SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS
CONCERNING ENGLISH BASED CREOLES OF
THE NEW WORLD
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ATLANTA UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS
BY
GLORIA JEAN JOHNSON
DEPARTMENT OF AFRO-AMERICAN STUDIES
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
MAY 1976 M ^ TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv
Chapter
I. GENERAL WORKS AND ANTHOLOGIES I
II. THEORY AND DESCRIPTION OF CREOLES 5
III. INDIVIDUAL LANGUAGE DESCRIPTIONS 16
IV. SOCIO-LINGUISTICS 33
V. FOLKLORE 44
VI. BIBLIOGRAPHIES 51
AUTHOR INDEX 53
ii PREFACE
This Selected Annotated Bibliography of Works Concerning English
Based Creoles of the New World has been compiled as a research guide for
students and others interested in various aspects of the subject. It was the intention of the author to include a wide spectrum of materials
that reflect general theory, history and description of English - derived
Creoles. The dates of the articles range from 1845 to the 1970's. The
earliest are included usually for their historical value. The annota¬
tions are brief statements of content. Critical observations have been
deliberately left for the individual reader. It is hoped that this
bibliography will provide useful and valuable information.
The bibliography is divided into seven sections: General Works and
Anthologies, Theory and Descriptions of Creoles, Individual Language
Descriptions, Socio-linguistics, Folklore, Bibliographies and Author
Index. The materials have been arranged so that information can be
easily located. Each item is designated by a number and alphabetized
under individual subject headings. The articles are listed according to
their number, in the author index. Some of the materials were broad
enough for more than one classification. Therefore, an author's name
may appear in one or more categories with cross-reference information.
Reviews are listed under the reviewer's name. The subject matter of the
reviewed publication has determined the category under which the review
is to be found. An asterisk (*) appears next to the entries that the
compiler was unable to read.
iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR PERIODICALS AND OTHER SOURCES
AA American Anthropologist
AE American Education
AfrL Rev. African Language Review
AJS American Journal of Sociology
AmerS American Studies
AnL Anthropological Linguistics
AS American Speech
BT Bible Translator, United Bible Societies, London
CAAS Center For African And African-American Studies
Can-WI Mag. Canadian West Indian Magazine
CQ Caribbean Quarterly
CS Caribbean Studies
EE Elementary English
ELT English Language Teachings
FFLR Florida Foreign Language Reporter
FL Foundations of Language
Folklore Folklore
FoLi Folia Linguistics
IJAL International Journal of American Linguistics
JAF Journal of American Folklore
JIAS Journal of InterAmerican Studies
JNH Journal of Negro History
L Language
Lingl Linguistic Inquiry
iv V
Lingua Lingua
LIS Language in Society
LL Language Learning
MLN Modern Language Notes
MSLL Monograph Series On Language and Linguistics
NAR North American Review
NAIS National Studies
NS New Society
NWIG Nieuwe West-Indische Gids, The Hague, Amsterdam
NYT New York Times
Orbis Orbis
PS Pacific Speech
QJS Quarterly Journal of Speech
Reviewer Reviewer
SA Scientific American
SAQ South Atlantic Quarterly
SF Social Forces
SFQ Southern Folklore Quarterly
SLLR Sierra Leone Language Review
SW Southern Workman
TCP The Carrier Pidgin
TCR Teachers College Record
TLS Times Literary Supplement
WH Vragen Van den Hag
WF Western Folklore
WIG West - Indische Gids, The Hague, Amsterdam
Word Word CHAPTER I
GENERAL WORKS AND ANTHOLOGIES
1 Alatis, James E., ed. Report of the Twentieth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1970.
Sixteen papers on problems and research in linguistics and
the teaching of standard English to speakers of other lan¬
guages or dialects.
2 Bloomfield, Leomard. Language. New York: Henry Holt, 1933. reprint ed., New York: Henry Holt, 1962.
General discussion on language. Some references to relation¬
ship of creoles and Negro dialects.
3 Carden, G. "A Note on Conflicting Idiolects.” Lingl 1.3 (July, 1970): 281-90.
Unified analysis of dialect variations in English; general.
4 DeCamp, David. An Introduction to Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the Uni¬ versity of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968. pp. 13- 19. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Historical background, definitions, characteristics and social
and descriptive linguistics of pidgin and creole languages;
general.
5 DeCamp, David., and Hancock, Ian F., eds. Pidgins and Creoles: Current Trends and Prospects. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1974.
Collection of papers on theory and description of pidgins and
creoles. Summation of the 1972 Georgetown University Round
1 2
Table on Languages and Linguistics.
6 Dillard, J. L. Review of A Various Language Perspectives on Ameri can Dialects, edited by Juanita V. Williamson, and Virginia M. Burke, ÇS, 12.4 January, 1973, pp. 76-79.
Surveys the book, criticizing several articles.
7 Durham, Marshall. Review of Pidginization and Creolization of Lan guages. edited by Dell Hymes. AA, 74 1972, pp. 1475-1477.
Regards book as major reference for socio-linguistics.
8 Hancock, Ian F. "A Map and List of Pidgin and Creole Languages." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968. pp. 509-523. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Eighty pidgin and creole languages. Includes origins, number
of speakers and area where spoken.
9 Herskovits, Melville J. The Myth of the Negro Past. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941; reprinted ed., Boston: Beacon Press, 1958.
Acculturation among Negroes in America. Discusses studies of
Lorenzo Dow Turner and opposing theories of Guy Johnson, Reed
Smith and Ambrose Gonzalez concerning Gullah origins. Com¬
pares Gullah to other Black languages.
10 Hill, Errol. The Trinidad Carnival■ Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972.
Description of calypso, history, derivation and function.
Traces progression of calypso language from French to English
Creole, which author says ends in nineteenth century.
11 Hymes, Dell., ed. Language in Culture and Society. New York: Harper and Row, 1964. 3
Anthology of articles on languages in various cultures. In¬
cludes article on creole (Reinecke, John E., see no. 232).
12 Hymes, Dell, ed. Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Collection of articles on theory, description and characteris¬
tics of pidgins and creole languages (Durham, Marshall, see
no . 7) .
13 LePage, R. B., ed. Creole Language Studies No. II: Proceedings of the Conference on Creole Language Studies held at the University College of the West Indies, March 28 - April 4, 1959. London: Macmillan, 1961.
Eight revised papers on creole languages.
14 . "The English Language." ÇQ 2.2 (1949-54): 4-11.
General, traces development of English language. Comments on
importance to West Indian languages.
15 Livingston, James T. Caribbean Rhythms: The Emerging English Lit¬ erature of the West Indies. New York: Pocket Books, 1974.
Anthology of short stories, poetry, essays and drama from
Caribbean Islands. Contemporary writings. Some use of creole.
16 Malmstrom, Jean. "Dialects." In Contemporary English: Change and Variation. pp. 17-25. Edited by David Shores. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1972.
General, on dialects. Discusses creole theory and Gullah
dialect.
17 Sharp, S. "Dialect." (£ 1.2 (1949-50): 16-20.
Different influences on dialect development; general. 4
18 Shores, David L., ed. Contemporary English: Change and Variation. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1972.
Anthology of articles on American dialects. Includes relevant
articles by Dillard, Fasold, DeCamp and Shores.
19 Staith, Arthur L., ed. Language. Communication and Rhetoric in Black America. New York: Harper and Row, 1972-
Collection of articles on Black American English. Includes
relevant articles by Wolfram and Romeo B. Garrett.
20 Stewart, William A. Review of Black-White Speech Relationships. edited by Walter A. Wolfram and Nona H. Clarke, FFLR 10 Spring/Fall, 1972, pp. 25-26.
Critical review. Charges social political motivation of
editors concerning inclusion of certain articles.
21 Williamson, Juanita V., and Burke, M., eds. A Various Language. Perspectives On American Dialects. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
Anthology concerning dialects of United States but containing
a few relevant articles (Dillard, J. J., see no. 6).
22 Wolfram, Walter A. '*The Nature of Non-Standard Dialect Divergence." EE 47.5 (May, 1970): 739-48.
Diverse viewpoints on non-standard dialects; general.
23 Wolfram, Walter., and Clarke, Nona H., eds. Black-White Speech Relationships■ Washington, D. C.: Center For Applied Lin¬ guistics, 1971.
Anthology containing some articles relevant to the Caribbean. CHAPTER II
THEORY AND DESCRIPTION OF CREOLES
24 Alleyne, Mervyn C., "Acculturation and the Cultural Matrix of Creolization." In Pidginization and Creolization of Lan¬ guages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968. pp. 169-186. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Modification of Bloomfieldian linguistics concerning creoles.
Discusses notion of pidgins as "fixed systems" genetic classi¬
fication, parallel development and acculturative process.
Describes a creole as a "continuum of variation."
25* Armstrong, Percy E. "English As She Is Spoke." Can-WI Mag. 30.5 (May, 1941): 25-27.
26* Bailey, Beryl L. "Creole Languages of the Caribbean Area." M.A. thesis, Columbia University, 1953.
27 . "Jamaica Creole: Can Dialect and Boundaries be Defined?" In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968. pp. 341-348. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Introduces technique for defining dialect boundaries.
Analysis of three texts concerning creole incursions. Dis¬
tinguishes syntax, phonology, and lexical items of Jamaican
Creole from Standard Jamaican English.
28. Charles-James N. "Some Suggestions For Greater Consensus in Creole Terminology." In Pidgins and Creoles: Current Trends and Prospects• Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1974.
Distinguishes 'stratified' and 'unstratified' creoles and
traces two patterns of developing relationships between
5 6
pidgin and matrilect. Redefines basilect, acrolect and
matrilect accordingly.
