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Genocide, Memory and History AFTERMATH GENOCIDE, MEMORY AND HISTORY EDITED BY KAREN AUERBACH AFTERMATH AFTERMATH GENOCIDE, MEMORY AND HISTORY EDITED BY KAREN AUERBACH Aftermath: Genocide, Memory and History © Copyright 2015 Copyright of the individual chapters is held by the chapter’s author/s. Copyright of this edited collection is held by Karen Auerbach. All rights reserved. Apart from any uses permitted by Australia’s Copyright Act 1968, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the copyright owners. Inquiries should be directed to the publisher. Monash University Publishing Matheson Library and Information Services Building 40 Exhibition Walk Monash University Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia www.publishing.monash.edu Monash University Publishing brings to the world publications which advance the best traditions of humane and enlightened thought. Monash University Publishing titles pass through a rigorous process of independent peer review. www.publishing.monash.edu/books/agmh-9781922235633.html Design: Les Thomas ISBN: 978-1-922235-63-3 (paperback) ISBN: 978-1-922235-64-0 (PDF) ISBN: 978-1-876924-84-3 (epub) National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Title: Aftermath : genocide, memory and history / editor Karen Auerbach ISBN 9781922235633 (paperback) Series: History Subjects: Genocide. Genocide--Political aspects. Collective memory--Political aspects. Memorialization--Political aspects. Other Creators/Contributors: Auerbach, Karen, editor. Dewey Number: 304.663 CONTENTS Introduction ................................................ ix Karen Auerbach Part I: The Holocaust and other genocides . 1 Chapter 1 ‘We have exterminated the race in Van Diemen’s Land’: Remembering colonial genocide in 19th century British culture ...........................................3 Tom Lawson Chapter 2 Setting the picture straight: The ordinary women of Nazi Germany and Rwanda who participated in genocide ......21 Kimberly Allar Chapter 3 ‘A Holocaust the West forgot’? Reflections on genocide narratives of the Ukrainian Holodomor ................48 Rebekah Moore Part II: Perceptions and representations: Past . 63 Chapter 4 ‘They are killing all of us Jews’: Australian press memory of the Holocaust ..................................65 Fay Anderson Chapter 5 The politics of detachment: Franco’s Spain and the public perception of the extermination of the Jews .............86 Salvador Ortí Camallonga Part III: Perceptions and representations: Present . 101 Chapter 6 Looking out from under a long shadow: Holocaust memory in 21st century America ....................103 Laura S Levitt Chapter 7 The place of memory or the memory of place? The representation of Auschwitz in Holocaust memoirs...121 Esther Jilovsky Chapter 8 ‘Returning to a graveyard’: The Australian debates about March of the Living to Poland ......................141 Suzanne D Rutland Part IV: Holocaust narratives on film . 167 Chapter 9 Representing rape in Holocaust film: Exhibiting the eroticised body for the camera’s gaze..................169 Adam Brown and Deb Waterhouse-Watson Chapter 10 From ‘Eichmann-as-victim’ to ‘Nazi-as-Jew’: Deconstructing justice in American Holocaust trial films ..185 Danielle Christmas Contributor biographies ......................................201 This volume and the Aftermath conference were made possible through the generosity of the Sunraysia Foundation in memory of Dr Jan Randa INTRODUCTION Karen Auerbach Violent conflicts that tear communities apart do not cease with the end of bloodshed; in the aftermath of violence, representations of the past often become a battleground themselves. In this collision between history and memory, addressing the wounds of the past becomes integral to reconstructing communities in the present. In the words of James Young, ‘History is what happened. Memory is the recollection that binds what happened to ourselves in the present.’1 The relationship between memory and history is all the more fraught in the case of genocide. If there is always a chasm between the events of the past and our ability to comprehend them – if the past is a foreign country, as a British novelist once wrote – then that gap is even more challenging for scholars of genocide. The problem is not only that we struggle to accept that human beings can commit such acts of mass violence. The scale of killing also means that most victims do not have time to leave behind accounts and perpetrators often do not document their crimes, so that historians are faced with the challenge of how to reconstruct this past. Yet the study of genocide assumes that how genocide occurred is explicable, even if ‘why’ it happened cannot be fully understood. In the case of Holocaust studies, this