11 the Evolutionary Strategy of Claviceps
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Within-Species Variation in Grass Weeds in Sweden
Within-species Variation in Grass Weeds in Sweden Dormancy, Herbicide Response, Genetic Relationships Liv Åkerblom Espeby Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Crop Production Ecology Uppsala Doctoral Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 2010 Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae 2010:35 ISSN 1652-6880 ISBN 978-91-576-7448-7 © 2010 Liv Åkerblom Espeby, Uppsala Print: SLU Service/Repro, Uppsala 2010 Within-species Variation in Grass Weeds in Sweden. Dormancy, Herbicide Response, Genetic Relationships Abstract Variation within a weed species enables it to persist through varying conditions and is thus an important component of weediness. In this thesis, intra-specific variation in two agronomically important attributes - herbicide susceptibility and seed dormancy - are studied in Swedish Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv. and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds., both serious annual weeds in winter cereals, and with many cases of herbicide resistance. Swedish Elymus repens (L.) Gould, a perennial, rhizomatous grass, is investigated for its genetic variability and variation in glyphosate response. The susceptibility to new and established herbicides in greenhouse studies in the two annual grasses ranged 0.5-4 orders of magnitude among populations, which mostly came from fields with no previous suspicion of resistance. The greatest variation was found in A. myosuroides in response to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (an old herbicide in the sense that it had been used for a decade), with significant correlation with response to flupyrsulfuron-Na (a newly introduced herbicide). One fifth of the A. spica-venti populations were significantly less susceptible to isoproturon (old) than a susceptible reference population, but without correlation in response to sulfosulfuron (new). -
Identification of Cereal Remains from Archaeological Sites 2Nd Edition 2006
Identification of cereal remains from archaeological sites 2nd edition 2006 Spikelet fork of the “new glume wheat” (Jones et al. 2000) Stefanie JACOMET and collaborators Archaeobotany Lab IPAS, Basel University English translation partly by James Greig CEREALS: CEREALIA Fam. Poaceae /Gramineae (Grasses) Systematics and Taxonomy All cereal species belong botanically (taxonomically) to the large family of the Gramineae (Poaceae). This is one of the largest Angiosperm families with >10 000 different species. In the following the systematics for some of the most imporant taxa is shown: class: Monocotyledoneae order: Poales familiy: Poaceae (= Gramineae) (Süssgräser) subfamily: Pooideae Tribus: Triticeae Subtribus: Triticinae genera: Triticum (Weizen, wheat); Aegilops ; Hordeum (Gerste; barley); Elymus; Hordelymus; Agropyron; Secale (Roggen, rye) Note : Avena and the millets belong to other Tribus. The identification of prehistoric cereal remains assumes understanding of different subject areas in botany. These are mainly morphology and anatomy, but also phylogeny and evolution (and today, also genetics). Since most of the cereal species are treated as domesticated plants, many different forms such as subspecies, varieties, and forms appear inside the genus and species (see table below). In domesticates the taxonomical category of variety is also called “sort” (lat. cultivar, abbreviated: cv.). This refers to a variety which evolved through breeding. Cultivar is the lowest taxonomic rank in the domesticated plants. Occasionally, cultivars are also called races: e.g. landraces evolved through genetic isolation, under local environmental conditions whereas „high-breed-races“ were breed by strong selection of humans. Anyhow: The morphological delimitation of cultivars is difficult, sometimes even impossible. It needs great experience and very detailed morphological knowledge. -
Weed Suppressive Ability of Cover Crop Mixtures Compared to Repeated Stubble Tillage and Glyphosate Treatments
agriculture Article Weed Suppressive Ability of Cover Crop Mixtures Compared to Repeated Stubble Tillage and Glyphosate Treatments Alexandra Schappert *, Miriam H. Messelhäuser, Marcus Saile, Gerassimos G. Peteinatos and Roland Gerhards Department of Weed Science, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; [email protected] (M.H.M.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (G.G.P.); [email protected] (R.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-711-459-23444 Received: 15 August 2018; Accepted: 13 September 2018; Published: 15 September 2018 Abstract: The utilization of an effective stubble management practice can reduce weed infestation before and in the following main crop. Different strategies can be used, incorporating mechanical, biological, and chemical measures. This study aims at estimating the effects of cover crop (CC) mixtures, various stubble tillage methods, and glyphosate treatments on black-grass, volunteer wheat and total weed infestation. Two experimental trials were conducted in Southwestern Germany including seven weed management treatments: flat soil tillage, deep soil tillage, ploughing, single glyphosate application, dual glyphosate application, and a CC mixture sown in a mulch-till and no-till system. An untreated control treatment without any processing was also included. Weed species were identified and counted once per month from October until December. The CC mixtures achieved a black-grass control efficacy of up to 100%, whereas stubble tillage and the single glyphosate treatment did not reduce the black-grass population, on the contrary it induced an increase of black-grass plants. The dual glyphosate application showed, similar to the CC treatments, best results for total weed and volunteer wheat reduction. -
