ministro del Interior, szögesdróttal körbezárva, hogy a megsemmisítő Gábor Vajna declaró: táborokba továbbítsák őket. 1944. október 15-én a nácibarát Nyilaskeresztes Párt államcsínyt hajtott ”[…] En lo que se refiere a la cuestión judía, que végre, melynek során az élükön álló Szálasi Ferenc últimamente tantas emociones ha provocado en nemzetvezetőnek kiáltotta ki magát. Hatalomra el entorno judío y en el projudío, quiero asegurar- lépése után az új belügyminiszter, Vajna Gábor így les que encontraremos la solución y esta solución nyilatkozott: – por muy implacable y cruel que sea, será la que se merecen y se corresponderá con la actitud judía „ […] A zsidókérdés kapcsán, mely az elmúlt del pasado y del presente. […] Quiero advertirle a hónapokban annyi izgalmat keltett mind a zsidók, los judíos y a los que sirven sus intereses, que todos mind pedig bizonyos barátaik körében, kijelentem, los órganos oficiales del Estado vigilan con meticu- hogy azt meg kell oldanunk. Ez a megoldás - ha losidad sus actividades, y haré ejecutar inmediata- kíméletlen is - az lesz, amit a zsidók megérdemelnek mente y con el máximo rigor todas las órdenes en korábbi és jelenlegi magatartásuk miatt. […] Hadd vigor y las que se emitan, teniendo en cuenta las figyelmeztessem nyomatékosan a zsidókat és azokat, actuales condiciones bélicas. Por ello, no reconoz- akik az ő érdekeiket szolgálják, hogy az államhatalom co a ningún judío perteneciente a la Iglesia Católica minden szerve éberen figyeli a tevékenységüket, és Romana, a la Evangélica o a la Comunidad Israelita, különös szigorral fogom végrehajtatni az érvényben yo sólo conozco individuos de raza judía. No reco- lévő és a jövőben kibocsátandó rendszabályokat, nozco ninguna carta de protección y ningún pasa- tekintettel a háborúra. Ebben az összefüggésben porte extranjero expedido a nombre de ciudadanos nem ismerek a római katolikus, a lutheránus vagy húngaros judíos […]”. az izraelita egyházhoz tartozó zsidókat, csak személyeket mint a zsidó faj tagjait. Nem ismerek el semmiféle oltalomlevelet, sem külföldi útlevelet, melyet magyar állampolgárságú zsidó kapott bármely forrásból vagy személytől. […]”. 10 W Lista de cines que los judíos pueden visitar, Budapest, 31 de mayo de 1944 Zsidók által látogatható mozik listája, Budapest, 1944. május 31. Y Orden para entregar los aparatos de radio propiedad de los judíos Felhívás zsidók rádióinak beszolgáltatására W Limitación del tiempo de compras de los judíos, Újpest, 6 de junio de 1944 Zsidók bevásárlási idejének korlátozása, Újpest, 1944. június 6. 11 11 Y Campaña de burlas – Marcha de judíos por las calles de Budapest, octubre de 1944. Humillación de judíos en el Teatro de la Ciudad, 1944. Hecckampány – Zsidók meneteltetése Budapest utcáin, 1944. október. Zsidók megszégyenítése a Városi Színháznál, 1944. 12 13 13 La Embajada A Spanyol (La Legación) de España Nagykövetség (Követség) en Hungría durante Magyarországon el Holocausto a Holokauszt alatt Las amenazas vertidas por el Ministro del Interior A Belügyminiszter által közzétett fenyegetésekre tuvieron una amplia e inmediata repercusión tanto a legszélesebb körökben Magyarországon és en el extranjero como en Hungría y se sucedieron külföldön is azonnal reagáltak. Egymást követték a las protestas y acciones dirigidas a poner a salvo a tiltakozások és a magyar zsidók üldöztetése ellen los judíos húngaros de la persecución. El 28 de oc- irányuló megmozdulások. 1944. október 28-án az tubre de 1944, el gobierno de los Estados Unidos, Egyesült Államok magyarországi képviseletét ellátó representado en Budapest por la Embajada de Sui- Svájci Nagykövetség egy jegyzéket küldött a Magyar za, envió una nota al Ministerio de Asuntos Exte- Külügyminisztériumba, amelyben figyelmeztetett, riores de Hungría advirtiendo de que en el caso en hogy amennyiben bekövetkezne a budapesti zsidók que se llevara a cabo la deportación de los judíos deportálása, a háború befejeztével a bűnösöknek de Budapest, una vez que terminase la guerra, los vállalniuk kell a felelősséget tetteikért. Ezt a szóbeli culpables tendrían que asumir sus responsabilida- jegyzéket továbbiak követték
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