La Pratique Théâtrale Dans L'allemagne De La

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La Pratique Théâtrale Dans L'allemagne De La UNIVERSITÉ SORBONNE NOUVELLE – PARIS 3 École doctorale 267 – Arts et médias Thèse de doctorat en Études théâtrales Valeska VALIPOUR LA PRATIQUE THÉÂTRALE DANS L’ALLEMAGNE DE LA SECONDE MOITIÉ DU DIX-HUITIÈME SIÈCLE (1760 – 1805) Thèse dirigée par Martine de Rougemont Soutenue le 24 janvier 2011 Jury : Madame Marie-Claire HOOCK-DEMARLE professeur émérite (Paris VII) Monsieur Gérard LAUDIN professeur (Paris IV) Madame Catherine TREILHOU-BALAUDÉ professeur (Paris III) Résumé La pratique théâtrale dans l’Allemagne de la seconde moitié du dix-huitième siècle (1760 – 1805) L’Allemagne du dix-huitième siècle est composée de plus de 300 petits pays se différenciant en ce qui concerne la politique, la religion et la langue. S’y ajoutent des territoires qui ne sont pas allemands, mais sous influence de la culture germanophone. Cette étude analyse alors un territoire qui s’étend de l’Alsace jusqu’en Russie et des pays scandinaves jusqu’en Suisse. Embourbés dans des guerres territoriales, les souverains ne montrent que peu d’intérêt pour le théâtre, et si oui, uniquement pour l’opéra italien et le théâtre français. Au début du siècle, le théâtre professionnel allemand est surtout influencé par le théâtre anglais et un peu par la comédie italienne. Le statut social des acteurs est très mauvais. C’est surtout la bourgeoisie qui se méfie d’eux. A partir des années 1730, sous influence du théâtre français, le théâtre allemand s’émancipe. Dans la seconde moitié du siècle, il devient le moteur de l’embourgeoisement de la société. Les actrices se sont beaucoup investies dans cette évolution, non malgré, mais en raison de leur statut social particulièrement mauvais. Longtemps, seules les gender studies se sont intéressées à cette période de l’histoire théâtrale. Une de leurs théories de base définit l’homme et la femme comme deux groupes sociologiques distincts. Cette théorie a été reprise, sans en questionner la validité pour l’histoire théâtrale. C’est le point de départ de cette étude, qui compare les vies de plus de 400 actrices et acteurs de l’époque. De nombreux aspects de la vie privée et professionnelle y sont abordés : famille, carrière, finances, situation juridique et fréquentations. Ce mémoire démontre que le milieu théâtral de l’époque peut effectivement être divisé en deux groupes : les comédiens ayant grandi au théâtre et ceux y étant arrivés plus tard. En effet, la distinction générale de l’homme et de la femme ne peut être appliquée au théâtre allemand qu’à partir de la fin du dix-huitième siècle. Mots clés : 18ème siècle, actrice, droit théâtral, métiers du théâtre, sociologie théâtrale, théâtre allemand 2 Abstract Theatre practice in Germany during the second half of the 18th century (1760 – 1805) In the 18th century, Germany was composed of more than 300 small states which differed politically, religiously and linguistically. In addition to these, there were non- German territories which were, however, greatly influenced by German culture. As a result, the notion of “Germany” included a territory from Alsace to Russia and from the Scandinavian countries to Switzerland. Their rulers were generally preoccupied with battles over dominance. If they devoted any time to theatre it was most likely Italian opera or French theatre. In the beginning of the century, German professional theatre was mainly influenced by English theatre and Italian theatre. The social position of actors was very poor. The bourgeoisie looked on them with particular suspicion. Starting in the 1730s, under French theatre influence, the German theatre started becoming more independent. In the second half of the century, theatre was the driving force behind the embourgeoisement of society. Driven by the desire to improve their low social status, actresses played a leading role in this revolution. For a long time, only gender studies were interested in this part of theatre history. A prominent gender studies theory suggested that men and women were of two different sociological groups. This theory has been accepted without justifying its concurrence with theatre history. That’s the starting point of this work which compares the lives of more than 400 German actresses and actors of the time. Many facets of private and professional life are analysed: family life, career opportunities, finances, legal status and social life. The dissertation shows that the theatrical milieu was already divided into two groups far into the second half of the century: actors who had grown up in theatre and those who came to it later. In fact, the categorical sociological distinction between men and women in German theatre is only justifiable beginning at the end of the 18th century. Keywords: 18th century, actress, theatre law, theatre professions, sociology