Report of a Working Group on Forages: Eighth Meeting
European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic 2525 Report of a Working Resources Networks ECP GR Group on Forages Eighth Meeting, 10 –12 April 2003, Linz, Austria B. Boller, E. Willner, L. Maggioni and E. Lipman, compilers <www.futureharvest.org> IPGRI is a Future Harvest Centre supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic 2525 Report of a Working Resources Networks ECP GR Group on Forages Eighth Meeting, 10 –12 April 2003, Linz, Austria B. Boller, E. Willner, L. Maggioni and E. Lipman, compilers ii REPORT OF A WORKING GROUP ON FORAGES: EIGHTH MEETING The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an independent international scientific organization that seeks to improve the well-being of present and future generations of people by enhancing conservation and the deployment of agricultural biodiversity on farms and in forests. It is one of 15 Future Harvest Centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. IPGRI has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through four programmes: Diversity for Livelihoods, Understanding and Managing Biodiversity, Global Partnerships, and Improving Livelihoods in Commodity-based Systems. -
The Fungi Constitute a Major Eukary- Members of the Monophyletic Kingdom Fungi ( Fig
American Journal of Botany 98(3): 426–438. 2011. T HE FUNGI: 1, 2, 3 … 5.1 MILLION SPECIES? 1 Meredith Blackwell 2 Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA • Premise of the study: Fungi are major decomposers in certain ecosystems and essential associates of many organisms. They provide enzymes and drugs and serve as experimental organisms. In 1991, a landmark paper estimated that there are 1.5 million fungi on the Earth. Because only 70 000 fungi had been described at that time, the estimate has been the impetus to search for previously unknown fungi. Fungal habitats include soil, water, and organisms that may harbor large numbers of understudied fungi, estimated to outnumber plants by at least 6 to 1. More recent estimates based on high-throughput sequencing methods suggest that as many as 5.1 million fungal species exist. • Methods: Technological advances make it possible to apply molecular methods to develop a stable classifi cation and to dis- cover and identify fungal taxa. • Key results: Molecular methods have dramatically increased our knowledge of Fungi in less than 20 years, revealing a mono- phyletic kingdom and increased diversity among early-diverging lineages. Mycologists are making signifi cant advances in species discovery, but many fungi remain to be discovered. • Conclusions: Fungi are essential to the survival of many groups of organisms with which they form associations. They also attract attention as predators of invertebrate animals, pathogens of potatoes and rice and humans and bats, killers of frogs and crayfi sh, producers of secondary metabolites to lower cholesterol, and subjects of prize-winning research. -
Ophiocordyceps Unilateralis: a Keystone Species for Unraveling Ecosystem Functioning and Biodiversity of Fungi in Tropical Forests?
Communicative & Integrative Biology ISSN: (Print) 1942-0889 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/kcib20 Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: A keystone species for unraveling ecosystem functioning and biodiversity of fungi in tropical forests? Harry C. Evans, Simon L. Elliot & David P. Hughes To cite this article: Harry C. Evans, Simon L. Elliot & David P. Hughes (2011) Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: A keystone species for unraveling ecosystem functioning and biodiversity of fungi in tropical forests?, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 4:5, 598-602, DOI: 10.4161/cib.16721 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.4161/cib.16721 Copyright © 2011 Landes Bioscience Published online: 01 Sep 2011. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1907 View related articles Citing articles: 23 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kcib20 Communicative & Integrative Biology 4:5, 598-602; September/October 2011; ©2011 Landes Bioscience Ophiocordyceps unilateralis A keystone species for unraveling ecosystem functioning and biodiversity of fungi in tropical forests? Harry C. Evans,1,* Simon L. Elliot1 and David P. Hughes2 1Department of Entomology; Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV); Viçosa; Minas Gerais, Brazil; 2Department of Entomology and Department of Biology; Penn State University; University Park; PA USA phiocordyceps unilateralis (Ascomy- thus far4—this group of organisms still O cota: Hypocreales) is a specialized receives relatively little press in terms of parasite that infects, manipulates and its biodiversity and the pivotal role it plays kills formicine ants, predominantly in ecosystem functioning. Recently, how- in tropical forest ecosystems. We have ever, the subject has been revisited within reported previously, based on a prelimi- the context of microbes associated with nary study in remnant Atlantic Forest beetles.5 Of the near one million species ©2011 Landesin Minas Gerais (Brazil), thatBioscience. -