29* Bailey, Charles-James N., and Shuy, Roger W., eds. New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English. Washington, D. C.: George¬ town University Press, 1973.
30* Bauer, Anton. Das Melanesische und Chinesische Pidginenglish: Linguistische Kriterien und Problème. Regensburg: Verlag Hans Carl, 1974.
31 Bell, Roger T. "Creole Languages." NS (October 6, 1966): 531-533.
Traces convergence of pidgin into creole. Advocates concept
of language continuum.
32 . "Pidgin Languages." MS (September 29, 1966): 481- 483.
General description of pidgin development.
33 Bickerton, Derek. Dynamics of a Creole System. Cambridge: Cam¬ bridge University Press, 1975.
Discusses problems describing creole system. Includes chapters
on basilect, mesolect, and acrolect formations. Concentrates
on Guyanese Creole.
34* . "System into System." Paper delivered at the Conference on Creole Languages and Education Development, St. Augustine, Trinidad, July, 1972.
35 . '*The Nature of a Creole Continuum." Language 49.3 (September, 1973): 640-669.
Arguments for Creole continuum. Discusses copulative and pro¬
nominal subsystems of Guyanese Creole and other language pat¬
terns .
36 Bloomfield, L. "Literate and Illiterate Speech." AS 2.10 (July, 1927): 432-9. 7
Proposes theory for distinguishing standard and literary lan¬
guage from dialect; general.
37 Dalby, David., "Black Through White: Patterns of Communication In Africa and the New World." In Black-White Speech Relation¬ ships . pp. 99- . Edited by Walter A. Wolfram and Nona Clarke. Washington, D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1971.
Brief historical discussion of origins of Black Atlantic lan¬
guages. Sees survivals of distinct "creolized" forms of Black
English in Black Atlantic languages.
38 Dillard, J. L. Review of Studies in Portuguese and Creole by Marius F. Valhoff, ÇS 8.3 October, 1968, pp. 54-55.
Regards book as essential for creolist studies.
39 Ferguson, Charles A. "Absence of Copula and the Notion of Simplicity: A Study of Normal Speech, Baby talk, Foreigner talk, and Pidgins." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968. pp. 141-150. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Examination of human language copulas for grammatical simplicity.
Within framework of universal simplification theory, offers
explanatory hypothesis.
40 Hall, Robert A. "Creolized Languages and Genetic Relationships." Word 14.2 (1958): 367-373.
Discusses diversion of viewpoints on relationships of creolized
languages. Cites Meillet and Taylor.
41 . "Forms in Pidgin English." In Introductory Readings On Language. pp. 400-409. Edited by Wallace Anderson, and Norman C. Stagerg. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1962.
General review of pidgins. Examination of pidgin grammar. 8
42 Hall, Robert A. Hands Off Pidgin English. Sydney: Sydney and Melbourne, 1955.
General characteristics, nature, and function of pidgin struc¬
ture (sounds, spellings, forms, syntax, vocabulary and idioms.)
Compares pidgin with English.
43 . Pidgin and Creole Languages. Ithaca: Cornell Uni¬ versity Press, 1966.
Three part book. Part one discusses nature and history of
pidgins and creoles. Part two describes phonology, orthography,
morphology, syntax, vocabulary and idioms. Third section dis¬
cusses linguistic and political significance.
44 . "Pidgin English and Linguistic Change." Lingua 3 (February, 1952): 138-146.
Evolution of Pidgin English. Argues that creoles evolve from
pidgins, causing "restructuring" in languages.
45 . "Pidgin Languages." _SA 200 (February, 1959): 124- 34.
Developmental stages of pidgins. Makes distinction between
lingua franca, pidgin language and creolized language. In¬
cludes map, and chart of Melanesian Pidgin English, Haitian
Creole, and Taki-taki.
46 Hancock, Ian F. "A Domestic Origin for the English-Derived Atlantic Creoles." FFLR 10 (Spring/Fall, 1972): 7-8, 52.
Creolization patterns in west African languages. Believes
Atlantic Creoles more complex than African pidgins.
47 . "A Provisional Comparison of the English-Derived Creoles." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: 9
Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 287-291. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Lexical comparisons from 450 items of six English-derived
Creoles.
48 Hancock, Ian F. "West Africa and the Atlantic Creoles." In The English Language in West Africa, pp. 113-122. Edited by John Spencer. New York: Humanities Press, 1971.
Compares items of seven English-derived Creoles. Illustration
of word similarities. Includes comparative list of one hun¬
dred words on verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and
nouns.
49 Hymes, Dell. "Genetic Relationship: Retrospect and Prospect." AnL 1.2 (1959): 50-66.
Genetic classifications. Expresses necessity for "basic
resemblance" study. Some references to Caribbean Creoles.
50 Joos, Martin. "Hypotheses as to the Origin and Modification of Pidgins." In Dell Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, p. 187. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Seven hypotheses on pidgin origin and form changes.
51 Kay, Paul. "A Language-Universals Approach To Pidgins and Creoles." In Pidgins and Creoles: Current Trends and Prospects, pp. 61- 72. Edited by David DeCamp and Ian Hancock.
Definition and description of contact vernaculars; their
relationship to native languages. Several hypotheses to stimu¬
late further research.
52 Labov, William. "The Notion of "System" In Creole Languages." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of 10
a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 447-472. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Examines "system" in pidgin and creole. Sees absence of
copula forms between Negro English in United States and
Jamaican, Trinidadian, and French Creole. Sees Negro Ameri¬
can English as related more to standard English.
53* LePage, R. B. "General Outlines of Creole English Dialects in the British Caribbean." Orbis 4 (1957): 373-91.
54 . Review of Pidgins and Creoles by Loretto Todd. TLS, December 6, 1974, p. 1360.
'Useful book for layman.' Criticizes theoretical weaknesses
in field of Creole language studies and social-linguistics.
55* Lichtveld, Lou. "Enerlei Creools?" WIG 35 (1954): 59-71, 178-179.
56 McDavid, Raven. "The Theory of Dialect." In Report On the Twentieth Annual Round Table Meeting On Linguistics And Language Studies. MSLL. pp. 45-62. Edited by James E. Alatis. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1970.
The classic position without creole hypothesis.
57 Markwardt, Albert H. "Applied Linguistics." ÇQ 8.2 (1962-63): 111-120.
General remarks on linguistic systems of Standard Languages.
Demonstrates Jamaican Creole linguistic systematic features.
58 Rickford, John R. "The Insights of the Mesolect." In Pidgins and Creoles: Current Trends and Prospects, pp. 92-117. Edited by David DeCamp and I. Hancock. Washington, D. C.: George¬ town University Press, 1974.
Refutes previous misconceptions caused by basilectual domi¬
nance in creole studies. Concentrates on Black-American
English dialects. 11
59 Samarin, William J. "Salient and Substantive PidginizationIn Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 117-140. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Examines salient and substantive features of pidgins. Dis¬
cusses reduplication, simplification and Koines.
60 Schneider, Gilbert. Preliminary Glossary: English-Pidgin-English- (Wes Kos). Athens: Center For International Studies, 1965.
Sixty-five page bilingual glossary. Lists English spelling
of words and Pidgin-English equivalent. Eighty five per cent
of entries are of English origin.
61 Schwartz, William L. "American Speech and Haitian French." AS 25.2 (1949): 282-285.
Traces vocabulary items of Haitians to English language.
62 Stewart, William. "Creolization in the Caribbean." In Study of the Role of Second Languages in Asia. Africa, and Latin American, pp. 34-53. Edited by Frank A. Rice. Washington, D. C.: Center For Applied Linguistics, 1962.
Historical developments of creole in Caribbean and Louisiana.
Geographical areas of five creoles.
63 Taylor, Douglas. "Certain Carib Morphological Influences On Creole." IJAL 26 (1960): 155-161.
Traces phonetic changes of nineteenth century Vincentian,
Central American and Dominican dialects.
64 . "Grammatical and lexical Affinities of Creoles." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 293-296. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Criticism of Morris Goodmans Comparative Study of French 12
Creole Dialects (1964) . Using table, demonstrates structural
similarities and differences of French, English, Dutch and
Iberian based creoles. Ten illustrations of common lexical
features, demonstrates third person plural, iterative, and
demonstrative pronoun.
65 Taylor, Douglas. "Language Shift or Changing Relationships?" UAL 26 (1960): 155-161.
Discusses genetic relationship of creoles to "mother languages."
Detailed descriptions of personal pronouns and verbal systems.
Distinguishes grammatical categories of creolized languages
from their "mother languages."
66 . "On Function Versus Form in Non-Traditional Lan¬ guages." Word 15.3 (1959): 485-489.
Criticizes Weinreich's theory on genetic relationships and
convergent development. Compares Sranan verbal system to
Dominican and Haitian Creole and Ibo.
67 . Review of Studies in Portuguese and Creole, by Marius F. Valhoff. L, 44, September, 1968, pp. 654-9.
Considers book contribution to growing literature on pidgin
and creole languages.
68 . "Structural Outline of Caribbean Creole; Morphology." Word 7 (1951): 43-46.
Outlines word formation, phonemic change, and syntax of
Caribbean Creole. Concentrates on French. Concludes Caribbean
is convergence of French and English.
69 "The Origin of West Indian Creole Languages: 13
Evidence from grammatical Categories." AA 65.4 (August, 1963): 800-814.
Discusses formation of Creoles and genetic theory. Includes
description of mood, tense, and aspect of Haitian, Martinican
and Sranan Creoles.
70 Taylor, Douglas. "Use and Disuse of Languages in the West Indies." Ç&5.2 (February, 1958): 67-77.
Evolution of dialects into "parent languages." Compares
verbal system of Caribbean Creole to English.
