2018 | 2 Éric Bournazel, Mutations

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2018 | 2 Éric Bournazel, Mutations 2018 | 2 Éric Bournazel, Mutations. Recueil d’articles d’histoire du Mittelalter – Moyen Âge (500– droit, Paris (Éditions Panthéon-Assas) 2017, 530 p., 1 ill., 1500) ISBN 979-10-90429-96-3, EUR 35,00. DOI: 10.11588/frrec.2018.2.48295 rezensiert von | compte rendu rédigé par Patrick Demouy, Reims Seite | page 1 Le titre de ce recueil fait référence au grand livre qu’Éric Bournazel a publié avec Jean-Pierre Poly en 1980, »La mutation féodale (Xe–XIIe siècles)«. Traduit en espagnol, italien et anglais, il est devenu un classique réédité et a alimenté les débats historiographiques. Ceux-ci ne sont pas relancés. Éric Bournazel, qui s’est affirmé comme un spécialiste des premiers Capétiens et de la féodalité, nous offre un florilège d’histoire institutionnelle et juridique, sans s’interdire des réflexions anthropologiques et des excursions loin du domaine qui est a priori le sien, signe d’une curiosité toujours en éveil. On en jugera par les titres des cinq sections regroupant 29 articles: »Les cercles du pouvoir«; »Jus et Ars«; »Imaginaires«,»idées«, idéologies«; »Le gouvernement des femmes«; »Échappées sportives«. Le fil conducteur de la première partie est le processus de récupération de la féodalité par la royauté. Au cours du XIIe siècle se développe une royauté suzeraine qui domine les hommes parce qu’elle domine les fiefs. D’où le concept de mouvance, ce rapport immuable entre les terres qui entraîne la chaîne des hommages. Suger utilise le terme de fief pour définir les principautés et les intégrer dans une pyramide au sommet de laquelle se trouve le roi, ou plutôt la Couronne, une abstraction distincte de la personne physique et mortelle du souverain, un concept qui a pris forme pendant l’absence de Louis VII, parti à la croisade (1147–1149). Le rôle de Saint-Denis a été fondamental dans une réflexion qui part du traité du Pseudo-Denys sur la hiérarchie et récupère la légende carolingienne en multipliant les faux, ce qui n’émeut pas notre juriste: »L’ampleur de la cause justifiait le choix des moyens«. En ce milieu du XIIe siècle le palais paraît plus ordonné, la notion de conseil se précise et se spécialise en délibérant, la royauté tire parti de l’essor économique sur des domaines mieux exploités, gérés et contrôlés. En même temps s’est conforté un sentiment national, déjà perceptible en 1124 dans la mobilisation contre l’empereur germanique ou dans les réflexions de Suger sur les ambitions du roi d’Angleterre Guillaume le Roux, qui escomptait la mort du prince Louis de France pour succéder à Philippe Ier par élection. Nec fas, nec naturale, écrit l’abbé, ce n’était ni licite ni raisonnable que des Français fussent soumis aux Anglais; l’accident de chasse qui coûta la vie à Guillaume était un châtiment divin. C’est à Dieu que les royaumes sont soumis. Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Mais au XIIIe siècle le roi ne situe plus seulement son pouvoir par Historischen Institut Paris | publiée rapport à Dieu, mais aussi par rapport à la communauté politique sur par l’Institut historique allemand laquelle il entend exercer son autorité sans partage. Le droit régalien commence à s’imposer au nom de l’intérêt public, la royauté suzeraine devient souveraine et affirme son indépendance vis-à-vis du pape (ses interventions en matière matrimoniale n’ont pas plu) et surtout vis-à-vis de l’empereur. Éric Bournazel montre bien l’enchaînement des signes: Publiziert unter | publiée sous Hugues Capet demandant – en vain – pour son fils Robert la main d’une CC BY 4.0 princesse byzantine; son épouse Adelaïde donnant à Saint-Denis un 2018 | 2 manteau »céleste« de type impérial; Robert Ier campé par Helgaud en Mittelalter – Moyen Âge (500– roi christique et thaumaturge; la reprise du nom Louis, issu de la souche 1500) carolingienne et la réactivation de la Geste de Charlemagne; l’interdiction par Philippe Auguste de l’enseignement à Paris du droit romain qui DOI: pouvait faire le jeu de l’empereur. Le roi ne tient de personne. 10.11588/frrec.2018.2.48295 Quant à la reine, mérovingienne en l’occurrence, grande oubliée de l’histoire des institutions alors qu’elle occupe une place considérable Seite | page 2 dans les sources, Éric Bournazel lui consacre un très bel article lorsqu’elle lance ses derniers feux, avant que ne forgent les armes redéfinissant son rôle dans la maison comme dans la parenté. L’héritage des sociétés germaniques, avec ses cultes à dominante féminine et l’importance de la lignée dans les unions et la transmission du nom, a joué en sa faveur pour l’exercice d’un pouvoir régalien, soit à part entière, soit de manière insidieuse mais pas moins efficace. C’est l’usurpation des Pippinides qui a déclenché une campagne déconsidérant l’ancienne dynastie et en particulier les femmes. La légende noire de Frédégonde et Brunehaut fonctionne encore et fait de la reine une empoisonneuse, manipulatrice, débauchée perverse … Et la mère de Mérovée n’a-t-elle pas cédé aux avances d’une divinité aquatique lors d’un bain de midi en mer du Nord? La lointaine croyance avait la vie dure. Éric Bournazel conclut: »Quant à la reine carolingienne, dans cet univers lignager résolument masculin, il ne lui restera – apparemment – qu’à se consacrer aux bonnes œuvres, aux travaux de broderie et aux délices de la procréation canoniquement assistée.