EPPO Standards
, EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION ЕВРОПЕЙСКАЯ И СРЕДИЗЕМНОМОРСКАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО КАРАНТИНУ И ЗАЩИТЕ РАСТЕНИЙ ORGANIZATION EUROPEENNE ET MEDITERRANEENNE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES 05-11646 PPM point 8.202/9267 PEST RISK ASSESSMENT SCHEME Organism: Claviceps africana Assessor(s): Riccardo Bugiani Plant Protection Service – Regione Emilia-Romagna (Italy) Date: February 2005 Approximate time spent on the assessment 2 PEST RISK ASSESSMENT STAGE 1: INITIATION Reasons for PRA During the second part of nineties, Claviceps africana, responsible for sorghum ergot, spread from the original area and new outbreaks in Mis en forme America and Australia were found. This fact caused a general concern and warning at the global level. The disease was added to EPPO Alert List. Considering that sorghum is an important crop in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) a PRA has been conducted in order to evaluate the phytosanitary risk posed in the pathogen. Identify pest This section examines the identity of the pest to ensure that the assessment is being performed on a real identifiable organism and that the biological and other information used in the assessment is relevant to the organism in question. 1. Is the organism clearly a single taxonomic entity and can it be YES Taxonomy is based on data of Ainsworth and Bisbi's adequately distinguished from other entities of the same rank? (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/fundic.asp) if yes go to 3 Phylum: Ascomyceta if no go to 2 Class: Ascomycetes Subclass: Sordiaromycetidae Order: Hypocreales Family: Clavicipitaceae Genus: Claviceps Species: africana Claviceps africana was recognised as a distinct species in 1991 after the first description of its teleomorph by Frederickson, Mante & and de Milliano. -
ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 7Th Edition
ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names th 7 Edition ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori Published by All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be The Internation Seed Testing Association (ISTA) reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted Zürichstr. 50, CH-8303 Bassersdorf, Switzerland in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior ©2020 International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) permission in writing from ISTA. ISBN 978-3-906549-77-4 ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 1st Edition 1966 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Prof P. A. Linehan 2nd Edition 1983 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. H. Pirson 3rd Edition 1988 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. W. A. Brandenburg 4th Edition 2001 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 5th Edition 2007 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 6th Edition 2013 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 7th Edition 2019 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori 2 7th Edition ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names Content Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Symbols and Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... -
(Hypocreales) Proposed for Acceptance Or Rejection
IMA FUNGUS · VOLUME 4 · no 1: 41–51 doi:10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.01.05 Genera in Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) ARTICLE proposed for acceptance or rejection Amy Y. Rossman1, Keith A. Seifert2, Gary J. Samuels3, Andrew M. Minnis4, Hans-Josef Schroers5, Lorenzo Lombard6, Pedro W. Crous6, Kadri Põldmaa7, Paul F. Cannon8, Richard C. Summerbell9, David M. Geiser10, Wen-ying Zhuang11, Yuuri Hirooka12, Cesar Herrera13, Catalina Salgado-Salazar13, and Priscila Chaverri13 1Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA; corresponding author e-mail: Amy.Rossman@ ars.usda.gov 2Biodiversity (Mycology), Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada 3321 Hedgehog Mt. Rd., Deering, NH 03244, USA 4Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, USDA-U.S. Forest Service, One Gifford Pincheot Dr., Madison, WI 53726, USA 5Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 6CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands 7Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences and Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia 8Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK 9Sporometrics, Inc., 219 Dufferin Street, Suite 20C, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6K 1Y9 10Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, 121 Buckhout Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA 11State -
The Stipitate Species of Hypocrea (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) Including Podostroma