71 Thompson, R. W. "A Note On Some Possible Affinities Between The Creole Dialects of the Old World and Those of the New." In Creole Language Studies No. II: Proceedings of the Conference on Creole Language Studies held at the University College of the West Indies, March 28 - April 4, 1959, pp. 107-113. Edited by Robert A. LePage. London: MacMillan and Company, 1961.
Correlates linking features of Caribbean Creole with creolized
Portuguese dialects. Discusses common verbal systems.
Illustrative table.
72 Todd, Loretto. Pidgins and Creoles. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1974.
In-depth discussion of origin, scope, and development of
pidgins and creoles. Emphasizes importance in relation to
effective communication and linguistic research (LePage, R.
A., see no. 54).
73* Valeriano, Carmen. "Verbal Systems of Papiamento and Jamaican Creole." M.A. thesis, McGill University, 1974.
74 Valkhoff, Marius. Studies In Portuguese and Creole. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1966.
General discussion on Creole. Concentrates on French and
Creole Portuguese. Includes parable written in Dutch Creole 14
from Virgin Islands (Taylor, Douglas, see no. 67).
75* Voegelin, C. F., and Voegelin, F. M. "Pidgin-Creoles." AnL 6.8 (1964): 39-71.
76 Voorhoeve, Jan. "A Note on Reduction and Expansion in Grammar." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, p. 189. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cam¬ bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Notes difficulty of studying reduction and expansion in lieu
of language change.
77 Whinnora, Keith. "Linguistic Hybridization and the "Special Case" of Pidgins and Creoles." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the Uni¬ versity of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 91-115. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
'Biological* approach to linguistic study of pidgins and
creoles.
78* . '*rhe Origin of The European based Creoles and Pidgins." Orb is 14 (1965): 509-527.
79 Weinreich, Uriel. "On the Compatability of Genetic Relationship and Convergent Development." Word 14.2 (1958): 374-379.
Discusses terminology specifying relationships of creoles to
each other. Refers to earlier debates concerning problem.
Cites Taylor, Hall, and Meilet. Advocates abandoning termi¬
nology like "pidginetic" for "convergence."
80 Wolfram, Walt. "Black-White Speech Differences Revisited." In Black-White Speech Relationships, pp. 139-161. Edited by Walter Wolfram and Nona Clarke. Washington, D. C.: Center For Applied Linguistics, 1971.
Implications for Black-White speech differences in linguistic
studies. Considers Gullah crucial concerning arguments of 15
Black dialectical origins. CHAPTER III
INDIVIDUAL LANGUAGE DESCRIPTIONS
81 Alleyne, Mervin C. Review of Jamaican Creole Syntax. A Transfor¬ mational Approach, by Beryl L. Bailey. Cj> 6.4 (January, 1967, 92-93.
Considers book important for theoretical linguistics and
creole language specialists.
82* Allsopp, Richard. "Pronominal Forms in the Dialect of English Used In Georgetown (British Guiana) And Its Environs By Persons Engaged In Non-clerical Occupations." M.A. thesis, London University, 1958.
83 . Review of Dictionary of Jamaican English, by Frederic Cassidy and R. A. LePage. ÇS 10.2 July, 1970, pp. 90-117.
Excellent for Jamaican Scholars, Caribbeanists, and Caribbean
linquistics.
84 . "The English Language In British Guiana." ELT 12.2 (January-March, 1956-57): 59-66.
Brief statements on main features of Guianese Creole. Demon¬
strates speech patterns, gesture, vowels, plural and genitive
inflections, verbs, adjectives and prepositions.
85 Atiery, Mason. "At Peace With Pidgin." AE 7.8 (October, 1971): 32-36.
Social and educational problems of Pidgin English in Hawaii.
Defines problem as multi-racial community of Hawaii all trying
to speak their native tongues. Describes Pidgin as evolving
from this community. Also describes new curriculum designed
to combat problem.
16 17
86 Bailey, Berly Loftman. Jamaican Creole Syntax, A Transformational Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.
Detailed; origin and development of Jamaican Creole. Includes
descriptive information on sentence structure, transformations
and morphological features (Alleyne, Mervin C., see no. 24).
87 . "Towards a New Perspective in Negro English Dialectology." AS 40.3 (October, 1965): 171-177.
Criticizes previous works concerning Gullah dialect. Suggests
more grammatical study of language rather than dismissal as
"confusion." Compares phrase structure of non-verbal predi¬
cations of Jamaican English Creole and literary supporting
evidence.
88 Barnett, A. G. "Colonial Survivals in Bush-Negro Speech." AS 7.6 (August, 1932): 393-397.
Brief historical account of Maroon Eastern Dutch Guyanans
(Djoeka Bush Negroes). Three pages of "pure English" (Djoekan)
as recorded by Moravian scholars. Specific examples of idioms
and onomatopoeia from Djoekan.
89 Beckwith, Martha. Review of Surinam Folklore, by M. I. and F. S. Herskovits. JAF 50.198 October - December, 1937, 412-415.
Considers book valuable source for study of Afro-American
Continuity (language, music, and culture.)
90 Bennett, John. "Bullah A Negro Patois." SAQ 7 (October, 1908): 332-47.
Extensive dialect recordings. Sees African intonation and
English vocabulary. 18
91 Bickerton, Derek (see no. 33).
92 Bryan, T. Auril. "French, Spanish and Trinidad English." Americas 26.9 (September, 1974): 25-31.
Account of French, Spanish and English contributions to
Trinidad. Cites creole as best means of expression for "lower
class." Describes calypsoism as largely responsible for dis¬
semination of English Creole.
93 Carr, Elizabeth. "The English Language In Hawaii." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 411-412. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Impact of foreign languages on Hawaiian English.
94 Cassidy, Frederic G. "Iteration as a Word-Forming device in Jamaican Folk Speech." AS 32.1 (February, 1970): 49-53.
Defines iteration as relating to form. Sees this device of
word formation in Jamaican Creole as a factor distinguishing
it from English.
95 . Jamaica Talk. London: MacMillan Education, 1961.
Vocabulary study of Jamaican Creole. Two part book contains
history, pronunciation, grammar (spelling, pronunciation,
nouns, personal pronouns, demonstratives, verbs, and word
formations). Part two describes vocabulary under topical
categories (DeCamp, David, see no. 112).
96 . "Multiple Etymologies in Jamaican Creole." AS 41.3 (1961): 211-14.
Defines and lists examples of multiple etymology in Jamaican
Creole. Makes comparisons with African and English words. 19
97 Cassidy, Frederic G. "Some Footnotes On the "Junjo" Question." AS 36.2 (May, 1961): 101-103.
Arguments for Jamaican origin of word junjo.
98 . "Tracing the Pidgin Element in Jamaican Creole." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 411-412. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cam¬ bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Brief sketch of Jamaican Creole, Portuguese and English Pidgin
elements. One hundred word list of five related base languages.
99 Cassidy, F. G., LePage, R. B. Dictionary of Jamaican English. London: Cambridge University Press, 1967.
Briefly summarizes evolution of Jamaican English and historical
phonology. Four hundred and eighty nine page comprehensive
dictionary. Lists Jamaican words and origin (Allsopp, Richard,
see no. 83 and Dillard, J. L., no. 118).
100 . "Lexicographical Problems of The Dictionary of Jamaican English." In Creole Language Studies No. II: Pro¬ ceedings of the Conference on Creole Studies held at the Uni¬ versity College of the West Indies, March 28 - April 4, 1959, pp. 17-36. Edited by Robert LePage. London: MacMillan and Company, 1961.
Problems and scope of Dictionary of Jamaican English. Discus¬
sion on word formation, dialect, spelling and folkspeech pro¬
nunciation.
101* Chavanachat, Ponsawon. "Gullah Dialect: The Origin of Black Eng¬ lish." Unpublished paper, Department of English, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, 1971.
102* Collymore, Frank A. Notes For A Glossary of Words and Phrases of Barbadian Dialect. Bridgetown: Advocate Company, 1955.
103 Creary, Jean. "Mathematics For Children Speaking Jamaican Creole." Ç2 U.l (March and June, 1965): 85-94. 20
Linguistic problems of Jamaican Creole speakers. Considers
sentence structure, vocabulary, verb inflections, and tense
main problem.
104* Cruickshank, J. Graham. Black Talk; Being Notes On Negro Dialect in British Guiana. Demeraro: Agrosy Co., 1916.
105 Crum, Mason. Gullah. New York: Negro University Press, 1968.
History of South Sea Island Blacks. Fourteen chapters include
description of dialect, religious instruction of slaves, cul¬
ture, spirituals (includes lyrics) and plantation missions.
Chapter six, "The Gullah Dialect," gives language description.
106 Cunningham, I. A. E. "A Syntactic Analysis of Sea Island Creole (Gullah)." Ph.D thesis, University of Michigan, 1970
Relying on Beryl Bailey's Jamaica Creole Syntax, analyzes
Gullah syntax. Concludes Sea Island Creole has 'remarkably'
different syntactic system from Standard English.
107 Davis, Lawrence. "Dialect Research: Mythology and Reality." In Black-White Speech Relationships, pp. 90-98. Edited by Walter Wolfram and Nona Clarke. Washington, D. C.: Center For Applied Linguistics, 1971.
Opposing view on development of creolization in Black-American
English.
108 Day, Richard R. "Decreolization: Coexistent Systems and the Post- Creole Continuum." In Pidgins and Creoles: Current Trends and Prospects, pp. 38-45. Edited by D. DeCamp and I. Hancock. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1974.
On Hawaiian English. Using DeCamp and Twuzaki as supporting
evidence, illustrates results when Creole and "donor" language
interact with other mixing systems. 21
109* Day, Richard R. "Patterns of Variation in Copula and Tense in the Hawaiian Post-Creole Continuum." Unpublished Doctoral Dis¬ sertation, University of Hawaii, 1972.
