9/11/2019 Botany Dept 1 INTRODUCTION
• Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan. • Some of the earlier systems of classification of angiosperms were artificial systems, since they used only certain superficial characteristics as the basis. • With more and more detailed study on the morphological, physiological and reproductive aspects of angiosperms, the artificial systems of classifications were replaced by the natural systems of classification. • George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker - Two English taxonomists who were closely associated with the Royal Botanical Garden at Kew, England have given a detailed classification of plant kingdom, particularly the angiosperms. • They gave an outstanding system of classification of phanerogams in their Genera Plantarum which was published in three volumes between the years 1862 to 1883. It is a natural system of classification. • They described 97,205 species of flowering plants grouped into 202 orders (now recognised as families). • The system has the advantage of being the first great natural system of classification, which is very easy to follow. George Bentham 1800-1884
Joseph Dalton Hooker 1817-1911
SUB-CLASS - POLYPETALAE petals separate
Series
THALAMIFLORAE DISCIFLORAE CALYCIFLORAE
Orders Orders Orders Ranales Geraniales Rosales Parietales Olacales Myrtales Polygalineae Celastrales Passiflorales Caryophyllineae Sapindales Ficoidales Guttiferales Umbellales Malvales THALAMIFLORAE Many stamens in the androecium. Flower is hypogynous Orders
Ranales Parietales Polygalineae Caryophyllineae Guttiferales Malvales
Families Families Families Families Families Families
Ranunculaceae Sarraceniaceae Pittosporaceae Frankeniaceae Elatinaceae Malvaceae
Hypericaceae Sterculiaceae Dilleniaceae Papaveraceae Tremandraceae Caryophyllaceae
Portulacaceae Guttiferae Tiliaceae Calycanthaceae Cruciferae Polygalaceae Tamaricaceae Theaceae Magnoliaceae Capparaceae Dipterocarpaceae Annonaceae Resedaceae Sarcolaenaceae Menispermaceae Cistaceae
Berberidaceae Violaceae
Nymphaceae Canellaceae
Bixaceae. DISCIFLORAE Hypogynous flowers with a cushion-like disc around or below the ovary Orders
Geraniales Olacales Celastrales Sapindales
Families Families Families Families Linaceae Olacaceae Celastraceae Sapindaceae Humiriaceae Aquifoliaceae Stackhousiaceae Meliosmaceae
Malpighiaceae Rhamnaceae Anacardiaceae Vitaceae Coriariaceae Zygophyllaceae Moringaceae Geraniaceae
Rutaceae Simaroubaceae Ochnaceae Burseraceae Meliaceae Dichapetalaceae CALYCIFLORAE Flowers epigynous or perigynous Thalamus is in the form of a cup
Orders
Rosales Myrtales Passiflorales Ficoidales Umbellales
Families Families Families Families Families
Connaraceae Rhizophoraceae Loasaceae Cactaceae Umbelliferae
Araliaceae Leguminosae Combretaceae Turneraceae Aizoaceae
Myrtaceae Cornaceae Rosaceae Passifloraceae Melastomataceae Saxifragaceae Cucurbitaceae
Lythraceae Crassulaceae Begoniaceae Onagraceae Droseraceae Datiscaceae
Hamamelidaceae
Bruniaceae
Haloragaceae SUB-CLASS - GAMOPETALAE petals fused
Series
INFERAE HETEROMERAE BICARPELLATAE
Orders Orders Orders Rubiales Ericales Gentianales Asterales Primulales Polemoniales Campanulales Ebenales Personiales Lamiales INFERAE Flowers with inferior ovary Orders
Rubiales Asterales Campanulales
Families Families Families Caprifoliaceae Valerianaceae Stylidaceae Dipsacaceae Rubiaceae Goodeniaceae Calyceraceae Campanulaceae Compositae HETEROMERAE Flowers with superior ovary Number of carpels - more than two
Orders
Ericales Primulales Ebenales
Families Families Families Ericaceae Plumbaginaceae Sapotaceae Clethraceae Primulaceae Ebenaceae Epacridaceae Myrsinaceae Styracaceae Diapensiaceae
Lennoceae BICARPELLATAE Ovary superior, with 2 carpels
Orders
Gentianales Polemoniales Personiales Lamiales
Families Families Families Families Oleaceae Polemoniaceae Scrophulariaceae Myoporaceae Salvadoraceae Hydrophyllaceae Globulariaceae Verbenaceae Apocynaceae Boraginaceae Lentibulariaceae Labiatae Asclepiadaceae Convolvulaceae Gesneriaceae Plantaginaceae Loganiaceae Solanaceae Bignoniaceae
Gentianaceae Pedaliaceae Acanthaceae MONOCHLAMYDEAE only 1 kind of perianth
Series
Multiovulate Multiovulate Achlamydo Ordines Curvembryae Microembryae Daphnales Unisexuales Aquaticae Terrestris -sporae Anomali
Families Families Families Families Families Families Families Families Nyctaginaceae Podostemaceae Nepenthaceae Piperaceae Lauraceae Loranthaceae Euphorbiaceae Salicaceae
Amaranthaceae Cyinaceae Chloranthaceae Proteaceae Santalaceae Balanopaceae Empetraceae
Myristicaceae Myristicaceae Thymelaeaceae Balanophoraceae Urticaceae Ceratophyllaceae Chenopodiaceae Monimiaceae Penaeaceae FicoidalesPlatanaceae LacisternaceaeFicoidales Batidaceae Elaegnaceae Leitneriaceae Polygonaceae Juglandaceae Phytolaccaceae Myricaceae
Casuarinaceaeficoidales
Betulaceae CLASS-MONOCOTYLEDONAE 1 cotyledon, flowers trimerous
Series
Microspermae Epigynae Coronarieae Calycinae Nudiflorae Apocarpae Glumaceae
Families Families Families Families Families Families Families
Hydrocharitaceae Scitamineae Roxburghiceae Flagellariaceae Pandanaceae Triuridaceae Eriocaulaceae
Juncaceae Alismataceae Centrolepidaceae Burmanniaceae Bromeliaceae Liliaceae Cyclanthaceae
Palmae Typhaceae Najadaceae Restionaceae Orchidaceae Haemodoraceae Pontederiaceae
Philydraceae Araceae Cyperaceae Iridaceae Gramineae Xyridaceae Lemnaceae Amaryllidaceae Mayacaceae Taccaceae Commelinaceae Dioscoreaceae Rapateaceae DRAWBACKS
• Gymnosperms were placed between Dicots and Monocots. • Many important floral characters were neglected. • It is not a phylogenetic scheme. • Some of the closely related families have been separated and placed under different cohotrs and a number of unrelated families put together. • Some advanced families like Orchidaceae have been regarded as primitive by placing in the beginning. THANK YOU