Karstenia 44: 1- 24, 2004 The stipitate species of Hypocrea (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) including Podostroma HOLLY L. CHAMBERLAIN, AMY Y. ROSSMAN, ELWIN L. STEWART, TAUNO ULVINEN and GARY J. SAMUELS CHAMBERLAIN, H. L.,ROSSMAN,A. Y.,STEWART,E.L., ULVINEN, T. &SAMUELS, G. J. 2004: The stipitate species ofHypocrea (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) including Podostroma.- Karstenia44: 1- 24. 2004. Helsinki. ISSN 0453-3402. Stipitate species of Hypocrea have traditionally been segregated as the genus Podo stroma. The type species of Podostroma is P. leucopus for which P. alutaceum has been considered an earlier synonym. Study of the type and existing specimens suggests that these two taxa can be distinguished based on morphology and biology. Podo stroma leucopus is herein recognized as Hypocrea leucopus (P. Karst.) H. Chamb., comb. nov. , thus Podostroma is a synonym of Hypocrea. The genus Podocrea, long considered a synonym of Podostroma, is based on Sphaeria alutacea, a species that is recognized as H. alutacea. A neotype is designated for Sphaeria alutacea. Both H. alutacea and H. leucopus are redescribed and illustrated. The ne\ species H. nyber giana T. Ulvinen & H. Chamb., spec. nov. is described and illustrated. In addition to H. leucopus, seven species of Podostroma are transferred to Hypocrea, viz. H. africa na (Boedijn) H. Chamb., comb. no ., H. cordyceps (Penz. & Sacc.) H. Chamb., comb. nov., H. daisenensis (Yoshim. Doi & Uchiy.) H. Chamb., comb. nov., H. eperuae (Rogerson & Samuels) H. Chamb., comb. nov., H. gigantea (lmai) H. Chamb., comb. nov., H. sumatrana (Boedijn) H. Chamb., comb. nov. , and H. truncata (Imai) H. Chamb., comb. nov. A key to the 17 species of stipitate Hypocrea including ? ado stroma and Podocrea is presented. -
The Vascular Flora of Rarău Massif (Eastern Carpathians, Romania). Note Ii
Memoirs of the Scientific Sections of the Romanian Academy Tome XXXVI, 2013 BIOLOGY THE VASCULAR FLORA OF RARĂU MASSIF (EASTERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA). NOTE II ADRIAN OPREA1 and CULIŢĂ SÎRBU2 1 “Anastasie Fătu” Botanical Garden, Str. Dumbrava Roşie, nr. 7-9, 700522–Iaşi, Romania 2 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iaşi, Faculty of Agriculture, Str. Mihail Sadoveanu, nr. 3, 700490–Iaşi, Romania Corresponding author: [email protected] This second part of the paper about the vascular flora of Rarău Massif listed approximately half of the whole number of the species registered by the authors in their field trips or already included in literature on the same area. Other taxa have been added to the initial list of plants, so that, the total number of taxa registered by the authors in Rarău Massif amount to 1443 taxa (1133 species and 310 subspecies, varieties and forms). There was signaled out the alien taxa on the surveyed area (18 species) and those dubious presence of some taxa for the same area (17 species). Also, there were listed all the vascular plants, protected by various laws or regulations, both internal or international, existing in Rarău (i.e. 189 taxa). Finally, there has been assessed the degree of wild flora conservation, using several indicators introduced in literature by Nowak, as they are: conservation indicator (C), threat conservation indicator) (CK), sozophytisation indicator (W), and conservation effectiveness indicator (E). Key words: Vascular flora, Rarău Massif, Romania, conservation indicators. 1. INTRODUCTION A comprehensive analysis of Rarău flora, in terms of plant diversity, taxonomic structure, biological, ecological and phytogeographic characteristics, as well as in terms of the richness in endemics, relict or threatened plant species was published in our previous note (see Oprea & Sîrbu 2012). -
Zombie Ant Fungus
Beneficial Species Profile Photo credit: Dr. David P. Hughes; Hughes Lab, Penn State University Common Name: Zombie Ant Fungus Scientific Name: Ophiocordyceps unilateralis Order and Family: Hypocreales; Ophiocordycipitaceae Size and Appearance: Length (mm) Appearance Egg Larva/Nymph Spores are found on the ground waiting to be picked up by ants Adult The stalk is wiry and flexible; darkly pigmented and extends the length of the ant’s head; close to the tip there is a small flask-shaped fruiting body that releases spores Pupa (if applicable) Type of feeder (Chewing, sucking, etc.): Spores that release a chemical Host/s: Carpenter Ants Description of Benefits (predator, parasitoid, pollinator, etc.): This fungus releases spores that drop to the rainforest floor and then attach onto unsuspecting ants. Once the spores are attached, they inject a chemical into the ant’s brain, making it become disoriented and move to certain locations on plants. There the ant uses its mandibles to affix itself to a leaf or branch and eventually dies. Once the ant is dead, the fungus rapidly grows and starts to form a fruiting body that extrudes from the ant’s head. If the ant is not removed from the colony, then the whole colony can become infected. References: Araujo, J. P., Evans, H. C., Geiser, D. M., Mackay, W. P., & Hughes, D. P. (2014, April 3). Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateral complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon. Retrieved April 11, 2016, from http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2014/09/29/003806.full.pdf Andersen, S.