110 DeCamp, David. "Introduction: Four Jamaican Creole Texts." In Creole Language Studies I. pp. 127-142. Edited by R. B. LePage. London: Macmillan, 1960.
English Creole language of isolated Maroon Village, Accompong.
Discusses dialect and folk belief in stories. Includes
phonology, vowels, stress and intonation, consonants, phonemic
and morphonemic descriptions.
Ill . "Neutralizations, Interatives, and Ideophones: The Locus of Language In Jamaica." In Pidgins and Creoles: Cur¬ rent Trends and Prospects, pp. 46-60. Edited by David DeCamp and Ian Hancock. Wasnington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1974.
Examination of neutralization, iterative, and ideophone in
Jamaican Creole grammar. Lists examples of each form.
112 . Review of Jamaica Talk by Frederick G. Cassidy. L 30.3 1963, pp. 536-44.
113 Dillard, J. L. All American English. New York: Random House, 1975.
Describes and discusses the influence of sailor's lingo,
African dialects, traders' lingua Franca, Pidgin English and
American Indian speech on the American language. Considers
such dialects as major factors in development of American
English from British English.
114 . Black English: Its History And Usage in the United States. New York: Random House, 1972.
Description of Black English. Socio-linguistic approach.
Documentary evidence (Wolfram, Walter, see no. 180).
115 "Creole Portuguese and Creole English: The Early 22
Records." CAAS no. 3 (1971): 1-12.
Arguments for creolist theories. Documentary evidence. Con
centrâtes on Portuguese as lingua franca- Some reference to
influence of English on Creole Portuguese.
116 Dillard, J. L. "Non-Standard Negro Dialects - Convergence or Di¬ vergence?" In Afro-American Anthropology: Contemporary Per¬ spectives. pp. 119-129. Edited by Norman Whitlen and John Szwed. New York: The Free Press, 1970.
Origin of Black English. Outlines theories of Raven I McDavid
Jr. (Divergence) and William A. Stewart (Convergence).
117* . "On a Context for Dialect Data: The Case of Black English." FFLR 10 (Spring/Fall, 1972): 17-18, 53-54.
118 . "Review of Dictionary Of Jamaican English"by F. G. Cassidy and R. B. LePage. ÇS 10.2 July, 1970, pp. 118-124.
Criticism of linguistic tradition out of which authors wrote.
Refutes assumptions based on American linguistic scholarship.
119 . "The English Teacher and the Language of the Newly Integrated Student." TCR 126 (November, 1967): 115-120.
Discussion of Black English. Includes section on "The In¬
fluence of English-based creoles On Black English."
120 Doran, Edwin Beal, Jr. "Notes On An Archaic Island Dialect." AS 29.1 (February, 1954): 82-85.
Historical overview of Caymon Islands. Attributes physical
isolation for English and Spanish form and Negro dialect.
121 Dyneley, Prince John. "Surinam Negro-English." AS 9.3 (October, 1934): 181-186.
Description and History of Surinam English. Demonstrates
phonetics, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. Reprints 23
dialectical materials collected from George Alexander, Dutch
Guyanan.
122* Echteld, Johannes, Julius Marius. The English Words in Sranan (The Negro English Of Surinam). Groningen: Netherlands, J. B. Wolters, 1962.
123 Edwards, Jay. "African Influences On The English of San Andres Island, Columbia." In Pidgins And Creoles: Current Trends and Pros¬ pects. pp. 1-26. Edited by David DeCamp and Ian Hancock. Wash¬ ington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1974.
Similarities in San Andres Creole and Gullah dialect. Discus¬
ses role of African tradition in San Andres speech.
124 . "Social Linguistics On San Andres and Provindencia Islands, Columbia." Ph.D Dissertation, Tulane University, 1970.
Analysis of origins, development, dialectology and social uses
of San Andres language. Describes phonemes, lexical syncretisms
and speech variations.
125 Eliason, Norman E. Tarheel Talk: An Historical Study of The English Language in North Carolina to 1860. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1956.
Historical overview of North Carolinan language. Description
of Gullah. Five hundred-word glossary.
126 Fasold, Ralph W. "Decreolization and Autonomous Language Change." FFLR 10 (Spring/Fall, 1972): 9-12, 51.
Decreolization in Black English.
127 Garrett, Romeo B. "African Survivals in American Culture." JNH 51.4 (October, 1966): 239-45.
Description of Negro speech. Examples and references from
Lorenzo Turner's Africanisms in Gullah Dialect. 24
128 Girard, Victor. Pro-Takanan Phonology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.
Detailed, description of Pro-Takanan. Explains synchronie
description, vowels, consonants, problematic and unidentified
reflexes. Classifies Takanan languages.
129 Glissmeyer, Gloria. "Some Characteristics of English in Hawaii." In Variations of Present Day English, pp. 190-225. Edited by Richard Bailey and Jay Robinson. New York: Macmillan, 1973.
Features and development of Hawaiian Pidgin English.
130* Gonggrijp, J. W. "The Evolution of A Djuka-Script in Surinam." NWIG 40 (1960): 63-72.
131 Grimes, J. E., and Glock, N. "A Saramaccan Narrative Pattern." L 46.2 (June): 408-25.
Discussion of Saramaccan Travel Narrative. Detailed, demon¬
strates lexical items, possessive, clauses and paragraph struc¬
ture.
132 Hair, P. E. H. "Sierra Leone Items in the Gullah Dialect of American English." SLLR 4.1 (1965): 79-84.
Critical analysis of Lorenzo Turner^ research on Gullah
speakers. Suggests more intensive research.
133 Hall, Robert A. Melanesian Pidgin Phrase Book And Vocabulary. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America, 1943.
Examination of pidgin sounds, nouns, possession, adjectives,
pronouns, adverbs, verbs and sentence structure. Phrases
listed in pidgin, with English equivalent. Part III, Pidgin
to English vocabulary.
134* . "Notes On British Solomon Islands Pidgin English."
MLN 60 (1945): 315-8. 25
135 Hall, Robert A. Review of Sranan Syntax, by Jan Voohoeve. L 40.2, pp. 291-3, April-June, 1964.
General review of book. Minor criticisms. First extensive
contribution to Sranan analysis.
136 . "The Linguistic Structure of Taki-Taki." L 24 (1948): 92-116.
Descriptive sketch of Taki-Taki, (Negro language). Traces
sound, form, phrases and clause in Taki-Taki.
137* Hellinger, Marlis. '*The Future of Belizean Creole." NS 3.3 (May, 1974): 6-21.
138 Herskovits, Melville J., and Herskovits, F. S. Suriname Folklore. Song transcriptions by M. Rolinski. New York: AMS Press, 1969.
Describes Suriname Bush-Negroes (Concentrates on Paramaribos).
Part I and II, culture, proverbs, stories and tales. Part
III, devoted to music. Considers pidgin evidence for speech
parallels between New World and African Negro English. Exten¬
sive dialect recordings.
139 Johnson, Guy B. Folk Culture On St. Helena Island, South Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1930.
Lifestyle of St. Helena Islanders. Characteristics of Gullah
language. Refutes theory of African origins in vocabulary.
140 . "The Speech of the Negro." In Folk-Sav: A Regional Miscellany, pp. 346-58. Edited by B. A. Botkin. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1930.
Discussion of Black dialect. Implies Anglo-English basis for
Black dialects.
141 Lawton, D. L. "The Implication of Tone For Jamaican Creole." AnL 10.6 (June, 1968): 22-26. 26
Tone as distinguishing factor between Creole and English.
142 Leechman, Douglas and Hall, Robert A. "American Indian Pidgin Eng¬ lish: Attestations and Grammatical Peculiarities." AS 30.3 (October, 1955): 163-71.
Linguistic analysis of Indian Pidgin English.
143 LePage, R. B., ed. Creole Language Studies No. I. London: Mac¬ millan, 1960.
Social and historical background of Jamaican Creole. Phonemic
transcriptions of four Jamaican Creole texts, by David DeCamp.
Map of historical sites.
144 Long, Richard A. "Towards A Theory of Afro-American Dialects." CAAS 1 (March, 1970): 1-11.
Brief history of the dialects. Discussed historical, analyti¬
cal and social developments of Black English. Offers working
definitions. Characterizes Gullah as only English Creole sur¬
vival in United States.
145 McDavid, Raven I. Review of Africanisms In The Gullah Dialect by Lorenzo D. Turner. LL 26.2 1950, pp. 323-33.
Recognizes distinction of Gullah from American Negro speech.
Appraisals of book. Special interest to cultural anthropolo¬
gists and linguists.
146 Mason, Julian. "The Etymology of "Buckaroo." AS 35.1 (February, 1960): 51-55.
Arguments against Spanish origin of "buckaroo." Demonstrates
Gullah origin.
147 Mathews, Mitford McLeod. Some Sources of Southernisms. Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1948. 27
Africanisms in plantation vocabulary. Examples from Lorenzo
D. Turner's research of Gullah speakers.
148 Minderhout, David J. "A Sociolinguistic Description of Tobagian English.” Ph.D Dissertation Stanford, 1973
Compares Tobagonian English with West Indian based Creoles.
Description of grammatical variables: verb, tense system,
suffixes, pronoun, multiple negation and question formation.
149 Munro, Helen I. "West Indian English." AS 2.4 (January, 1927): 201.
Observations of a tourist. Describes language of Lesser
Antilles Blacks as "conglomerate, corruption almost unrecog¬
nizable . "
150 Norton, Arthur A. "Linguistic Persistence." AS 6.2(December, 1930- 31): 149.
Brief comment on Gullah. Sees resemblance to French Canadian
"broken English."