approach seeks to dispel the mystifications that see the Holocaust as an event somehow outside of human history; the latter approach seems to take the causes of the genocide outside of the hands of humans, which is perhaps a reaction to our hesitancy to acknowledge that human evil is present in history and therefore present in human beings. The comparison of the Holocaust with other cases of genocide is rooted in this assumption that the Holocaust, like any historical event, is explicable. And if the Holocaust can be explained, then we can apply study of the Holocaust to our understanding of other genocides, investigate similarities and differences, and use this knowledge to help us to respond to and perhaps prevent other genocides. 1 James Young, The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994), 116. – ix – AFTERMATH Yet some scholars of the Holocaust have argued that the Holocaust is unique, limiting the possibility of comparative research with other genocides. Scholars of other 20th-century genocides, on the other hand, have often challenged this notion of uniqueness and more recently many Holocaust scholars have taken the approach that the genocide of European Jewry was unprecedented as the most extreme form of genocide known to us to date, but not unique. In fact many historians of the Holocaust now agree that the Holocaust can and should be compared with other genocides. Yehuda Bauer, for example, the prominent Israeli historian of the Holocaust who initially was an outspoken proponent of the idea of uniqueness, argues that ‘the basis of intelligible historical writing is this comparability of human experience. If there are recognizable patterns in the unrolling of human history, then there is a point in examining them …2 The very claim that a historical event is unprecedented can be made only when that event is compared with other events of a presumably similar nature with which it shares at least some qualities.’3 While historians of the Holocaust have increasingly accepted the need to study the genocide of European Jews and other genocides in relation to one another, moving away from the debate over uniqueness, the field of comparative genocide has developed and scholars are increasingly applying methodologies from Holocaust studies to the study of other genocides. Yet the integration of the two fields of the Holocaust and comparative genocide is still tentative. Forums for new research in Holocaust studies, from conferences to journals, are still largely separate from the broader study of genocide. This volume, which grew out of a conference at Monash University in 2011, helps to facilitate that conversation. Its focus is how genocide is remembered and represented in both popular and scholarly memory, exploring in a comparative framework how memory of genocide develops and evolves. The role of the Holocaust in shaping how other genocides are re membered, and the application of methodologies in Holocaust studies to the study of other genocides, are the starting points for the three chapters in the volume’s first section. The relationship between the construction of national identities and memory of past conflict is a theme that runs throughout the volume, and it is the foundation for studies in the first section by Tom Lawson on 19th-century British representations of the destruction of the Aboriginal 2 Yehuda Bauer, Rethinking the Holocaust (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), 17. 3 ibid., 39. – x – Introduction population in Tasmania and by Rebekah Moore on memory of the famine in Ukraine in 1932–1933. Lawson notes that while memory of the genocide in Tasmania – unlike memory of the Holocaust – is largely absent from contemporary British culture, the impact of colonialism on Tasmania’s Aboriginal population was a frequent theme in 19th-century British cul- ture. Yet as Lawson found in his examination of textbooks, newspapers, literature and other sources, these 19th-century representations at times depicted the anticipated disappear ance of Tasmania’s native population as an ultimately positive development. His research is part of an increasing body of scholarship that approaches colonial massacres of native populations through the lens of genocide studies, and although not all scholars agree on applying the term to these cases, their debates about what does or does not constitute genocide are themselves integral to how these events are remembered and represented. The Stalinist-era famine in Ukraine is a case in point, as Rebekah Moore shows in her chapter on the role of Holocaust memory as a foundation for commemoration and study of the famine. Moore argues that the Holocaust has shaped both popular commemoration and scholarly representations of the
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