Manuscript Number: 3084 Indian Journal of Ecology (2020) 47(3): 782-787 NAAS Rating: 4.96
Study of Environmental Conditions, Morphometric and Meristic of Mudskipper (Periophthalmus ) from Ambon Island Coastal Waters, Indonesia
D. Rumahlatu, K. Sangur, A.P. Leuwol, Y.N. Apituley, S.I.A Salmanu and I. Arini Study Program of Biology Education , Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Pattimura University, Ambon 97233, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the condition of the aquatic environment, morphometric and meristic of mudskippers from the coastal waters of Ambon Island. The environmental conditions were measured using the in-situ method , while the morphometric and meristic characters of mudskippers were quantitatively measured . The results of this study indicated some variations in the morphometric and meristic measurements of the three species of mudskippers (Periophthalmus argentilineatus , P. kalolo and P. minutus ). In addition, the temperature, salinity, pH, and substrate of the waters are very suitable for mudskipper life.
Keywords: Environmental conditions, Morphometric, Meristic, Mudskipper
Mudskipper (Periophthalmus ) is a group of amphibian only the WoRMS (2015) reports the distribution and fish belonging to the family Gobiidae, the order Perciformes taxonomy of mudskipper. However, those researchers did (Murdy 1989, Ansari et al 2014) and inhabiting the coast, river not report the morphometrics and meristic of the mudskipper. mouths, and mangrove ecosystems (Gosal et al 2013, Morphometric characteristic of mudskipper refer to a Bidawi et al 2017), with the distribution of several sub- measurable structure, such as fin length , head length, eye families ca . 2,000 species (Murdy 1989) . Recent research diameter, or the ratio between the measurements, while the has found numerous variations of mudskipper species in meristic characters include almost all countable structures, various aquatic ecosystems. Seven species were found in including number of fins, scales, and gills (Safi et al 2014) . Singapore waters; P. schlosseri, P. argentilineatus, P. Brraich and Akhter (2015) explain that morphometric and chrysospilos, P. gracilis, P. malaccensis, P. novemradiatus, P. meristic characters are considered as isometric growth, and variabilis, P. walailakae (Larson et al 2016). Ten species were both characters are influenced by environmental factors. documented in Selangor waters, Malaysia (Khaironizam and Previously, Vatandoust et al (2014) and Lawson (2010) Norma-Rashid 2002), four species in the waters of Brunai explained that morphometric and meristic character Darusalam, namely P. malaccensis, P. gracilis, P. vulgaris measurements are for taxonomic importance and and P. schlosseri (Polgar 2016) . Research on mudskipper in morphological variation. Several morphometric and meristic Indonesian coastal waters has also been widely reported. research on mudskipper has been reported, which One of them is P. schlosseri which found in the Barito estuary, morphometric and meristic measurements were carried out South Kalimantan. The protein of this organism was used as on Scartelaos tenui s and P. waltoni (Maryam et al 2015) , P. a biomarker for heavy metal contamination papilio (Lawson 2010) , and B. boddarti (Daud et al 2005) . (Hidayaturrahmah et al 2019). Boleophthalmus boddarti, P. Therefore, the results of this study will provide knowledge chrysospilos, P. gracilis and P. schlosseri were found in the about the three species of mudskippers. mangrove areas of the coast of Bali, North Sumatra (Muhtadi et al 2016). Murdy and Takita (1999) observed P. spilotus MATERIAL AND METHODS from Sumatra B. pectinirostris, B. boddarti, Scartelaos sp, P. Study sites: This study was conducted in the mangrove area takita, P. schlosseri in Payumb beach, Merauke (Sunarni and (August - October 2019) on the coastal waters of Ambon Maturbongs 2016). P. pusing and P. gracilis in habited the Island, Indonesia (Fig. 1). The locations of tis research were Lesser Sunda Islands (Jaafar et al 2016) . However, only few Poka beach (3°38'40.0"S, 128°11'36.3"E), Waai beach researches on mudskipper in the coastal waters of the (3°34'36.1"S, 128°19'33.6"E), and the Rutong beach Ambon Island , Indonesia was carried out . To our knowledge, (3°42'12.9"S, 128°16'17.2"E. The observation station was Environmental Conditions, Morphometric and Meristic of Mudskipper 783