151* Odo, Carol. "English Patterns in Hawaii." AS 45.2 (1970): 234- 239.
152* Perlman, Alan M. "Grammatical Structure and Style-Shift in Hawaiian Pidgin and Creole." Ph.D Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1973.
153 Reinecke, John E. "Pidgin English in Hawaii: A Local Study in the Sociology of Language." AJS 43 (March, 1938): 778-89.
English language continuum in Hawaii. Describes pidgin as
dying out to standard English.
154* Reisman, K. M. L. "The Isle is Full of Noises, A Study of Creole in the Speech Patterns of Antigua, West Indies." Ph.D Dissertation, Harvard University, 1965. 28
155* Rens, L. L. E. The Historical and Social Background of Surinam's Negro English. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, 1953.
156 Richards, Henry. "Trinidadian Folk Usage and Standard English: A Contrastive Study." Word 26.1 (1970): 79-87.
Surveys English Creole (Folk Speech) of "less formally edu¬
cated." Contrasts syntactic structures with standard English.
Examines interrogatives, reflexive, and intensive pronouns,
verbs, adverbs and adjectives.
157 Safire, W. Review of All-American English by J. L. Dillard. NYT May 11, 1975, p. 4.
Criticizes book. Believes many assertions in the book were
"weakly-supported."
158 Seidleman, Morton. "Survivals in Negro Vocabulary." AS 12.3 (October, 1937): 231-32.
Archaisms in Negro dialect. Surveys dialect of New Jersey
Negroes born in South.
159 Smith, Reed. Gullah. Columbia: Bureau of Publications, University of South Carolina, 1926.
Forty five pages of Gullah history, literary background and
dialect. Description of prefixes, "archaisms," consonant
shifts, etymologies and Gullah "A." Authentic dialogue.
Advocates non-African origins theory.
160* Solomon, Dennis. "The System of Prediction in the speech of Trinidad: A Quantative Study of Decreolization." Master's thesis, Columbia University, New York, 1966.
161 Sprave, Gilbert A. "Toward A Reconstruction of Virgin Islands Eng¬ lish Creole Phonology." Ph.D Dissertation, Princeton Uni¬ versity, 1975. 29
Description and demonstration of Virgin Island English Creole.
Some literary works included.
162 Stewart, William A. "Historical And Structural Basis For The Recog¬ nition of Negro Dialect." In Report of the Twentieth Annual Round Table Meeting On Linguistics And Language Studies: Lin¬ guistics and the Teaching of Standard English to Speakers of Other Languages or Dialects, pp. 239-247. Edited by James E. Alatis. MSLL Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1970.
Arguments for validity of distinct Negro dialect. Some ref¬
erences to Gullah.
163 Taylor, Douglas. "Language Contacts In the West Indies," Word 12 (1956): 399-414.
Seventeenth century word borrowings of Lesser Antilles; sup¬
portive evidence.
164 . Review of Voorstudies tot Een Beschrijving Van Het Srangn longo (Negerengels Van Suriname) by Jan Voohoeve. Word 11 (1953), pp. 168-174.
Notes importance to study of creolized language. Minor critism
on structure and content.
165* Tsuzaki, Stanley M. "Hawaiian English: Pidgin, Creole or Dialect?" PS 1.2 (1966): 25-8.
166 Turner, Lorenzo D. Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.
Comprehensive description of Gullah dialect. Methodological
approach for research. Phonological, syntactical and morpho¬
logical features. Extensive list of Gullah words with African
origin (McDavid, Raven, see no. 145).
167 • "West African Survivals in the Vocabulary of Gullah." Paper presented at the annual meeting of Modern Lan¬ guage Association, New York, December, 1938. 30
African influence on Gullah dialect.
168 Vanderslice, Ralph and Shun, Laura Pierson. "Prosodic Features of Hawaiian English." QJS 33.2 (April, 1967): 156-66.
Description of salient features of Hawaiian English. Distin
guishes Hawaiian English from standard-American English.
169* Voegelin, Carl and Voegelin, Florence M. "Hawaiian Pidgin and Mother Tongue." AnL 6.7 (1964): 20-56.
170 Voohoeve, Jan. "A Project For the Study of Creole Language History In Surinam." In Creole Language Studies No. II. pp. 99-106. Edited by R. B. LePage. London: Macmillan, 1961.
Proposed study of Surinam creolization process. Sees unique
opportunity because of written documents dating back to eigh¬
teenth century. Surveys Surinam Creole languages.
171 . "An Orthography for Saramaccan." Word 15.3 (December, 1959): 436-45.
Phonemic analysis of Saramaccan (Language of "bush Negroes")
based on recorded story and test words. Detailed description
of tone and vowels. Reproduction of Saramaccan story.
172* . "De Studie Van Het Surinams (The Study of the Surinam Language)." WIG 33 (1952): 175-182.
173 . "Historical and Linguistic Evidence in Favor of Re- lexification theory in the Formation of Creoles." LIS 2.1 (April, 1973): 133-145.
Examines three Surinam Creole languages for creole origin.
Believes relexification theory explains creole similarities
all over the world.
174 . "Linguistic Experiments in Syntactic Analysis." In Creole Language Studies II. pp. 37-58. Edited by R. B. LePage. London: Macmillan, 1961. 31
Problem of syntactic analysis. Concentrates on Sranan
morphology, verb, and adjective.
175* Voohoeve, Jan. "Missionary Linguistics in Surinam." BT 7 (1957): 179-90.
176* . "Spelling Difficulties in Sranan." FT 12 (1961): 1-11.
177 . Sranam Syntax. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co., 1962.
Linguistic analysis of Sranan. Two part book, syntactic
structure and interlinear translation. Descriptive analysis
of morphemes, idiomatic expressions and phonology (Hall,
Robert A., see no. 135).
178 . "Varieties of Creole In Suriname." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 305-315. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cam¬ bridge University Press, 1971.
Historical background of Suriname Creole origins and socio-
linguistic setting. Discussion on Church Creoles syllabifi¬
cation, nasalization of vowels other phonology and morphology.
179 . Voorstudies tot Een Beschriiving Van Het Sranan Tongo (Negerengels Van Suriname) . Amsterdam: North Holland Publishers, 1953.
Dialects of Sranan Tongo. Summarized in English. Description
of phonemes, morphemes, predicates, affixes and prefixes.
Description and criticism of previous works on creole languages.
180 Wolfram, Walter. Review of Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States, by J. L. Dillard. L 49 September, 1973, pp. 670-79.
General review. Extensive criticism of content, form and 32
delivery. Non-linguistic approach. Implies author needs
more rigorous linguistic research.
181* Zimmermann, G. P. H. "Het Neger-English in Suriname." WH 36 (1921): 940-45. CHAPTER IV
SOC10-LINGUISTICS
182 Abrahams, R. D., and Bauman, R., "Sense and Nonsense in St. Vincent: Speech Behavior and Decorum In A Caribbean Community." AA 73.3 (June, 1971): 762-72.
Vincention ideas concerning proper and improper speech behavior.
183 Alleyne, Mervin C. "Language and Society in St. Lucia." CS 1.1 (April, 1961): 1-10.
Historical description of island. On interest of islanders
in learning English for social mobility.
184 . Review of The National Language Question by Robert B. LePage. London: Oxford University Press, 1964, ÇS 5.1, April, 1965, pp. 53-54.
Considers book excellent source for scholars and laymen
interested in language situations.
185 Allsop, S. R. R. "British Honduras: The Linguistic Dilemma." ÇÇ 2.3 (September and December, 1965): 54-61.
Problem of English Creole in British Honduras. Considers
educators unawareness of English Creole a linguistic dilemma.
Seeks joint confrontation of other islanders concerning problem.
186 Bailey, Beryl L. "A Program For The Teaching of English Noun-Verb Concord In Primary Schools In Jamaica." ÇÇ 9.4 (December, 1963): 10-14.
Outlines program of study for teaching standard English in
Jamaica.
187 . "Language Studies in Independent University." ÇS 8.1 (1962): 38-42.
33 34
Stresses need for program of language study in Caribbean area.
Believes investigation should include study of creole languages.
188 Bailey, Beryl L. "Some Aspects of the Impact of Linguistics On Lan¬ guage Teaching in Disadvantaged Communities." EE 45 (1968): 570-579.
Conclusive research on basic linguistic system of non-standard
English speakers. Correspondent features in verb system of
Negro Non-Standard English and Englished based Creoles. Sug¬
gests course in linguistic studies for English teachers.
189 Bascom, William R. "Acculturation Among the Gullah Negroes." AA 43.1 (January and March, 1941): 43-50.
Basic similarities in West African language, culture and Gullah
speakers.
190 Bentz, Dorothy. "American English As Spoken by the Barbadians." AS 13.4 (December, 1938): 310-312.
Non-American factors influencing Barbadian English.
191 Bernard, Benn W. "Metropolitan Standards and Their Effects On Caribbean Teaching." C_S 11.2 (July, 1971): 85-89.
Secondary language teaching in Trinidad. Recommends adopting
"objective" view of Trinidadian English.
192 Bickerton, Derek. "Priorities In Creole Studies." In Pidgins and Creoles: Current Trends and Prospects, pp. 85-87. Edited by David DeCamp and Ian Hancock. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1974.
Comments on expansion of future creole studies.
193 Brash, Walter. "Black English and The Mass Media." Ph.D Disser¬ tation, Athens, Ohio University, 1974.
From historical and contemporary perspectives, discusses report
of mass media on Black English. 35
194 Cassidy, Frederic. "English Language Studies in the Caribbean." AS 34.3 (October, 1959): 163-171.
Sketches official languages of Caribbean area. Diagram of
territory, area, population and English speaking sections.