of the theatre, German theatre 3 Inhaltsangabe Theaterpraxis im Deutschland der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1760 - 1805) Der deutschsprachige Kulturraum des 18. Jahrhunderts ist von Kleinstaaterei und Hegemonialkämpfen geprägt. Der hier erforschte Bereich erstreckt sich damit vom Elsass bis Russland und von den skandinavischen Ländern bis in die Schweiz. Die deutschen Herrscher bekunden kaum Interesse für das Theater, und dann auch nur für die italienische Oper oder das französische Schauspiel. Zu Beginn des Jahrhunderts besteht das deutsche Berufstheater aus einer Mischung von englischen und italienischen Einflüssen. Die soziale Stellung der Schauspieler ist sehr schlecht. Vor allem das Bürgertum betrachtet sie mit Misstrauen. Unter dem Einfluss des französischen Theaters emanzipiert sich das deutsche Theater ab den 1730er Jahren. In der zweiten Jahrhunderthälfte wird es zum Motor der Verbürgerlichung der Gesellschaft. Schauspielerinnen spielen eine tragende Rolle in dieser Entwicklung, nicht obwohl, sondern gerade weil ihr Sozialstatus besonders schlecht ist. Lange hat sich nur die Frauenforschung für diesen Teil der Theatergeschichte interessiert. Eine grundlegende Theorie der Geschlechterforschung besagt, dass Männer und Frauen zwei verschiedene soziologische Gruppen bilden. Diese Theorie wurde übernommen ohne zu hinterfragen, ob sie auch auf die Theatergeschichte anwendbar ist. Hier setzt die vorliegende Arbeit an, die das Leben von mehr als 400 Schauspielerinnen und Schauspielern dieser Zeit untersucht. Verschiedenste Facetten des privaten und beruflichen Lebens werden analysiert, wie z.B. Familienleben, beruflicher Werdegang, finanzielle Aspekte, die juristische Lage und soziale Kontakte. Die Studie zeigt auf, dass das Theatermilieu der Epoche sich bis weit in die zweite Jahrhunderthälfte tatsächlich in zwei Gruppen unterteilt: die Theaterkinder und die Schauspieler, die später hinzukamen. Die grundsätzliche soziologische Unterscheidung von Männern und Frauen im deutschen Theater ist erst ab Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gerechtfertigt. Schlagwörter: 18. Jahrhundert, Schauspielerin, Theaterrecht, Theaterberufe, Theatersoziologie, deutsches Theater 4 À Zarik Avakian ( 2005) et Jean-Marc Morel ( 2010)… Vous, qui m’avez encouragée, j’aurais tant voulu que vous soyez là aujourd’hui. 5 Remerciements Au bout de quelques années de recherches, il est difficile de limiter les remerciements à quelques lignes, tant de personnes auraient mérité d’être remerciées ! Merci à tous, je ne pourrais pas citer tous vos noms ! Je commence par Madame Martine de Rougemont, ma directrice de thèse, qui s’est engagée dans cette aventure sans me connaître. Elle n’a pas ménagé ses efforts pour me permettre de mener à bien ce projet. MERCI ! Je tiens à exprimer ma profonde gratitude à Monsieur Jean- Pierre Perchellet, qui accompagne mon parcours universitaire depuis mon année de Licence. Il a été membre de mon jury de Maîtrise, a dirigé mon DEA et, sans lui, je ne me serais certainement jamais lancée dans un tel projet. Aussi, voulais-je le remercier pour son soutien lors des étapes cruciales de cette thèse. J’adresse également mes remerciements à Madame Marie-Claire Hoock-Demarle, Madame Catherine Treilhou-Balaudé et Monsieur Gérard Laudin, pour m’avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter de juger cette thèse de doctorat. Merci à Paula Dubray qui a répondu à toutes mes questions avec rapidité, précision et gentillesse. Je souhaite remercier tous les archivistes et bibliothécaires qui ont fait de leur mieux pour rendre l’impossible possible ainsi que Madame Petra Oelker, qui non seulement a répondu à toutes mes questions, mais m’a aussi envoyé certains de ses ouvrages. Frau Oelker, herzlichen Dank für Ihr Interesse und Ihre Hilfe! Merci aux autres doctorants, croisés lors des colloques ou devant la machine à café de la BNUS, pour avoir partagé leurs astuces et ces moments de détente avec moi. Je remercie particulièrement Céline Candiard et Nuria Aragones. Ma famille, mes amis et mes collègues m’ont encouragé tout au long de cette aventure. Herzlichen Dank für all Eure Mühen, Eure Ermunterungen und Eure unermüdliche Unterstützung! Je remercie tous ceux qui m’ont hébergé pendant mes nombreux séjours à Berlin et à Paris : mes parents, mes grands-parents, Kristina Brenner-Jendreyko, Yasemine et Julien Deris ainsi que Roxane et Alireza Barei. Un grand merci à « mon comité de courageuses correctrices » pour la relecture de ce mémoire en fin de thèse : Alison Shipps-Bayart, Chantal Raulff, Laura Vreysen, Monika et Monique Dreyfürst, Sarah Melhaa, et – les reines de la relecture de la relecture – Gabriela Terán et Laure Hamel. Last but not least, merci à celui qui a accepté de vivre au rythme de cette thèse, qui a supporté les hauts et les bas et qui n’a
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