Déportés À Auschwitz. Certains Résis- Tion D’Une Centaine, Sont Traqués Et Tent Avec Des Armes

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Déportés À Auschwitz. Certains Résis- Tion D’Une Centaine, Sont Traqués Et Tent Avec Des Armes MORT1943 ET RÉSISTANCE BIEN QU’AYANT rarement connu les noms de leurs victimes juives, les nazis entendaient que ni Zivia Lubetkin, ni Richard Glazar, ni Thomas Blatt ne survivent à la « solution finale ». Ils survécurent cependant et, après la Shoah, chacun écrivit un livre sur la Résistance en 1943. Quelque 400 000 Juifs vivaient dans le ghetto de Varsovie surpeuplé, mais les épi- démies, la famine et les déportations à Treblinka – 300 000 personnes entre juillet et septembre 1942 – réduisirent considérablement ce nombre. Estimant que 40 000 Juifs s’y trouvaient encore (le chiffre réel approchait les 55 000), Heinrich Himmler, le chef des SS, ordonna la déportation de 8 000 autres lors de sa visite du ghetto, le 9 janvier 1943. Cependant, sous la direction de Mordekhaï Anielewicz, âgé de 23 ans, le Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ZOB, Organisation juive de combat) lança une résistance armée lorsque les Allemands exécutèrent l’ordre d’Himmler, le 18 janvier. Bien que plus de 5 000 Juifs aient été déportés le 22 janvier, la Résistance juive – elle impliquait aussi bien la recherche de caches et le refus de s’enregistrer que la lutte violente – empêcha de remplir le quota et conduisit les Allemands à mettre fin à l’Aktion. Le répit, cependant, fut de courte durée. En janvier, Zivia Lubetkin participa à la création de l’Organisation juive de com- bat et au soulèvement du ghetto de Varsovie. « Nous combattions avec des gre- nades, des fusils, des barres de fer et des ampoules remplies d’acide sulfurique », rapporte-t-elle dans son livre Aux jours de la destruction et de la révolte. « Pendant quelques minutes, nous avons été grisés par le frisson du combat. Effectivement, nous avons vu de nos yeux les Allemands, conquérants du monde, battre en retraite, effrayés par une poignée de jeunes Juifs armés seulement de quelques pistolets et grenades à main. » Zivia Lubetkin savait que les Allemands reviendraient. La seule question était de savoir quand. Pour les 50 000 Juifs qui demeuraient dans le ghetto, la réponse décisive survint le 19 avril 1943, la veille de la Pâque. Cette fois, les troupes bien équipées du général Jürgen Stroop s’attendaient à une résistance armée en péné- trant dans le ghetto et elles s’y confrontèrent. Conscients de la puissance de feu très supérieure des Allemands, les combattants juifs piètrement armés – au nombre d’environ 700 à 750 – ne se faisaient aucune illusion sur la possibilité de vaincre Stroop. Mais Z. Lubetkin vit les Allemands se replier d’abord lorsque les armes à feu, les grenades et les « cocktails Molotov » des Juifs, en quantité réduite, semè- rent la peur et la mort chez les envahisseurs allemands. À nouveau, le répit fut temporaire. « L’ennemi a mis le feu au ghetto, témoigna Z. Lubetkin. Comment décrire les terribles souffrances et la ter- reur des Juifs pris au piège dans les flammes ? » Pourtant, les combattants du ghetto résistèrent. Des partisans du groupe Greenspan se réunissent dans la forêt de Parczew, en Pologne. 405 Ce ne fut que le 16 mai que Stroop put noter dans son rapport que « le quartier juif de Varsovie avait cessé d’exister. » Mais à cette date, Z. Lubetkin s’était déjà enfuie par les égouts et était passée du côté « aryen » de Varsovie où elle poursuivit sa résistance. Le soulèvement du ghetto de Varsovie revêtit une importance bien supé- 1943 rieure à celle des rapports de batailles et du décompte des pertes. La nouvelle du soulèvement inspira ailleurs une résistance juive et accrut l’inquiétude des nazis après la défaite révélatrice de l’armée allemande sur le front Est à Sta- lingrad, en Russie, fin janvier. Comme dans le cas du ghetto de Varsovie, si héroïque et si répandue fût-elle, la Résistance juive manqua en général du soutien extérieur nécessaire pour remporter des victoires autres que morales. Pendant le soulèvement du ghetto de Varsovie, un Juif tchèque nommé Richard Glazar luttait pour demeurer en vie au camp de Treblinka situé à une centaine de kilomètres au nord-est de Varsovie. Né en 1920, il avait été envoyé début octobre 1942 du camp / ghetto de Theresienstadt (Tchécoslo- vaquie) dans ce camp de la mort. Les chambres à gaz de Treblinka coûtèrent la vie à plus de 800 000 Juifs, mais Glazar fut parmi les très rares détenus qui furent épargnés pour travailler. Comme Lubetkin, il résista et survécut pour raconter son histoire dans son livre Trap with a Green Fence (La trappe du grillage vert). Glazar vit régulièrement les trains qui acheminaient des milliers de Juifs à Treblinka. Au printemps 1943, il savait jusqu’où les nazis perpétraient leurs assassinats en masse car