Emphasizes ability of creoles to retain pronounciation,
morphology and vocabulary often lost in official languages.
195 . "Language and Folklore." ÇQ. 3.1 (1953-54): 4- 12.
Connection of language and folklore. Refers to Jamaican words
as spoken by those having "less formal educations." Describes
significance of language in folk tradition.
196 . 'teaching Standard English to Speakers of Creole in Jamaica West Indies." In Report of Twentieth Annual Round Table Meeting On Linguistic And Language Studies. MSLL. pp. 203-14. Edited by James E. Alatis. Washington, D. C.: George¬ town University Press, 1970.
Classroom problems of Jamaican Creole Speakers in acquiring
standard English as a second dialect without rejecting creole.
197* Cave, G. "Some Sociological Factors in the Production of Standard Language in Guyana." LL 20.2 (1970): 243-63.
198 Craig, Dennis R. "Education and Creole English In The West Indies." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 371-391. Edited by James E. Alatis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Sociolinguistic factors of West Indies English Creoles. Dis¬
cusses interaction between creole and standard. Includes
diagrams and theoretical models. Implications for language
teaching.
199 . "English in Secondary Education in A Former British Colony: A Case Study of Guyana." Cj> 10.4 (January, 1971): 36
113-151.
Research survey of problems related to teaching, learning and
use of English in Guyanese society.
200* Craig, Dennis R. "Teaching English to Jamaican Creole Speakers." LL 16 (1966): 49-61.
201 Davis, Lawrence M. "Dialect Research: Mythology and Reality." In Black-White Speech Relationships, pp. 90-98. Edited by Walter Wolfram and Nona Clarke. Washington, D. C.: Center For Applied Linguistics, 1971.
Creolist theory. Implications for teachers and linguists.
202 DeCamp, David. "Is A Sociolinguistic Theory Possible?" Report On The Twentieth Annual Round Table Meeting On Linguistics and Language Studies. MSLL. pp. 157-174. Edited by James Alatis. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1970.
Presentation of theoretical views on sociolinguistic research.
Believes Negro and Spanish bilingualism require establishment
of such theory.
203 . "Social and Geographical Factors In Jamaican Dialects." In Creole Language Studies II. pp. 61-84. Edited by R. A. LePage. London: MacMillan, 1961.
Report on linguistic and cultural survey of Jamaican dialect.
Eleven illustrative maps.
204 . "Towards a Generative Analysis of a Post-Creole Speech Continuum." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 349-370. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Describes socio-linguistics of post-creole society. Outlines
theoretical linguistic problems society proposes. Illustrative
diagrams and tables. 37
205 Dillard, J. L. Review of Language Teaching. Linguistics and the Teaching of English in Multilingual Society. Kingston, Uni¬ versity of the West Indies by Faculty of Education, 1965. Cj> 8.1 April, 1968, p. 62.
Considers book excellent source on language problems.
206 . "Plurism and Prescriptivism As Applied to the Carib¬ bean Creoles: A Tentative Classification." ÇJ3 1.4 (January, 1962): 3-10.
Attitude of islanders toward creole.
207 . "The Creolist and the Study of Negro Non-Standard Dialects in the Continental United States." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 393-408. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cam¬ bridge University Press, 1971.
Dialectical problems in study of Negro-non standard English,
United States. Implications for creolist studies. Concludes,
West Indian and non-standard correlations indicate decreoliza-
tion possibilities.
208 Edwards, Jay (see no. 124).
209 Eersel, Christian. "Prestige in Choice of Language and Linguistic Form." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Pro¬ ceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 317-322. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Status question of Sranan language in relationship to Dutch.
Discusses linguistic choice of people, characterizing Dutch as
prestigious language, although an indigenous Dutch standard is
developing.
210 Figueroa, John J. "Creole Studies." In Pidginization and Creoliza¬ tion of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 503- 506. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University 38
Press, 1971.
Importance of creole studies to language and "pure linguistics."
211* Frank, Francine W. "Language and Education in the Netherlands Antilles." ÇS 14 (1974): 28-50.
212 Gray, Cecil. "Teaching English In The West Indies." ÇQ 9.1 and 2 (1962-63): 66-67.
Problems of teaching standard English in West Indies. Suggests
smaller classes and better teaching facilities.
213 Grimshaw, Allen D. "Some Social Forces and Some Social Functions of Pidgin and Creole languages." In Pidginization and Creoli- zation of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 427 445. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Value of linguistic materials on pidgins and creoles. Dis¬
cusses sociological perspectives, origins, research and design
methods.
214 Hall, Robert A. "The Life Cycle of Pidgin Languages." Lingua II (1962): 151-156.
Discussion on circumstances that insure survival and develop¬
ment of pidgin into creole.
215 Hoenigswald, Henry M. "Language History and Creole Studies." In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 473-480. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Influence of language history on creole studies.
216 Hymes, Dell. "Introduction: Toward Ethnographies of Communication." AA 66.6 (Part 2) (1966): 1-34.
Interrelating themes of papers on communicative studies. Sees
ethnographical studies of communication as important future 39
contribution to language and cultural studies.
217 James Sybil. "Teaching Literature in a Dialect Standard Situation." CQ 8.3 (September, 1972): 73-76.
Suggestions for teaching literature in Jamaican Schools.
218 LePage, R. B. "A Survey of Dialects in The British Caribbean." ÇQ 2.3 (1951-52): 49-50.
Discusses proposed project of dialectical and methological
studies for linguistic research in Caribbean.
219 . "An Historical Introduction To Jamaican Creole." CLS I (1960): 3-115.
Historical overview of Jamaican Creole. Includes chapters on
Spanish Conquest, British Settlement, Buccaneers, Slavery,
European migration and Maroons. Geographical and social distri¬
bution of population.
220 . "Problems to Be Faced In The Use of English as the Medium of Education in Four West Indian Territories," In Lan¬ guage Problems of Developing Nations, pp. 51-66. Edited by Fisherman and Ferguson. New York: Wiley and Sons, 1968.
Relationship of Jamaican, British Honduras, Guyanan and Trini¬
dadian language to economical political and cultural problems.
Advocates study of creole grammar.
221 . "Sociolinguistic Survey of Multilingual Communities: Survey of Cayo District, British Honduras." LIS 3.1 (L974): 1-32.
Survey of verbal behavior of Spanish and English Creole speak¬
ing children. Advocates sociolinguistic approach for linguis¬
tic theory of language.
222 • "The Language Problem In the British Caribbean." C£ 4.1 (January, 1955): 40-49. 40
Describes linguistic survey of British Caribbean area. In¬
cludes questionnaires and methology.
223 LePage, R. B. The National Language Question. Institute of Race Relations, Oxford University Press, 1964 (Alleyne, Mervin C., see no . 184).
224 Lieberman, Dena. "Bilingual Behavior in St. Lucian Community." Ph.D Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, 1974.
Describes and analyzes socio-cultural factors in individual
behavior relating to English and French Creole language of St.
Lucia. Examines phonological, lexical, and syntacical fea¬
tures of English.
225 Long, Richard (see no. 144).
226 Malkoc, Anna Maria and Roberts A. "Bidialectism: A Special Report From CAL/ERIC." EE 48.7 (January, 1971): 125-36.
Description of "bidialectism." Reassessment of earlier views
on language instruction. Concentrates on United States. Brief
annotated bibliography on related resource materials.
227 Meikle, H. B. "Tobago Villagers In Mirror of Dialect." CQ 4.2 (December, 1955): 154.
Discusses extensive use of dialect in daily lives of Tobago
villagers. Emphasizes necessity of dialect for expression.
228 Miller Errol. "Self Identity Problems in Jamaica, Part II." C£> 19.2 (June, 1973): 108-142.
Search for self-identity through organized movements. Com¬
pares Garveyism, Nationalism and Black Power. Discusses
creole component in each movement.
229 Mintz, Sidney W. “The Socio-Historical Background to Pidginization 41
and Creolization." In Pidginization and Creolization of Lan¬ guages: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 481-501. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Major socio-historical characteristics of Caribbean region.
230 Reinecks, John E. 'Marginal Languages: A Sociological Survey of the Creole Languages and Trade Jargons." Ph.D Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 1937.
Historical and sociological aspects of creole languages. Dis¬
cusses language developed by slaves.
231 . "Some Suggested Fields For Research." In Pidgi¬ nization and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Con¬ ference held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, pp. 499-501. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Lists thirteen suggestions for field research on pidgins and
creoles.
232 . "Trade Jargons and Creole Languages as Marginal Languages." SF 17.1 (October, 1939): 107-118.
Discusses jargonized form and its relationship to "parent lan¬
guages." Implies simplified structure of form (jargonized)
causes contempt from both speaker and parent language.
233 Rens, L. L. E. (See no. 155).
234 Sandmann, M. "Notes On LePages Article." ÇQ. 2.3 (L949-54): 51.
Supports R. B. LePage's idea to investigate Caribbean Creole.
Notes importance of serious study of non-standard languages.
235 Springer, H. W. "On Being West Indian." ÇQ. 3.3 (December, 1953): 181-183.
Self-identification crisis of Barbadian student. Sees embrace-
ment of British culture, especially language prime factor in 42
self-realization.
236 Stewart, William A. "An Outline of Linguistic Typology for De¬ scribing Multi-Lingualism." In The Study of the Role of second Languages In Asia. Africa, and Latin America, pp. 15-25. Edited by Frank A. Rice. Washington, D. C.: Center For Applied Linguistics, 1962.
Sociolinguistic typology in national language. References to
pidginization and creolization of language.
237 . "Continuity And Change In American Negro Dialects." In Black-White Speech Relationships, pp. 51-79. Edited by Walter Wolfram and Nona Clarke. Washington, D. C.: Center For Applied Linguistics, 1971.