Fig. 2. Morphometric and meristic measurements of mudskipper [Modified line art Lawson (2010) ]
fin (D1F), the number of the second dorsal fin (D2F), the number of pelvic fins (PlcF), the number of pectoral fins (PrlF), number of anal fins (AF), number of caudal fins (CF), and the number of caudal thorns (CT). Data analysis: The quantitative descriptive data analysis was carried out to describe the results of environmental measurements, morphometric and meristic characters of Fig. 1. Mudskipper sampling area. A: Poka beach, B: Waai mudskipper from the coastal waters of Ambon Islands. beach, C: Rutong beach
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION determined by using purposive sampling method and was Physical-chemical parameters of the environment: The based on the initial observation of the mudskipper, because physical-chemical factors of the aquatic environment at each mudskippers are not living in all Ambon beaches. station were not significantly different, where the pH of the Sampling procedure and sample collection: The data of sea water ranged between 7.7-7.9, the salinity ranged from o the water environmental parameters (substrate, pH, salinity, 27-28 0/0o , sea water temperature ranged from 26-27 C, and and temperature) were collected using in-situ method . the various substrate constituents (Table 1). Mahadevan and Furthermore, the mudskipper samples were sampled from Ravi (2015) reported that temperature, salinity, and pH of sea each beach. Each observation area was divided into 2 water suitable for mudskipper life were in the range of 23.5- stations (6 observation station s in total) . Mudskipper 35.3o C (temperature), 24.4-34.4 psu (salinity), and 7.67-8.8- samples were sampled using a mesh size of 1.75 inches and 17 (pH). Elviana et al (2019) also reported that environmental were then put into ethylene plastic and labelled (sample conditions for mudskipper life in the estuary waters of coding). The specimen was put in an ice box and were taken Merauke regency were seawater temperature 26.5-27.5o C, to the laboratory for identification, morphometric and meristic salinity 24-28 psu, and pH 7.6. Akinrotimi et al (2019) also measurements. showed that various environmental conditions were Identification, morphometric and meristic measurement temperature range 29.97-30.12 o C, salinity 10.01-14.88 psu, of mudskipper: The mudskipper specimens were identified and pH 6.33-6.52 suitable for the growth of Periophthalmus by referring to WoRMS (2015) and Fishbase (2019) . The barbarous mudskipper. This means that the environmental morphometric and meristic characters of mudskipper were parameters of Ambon Island waters are very suitable for observed and measured quantitatevely (Lawson 2010), mudskipper life. The physical-chemical conditions of the which included eye diameter (ED), head diameter (HD), total aquatic environment are important variables for the length (TL), head length (HL), body weight (BW), pelvic fin distribution of various species of fish and aquatic biota (Yagci length (PlcFL), pectoral fin length (PrlFL), anal fin length et al 2016, Kumar and Nautiyal 2019 ) as well as to its growth (AnFL), caudal length (CL), first dorsal fin length (D1L), and (Akbulut 2009). Jaafar et al (2004) explained that second dorsal fin length (D2L) (Fig. 2). The meristic environmental parameters have a large influence on the characteristics measured were the number of the first dorsal mudskipper presence in sea waters. 784 D. Rumahlatu, K. Sangur, A.P. Leuwol, Y.N. Apituley, S.I.A Salmanu and I. Arini
