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Urban Floras Volume 1, Number 1 • December, 2003 A PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL ON THE BIOLOGY OF URBAN AREAS ISSN 1541-7115 Urban Floras Volume 1, Number 1 • December, 2003 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn New York 11225 • 718.623.7200 http://www.urbanhabitats.org/ Editors Steven E. Clemants Vice President for Science, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and Codirector, Center for Urban Restoration Ecology Janet Marinelli Director of Publishing, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and Member of the Steering Committee, Center for Urban Restoration Ecology Associate Editor Niall Dunne Brooklyn Botanic Garden Copy Editor Joni Blackburn Brooklyn Botanic Garden Website Alison Dorfman, Michael Barrish Brooklyn Botanic Garden Publisher The Center for Urban Restoration Ecology, a collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden A PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL ON THE BIOLOGY OF URBAN AREAS ISSN 1541-7115 Urban Floras Volume 1, Number 1 Page 4 Patterns of Species Diversity in Eight Northeastern United States Cities Steven E. Clemants and Gerry Moore, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11225 Page 1177 An Overview of the New York Metropolitan Flora Project A. Gerry Moore, Angela Steward, Steven E. Clemants, Steven Glenn, and Jinshuang Ma, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225 Page 25 Urban Floras of the 50 Most Populous Cities of the World Steven E. Clemants, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11225 Page 30 Flora of Beijing: An Overview and Suggestions for Future Research Jinshuang Ma, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, and Quanru Liu, Department of Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China Page 45 The Nonnative Flora of the Kyiv (Kiev) Urban Area, Ukraine: A Checklist and Brief Analysis Sergei L. Mosyakin and Oksana G. Yavorska, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkivska St., Kyiv (Kiev) 01601 Ukraine Page 66 The EffectsEffects of Climate Change on the Vegetation of Central European Cities Herbert Sukopp, lnstitut für Ökologie der Technischen Universität Berlin, D-12165 Berlin, Germany, and Angelica Wurzel, Deutscher Rat für Landespflege, D-53179 Bonn, Germany Page 8877 Ruderalization in a Roman Park as a Result of Changing Management P.M. Bianco, G. Fanelli, P. Tescarollo, and S. Pignatti, Dip. Di Biologia Vegetale-Orto Botanico, Universitá degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza," Largo Cristina di Suezia, 24 00165, Rome, Italy Page 105 A Reconstruction of the Flora and Vegetation in the Central Area of Early Medieval Kyiv, Ukraine, Based on the Results of Palynological Investigations Lyudmila G. Bezusko, Timur V. Bezusko, and Sergei L. Mosyakin, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkivska St., Kyiv (Kiev) 01601 Ukraine URBAN HABITATS, VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1 • ISSN 1541-7115 Patters of Species Richness in Eight Northeastern United States Cities http://www.urbanhabitats.org Steven Clemants and Gerry Moore Patterns of Species Richness in Eight Northeastern United States Cities* Steven Clemants and Gerry Moore Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11225; [email protected]; [email protected] with past research on native species showing a Abstract strong correlation of native species richness with In this paper, the native and nonnative floras of latitude and elevations due to climatic Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Washington, differences present at different latitudes and D.C., Detroit, Chicago, Minneapolis, and St. elevations. Further studies that incorporate data Louis urban areas are compared, and overall from additional urban areas are needed to native diversity and nonnative diversity are determine if nonnative species richness correlated with a variety of factors. A total of continues to be strongly correlated with time of a 4,159 species has been reported in the eight city’s settlement. urban areas. Of these, 2,708 (65.1%) are native to one or more of the urban areas and 1,451 (34.9%) are nonnative. Only 316 (11.6%) of the Introduction native species and only 109 (7.5%) of the Patterns of species richness have long interested nonnative species are common to all of the urban biologists (Wallace, 1878). The persistent and areas. When the similarity of native species is predictable patterns, even though actual numbers compared, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and of species in the studies may vary, suggest that Washington, D.C., form a cluster, as do Detroit, there are underlying, controlling factors. What Chicago, and Minneapolis; St. Louis is least those factors are and how they affect species similar to the other seven urban areas. richness has been the subject of numerous papers Correlating