Circumstances involving Negro dialect change. Believe that
although traces remain Negro dialect has become almost com¬
pletely decreolized. Comments on problems of teaching and
learning non-standard English.
238 . "Sociolinguistic Factors In The History of Ameri¬ can Negro Dialects." In Black-White Speech Relationships, pp. 74-89. Edited by Walter Wolfram and Nona Clarke. Washington, D. C.: Center For Applied Linguistics, 1971.
Language problems of "disadvantaged" Americans. Arguments for
acceptances of pidginization and creolization stages in Black
American English. Traces historical tradition of non-standard
English, as evidence for distinction from White dialect.
239 . "Socio-political Issues In the Linguistic Treat¬ ment of Negro Dialect." Report of The Twentieth Annual Round Table Meeting On Linguistics And Language Studies. MSLL, pp. 215-223. Edited by James Alatis. Washington, D. C.: George¬ town University Press, 1970.
Impact of socio-political issues on study of Negro Speech.
240 Turner, Lorenzo D. "Problems Confronting The Investigator of Gullah." 43
In Black-White Speech Relationships, pp. 1-15. Edited by Walter Wolfram and Nona Clarke. Washington, D. C.: Center For Applied Linguistics, 1971.
Methological approaches for investigation of Gullah dialect.
Stresses importance for learning Gullah's African background.
241* Verin, Pierre Michelle. "The Rivalry of Creole and English in West Indies." WIG 38.3 and 4 (1958): 163-67.
242 Voorhoeve, Jan (see no. 178). CHAPTER V
FOLKLORE
243 Abrahams, Roger D. "The Shaping of Folklore Traditions In The British West Indies." JIAS 9 (1967): 456-480.
Historical, geographical and ecological forces that affected
folklore tradition in West Indies.
244 Banks, E. P. "Island Carib Folk Tales." C£ 4.1 (January, 1955): 32-39.
Carib folk tales (Dominica and Martinique) with English trans¬
lation. Stresses importance of studying tales in relationship
to language and culture of Caribbean people.
245 Bates, William C. "Creole Folklore From Jamaica." JAF 9.32 (1896): 38-42, 121-126.
246* Bennett, Louise. Anancy Stories and Dialect Verse. Kingston: Pioneer Press, 1957.
247 Cassidy, Frederic G. (See No. 195).
248 Christensen, A. M. H. Afro-American Folklore. Told Round Cabin On the Sea Islands of South Carolina. Boston: JG Cupples, 1892.
Animal folktales written in Gullah.
249 Cramer, Louise. "Songs of West Indian Negroes in the Canal Zone." WF 5 (1946): 243-272.
Historical sketch, folk songs of Negroes in Canal Zone.
(English Creole).
250 Crooks, Kenneth B. M. "Forty Jamaican Proverbs: Interpretations and Inferences." JNH 18.2 (April, 1933): 132-143.
Brief historical notes. Some explanation and interpretation
44 45
of Jamaican proverbs.
251 Crum, Mason (See No. 105).
252 DeCamp, David. "Andrew And The Old Witch." In Creole Language Studies I., pp. 156-166. Edited by R. A. LePage. London: Macmillan, 1960.
Transcription, creole English story from Jamaican village.
Includes African words.
253 . "Babibabuo." In Creole Studies I., pp. 167-179. Edited by R. A. LePage. London: Macmillan, 1960.
Creole story, English translation.
254 . "Blamblam, Cindy and Dido." In Creole Language Studies I., pp. 150-155. Edited by R. A. LePage. London: Macmillan, 1960.
Witch story, creole dialect, with English translation.
255 . "William Saves His Sweetheart." In Creole Language Studies I., pp. 143-149. Edited by R. A. LePage. London: Macmillan, 1960.
Transcriptions of Anancy story, English Creole Dialect.
English translation.
256* Dubelaar, C. N. Surinam Negro Folktales Part I. Groningen; Holland, 1973.
257 Foley, Lawrence. "Folklore From St. Helena, South Carolina." JAF 38 (April-June, 1925): 217-38.
Tales, proverbs and spirituals from St. Helena. Illustrations
of Gullah dialect.
258 Gonzalez, Ambrose E. The Black Border; Gullah Stories of the Carolina Coast. Columbia: S. C. State Co., 1922.
Collection of Gullah tales; dialect. Glossary of common words
used by Negroes of South Carolina. 46
259* Gonzales, Ambrose E. Two Gullah Tales: "The Turkey Hunter"and "At the Crossroads." New York: Purdy Press, 1926.
260 Grant, Cyril E. "Negro Proverbs collected in Jamaica, 1887." Folklore 28.1 (1917): 315-317.
Fifty-two proverbs written in Jamaican Creole.
261 Gray, Cecil. Response: A Course in Narrative Comprehension and Composition For Caribbean Secondary Schools. Ontario: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1969.
Stories written by and about West Indiana. Compiled for teachers
of Caribbean secondary schools. Designed to improve writing
skills. Some English Creole included.
262 Haskell, Ann Sullivan. "The Representation of Gullah- Influenced Dialect in Twentieth Century South Carolina Prose: 1922-1930." Ph.D Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Phila., 1964.
Analysis of dialect in six authors who depicted characteriza¬
tion in "lower class" South Carolina Blacks. Examines Ambrose
Gonzales, Julia Peterkin, Marcellus Whaley, E. C. Adams, S.
Stoney and G. Shelby.
263 Hawkins, John. "Creole Folklore from Jamaica." JAF 9.2 (1896): 121- 128.
Six tales, creole poem. Refers to tales as "nursery stories."
264 Herskovits, Melville J. "Trinidad Proverbs." JAF 58 (1945): 195- 207.
Over one hundred proverbs in creole and standard English.
265 Herskovits, Melville J. and Herskovits, F. S. (See No. 138)
266 Howers, Barbara, ed. From the Green Antilles: Writings of the Caribbean. New York: Macmillan, 1966.
Caribbean writings, with sections on English, French, Spanish
and Dutch. Poems and stories from each category. Creole 47
dialect throughout materials.
267 Jekyll, Walter, ed. Jamaican Song and Story: Tunes. London: David Nutt, 1907; reprint ed., New York: Dover, 1966.
Collection of Anancy stories, digging songs, ring tunes and
dancing tunes from Jamaica.
268 Johnson, Guy B (see no. 139).
269 Johnson, John H. "Folklore from Antigua, British West Indies." JAF 34 (1921): 40-88.
Thirty-seven tales, English translations.
270 Kloe, Donald R. "Buddy Quow: An Anonymous Poem in Gullah- Jamaican Dialect Written Circa 1800." SF2 48.2 (1974): 81-90.
Poems written in Gullah-Jamaican, then English translation.
Lists words that can be traced to Jamaican and Gullah origin.
Table of Gullah words as they appear in poem.
271 LePage, R. B (see No. 143).
272 Meade, Florence 0. "Folk Tales from the Virgin Islands." JAF 45 (1932): 363-371.
Virgin Island folktales: anancy, funerals and animals. Some
creole dialect.
273 Morris, J. Allen. "Gullah in the Stories and Novels of William Gilmore Simms." AS 22 (February, 1947): 46-53.
Examines Gullah dialect in novels and stories of William Gilmore
Simms.
274 Parish, Lydia. Slave Songs of the Georgia Sea Islands. New York: Creative Age Press, 1942.
Contains Gullah songs. 48
275 Parsons, E. C. "Barbados Folklore." JAF 38.148 (April, 1925): 267-292.
Ten Barbadian tales and riddles in English Creole language as
recorded from Barbadian informant.
276 . Folklore of the Sea Islands. South Carolina. Cam¬ bridge, Mass: American Folklore Society, 1923.
Folktales, riddles, and gamesongs from Gullah informants.
Discussion on Gullah.
277 Pénard, A. P. and Pénard, T. E. "Suriname Folktales." JAF 30.116 (April-June, 1917): 239-250.
Brief introduction to understanding Suriname English. Sound
chart. Four Suriname folktales, retold with alterations and
additions.
278* Peterkin, Julia. "Daddy Harry." Reviewer 4 (October, 1924): 382- 83.
279* . "Imports From Africa." Reviewer 2 (January, 1922) 197-200.
280* . "Silhouettes." Reviewer 2 (June, 1922): 500-503.
281* . "Studies in Charcoal." Reviewer 2 (March, 1922): 319-27.
282 Roach, Eric. "Ballad of Canga." ÇQ4.2 (December, 1955): 165-168.
Reproduction of Suriname Creole (Taki-Taki) poem, English
translation.
283 Roberts, Helen M. "A Study of Folk Song Variants Based On Field Work in Jamaica." JAF 38.148 (April-June, 1925): 149-216.
Detailed study of variations in Jamaican Folk songs. Includes
several songs recorded in creole.
284 Simms, William Gilmore. The Wigwam and the Cabin. New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1845. 49
Collection of stories written in Gullah dialect.
285 Smith, Pamela C. “Two Negro Stories From Jamaica." JAF 9.32 (Jan uary-March, 1896): 278.
Recorded reproductions of two Negro stories.
286* Speirs, R. The Proverbs of British Guiana. Demerara: Agrosy Press, 1902.
287 Sprave, Gilbert A (See No. 161).
288 Stewart, Sadie E. "Seven Folktales From the Sea Islands, South Carolina." JAF 32.125 (July-September, 1919): 394-96.
Seven Tales written in Gullah dialect; The Relay Race, Fire
Test: Mock Plea, In the Well, Who Dives the Longest: Cart¬
load of Fish, and The Rich Old Man.
