Soldiers and Statesmen

, SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.65 Stock Number008-070-00335-0 Catalog Number D 301.78:970 The Military History Symposium is sponsored jointly by the Department of History and the Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy 1970 Military History Symposium Steering Committee: Colonel Alfred F. Hurley, Chairman Lt. Colonel Elliott L. Johnson Major David MacIsaac, Executive Director Captain Donald W. Nelson, Deputy Director Captain Frederick L. Metcalf SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN The Proceedings of the 4th Military History Symposium United States Air Force Academy 22-23 October 1970 Edited by Monte D. Wright, Lt. Colonel, USAF, Air Force Academy and Lawrence J. Paszek, Office of Air Force History Office of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF and United States Air Force Academy Washington: 1973 The Military History Symposia of the USAF Academy 1. May 1967. Current Concepts in Military History. Proceedings not published. 2. May 1968. Command and Commanders in Modem Warfare. Proceedings published: Colorado Springs: USAF Academy, 1269; 2d ed., enlarged, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972. 3. May 1969. Science, Technology, and Warfare. Proceedings published: Washington, b.C.: Government Printing Office, 197 1. 4. October 1970. Soldiers and Statesmen. Present volume. 5. October 1972. The Military and Society. Proceedings to be published. Views or opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the authors and are not to be construed as carrying official sanction of the Department of the Air Force or of the United States Air Force Academy. CONTENTS Page Foreword. Lieutenant General John B. McPherson ......................... v Introduction. Major David MacIsaac ................................................ 1 First Session: FROM VIENNA TO VERSAILLES......................... 13 Chairman: Richard A . Preston Opening Remarks ............................................................................. 15 “Soldiers and Statesmen in 19th Century France. .. Gordon WriBht ............................................................... 21 “Soldiers and Statesmen: The Prusso-German Experience. 18 15- 19 19. .. Andreas Dorpalen................................. 35 Commentary. Russell F. Weigley .................................................... 47 Discussion ......................................................................................... 54 Second Session: FROM VERSAILLES TO POTSDAM ................. 65 Chairman: Louis Morton Opening Remarks ............................................................................. 67 “The Wartime Chiefs of Staff and the President... Forrest C. Pogue ............................................................................ 69 Commentary. Maurice Matloff ........................................................ 86 Commbtary. Gaddis Smith............................................................. 97 Discussion ......................................................................................... 103 Commentary. Major General Haywood S. Hansell. USAF Ret ...................................................................................... 107 Commentary, Brigadier General George A . Lincoln, USA Ret ......................................................................................... 116 Third Session: THE 13th HARMON MEMORIAL LECTURE IN MILITARY HISTORY ............................................................. 119 Introduction, Lieutenant General Albert P . Clark ......................... 121 “The Military in the Service of the State,” General Sir John Winthrop Hackett............................................. 123 Fourth Session: THE POSTWAR WORLD ..................................... 139 Chairman: Theodore Ropp Opening Remarks ............................................................................. 141 “John Foster Dulles: The Moralist Armed,” Richard D . Challener .................................................................... 143 Commentary. William Appleman Williams .................................... 163 Commentary. Brigadier General Noel F. Parrish. USAF Ret ...................................................................................... 167 Discussion ......................................................................................... 176 The Participants.................................................................................. 191 Index .................................................................................................... 200 V FOREWORD I am indeed honored to be asked to provide a few brief comments by way of presenting this volume to the public. Having attended the sessions of the 1970 Military History Symposium, I can assure interested readers of both the quality and relevance of each of the formal papers and informal discussions. This symposium, the fourth in the series sponsored jointly by the Department of History and the Association of Graduates of the Air Force Academy, was of particular interest to those of us charged with responsibility for professional education in the military services. Especially at the National War College, most of whose graduates move on to high staff and command responsibilities, the value of so enlightened a discussion of the relationships between soldiers and statesmen cannot be overemphasized. Statecraft through the ages has called upon the soldier and the statesman to play vital roles in attaining the preedinent goal of national security. There has been a tendency, particularly in recent years, to separate and often dichotomize the two professions. In part this can be attributed to scholarly commentators who, for legitimate analytical purposes, often separate the two elements. This intellectual division is further compounded by the increasing degree of functional specialization required of the modern soldier and diplomat. Today’s national security policy-maker, as compared to his predecessors of only a generation ago, requires much greater technical knowledge and expertise. It is little wonder then that a type of myopic egocentrism develops as the soldier or diplomat wrestles with the complex problems of the “here and now.” Inundated with data, beset by the conflicting advice of subordinates and demands of superiors, and inexorably constrained by compressed decision time, he has little opportunity to reflect on the wider implications of his decisions. Yet it is not an exaggeration to insist that in our age and in the foreseeable future the soldier and the diplomat must work together more closely than ever before. Nuclear weapons and Vietnam have demonstrated both the strength and the limitations that can be placed on the use of military force; the Cold War and containment have provided a similar demonstration for diplomacy. The development of a new modus vivendi poses challenges of the highest order as new power configurations emerge to displace the old and as increased demands for solution of domestic problems attain higher priority in the competition for limited national resources. vi The challenge, however, is not limited to the practitioners of statecraft. It is here that the scholar must lend his talents, not only to provide the elongated perspective of history, which helps free us from generational egocentrism, but also to collect, distill, and collate the wisdom of the giants upon whose shoulders new pygmies will build. The scholars, both guest and resident, at the Fourth Military History Symposium of the United States Air Force Academy have more than met their challenge. For this reason, therefore, I commend to statesman and soldier, as well as to other interested scholars, this, the record of their proceedings. John B. McPherson, Lieutenant General, USAF Commandant, National War College 1 INTRODUCTION From at least the beginning of the 19th century, no problem in military affairs has been more perplexing than that of deciding what should be the relationship between the chief of state and those who advise him on national security matters. In contemporary society, increasingly directed by experts- military and otherwise-this problem has by no means been permanently resolved.’ Writing in 1957, Samuel P. Huntington suggested that the problem of the modem state is not so much that of armed revolt as it is that of the relation between the expert and the politician. The same theme dominat- ed C. P. Snow’s Godkin Lectures at Harvard three years later (published as eience and Government), while Bernard Brodie’s Strategy in the Miksile Age (1959) made the point, among others, that a tendency has become apparent for the military outlook to be adopted by associated civilians more so than the other way around. Events of the last decade have served to remind us how complex have become the routes by which advice on national security matters reaches the ear of the president, the last three of whom have for varying reasons tended to rely to an increasing extent on civilian advisers operating outside the established national defense hierarchy: e.g., McGeorge Bundy, Walt W. Rostow, and Henry A. Kissinger. When determining the topic for this, the fourth symposium in the series, the planning committee settled on a historical investigation of the recent past that would, hopefully: remind us how impor- tant is the relationship between soldiers and statesmen; examine how various societies have approached the problems involved ib that relationship; and determine

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