les convois amenaient des Juifs de Bulgarie et de Grèce. Tandis que les Juifs disparaissaient à tout jamais en arrivant à Treblinka, leurs biens demeuraient. Avant que les déportés soient déshabillés, gazés et brû- lés, les Allemands pillaient leurs affaires. Glazar se sou- vient du camp comme d’un « gigantesque entrepôt de bric-à-brac. » On pouvait tout trouver à Treblinka, écrit- il, « excepté la vie ». Trier le butin devint pour lui un tra- Le commandant Jürgen Stroop (au vail routinier qui le maintint en vie. Lui et ses camarades prisonniers se centre) accompagne ses soldats savaient condamnés si le tri cessait. pendant le soulèvement du ghetto Alors que tout était contre eux, les Juifs résistèrent à Treblinka. Décrivant les de Varsovie. trains chargés de butin au départ du camp de la mort, Glazar se souvient que les prisonniers cachèrent deux évadés entre les ballots, afin que le monde apprenne les meurtres. Puis, fin mai 1943, Glazar vit « le convoi le plus misérable de tous ceux qui arrivèrent à Treblinka. » Les gens venaient de Varsovie. Leurs affaires étaient si pauvres qu’il n’y avait pas grand-chose à trier. Mais, par ailleurs, souligne Glazar, ces derniers convois de Varsovie étaient riches : d’espoir, parce qu’ils apportaient la nouvelle du soulèvement du ghetto. Cette nouvelle fit croire à Glazar et à ses com- pagnons que les avertissements des évadés de Treblinka avaient contribué au sou- lèvement de Varsovie. Quant au soulèvement de Varsovie, il commença à émouvoir les détenus de Treblinka qui, pour reprendre les propos de Glazar, « renoncèrent à l’espoir d’être les derniers à échapper à cette mort dans le dénuement. [Il faut] montrer au monde et à vous-mêmes [ce qui se passe]… » À Treblinka, depuis le printemps, un groupe de résistance avait prévu de s’emparer d’armes dans l’arsenal des SS, de prendre le contrôle du camp, de le détruire et de rejoindre les partisans dans la forêt. La date du soulèvement de Treblinka était fixée au lundi 2 août. Vers 16 heures, avant que les chefs de la résistance n’aient pu prendre le contrôle de la cache d’armes, un officier SS qui se montrait soupçonneux fut tué par un coup de feu qui alerta les gardes 406 du camp et donna prématurément le signal de la révolte aux déte- nus. Pendant les échanges de coups de feu, certains prisonniers mirent le feu à des parties du camp. Alors que les détenus s’évadaient en courant, la plupart furent abattus depuis les tours de guet du camp ou pris et tués plus tard. Le jour du soulèvement, le camp contenait environ 850 prisonniers. Environ 750 tentèrent de s’évader. Glazar fut l’un des 70 qui survécurent à la Shoah. Après la révolte, les Allemands contraignirent les évadés qui avaient été repris à raser ce qui restait du camp de Treblinka. Puis, ces prison- niers furent abattus, des arbres furent plantés et le site fut camouflé en Le four crématoire IV à Auschwitz- ferme. La résistance juive avait contribué à fermer Treblinka, mais seulement Birkenau pouvait incinérer près de après que la raison d’être du camp ait été, pour l’essentiel, achevée. 1 500 corps par jour. Entre-temps, au sud-est de Treblinka, à cinq kilomètres du fleuve Bug, le camp de la mort de Sobibor fonctionnait toujours. Entre mars et juillet 1943, 19 convois des Pays-Bas acheminèrent 35 000 Juifs néerlandais dans les chambres à gaz de Sobibor qui, au total, tuèrent 250 000 Juifs. Le rythme des meurtres diminua ensuite, plus de 13 000 Juifs des ghettos liquidés de Vilnius, Minsk et Lida étant gazés à Sobibor pendant les quinze derniers jours de sep- tembre. Les détenus du camp comprirent que la fin des convois signifiait éga- lement la fin de leur vie. Début septembre 1943, environ 650 détenus juifs de Sobibor étaient astreints au travail. Comme à Treblinka, certains étaient des travailleurs qua- lifiés chargés de la maintenance du camp, d’autres triaient le butin, d’autres encore faisaient partie des équipes chargées d’évacuer les corps des chambres à gaz. Thomas Blatt faisait partie des quelque 300 prisonniers qui s’évadèrent du camp pendant le soulèvement qui éclata le 14 octobre 1943. Paru en 1996, son livre Sobibor, The Forgotten Revolt (Sobibor, la révolte oubliée) précise que 48 seulement des évadés de Sobibor survécurent après s’être libérés. Le soulèvement de Sobibor conduisit les Allemands à abandonner leurs projets de convertir le camp de la mort en un camp de concentration. Ils déci- dèrent plutôt de démanteler et de camoufler les installations dont le travail de meurtre avait, de toute façon, été pratiquement accompli. Comme Treblinka, Sobibor devint une ferme. Ce ne fut cependant pas le seul résultat du soulè- vement. Les événements de Varsovie, Treblinka et Sobibor indiquaient que les Juifs polonais étaient de plus en plus conscients qu’il n’y aurait pas de « salut par le travail ».
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