Species of mudskipper: Based on the identification of the samples, there are three species of mudskippers were found in the coastal waters of the Ambon Islands . Periophthalmus argentilineatus at Poka and Rutong beaches, Periophthalmus kalolo at Waai beach, and Periophthalmus minutus at Poka beach, with a total of 45 individuals (Table 2 and Fig. 3) . The morphology mudskippers at Rutong beach have the main difference in the skin color. The skin of mudskipper P. argentilineatus at station 1 is browner than that of same mudskipper species at station 2 (Fig. 3). Different skin colors are influenced by environment which is substrate in the mangrove ecosystem. Pavlidis et al (2008) explained that environmental factors such as water temperature, light intensity, and color of the substrate have a significant influence on the brightness of the skin especially the back skin. Leclercq et al (2010) also reported that the carotenoid pigments of brook trout that lives on a bright substrate will turn from the skin to become flesh. This is in accordance with the condition of the substrate in the mangrove area of station 1 which is composed of sand and mud, while at station 2 the substrate is sand and gravel. Jiang et al (2015) showed that the color of the substrate had a significant effect on the growth and body color of red Apostichopus japonicus . Moreover, Enot et al (2015) confirmed that the mudskipper P. argentilineatus lives in the mangrove area has a characteristic of black line below the edge of the first dorsal Fig. 3. Mudskipper from the coastal waters of Ambon Islands . fin and white spots. In addition, P. kalolo was also found at (A) side view, (B) dorsal appearance, (C) ventral Waai beach. It has a characteristic of black line on the edge of appearance D1, and there are white spots on the base of the body. P. minutus was found on Poka beach with characteristics of Table 2. Mudskipper in coastal waters of Ambon Islands almost similar to the other two species, but differ in the dorsal Mudskipper Area Total part which has six black spots (Enot et al 2015). Pormansyah P1 P2 W1 W2 R1 R2 et al (2019) reported that there were 8 species of mudskipper fish in Maluku waters, B. boddarti, P. freycineti , P. schlosseri , Periophthalmus - + - -++ 25 argentilineatus P. argentilineatus, P. gracilis , P. kalolo , P. malaccensis ,and S. (Valenciennes 1837) histophorus. Meanwhile, Hui et al (2019) reported that the Periophthalmus kalolo - - ++-- 11 (Lesson 1831) genus Periophthalmus was abundant as much as 50% and Periophthalmus minutus +- - ---9 consisted of species P. chrysospilos , P. gracilis , P. (Eggert 1935) argentilineatus, P. walaikakae and P. variabilis in Tanjung See Table 1 for details
Table 1. Environmental conditions of mangrove area Area Width of the area Environmental conditions (m2 ) o Substrate pH Salinity (0/0o ) Temperature ( C) Poka P1 9.800 Black sand and mud 7.7 28 26 P2 3.150 Black sand and mud 7.7 28 26 Waai W1 1.600 Sand and gravel stones 7.7 27 25 W2 6.975 Sand and mud 7.7 27 26 Rutong R1 4.675 Sand and mud 7.9 27 27 R2 3.575 Sand and gravel stones 7.9 27 27 [Description: Poka-station 1 (P1), Poka-station 2 (Poka-station 2 (P2), Waai-station 1 (W1), Waai-station 2 (W2), Rutong-station 1 (R1), Rutong-station 2 (R2)] Environmental Conditions, Morphometric and Meristic of Mudskipper 785
Piai, Pontian, Johor. The morphological adaptation of mudskipper species Morphometric and meristic of mudskipper: The results of causes variations in morphometric and meristic the morphometric measurements of the three types of measurements (Nugroho et al 2016) . Gangan et al (2016) mudskipper are shown some variations in eye diameter (ED), add that meristic characters such as pre and post hip scutes, head diameter (HD), total length (TL), head length (HL), body branching pectoral fins, pelvic fins, rectal fins, chest weight (BW), pelvic fin length (PlcfL), pectoral fin length filaments, dorsal and anal fins are characters that can (PrlfL), anal fin length (AnfL), Caudal length (CL), first dorsal distinguish species in the genus Setipinna . In addition, other fin length (D1L), and second dorsal fin length (D2L) (Table 3). factors that influence differences in fish morphology are food In addition, the meristic measurement s of the three types of availability, environmental conditions, and fish maturity mudskipper showed some variations in the number of the first stages (Daud et al 2005) . In this study, it was revealed that dorsal fin (D1F), second dorsal fin (D2F), pelvic fins (PlcF), the morphometrics and meristic of P. minutus, P. pectoral fins (PrlF), anal fins (AF), caudal fins (CF), and argentilineatus, and P. kalolo have the variation in caudal thorns (CT) (Table 4) . measurements (Table 3 and 4). Many researchers have
