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Taxa and Guilds Classification Regarding Fish-Based Assessment Methods

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Taxa and Guilds Classification Regarding Fish-Based Assessment Methods DIPLOMARBEIT European Fish Species: Taxa and Guilds Classification Regarding Fish-Based Assessment Methods Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Magistra der Naturwissenschaften (Mag.rer.nat.) an der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften der Universität Wien verfasst am Institut für Hydrobiologie und Gewässermanagement, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien Leiter: O. Univ. Prof. Dr. phil. Mathias JUNGWIRTH Betreuer: Ao. Univ. Prof. DI Dr. Stefan SCHMUTZ DI Andreas MELCHER verfasst und eingereicht von: Susanne HOLZER Matrikelnummer 9900506 Studienrichtung Ökologie (A444) Wien, im November 2008 2 3 DANKSAGUNG Sehr herzlich bedanken möchte ich mich bei meinem Betreuerteam unter der Leitung von Stefan Schmutz, das meine Diplomarbeit initiiert und möglich gemacht hat. Andreas Melcher ist mir während der gesamten Zeit mit Rat und Tat unermüdlich zur Seite gestanden und hat mir sehr geholfen. Christian Wiesner hat mir die Benutzung von Suchmaschinen erklärt. Am Institut für Hydrobiologie und Gewässermanagement der Universität für Bodenkultur bedanke ich mich weiters bei Franziska Schmuttermeier und Rafaela Schineg- ger für ihre freundliche Unterstützung. Für Durchsicht und Korrektur der Diplomarbeit danke ich Karin Fechter sehr herzlich. Bei Martin und Markus Holzer bedanke ich mich für die lebenserhaltenden Maßnahmen an meinem Computer sowie für die effekti- ve Nutzung von Computerprogrammen. Claudia Rohringer verdanke ich hilfreiches Layoutwissen. Walter Gabriel danke ich dafür, dass er nachhaltig mein Interesse an Biologie und Ökologie geweckt hat. Mithilfe von Fritz Schiemer, Johann Waringer, Andrea Waringer-Löschenkohl und Robert Konecny habe ich meine Liebe zur Limnologie entdeckt. Meinen Kolleginnen und Kollegen an der Uni danke ich dafür, dass sie mir zu undurchsichtigen Studienplänen und schwierigen Prüfungen die richtigen Tipps gegebenen ha- ben. Ohne Eva-Maria Zimmermann, Nina Oberenzer, Eva Pleininger und Annemarie Pfaller wäre wohl nicht nur mein Studium um einiges schwieriger gewesen. Ebenso danke ich Robert Diem für seine intensive Unters- tützung und seine unermüdliche Motivation mich zu Erfolgen zu drängen. Für bedingungslose Unterstützung, die über mein Studium hinausgeht, danke ich Ingrid und Reinhard Hol- zer, die mir helfen, meinen Weg zu gehen. I would like to thank Christine Argillier, Aurelie Blanck, Franck Cattanéo, Régis Céréghino, Katia Charles, Ladislav Dušek, Robert M. Goldstein, Thomas Hein, Alois Herzig, David Hoeinghaus, Mark Kennard, Bart Koelmans, Nicolas Lamouroux, Katey Marancik, Carola Winkelmann and Luis Zambrano very warmly for sending me papers and even additional literature. Lots of thanks to Klaus Battes, Jerome Belliard, Tom Buijse, Teresa Ferreira, Diego de Garcia Jalon, Gui- seppe Maio, Richard Noble, Didier Pont, Eva Schager, Nikolaus Schotzko, Pedro Segurado, Tapio Sutela, Teppo Vehanen, Wisniewolski Wieslaw and Christian Wolter for cooperating and helping me to find the right references. 4 Abstract The “European Fish Index” (EFI) is the output of the FAME project (Development, Evaluation and Imple- mentation of a Standardised Fish-based Assessment Method for the Ecological Status of European Rivers) which was conducted from 2001 to 2004 based on the requirements of the European Union’s Water Direc- tive Framework (WFD). The follow up project EFI+ (Improvement and Spatial Extension of the European Fish Index) will result in an improved version of the European Fish Index with regard to eastern European and mediterrenean rivers and streams and an improved cross-linkage to hydromorphological pressures. EFI+ will be completed in April 2009. In contribution to this project in the present thesis a comprehensive selection of fish species and their classification into guilds can be found. 339 fish species living in European running waters and belonging to 38 families are listed. Different names for the same species were dis- cussed by experts and unified. The literature search was the basis for the classification of nearly 75% of the listed species into guilds of tolerance, feeding and reproductive guilds. Physiological and morphological pa- rameters were also taken in account. More than 12 experts from 12 European countries (Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom) contributed to the guild classification. Based on the literature search suggestions for classifications were made and experts reviewed the results and gave their own classifications. The new findings were collected. Mean values were calculated following the Delphi