climatic variables (growing season, (Barthlott & Mutke, 2001; Currie, 1991; Currie temperature) and geographical variables (area, & Paquin, 1987; O’Brien, 1998). latitude, longitude) with species richness showed The best-known and most studied pattern is that nonnative species richness was most the latitudinal gradient. It has been demonstrated strongly correlated with longitude (probably as a that there is a strong negative correlation function of age of settlement). This is in contrast between latitude and species richness for a * Published Online June 24, 2003 number of species (i.e., as one samples in higher and higher latitudes, species richness diminishes - 4 - URBAN HABITATS, VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1 • ISSN 1541-7115 Patters of Species Richness in Eight Northeastern United States Cities http://www.urbanhabitats.org Steven Clemants and Gerry Moore [Fischer, 1960]). Other patterns that have been determine what relationship there is between recognized are strong correlations between these floras and various factors that might be species richness and longitude, precipitation, influencing native and nonnative species temperature, potential evapotranspiration (PET), diversity. and insolation (sunlight) (Currie, 1991; Currie & Paquin, 1987; Palmer, 1995; Barthlott & Mutke, Methods 2001). In North America, distinct latitudinal and Urban Areas longitudinal patterns have been recognized for The urban areas in this study are defined as all several groups of organisms, including trees the contiguous counties in and around the city (Currie & Paquin, 1987), mammals and with more than 86% of their populations living amphibians (Currie, 1991), and vascular plants in urban areas, as measured by the United States (Palmer, 1995). These patterns can be modeled Geological Survey (2000). The only exception is using climate data (O’Brien, 1998). the New York urban area: We excluded Hartford Urban areas are known to have different and New Haven Counties in Connecticut and climates, soils, hydrology, etc., than nonurban Hampden County in Massachusetts because areas (Pickett et al., 2001). One would therefore including them would have greatly expanded the expect the patterns of species diversity to be size of this urban area (already the largest) and different in these areas. Pysek (1998) compared because these counties are outside the study area 54 central European cities and concluded that the covered by the New York Metropolitan Flora “occurrence of native and alien species in urban Project (Moore, 2002). floras follows rather different pattern(s).” A database containing all species in the eight One aspect of species richness that is urban areas and their native/nonnative status can particularly relevant in urban areas is the be found in Database 1 accessible at occurrence of nonnative species. In nonurban http://www.urbanhabitats.org/v01n01/speciesdiv areas, Lonsdale (1999) found that 70% of ersity_full.html#database.. Table 1 provides nonnative species richness could be accounted information on the boundaries and data sources for by three factors: native species richness, for each of the eight areas studied. whether or not a site was a preserve, and whether a site was on an island or mainland. Similarly Predictors Stadler et al. (2000) found a correlation between Data for various predictors were calculated or nonnative species richness and native species compiled from a variety of sources (Table 2). richness. In urban areas, Pysek (1998) found that Latitude, longitude, and elevation information city size (area and population) was the best was derived from airports within each urban area predictor of nonnative species richness. (Santos, 2002). The land area was calculated by This study was conducted to examine totaling areas of counties taken from the United patterns of species richness in eight large States Census Bureau (2001). Climate data northeastern United States cities and to (growing season, temperature, precipitation) - 5 - URBAN HABITATS, VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1 • ISSN 1541-7115 Patters of Species Richness in Eight Northeastern United States Cities http://www.urbanhabitats.org Steven Clemants and Gerry Moore were gathered from three sources on the Internet: of the NTSYSpc (Numerical Taxonomy System, WorldClimate (2002), the National version 2.01) statistical package (Rohlf, 1997). Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Because it has been suggested that factors (NOAA, 2000), and Koss et al. (1988). For most influencing nonnative species richness and data, airports were used as the standard location native species richness are different (Pysek, within the urban area; however, we used the 1998), separate analyses were conducted on nearest available reporting station to gather native and nonnative species. growing-season data (see Table 1). Settlement To determine
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