« Diversifiant ses sources, Éric Bournazel interroge aussi l’hagiographie sur les rapports qu’Étienne d’Obazine et Robert d’Arbrissel entretenaient avec les femmes, ou bien la littérature sur la manière dont Chrétien de Troyes, chantre de l’amour marital, traite sur commande l’adultère de Guenièvre. Diversifiant aussi ses champs d’investigation Éric Bournazel se tourne vers la Saxe pour analyser les capitulaires qui à partir de 785 ont imposé la conversion au christianisme. Le vocabulaire révèle l’orgueil du nouveau peuple élu face à des »races perfides« et renvoie à l’imprégnation vétéro-testamentaire de la nouvelle royauté sacrée. Grand lecteur de sagas scandinaves, Éric Bournazel, quand il étudie la mémoire et la généalogie de la noblesse, leur emprunte la grille des temps historiques, à peu près vérifiables par les contemporains, des temps héroïques, épiques, plus obscurs, et des temps mythiques, ou bien analyse la régulation sociale des jeux sportifs islandais. La dernière section, consacrée au droit du sport, comporte plusieurs études historiques, à partir des textes homériques puis dans les cités antiques où le sport est école de citoyenneté tandis qu’il s’inscrit dans un temps sacré échappant aux hommes; la compétition est omniprésente, mais »le sport rapproche, permet de s’estimer dans tous les sens du terme, sans se détruire«; à la différence de la guerre. Ou du poids écrasant des intérêts économiques quand le sport est devenu un produit de Herausgegeben vom Deutschen consommation. Éric Bournazel termine par un utile panorama des Historischen Institut Paris | publiée institutions sportives contemporaines, à la législation galopante, sans par l’Institut historique allemand manquer d’égratigner les »ministricules trop pressés de laisser leur trace éponyme dans une Histoire qui a déjà oublié leurs noms«. Le sens de la formule et l’érudition jamais pesante assurent de ce recueil une lecture stimulante. Publiziert unter | publiée sous CC BY 4.0 2018 | 2 Marie-Madeleine de Cevins, Olivier Marin (dir.), Les saints Mittelalter – Moyen Âge (500– et leur culte en Europe centrale au Moyen Âge. XIe–début 1500) du XVIe siècle, Turnhout (Brepols) 2017, 382 p., 5 ill. en coul. DOI: (Hagiologia, 13), ISBN 978-2-503-57548-3, EUR 90,00. 10.11588/frrec.2018.2.48296 rezensiert von | compte rendu rédigé par Seite | page 1 Anne Wagner, Metz En introduction, Olivier Marin rappelle la distinction faite par André Vauchez entre deux Europe, l’une moderne qui se tourne vers des saints contemporains, l’autre traditionnelle, peu perméable au changement, qualifiée de »froide« quoique les cultes traditionnels aient pu être réadaptés par des réécritures – comme celui de Venceslas. Aleksander Gieysztor avait distingué saints d’implantation et saints de souche: l’Europe centrale se présente à la fois comme »fabrique des saints« – ainsi Étienne est le premier des saints rois confesseurs – et réceptive aux cultes importés qui s’acclimatent parfois parfaitement comme Guy à Prague mais il y eut aussi des échecs dont les changements de la conjoncture politique sont souvent la cause (Aignan). Le »modèle de sainteté« repose sur le fait qu’il y a peu de saints autochtones – ce qui est dû à la conversion tardive et à la centralisation des cultes étant un reflet de l’organisation politique. Si l’influence de l’Empire est importante (ce dont témoigna par exemple le culte de Maurice), la place de Rome est néanmoins déterminante, ce que reflète l’importance du culte de saint Pierre. Les contributions s’organisent en trois parties: »Saints anciens et saints modernes: continuité, transferts, concurrences«; »L’emprise des ordres mendiants«; »Saints d’implantation et saints de souche«. La Bohême est attachée à des saints anciens identitaires: Venceslas († 935) et Adalbert de Prague († 997). S’y ajoutèrent Procope († 1053) et Ludmilla († 921) dont la sainteté fut reconnue par l’évêque. Réservée au pape, la canonisation exigea une longue procédure qui parfois n’aboutit pas (l’ermite Gunther † 1045 et la clarisse Agnès † 1282); d’autres restèrent en marge. L’empereur Charles IV promût comme protecteurs du royaume Guy et Sigismond († 524). Mais c’est surtout le mouvement hussite qui, par la promotion »sauvage« de Jean Hus († 1415) et Jérôme de Prague († 1416), infléchit le mouvement en faveur de saints récents (Petr Kubín). Charles IV collectionna les reliques. Celles du roi burgonde Sigismond particulièrement valorisées, devaient attirer des pèlerins par la proclamation de miracles.
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