Swiss J Palaeontol (2017) 136:45–92 DOI 10.1007/s13358-016-0120-7 Otoliths in situ from Sarmatian (Middle Miocene) fishes of the Paratethys. Part III: tales from the cradle of the Ponto-Caspian gobies 1 2 3 4 Werner Schwarzhans • Harald Ahnelt • Giorgio Carnevale • Sanja Japundzˇic´ • 5 6,7 Katarina Bradic´ • Andriy Bratishko Received: 2 June 2016 / Accepted: 16 September 2016 / Published online: 10 November 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Articulated fossil fish skeletons with otoliths have been lost in the past, probably during preparation of in situ provide a unique opportunity to link these two, the fossil. Together, they represent all five species recog- otherwise independent data sets of skeletons and otoliths. nized by skeletons, and three are linked to otolith-based They provide calibration points for otoliths also adding species. Isolated otoliths have been reviewed from a variety important information for the evolutionary interpretation of of collections from Sarmatian strata in Austria, Bulgaria, fishes. Here, we review nine articulated skeletons of gobies Czechia, Romania and Slovakia resulting in the description from the early Sarmatian of Dolje, Croatia, and Belgrade, of five new otolith-based species: Benthophilus? ovisulcus Serbia, which were previously regarded as members of a n.sp., Benthophilus styriacus n.sp., Protobenthophilus single gobiid and a callionymid species. We found them to strashimirovi n.sp., Economidichthys altidorsalis n.sp. and represent five different gobiid species belonging to five Knipowitschia bulgarica n.sp. Our review demonstrates different genera, four of which are related to extant ende- that all major endemic Ponto-Caspian gobiid lineages were mic Ponto-Caspian gobiid lineages. The species are: Aphia already present during Sarmatian times, thereby pushing macrophthalma n.sp., Proneogobius n.gen. pullus (the only back their origin by approximately 5–10 myr in compar- previously recognized species), Protobenthophilus n.gen. ison to previously published dates for dichotomies. In our squamatus n.sp., Economidichthys triangularis (a species assessment, the origination of these lineages is linked to the first described based on otoliths) and Hesperichthys n.gen. early stage of separation of the Paratethys from the world reductus n.sp. Five specimens contained otoliths in situ and oceans and the ecological changes that occurred during that a sixth shows imprints of otoliths which unfortunately must time. These geological events parallel a dramatic increase in gobiid radiation and speciation, giving rise to many Editorial handling: L. Cavin and D. Marty. lineages, not all of which have persisted until today. & Werner Schwarzhans 2 Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, [email protected] Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria Harald Ahnelt 3 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita` degli Studi di [email protected] Torino, via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Turin, Italy Giorgio Carnevale 4 Department of Geology and Paleontology, Croatian Natural [email protected] History Museum, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Sanja Japundzˇic´ 5 Department of Paleontology, Faculty of Mining and Geology, [email protected] University of Belgrade, Kamenicˇka 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Katarina Bradic´ [email protected] 6 Faculty of Natural Sciences, Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Gogolya Sqr. 1, Starobelsk, Andriy Bratishko Luhansk Region 92703, Ukraine [email protected] 7 BugWare Inc., 1615 Village Square Blvd., Ste 208, 1 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Tallahassee, FL 32309, USA Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark 46 W. Schwarzhans et al. Keywords Gobiidae Á Aphia lineage Á Benthophilus particular paleoenvironment in Austria (Gobius elatus, G. lineage Á Pomatoschistus lineage oblongus and G. viennensis). They are not part of this review and are currently being studied by Reichenbacher and Gierl in Munich. Subsequently, a number of articulated skeletal Introduction remains were collected in the late nineteenth century by Kramberger (1882) in Croatia and identified as Gobius pullus The Ponto-Caspian Basin is the scene of a highly diverse Kramberger 1882.And¯elkovic´ (1989)reportedadditional endemic evolution of fishes of the family Gobiidae. It gobiid specimens from the Sarmatian of Serbia assigned to the encompasses two principal lineages, the Ponto-Caspian gob- species G. pullus and G. brivesi Arambourg 1927.Thelatter ies (Thacker and Roje 2011)(Benthophilus lineage of Neilson species was originally described from the Messinian of Oran, and Stepien 2009) and a branch of the sand gobies (Thacker Algeria, and its presence in the Paratethyan