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Rudolf Höß in Übersetzung: Massenmörder Oder Marionette?

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Rudolf Höß in Übersetzung: Massenmörder Oder Marionette? Rudolf Höß in Übersetzung: Massenmörder oder Marionette? Vergleich zweier englischer und einer spanischen Übersetzung von Rudolf Höß’ Kommandant in Auschwitz Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Arts (MA) an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Stefanie Kristin MAXONES, BA am Institut für Theoretische und Angewandte Translationswissenschaft Begutachterin: Ao.Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr.phil. Michaela Wolf Graz, 2014 Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung ..................................................................................................... 4 1. Tötungsmaschinerie des NS-Regimes ............................................ 7 1.1. Stätten der Massenvernichtung ............................................................................. 7 1.1.1. „Heil- und Pflegeanstalten“ .................................................................................... 7 1.1.2. Konzentrations- und Vernichtungslager ................................................................ 9 1.1.3. Entwicklung des Lagersystems ............................................................................... 9 1.1.4. Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ............................................................................ 12 1.2. Methoden der Massenvernichtung ...................................................................... 14 2. Aufarbeitung der NS-Verbrechen ................................................... 17 2.1. Aufarbeitung im deutschsprachigen Raum .......................................................... 17 2.1.1. Aufarbeitung in Österreich ................................................................................... 17 2.1.2. Aufarbeitung in der DDR ...................................................................................... 19 2.1.3. Aufarbeitung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ............................................... 21 2.2. Aufarbeitung im englischsprachigen Raum .......................................................... 23 2.2.1. Aufarbeitung in den USA ...................................................................................... 23 2.2.2. Aufarbeitung in Großbritannien ........................................................................... 25 2.3. Aufarbeitung im spanischsprachigen Raum ......................................................... 26 3. Das Genre der Autobiographie ....................................................... 30 3.1. Begriffserklärung ................................................................................................... 30 3.2. Die Autobiographie im Wandel der Zeit ............................................................... 31 3.3. Autobiographien im Kontext des Holocausts ....................................................... 35 3.3.1. Autobiographien aus Opferperspektive ............................................................... 35 3.3.2. Autobiographien aus TäterInnenperspektive ...................................................... 38 4. Das Original Kommandant in Auschwitz ....................................... 42 4.1. Rudolf Höß ............................................................................................................ 42 4.2. Entstehung der Autobiographie ........................................................................... 45 4.3. Inhalt ..................................................................................................................... 47 4.4. Edition von Martin Broszat ................................................................................... 48 4.5. Rezeption im deutschsprachigen Raum ............................................................... 49 5. Die Übersetzungen .......................................................................... 51 5.1. Die englischen Übersetzungen ............................................................................. 52 5.1.1. Commandant of Auschwitz (1959, Ü1) ................................................................. 52 2 5.1.1.1. Der Übersetzer Constantine FitzGibbon ......................................................... 54 5.1.1.2. Der Verlag The Orion Publishing Group.......................................................... 54 5.1.2. Death Dealer (1992, Ü2) ....................................................................................... 55 5.2. Die spanischen Übersetzungen ............................................................................. 57 5.2.1. El Comandante de Auschwitz (1960, Ü3) ............................................................. 58 5.2.2. Yo, Comandante de Auschwitz (1979, Ü4) ........................................................... 59 5.3. Rezeption der Übersetzungen .............................................................................. 61 5.3.1. Rezeption im englischsprachigen Raum ............................................................... 61 5.3.2. Rezeption im spanischsprachigen Raum .............................................................. 64 6. Paratextanalyse ................................................................................ 66 6.1. Analysegrundlage .................................................................................................. 66 6.2. Analyse .................................................................................................................. 68 6.2.1. Cover .................................................................................................................... 69 6.2.2. Vorworte und Einleitung ...................................................................................... 73 6.2.3. Anmerkungen ....................................................................................................... 75 6.2.4. Illustrationen ........................................................................................................ 76 6.3. Ergebnisse der Paratextanalyse ............................................................................ 77 7. Textanalyse ...................................................................................... 79 7.1. Kritische Diskursanalyse nach Siegfried Jäger ...................................................... 80 7.2. Analyse .................................................................................................................. 82 7.2.1. Der NS-Diskurs ...................................................................................................... 83 7.2.2. Institutioneller Rahmen ....................................................................................... 84 7.2.3. Analyse der Diskursfragmente ............................................................................. 84 7.2.3.1. Der „Führer“-Diskurs ...................................................................................... 85 7.2.3.2. Der politische Diskurs ..................................................................................... 92 7.2.3.3. Der Sexualitätsdiskurs..................................................................................... 98 7.2.3.4. Der Kriegsdiskurs .......................................................................................... 100 7.2.3.5. Der wirtschaftliche Diskurs ........................................................................... 102 7.3. Resultate der Diskursanalyse .............................................................................. 107 8. Zusammenfassung ........................................................................ 109 Bibliographie ............................................................................................ 113 3 Einleitung The only power which man should be aspire is that which he exercises over himself. (Elie Wiesel) Auschwitz – ein Begriff, der das 20. Jahrhundert geprägt hat. Doch wer hatte im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz die Fäden in der Hand? Wer war das Gesicht hinter den Massenmorden? Rudolf Höß, jener Mann, der das Konzentrationslager Auschwitz über drei Jahre lang leitete, verfasste während seiner Untersuchungshaft in einem polnischen Gefängnis seine Autobiographie, die Aufschluss über die Person hinter der Tötungsmaschinerie gibt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen das Original von Rudolf Höß’ Autobiographie Kommandant in Auschwitz und zwei englische und zwei spanische Übersetzungen der Autobiographie miteinander verglichen werden. Die Autobiographie, die Höß in deutscher Sprache verfasste, erschien in den Jahren 1951 und 1956, noch bevor die deutsche Erstausgabe veröffentlicht wurde, in polnischer Übersetzung. Die deutsche Ausgabe, die in dieser Arbeit zur Analyse herangezogen wird, wurde von Martin Broszat editiert und erschien erstmals im Jahr 1958. Nur ein Jahr später, im Jahr 1959, wurde die von Constantine FitzGibbon angefertigte englische Erstübersetzung Commandant of Auschwitz (Ü1) publiziert. Die englische Neuübersetzung der Autobiographie Death Dealer: The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz (Ü2), welche für ein US-amerikanisches Zielpublikum angefertigt wurde, erschien erstmals im Jahr 1992. Die von Andrés Ma. Mateo angefertigte spanische Erstübersetzung El Comandante de Auschwitz (Ü3) wurde im Jahr 1960 in Mexiko publiziert. Die spanische Neuübersetzung Yo, Comandante de Auschwitz (Ü4) hingegen erschien erstmals im Jahr 1979 in Spanien. Hierbei ist jedoch anzumerken, dass es sich bei den spanischen Übersetzungen um indirekte Übersetzungen aus dem Englischen und Französischen handelt. Um das Original und die Übersetzungen miteinander vergleichen und analysieren zu können, müssen vorweg nachstehende allgemeine
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