9/11/2019 Botany Dept 1 INTRODUCTION

• Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan. • Some of the earlier systems of classification of angiosperms were artificial systems, since they used only certain superficial characteristics as the basis. • With more and more detailed study on the morphological, physiological and reproductive aspects of angiosperms, the artificial systems of classifications were replaced by the natural systems of classification. • George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker - Two English taxonomists who were closely associated with the Royal Botanical Garden at Kew, England have given a detailed classification of plant kingdom, particularly the angiosperms. • They gave an outstanding system of classification of phanerogams in their Genera Plantarum which was published in three volumes between the years 1862 to 1883. It is a natural system of classification. • They described 97,205 species of flowering plants grouped into 202 orders (now recognised as families). • The system has the advantage of being the first great natural system of classification, which is very easy to follow. George Bentham 1800-1884

Joseph Dalton Hooker 1817-1911

SUB-CLASS - POLYPETALAE petals separate

Series

THALAMIFLORAE DISCIFLORAE CALYCIFLORAE

Orders Orders Orders Ranales Geraniales Rosales Parietales Olacales Myrtales Polygalineae Celastrales Passiflorales Caryophyllineae Sapindales Ficoidales Guttiferales Umbellales Malvales THALAMIFLORAE Many stamens in the androecium. Flower is hypogynous Orders

Ranales Parietales Polygalineae Caryophyllineae Guttiferales Malvales

Families Families Families Families Families Families

Ranunculaceae Sarraceniaceae Pittosporaceae Frankeniaceae Elatinaceae

Hypericaceae Sterculiaceae Dilleniaceae Tremandraceae Caryophyllaceae

Portulacaceae Guttiferae Calycanthaceae Cruciferae Polygalaceae Tamaricaceae Theaceae Magnoliaceae Capparaceae Dipterocarpaceae Resedaceae Sarcolaenaceae Cistaceae

Berberidaceae

Nymphaceae Canellaceae

Bixaceae. DISCIFLORAE Hypogynous flowers with a cushion-like disc around or below the ovary Orders

Geraniales Olacales Celastrales Sapindales

Families Families Families Families Linaceae Olacaceae Celastraceae Humiriaceae Aquifoliaceae Stackhousiaceae Meliosmaceae

Malpighiaceae Rhamnaceae Anacardiaceae Vitaceae Coriariaceae Zygophyllaceae Moringaceae Geraniaceae

Rutaceae Simaroubaceae Burseraceae Dichapetalaceae CALYCIFLORAE Flowers epigynous or perigynous Thalamus is in the form of a cup

Orders

Rosales Myrtales Passiflorales Ficoidales Umbellales

Families Families Families Families Families

Connaraceae Rhizophoraceae Loasaceae Cactaceae Umbelliferae

Araliaceae Leguminosae Combretaceae Turneraceae Aizoaceae

Myrtaceae Cornaceae Rosaceae Passifloraceae Melastomataceae Saxifragaceae Cucurbitaceae

Lythraceae Crassulaceae Begoniaceae Onagraceae Droseraceae Datiscaceae

Hamamelidaceae

Bruniaceae

Haloragaceae SUB-CLASS - GAMOPETALAE petals fused

Series

INFERAE HETEROMERAE BICARPELLATAE

Orders Orders Orders Rubiales Ericales Gentianales Asterales Primulales Polemoniales Campanulales Ebenales Personiales Lamiales INFERAE Flowers with inferior ovary Orders

Rubiales Asterales Campanulales

Families Families Families Caprifoliaceae Valerianaceae Stylidaceae Dipsacaceae Rubiaceae Goodeniaceae Calyceraceae Campanulaceae Compositae HETEROMERAE Flowers with superior ovary Number of carpels - more than two

Orders

Ericales Primulales Ebenales

Families Families Families Ericaceae Plumbaginaceae Sapotaceae Clethraceae Primulaceae Ebenaceae Epacridaceae Myrsinaceae Styracaceae Diapensiaceae

Lennoceae BICARPELLATAE Ovary superior, with 2 carpels

Orders

Gentianales Polemoniales Personiales Lamiales

Families Families Families Families Oleaceae Polemoniaceae Scrophulariaceae Myoporaceae Salvadoraceae Hydrophyllaceae Globulariaceae Verbenaceae Apocynaceae Boraginaceae Lentibulariaceae Labiatae Asclepiadaceae Convolvulaceae Gesneriaceae Plantaginaceae Loganiaceae Solanaceae Bignoniaceae

Gentianaceae Pedaliaceae Acanthaceae MONOCHLAMYDEAE only 1 kind of perianth

Series

Multiovulate Multiovulate Achlamydo Ordines Curvembryae Microembryae Daphnales Unisexuales Aquaticae Terrestris -sporae Anomali

Families Families Families Families Families Families Families Families Nyctaginaceae Podostemaceae Nepenthaceae Piperaceae Lauraceae Loranthaceae Euphorbiaceae Salicaceae

Amaranthaceae Cyinaceae Chloranthaceae Proteaceae Santalaceae Balanopaceae Empetraceae

Myristicaceae Myristicaceae Thymelaeaceae Balanophoraceae Urticaceae Ceratophyllaceae Chenopodiaceae Monimiaceae Penaeaceae FicoidalesPlatanaceae LacisternaceaeFicoidales Batidaceae Elaegnaceae Leitneriaceae Polygonaceae Juglandaceae Phytolaccaceae Myricaceae

Casuarinaceaeficoidales

Betulaceae CLASS-MONOCOTYLEDONAE 1 cotyledon, flowers trimerous

Series

Microspermae Epigynae Coronarieae Calycinae Nudiflorae Apocarpae Glumaceae

Families Families Families Families Families Families Families

Hydrocharitaceae Scitamineae Roxburghiceae Flagellariaceae Pandanaceae Triuridaceae Eriocaulaceae

Juncaceae Alismataceae Centrolepidaceae Burmanniaceae Bromeliaceae Liliaceae Cyclanthaceae

Palmae Typhaceae Najadaceae Restionaceae Orchidaceae Haemodoraceae Pontederiaceae

Philydraceae Araceae Cyperaceae Iridaceae Gramineae Xyridaceae Lemnaceae Amaryllidaceae Mayacaceae Taccaceae Commelinaceae Dioscoreaceae Rapateaceae DRAWBACKS

• Gymnosperms were placed between Dicots and Monocots. • Many important floral characters were neglected. • It is not a phylogenetic scheme. • Some of the closely related families have been separated and placed under different cohotrs and a number of unrelated families put together. • Some advanced families like Orchidaceae have been regarded as primitive by placing in the beginning. THANK YOU