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Use of Plant Growth Regulators to Enhance Branching of Clematis Spp

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Use of Plant Growth Regulators to Enhance Branching of Clematis Spp Use of Plant Growth Regulators to Enhance Branching of Clematis spp. by Sadie Erica Puglisi Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Horticulture August 31, 2002 Blacksburg, Virginia Approved: Joyce Latimer, Chairman Holly Scoggins, Committee Member Greg Eaton, Committee Member Keywords: PGR, dikegulac, BA, GA4+7, thidiazuron, ethephon, forchlorfenuron Use of Plant Growth Regulators to Enhance Branching of Clematis spp. by Sadie Erica Puglisi Joyce Latimer, Chairman Abstract Clematis spp. L. is a twining vine covered in showy blooms. Typical growth of hybrids is from the main leader, producing a thin, unbranched plant with one cyme. Apical dominance is released by cutting back the vine during production. Cutting back, or pinching, of a plant is labor intensive and compromises bloom for vegetative growth at time of sales. The purpose of this project was to eliminate manual pinching by treating young plants with chemical plant growth regulators (PGRs) that enhance branching without removal of the apical meristem. The first project evaluated the use of Atrimmec (dikegulac sodium), Fascination (BA+GA4+7), Florel (ethephon), and Dropp 50 (thidiazuron) on Clematis cultivars Ernest Markham, and Hagley Hybrid, and Clematis viticella ‘Polish Spirit.’ Plants treated with 800 mg·L-1 Atrimmec, or 800 or 1200 mg·L-1 Fascination experienced an increase in branch numbers. The second experiment manipulated the ratio of the components of Fascination, 6-BA and GA4+7, to reduce phytotoxicity experienced in the first experiment. The optimal ratio to enhance branching was 1:1, which is the stock solution for Fascination. All ratios produced ii phytotoxic symptoms. A third experiment tested lower rates of thidiazuron and added CPPU (forchlorfenuron) to the list of PGRs to test. The last experiment took the most effective PGR treatments, Atrimmec at 800 mg·L-1, and Fascination at 800 or 1200 mg·L- 1, and compared them to the current production practices of pinching. Large flowering cultivars of clematis were used, including ‘Comotesse de Bouchard,’ ‘Ernest Markham,’ and ‘Hagley Hybrid.’ Atrimmec increased branch numbers and suppressed leader lengths without a mechanical pinch. Results from Fascination varied by cultivar. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Velva Groover for her technical and emotional support. Velva always had an answer for questions of all subject matters, and an ear for troubles and long stories. I would like to thank Joyce Latimer for taking me on as a student at a moments notice and giving me every opportunity to become part of the industry I was learning about. My gratitude goes out to Holly Scoggins for sharing her knowledgeable advice, guidance, and friendship. My deepest appreciations go to Michelle Marini for statistical counseling, patience, and a willingness to help at any and every moment. Thank you to Joel Shuman for hours spent teaching me how to use a computer. Finally, thanks to Mary Benton and Jason Camper for hours and hours of help, encouragement, laughs, and positive perspectives at all times. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................IX LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................IX INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE.................................................................................................. 1 DESCRIPTION OF PLANT MATERIAL.................................................................................. 3 CLEMATIS PRODUCTION................................................................................................... 7 PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS......................................................................................... 9 Auxin..........................................................................................................................10 Cytokinin ................................................................................................................... 12 Ethylene..................................................................................................................... 12 Gibberellin ................................................................................................................ 13 DESCRIPTION OF EACH PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR.................................................... 14 Atrimmec ................................................................................................................... 14 Fascination................................................................................................................ 15 Florel.........................................................................................................................15 Dropp 50 and CPPU................................................................................................. 16 PREVIOUS USE OF CHEMICALS AS BRANCH ENHANCERS ................................................ 17 Dikegulac .................................................................................................................. 17 BA+GA4+7 ................................................................................................................. 17 Ethephon.................................................................................................................... 18 v Thidiazuron ...............................................................................................................19 Forchlorfenuron........................................................................................................ 20 LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................................ 21 PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS TO ENHANCE BRANCHING OF CLEMATIS SPP. ................................................................................................................................... 24 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... 25 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 27 MATERIALS AND METHODS............................................................................................ 29 Experiment one.......................................................................................................... 29 Data and Statistics:...................................................................................................31 BA:GA ratio............................................................................................................... 33 Cytokinin evaluation: ................................................................................................ 35 RESULTS......................................................................................................................... 36 Experiment one.......................................................................................................... 36 BA:GA ratio............................................................................................................... 41 Cytokinin evaluation: ................................................................................................ 42 DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................... 42 Experiment one.......................................................................................................... 42 BA:GA ratio............................................................................................................... 46 Cytokinin evaluation ................................................................................................. 48 LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................................ 50 vi APPENDIX 1.................................................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX 2.................................................................................................................... 53 FIGURE LEGENDS ........................................................................................................... 63 PGRS REPLACE PINCHING CLEMATIS SPP. TO INCREASE BRANCHING.........78 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... 79 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 81 MATERIALS AND METHOD ............................................................................................. 82 RESULTS......................................................................................................................... 85 Branching.................................................................................................................. 85 Pinch...................................................................................................................... 85 PGR ....................................................................................................................... 86 Height.......................................................................................................................
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