289 Stoney, Samuel and Matthews, Shelby. Black Genesis. New York: Macmillan, 1930.
Traces Gullah-Folk speech back to Antilles and West Africa.
Eleven tales in Gullah dialect. Considers Gullah a medium
of dialect preservation between Africa and America.
290* Stuart, Gladys. "Some Creole Proverbs and Their Uses." NJ3 2 (March, 1974): 6-22.
291 Valkhoff, Marius F. (See No. 74)
292 Voorhoeve, Jan. (See No. 171)
293 . "The Art of Reading Creole Poetry." In Pidginiza- tion and Creolization of Languages: Proceedings of a Confer¬ ence held at the University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April, 1968, p. 326. Edited by Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cam¬ bridge University Press, 1971.
Demonstrates universality of poetry through a Creole Suriname
poem written in Sranan with an English interpretation. 50
294 Whitehead, Henry S. "Negro Dialect in the Virgin Islands." AS 7.3 (February, 1931-32): 175-179.
Virgin Island Negro humor and dialect as compared to "Brer
Rabbit" and"Marse Chan" classics of Virginia. In reference
to dialect, includes long dialogue between a pastor and St.
Croix born parishoner.
295 Work, Monroe N. "Geechee Folklore." _SW 34 (December, 1905): 633- 635
Proverbs, beliefs and plant superstitions of Negroes of Thunder¬
bolt, Georgia. Describes dialect as "peculiar." CHAPTER VI
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
296 Brasch, lia Wales, and Brasch, Walter. A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography of American Black English. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1974.
Related materials on Black American English. Includes works on
creolist theory.
297 Comitas, Lambros. Caribbeans 1900-1965. Research Institute For The Study of Man University, Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1968.
Topical bibliography on West Indies, focused on non-hispanic
territories. Chapter twenty-five is entitled "Creole Languages."
298 Dillard, J. L. Review of Bibliographie du Negro-Angalis du Surinam. Edited by Jan Voohoeve, and A. Donicie. ÇS 5.3 October, 1965, pp. 6.
Regards the book as the most thorough bibliography on the
subject to date.
299 . "Towards a Bibliography of Works Dealing With the Creole Language of The Caribbean Area, Louisiana, and The Guianas." ÇS 3.1 (April, 1963): 84-95.
Criticizes previous bibliography (Joan Rubins, 1963) on
creole languages. Lists supplementary bibliographical works
on Creole languages.
300 Janheinz, Jahn. A Bibliography of Neo-African Literature from Africa. America, and the Caribbean. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965.
Contemporary neo-African literature.
51 52
301 Reinecke, J. D. , DeCamp, D., Hancock, I. A., Tsuzaki, S. and Wood, R. A Bibliography of Pidgins And Creoles. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 1974.
302 Rubin, Joan. "A Bibliography of Caribbean Creole Language." £S 2.4 (1963): 51-65.
Creole works of Louisiana, Antilles, Caribbean Area and
Guianas relating to linguistics, socio-linguistics and history
(Dillard, J. L., see no. 299).
303 Twining, Mary Arnold. "Caribbean Folklore." Atlanta University, CAAS No. 6 (1971) .
Bibliography of Caribbean folklore, Dutch, English, French,
and Spanish. Limited works on Cuba and Puerto Rico.
304* Voorhoeve, Jan, and Donicie, Antoon. Bibliographie du Negro-Anglais du Surinam. Amsterdam: 1963 (Dillard, J. L., see no. 298). AUTHOR INDEX
Abrahams, Roger D. - 182, 243
Alatis, James E. - 1
Alleyne, Mervin - 24, 81, 183, 184
Allsopp, Richard - 82-84, 185
Armstrong, Percy E. - 25
Atiery, Mason - 85
Bailey, Beryl L. - 26, 27, 86, 87, 186-188
Bailey, Charles-James N. -28, 29
Banks, E. P. - 244
Barnett, A. G. - 88
Bascom, William R. - 189
Bates, William G. - 245
Bauer, Anton - 30
Beekwith, Martha - 89
Bell, Roger T. - 31, 32
Bennett, John - 90
Bennett, Louise - 246
Bentz, Dorothy - 190
Bernard, Benn W. - 191
Bickerton, Derek - 32-35, 91, 192
Bloomfield, Leonard - 2, 36
Brasch, lia Wales - 296
Brasch, Walter - 193, 296
Bryan, Avril T. - 92
53 54
Burke, Virginia M. - 21
Carden, G. - 3
Carr, Elizabeth - 93
Cassidy, Frederick G. - 94-100, 194-196, 247
Cave, G. - 197
Chavanachat, Ponsawan - 101
Christensen, A.M.H. - 248
Clarke, Nona H. - 23
Collymore, Frank A. - 102
Comitas, Lambros - 297
Craig, Dennis - 198-200
Cramer, Louis - 249
Creary, Jean - 103
Crooks, Kenneth - 250
Cruickshank, J. Graham - 104
Crum, Mason - 105, 251
Cunningham, I.A.E. - 106
Dalby, David - 37
Davis, Lawrence M. - 107, 201
Day, Richard R. - 108, 109
DeCamp, David - 4, 5, 110-112, 202-204, 252-255, 301
Dillard, J. L. 6, 38, 113-119, 205-207, 298, 299
Donicie, Antoon - 304
Doran, Edwin Beale, Jr. - 120
Dubelaar, C. N. - 256
Durham, Marshall 7 55
Dyneley, Prince John - 121
Echteld, Johannes Julius Marius 122
Edwards, Jay - 123, 124, 208
Eersel, Christian - 209
Eliason, Norman - 125
Fasold, Ralph W. - 126
Ferguson, Charles A. - 39
Figueroa, John J. - 210
Foley, Lawrence N. - 257
Frank, Francine W. - 211
Garrett, Romeo B. - 127
Girard, Victor - 128
Glissmeyer, Gloria - 129
Glock, N. - 131
Gonggrijp, J. W. - 130
Gonzales, Ambrose E. - 253, 259
Grant, Cyril E. - 260
Gray, Cecil - 212, 261
Grimes, J. E. - 131
Grimshaw, Allen D. - 213
Hair, P. E. H-- 132
Hall, Robert A. - 40-45 , 133-36, 214,
Hancock, Ian F. - 5, 8, 46-48, 301
Haskell, Ann Sullivan - 262
Hawkins, John - 263
Hellinger, Marlis - 137
Herskovits, F. S. - 138, 265 56
Herskovits, Melville J. - 9, 138, 264, 265
Hill, Errol - 10
Hoenigswald, Henry M.- 215
Howers, Barbara - 266
Hymes, Dell - 11, 12, 49, 216
James, Sybil - 217
Janheinz, Jahn - 300
Johnson, Guy B. - 139, 140, 268
Johnson, John H. - 269
Joos, Martin - 50
Jekyll, Walter - 267
Kay, Paul - 51
Kloe, Donald R. - 270
Labov, William - 52
Lawton, D. L.- 141
Leechman, Douglas - 142
LePage, Robert A.- 13, 14, 53, 54, 99, 100, 143, 218-223, 271
Lichtveld, Lou - 55
Lieberman, Dena - 224
Livingston, James - 15
Long, Richard A. - 144, 225
McDavid, Raven - 56, 145
Malkoc, Anna Maria - 226
Malmstrom, Jean - 16
Markwardt, Albert H. - 57
Mason, Julian - 146
Matthews, Mitford 147 57
Matthews, Shelby - 290
Meade, Florence 0. - 272
Meikle, H. B. - 227
Miller, Errol - 228
Minderhout, David J. 148
Mintz, Sidney - 229
Morris, J. Allen - 273
Munro, Helen - 149
Norton, Arthur A. - 150
Odo, Carol - 151
Parish, Lydia - 274
Parsons, E. C. - 275, 276
Pénard, A. P. - 277
Pénard, T. E. - 277
Perlman, Alan M. - 152
Peterkin, Julia - 278- 281
Reinecke, John E. - 153, 230-232
Reisman, K. M. L. - 154
Rens, L. L. E. - 155, 233
Richards, Henry - 156
Rickford, John R. - 58
Roach, Eric - 282
Roberts, Helen H. - 283
Roberts, A. Hood - 229
Rubin, Joan - 302
Safire, William - 157
Samarin, William J. - 59 58
Sartdmann, M. - 234
Schneider, Gilbert - 60
Schuchardt, Huge - 305
Schwartz, William L. - 61
Seidleman, Morris - 158
Sharp, S. - 17
Shores, David - 18
Shun, Laura Pierson - 171
Simms, William Gilmore - 284
Smith, Arthur L. - 19
Smith, Pamela C. - 285
Smith, Reed - 159
Solomon, Dennis - 160
Speirs, R. - 286
Sprave, Gilbert - 161, 287
Springer, H.W. - 235
Stewart, William - 20, 62, 162, 236-239, 288
Stoney, Samuel G. - 289
Stuart, Gladys - 290
Taylor, Douglas - 63-70, 163, 164
Thompson, R.W. - 71
Todd, Loretto - 72
Tsuzaki, Stanley M. - 165, 301
Turner, Lorenzo D.- 166, 167, 240
Twining, Mary Arnold - 303
Valeriano, Carmen - 73
Valkhoff, Marius F. - 74, 291 59
Vanderslice, Ralph - 168
Vérin, Pierre Michaelle 241
Voegelin, Carl F. - 75, 169
Voegelin, Florence M. - 75, 169
Voorhoeve, Jan - 76, 170-179, 242, 292, 293, 304
Weinreich, Uriel - 79
Whinnon, Keith - 77, 78
Whitehead, Henry S. - 294
Williamson, Juanita V. 21
Wolfram, Walter A. - 22, 23, 80, 180
Work, Monroe N. - 295
Zimmermann, G. P. H. - 181