method and the results reviewd again by experts. This process continued until guild classifications were completed and agreed on by all project members. Addi- tionally to the coordination of the classifications literature that is present in electronical sources (therefore approximately since 1997) examined and aggregated. About 200 papers, books, reports, thesis and disser- tations were collected and more than 60 of them were described in detail by summarizing and analyzing them. Finally the results of the guild classifications were described statistically on a family level and compared to references from the literature. Tolerance ranges corresponding to the families and physiological as well as morphological parameters were examined. Most of the species belong to the families Cyprinidae, Gobiidae and Cobititidae. Salmonidae and Petromyzonidae are mostly intolerant whereas numerous species of Cy- prinidae, Gobiidae and Cobitidae are intermediately tolerant. Rheophilic species are intolerant and euryotpic species are tolerant. Problems that emerged during the classification process originate from a lack of infor- mation on ecological traits of endemic fish species and species which are not abundant. Keywords: Fish, running waters, guilds, European Fish Index, Delphi method, WFD 5 Kurzfassung Der „europäische Fisch Index“ ist das Ergebnis eines Projekts namens FAME bei dem es um die „Entwicklung, Bewertung und Einführung einer standardisierten Bewertungsmethode des ökologischen Zustandes europä- ischer Flüsse basierend auf Fischen“ ging. Das Projekt wurde im Hinblick auf die Wasserrahmenrichtlinie durch- geführt und 2004 abgeschlossen. Der Fisch Index wird jetzt in einem neuen Projekt bezüglich osteuropäischer und mediterraner Flüsse sowie betreffend eine bessere Vernetzung mit hydromorphologischen Einflüssen über- arbeitet. Der Titel dieses Projekts lautet EFI+ (Verbesserung und räumliche Ausdehnung des europäischen Fisch Index). Es soll Ende April 2009 erfolgreich beendet sein. Als Beitrag zu diesem Projekt entstand mithilfe meiner Diplomarbeit eine umfassende Liste, in der 339 Fischarten, die in Fliessgewässern leben und 38 Familien zuge- hörig sind, aufgeführt sind. Artnamen wurden vorher in Expertendiskussionen vereinheitlicht. Die Literatursuche war die Basis für die Klassifizierung von fast drei viertel der Arten in ihre Toleranz-, Ernährungs- und Reprodukti- onsgilden. Auch physiologische und morphologische Parameter wurden zusammengefasst. Mehr als 12 Exper- ten aus 12 europäischen Ländern (Deutschland, Finnland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Italien, Niederlande, Ös- terreich, Polen, Portugal, Rumänien, Schweiz und Spanien) trugen zu der Gildenklassifizierung bei. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Literatursuche wurden erste Vorschläge zur Klassifizierung gemacht. Die Experten be- urteilten diese und nannten ihre eigenen Gildeneinstufungen. Die Ergebnisse wurden zusammengetragen, die Mittelwerte der Ergebnisse nach der Delphi-Methode ermittelt und nochmals an alle Experten zu deren Durch- sicht ausgeschickt. Dieses Vorgehen wurde solange wiederholt bis alle den jeweiligen Ergebnissen zustimmten. Zusätzlich zu der Koordination dieses Prozesses wurde Literatur zum Thema Gilden überarbeitet, die hauptsäch- lich aus E-Journals entnommen wurde. Diese beschränkt sich daher hauptsächlich auf den Zeitraum von 1997 bis heute. An die 200 Publikationen, Bücher, Berichte, Diplom- und Doktorarbeiten habe ich auf diese Weise zusammengetragen. Etwa 60 davon habe ich im Detail beschrieben und deren Inhalte zusammengefasst. Statistische Auswertungen auf Familienniveau sollen den Gildeneinstufungen Nachdruck verleihen und wurden mit Zitaten aus der Literatur verglichen. Die Darstellung des Toleranzverhaltens der Familien und der Zusam- menhang zwischen Toleranzgrenzen und physiologischen und morphologischen Parametern, vor allem von Salmoniden, sind die Ergebnisse weiterer Analysen. Die meisten Arten gehörten zu den Familien der Cyprinidae, Gobiidae und Cobitidae. Salmoniden und Neunaugen sind größtenteils intolerant. Zahlreiche Arten der Cyprini- den, Gobiiden und Cobitiden sind eher tolerant. Rheophile Arten sind intoleranter als eurytope Arten. Schwierig- keiten mit den Einstufungen sind auf einen Mangel an Information über Gilden zurückzuführen, vor allem was endemische und selten gewordene Fischarten betrifft. Schlagwörter: Fische, Fließgewässer, Gilden, European Fish Index, Delphi-Methode, Wasserrahmen- richtlinie 6 CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Kurzfassung .......................................................................................................................................... 5 CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Index
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