Table 3. Average results of morphometric measurement of mudskipper Morphometric characters Morphometric measurement results
P. minutes (N= 9) P. argentilineatus (N= 25) P. kalolo (N= 11)
Range Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Eye diameter (ED) (mm) 1.38 5.04 3.98±2.00 2.02 6.6 3.60±1.89 2.1 4.6 3.31±1.82 Head diameter (HD) (mm) 7.04 9.04 7.60±2.76 6.04 15.9 8.47±2.90 3.25 11.3 8.07±2.83 Head length (HL) (cm) 1.1 2.4 1.80±1.33 1 2.5 1.60±1.26 0.9 2.5 1.45±1.19 Total length (TL) (cm) 8.1 14.3 9.70±3.11 6.8 12.8 8.20±2.86 5.4 12.9 2.75±2.77 Body weight (g) 4 8 8.44±2.91 2 16.8 4.97±2.22 0.9 15.5 4.56±2.04 Caudal Length (CL) (cm) 1.5 2.5 1.74±1.32 1 2.7 1.59±1.25 1 2.3 1.52±1.23 Pelvic Fin Length (PlcFL) (cm) 0.9 1.7 0.97±0.98 0.6 1.4 1.00±0.99 0.4 1.3 0.87±0.93 Pectoral Fin Length (PrlFL) (cm) 1.3 2 1.53±1.24 0.8 1.9 1.38±1.17 0.8 2.1 1.37±1.16 Anal Fin Length (AnFL) (cm) 1 2.1 1.46±1.21 0.7 1.8 1.13±1.07 0.7 1.8 1.08±1.04 Dorsal 1 Length (D1L) (cm) 1.5 2.5 1.93±1.39 1.2 2.2 1.58±1.25 0.8 2.4 1.37±1.17 Dorsal 1 Length (D2L) (cm) 1.4 2.7 1.80±1.36 0.9 1.9 1.40±1.17 0.6 2.1 1.15±1.07
Table 4. Average results of meristic measurements of mudskipper Meristic characters Meristic measurement results
P. minutes (N= 9) P. argentilineatus (N= 25) P. kalolo (N= 11)
Range Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Dorsal 1 Fins (D1F) 13 14 14.33±3.79 11 17 14.04±3.75 10 17 13.00±3.60 Dorsal 1 Thorns (D1T) 3 11 6.56±2.56 2 13 7.75±2.74 7 17 10.60±3.25 Dorsal 2 Fins (D2F) 12 14 12.89±3.59 10 19 13.24±3.64 11 19 13.04±3.61 Dorsal 2 Thorns (D2T) 6 22 15.44±3.93 6 20 11.21±3.33 7 18 11.44±3.38 Pelvic Fin (PlcF) 11 16 13.78±3.71 7 18 13.02±3.59 11 17 12.95±3.60 Pectoral Fin (PrlF) 13 22 16.33±4.04 10 20 14.38±3.79 10 16 12.80±3.58 Anal Fin (AF) 10 13 11.22±3.35 9 13 11.18±3.35 10 12 11.24±3.36 Caudal Fins (CF) 13 20 17.44±4.18 13 19 16.18±4.02 13 21 16.14±4.02 Caudal Thorns (CT) 9 18 13.00±3.56 3 20 10.72±3.27 8 15 11.99±3.46 786 D. Rumahlatu, K. Sangur, A.P. Leuwol, Y.N. Apituley, S.I.A Salmanu and I. Arini reported varying morphometric and meristic measurement 701/UN13/SK/2019). Authors' acknowledge the results from different types of mudskippers. Lawson (2010) contributions of D.R., K.S., A.P.L., Y.N.P., S.I.A.S., I.A. reported the morphometric measurements of P. papilio , ED varied from 4-8mm, HD; 20-34mm, HL; 22-43mm, BD; 15- REFERENCES 33mm and TL; 140-190mm. For meristic measurements Akbulut B 2009. Explorations on temperature, oxygen, nutrients and habitat demands of fish species found in river Çoruh. Artvin found 10-13 D1F, 11-14 D2F and 10 AF. Maryam et al (2015) Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 10(1): 29-36. observed TL; 134.4 and BW; 11.17 for S. tenuis , while TL; Akinrotimi OA, Amachree D and Azunna CG 2019. Length-weight 107.8 and BW 11.93 for P. waltoni . Fish length and weight relationship of mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus (Bloch and Schneider 1801), from Buguma creek, Rivers State. data are very important to study because they provided International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research 4(1): information for fish monitoring and management (Özpiçak et 75-79. al 2018; Balık and Öztaş 2019) . 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This study is supported by a grant (Competitive Hidayaturrahmah, Mabrur, Santoso HB, Sasmita R, Rahmy USA and Badruzsaufari 2019. Short communication: Protein profiles of Research) from the Faculty of Teacher Training and giant mudskipper and its potential use as biomarker candidate Education, Pattimura University (Contract Number: for heavy metal contamination in Barito Estuary, Indonesia.
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Received 31 May, 2020; Accepted 26 August, 2020