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Biosystematics of Angiosperms, Plant Development and Reproduction MBO-06 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Biosystematics of Angiosperms, Plant Development and Reproduction MBO-06 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Biosystematics of Angiosperms, Plant Development and Reproduction Course Development Committee Chair Person Prof. Ashok Sharma Vice-Chancellor Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Coordinator and Members Convener Dr. Anuradha Dubey Department of Botany School of Science & Technology Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Members Prof. L.R.Gurjar Prof. T.N. Bhardwaj Director (Academic) (Special Invite) Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Former Vice-Chancellor, Kota VMOU, Kota Dr. Arvind Pareek Dr. P.K. Sharma Director (Regional Centre) Department of Botany Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, MSJ College, Kota Bharatpur Prof. B.L. Choudhary Dr. P.P. Paliwal Former Vice-Chancellor, Department of Botany MohanLal Sukhadia University, Udaipur Govt. PG College, Banswara Prof. S.L. Kothari Dr. Ekta Menghani Department of Botany Department of Botany University of Rajasthan, Jaipur JECRC University, Jaipur Dr. G.P. Singh Dr. Neerja Srivastava Department of Botany Department of Botany University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Govt. PG College, Kota Dr. Vandana Sharma Department of Botany Govt. PG College, Kota Editing and Course Writing Editor Dr. G.P. Singh Department of Botany University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Writers: Dr. Amit Kotia 1,2,3,4 Dr. Praveen Soni 9,15, Department of Botany Department of Botany 17 University of Rajasthan, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Jaipur Dr. Praveen Mohil 5,6,7,8 Dr. Sulekha Joshi 18,19 Department of Botany Department of Botany University of Rajasthan, Govt. College, Kota Jaipur Dr. Jitendra Kumar Verma 10,11,12 Dr. Anuradha Dubey 20 Department of Botany Department of Botany J.D.B. Govt. Girls College, Vardhman Mahaveer Open Kota University, Kota Dr. Subhash C. Verma 13,14,16 Department of Botany P.S. B. Government P. G. College, Shahpura, Bhilwara Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) Ashok Sharma Prof. (Dr.) L.R. Gurjar Dr. Arvind Pareek Vice-Chancellor Director Director Vardhman Mahaveer Open Academic & Planning Material Production & Distributio n University, Vardhman Mahaveer Open Department Rawat Bhata Road, Kota University, Kota Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Production: 2017 ISBN No: All Right reserved. No part of this Book may be reproduced in any form by mimeograph or any other means without permission in writing from V.M. Open University, Kota. Printed and Published on behalf of the Registrar, V.M. Open University, Kota. Printed By: Rajasthan State Cooperative Press Ltd. , Jaipur MBO-06 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Index Biosystematics of Angiosperms, Plant Development and Reproduction Unit No. Unit Name Page No. Unit - 1 Origin of Intrapopulation Variation and Phylogeny of 1 Angiosperms Unit - 2 The Species Concept & Plant Nomenclature 19 Unit - 3 Biosystematics 40 Unit - 4 (Part-A) Taxonomic Evidence and Taxonomic Tools – I 58 (Part-B) Taxonomic Evidence and Taxonomic Tools - II 78 Unit - 5 Classification System of Angiosperms 97 Unit - 6 Phytogeography 120 Unit - 7 General Account of Families: I 139 (Ranales, Centrospermae and Amentiferae) Unit - 8 General Account of Families: II 148 (Tubiflorae, Helobiales and Poales) Unit - 9 Introduction to Plant Development and 159 Seed Germination & Growth Unit - 10 Shoot Development 175 Unit - 11 Root Development 237 Unit - 12 Leaf Growth and Differentiation 260 Unit - 13 Introduction to Plant Reproduction 289 Unit - 14 Structure and Development of Male Gametophyte 326 Unit - 15 Structure and Development of Female Gametophyte 358 Unit - 16 Pollination, Pollen- Pistil Interaction and Fertilization 374 Unit - 17 Seed Development and Fruit Growth 413 Unit - 18 Apomixis, Polyembryony and Parthenocarpy 441 Unit - 19 Latent Life-Dormancy 464 Unit - 20 Plant Senescence and Programmed Cell Death 484 MBO-06 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Preface The present book entitled “Biosystematics of Angiosperms, Plant Development and Reproduction” has been designed so as to cover the unit-wise syllabus of MBO-06 course for M.Sc. Botany (Final) students of Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota. The basic principles and theory have been explained in simple, concise and lucid manner. Adequate examples, diagrammes, photographs and self- learning exercises have also been included to enable the students to grasp the subject easily. The unit writers have consulted various standard books on the subject and they are thankful to the authors of these reference books. ---------------- MBO-06 Unit - 1 Origin of Intrapopulation Variation and Phylogeny of Angiosperms Structure of the Unit: 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Origin of Intrapopulation Variation 1.2.1 Population and Environment 1.2.2 Ecads and Ecotypes 1.2.3 Evolution and Differentiation of species-various models 1.3 Phylogeny of Angiosperms 1.3. 