realm seems to be and Roje 2011)(Pomatoschistus lineage of Agoretta et al. unlikely (see Schwarzhans et al. 2016a, 2016b). Carnevale 2013 and Thacker 2015) primarily represented by the genera et al. (2006) described a gobiid from the Sarmatian of the Knipowitschia and Economidichthys. Some species of the northern Caucasus, Russia, which they identified as Po- genera Neogobius and Proterorhinus are known to be highly matoschistus sp. based on otoliths in situ. competitive and invasive when being displaced into envi- Many of the specimens originally described by Kram- ronments not normally reached from the Ponto-Caspian berger (1882) and a single specimen from the collection of (Dillon and Stepien 2001; Jacobs and Hoedemakers 2013). And¯elkovic´ were found to contain otoliths in situ, and con- The origin and evolution of the endemic gobies of the Ponto- stitute the source of the main part of our study. Gobiid otoliths Caspian Basin in time and space have been subject of much are very common in the Sarmatian (and younger) sediments discussion in recent ichthyological literature (Economidis and of the Paratethys, often representing the most common faunal Miller 1990;Miller1990; Huyse et al. 2004; Neilson and element, and they have been documented to represent a highly Stepien 2009). Neilson and Stepien (2009) commented that diverse assemblage of species and genera (Bratishko et al. ‘‘the historic endemism and taxonomic diversity of the Ponto- 2015; Schwarzhans et al. 2015). Moreover, Sarmatian gobiid Caspian neogobiins are remarkable, and knowledge of their otoliths collected by Weiler and Strashimirov and housed in evolutionary history may yield insight into the evolution of the collections of the Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt/Main species flocks, factors leading to their rapid evolutionary (SMF) and the Museum of Geology and Paleontology, diversification, as well as invasive success in new habitats’’. University of Mining and Geology ‘‘St. Ivan Rilski’’, Sofia Hence, several of the studies made extensive use of the (UMG), respectively, provide additional information to such palinspastic geological restorations and paleogeographic a complex scenario. Therefore, we have included new otolith- reconstructions of the Paratethys (for instance from Ro¨gl, based gobiid findings herein, with the scope to provide a 1999), but without any direct fossil data of gobiid fishes comprehensive review, and to make use of both the skeletal- having been available. It has only been very recently that fossil and otolith-based data sets for an integrated evolutionary and otoliths of gobies have been described from Middle Miocene paleogeographic evaluation. strata of the Paratethys from Kazakhstan (Bratishko et al. With the new material described here from the collec- 2015) and Serbia (Schwarzhans et al. 2015) and were identi- tions assembled by Weiler and Strashimirov, the total fied as related to those endemic Ponto-Caspian goby groups. number of verified otolith-based gobiid species from the These studies indicated that the origin of the endemic gobies in late Badenian and Sarmatian reaches 15 species. Additional the Ponto-Caspian Basin was intimately connected to the material currently being studied by Bratishko and geographic separation of the Paratethys from the Mediter- Schwarzhans from the Sarmatian of the Crimea will further ranean and other world oceans during the Middle Miocene and increase the taxonomic diversity. This amazing diversity thus lends support for an earlier variant of the evolutionary compares to the nine skeleton-based gobiid species rec- origin. The articulated skeletons with otoliths in situ studied ognized from the same area and time interval. In fact, 12 of herein offer new insight into this crucial period of the evolu- these otolith-based species occur in the Central and western tion of the Ponto-Caspian gobies, confirm the previous otolith- part of the Eastern Paratethys, an area, where skeleton- based results and enhance and broaden our understanding of based data have almost exclusively been assigned to Go- the evolutionary history of the group. bius pullus. Our review, however, reveals that the material Articulated skeletons of gobies are not uncommon in the that was assigned to Gobius pullus actually comprises five Sarmatian of the Central and Eastern Paratethys, but they have different species allocated to five different genera. obviously attracted limited interest in recent years and have Here, we describe three new skeleton-based gobiid spe- never been comprehensively reviewed. The oldest report of cies with otoliths in situ, two of which are also known based gobies from the Sarmatian of the Paratethys was provided by on isolated otoliths, and one species is found to correlate Steindachner (1860), who described