1 Ancestors of Angiosperms 1.3.2 Time and Place of Origin of Angiosperm 1.3. 3 Primitive Living Angiosperm 1.3. 4 Inter-relationship among the major groups of Angiosperms 1.4 Summary 1. 5 Glossary 1.6 Self-Learning Exercise 1.7 References 1.0 Objectives After going through this unit, you will be understood about: the relationship between the population and environment Ecads and Ecotypes Evolution and Differentiation of species-various models Ancestors of Angiosperms with their Time and Place of Origin Primitive Living Angiosperm Inter-relationship of Angiosperm with other existing groups 1 MBO-06 1.1 Introduction The origin of species is based on the population study as we have to first learn about what kind of population exists in the habitat as they may be of same gene pool and may be some isolation has occured in their gene pool. After the study, the terminology viz. Ecads and Ecotype came, and the difference is that the morphological variation disappear in Ecads when they grow in same habitat which means that these variations are not coded genetically (Euphorbia hirta) where as in Ecotype, the variations do not disappear as the characters are coded genetically (Potentilla glandulosa). This population isolation mechanism resulted in development of new species as the characters have been genetically modified and the speciation process is initiated. There are two methods of speciation viz. Allopatric and Sympatric patterns. Scientists described different models and concepts of species which help in underatanding the species at different levels like- The Biological Species Concept is the concept of species reflecting about the species that a population or series of populations those freely interbreeding here organisms reproductively isolated from other such population. The origin of Angiospems is a massive subject to study and there are some lacunas to correlate the origin of Angiosperm because the fossil record has not provided conclusive information about the origin of angiosperms. But modern science has some how concluded the relation of the major groups and their phylogeny and where they have arisen. Some fossil records show their origin or relation with Pteridospermales, Bennettitales, Cycadales and Pentoxylanean group whereas some botanist show the affinities and origin of Angiosperms with lower group and primitive Angiospems like Ephedrales, Gnetales, Amentiferae, Ranalesccc, and Isoetalean members. The time of origin of Angiosperm is not clear as they suddenly appeared in the Cretaceous period and since this age, angiosperms have became dominant vegetation on the earth. Even the place of origin is also described by different botanist like according to Seward (1931) the Arctic region, Smith (1970) located in South-East Asia, Retallack and Dilcher (1981) believed origin in the Rift valley system adjoining Africa and South America. The primitive living Angiospers are belong to some families this includes Winteraceae, Magnoliaceae, Degeneriaceae, Himantandraceae, Eupomatiaceae, Annonaceae, Canellaceae, and Myristaceae belongs to the orders Magnoliales. Austrobaileyaceae, Amborellaceae, Monimiaceae and Calycanthaceae belong to the order Laurales and in the order Trochodendrales with the famalis Trochodendraceae and Tetracentraceae. Some other like orders Piperales, Nymphaeales, Illiciales and Ranunculales also reported primitive members. 2 MBO-06 1.2 Origin of Intrapopulation Variation 1.2.1 Population and Environment Generally, the population is defined in different ways for different purposes. Population is the group of individuals which are common to appear. The definition which is used largely by taxonomists is “The group of individuals considered to gene-pool together at any one time because of the features they share in common.” It means that the group of plants, growing together, which look similar or a series of such plants which grow in a particular area. Usually in population genetics, the co-habitation of the particular group of individual allows them to exchange their genes. Therefore a breeding population can be defined as “a group of individuals less degree with of crossing and with consequent gene flow”. Two points should be noted here (i) Possibility of inter breeding (ii) Genetic similarity The population is not defined on the basis of morphological characteristics especially at gene level. Population is that in which the individual members share gene and become inbreeding there by sharing a common gene pool. Sirels (1951) categorized population in two distinguished group as Plurispecific and Unispecific population. The Plurispecific
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