DOCSLIB.ORG

Reconsideration of Protocrea (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Iyeologio. 100(6), 2008, pp. 962-984. D( )I: 10.3852/08-101 2008 by The Nlv( ( logic1 Smivtv of America, I .awrcncc, KS 6604 1-8897 Reconsideration of Protocrea (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) \Valter M. Jaklitsch I tNtRt)tCtI()N 1icu/(y (:erilre for ,Syslematic Ru/any, ( Tn ive,/yrv of Vienna, Rennweg 74, A-1030 1 'len na. Austria Iivpocrea t ypically consists of a teleomorph, the sttonla of which is usuall y no more than a few Kadri POldmaa millimeters in diameter and includes priimtrily ?vatural 1-lislory Museum, Unit 'irsily u//ann, pseiidoptrenchytmitous tissue, bicellular ascospores Vanemnuise 46, E.E-51014, Tartu. /toiiia that disarticulate at the septum and a Tuieliodenna Gary j. Samuels Pers. anaiiiorph with green or, less frequently. 1/nited Stales Department a! Agriculture, .-tgricn/tura/ colorless (white in mass) con idia. however several Research Service, Sys/emalic Myco/u&çv awl Microbioluev described species vary troll) this stereotype in having Laboratory, Room 304, B-01 ]A, I7ARC-W, Beltsville, effused stroniata or a subiculum and/or having Maryland 20705 acremoniuln-. vetticilliuin- or gliocladium-like ana- rnorphs. Segregate genera have been proposed for some of these species, including Prolorrea and Abstract: The genus Protoerea is redefined, based on Arac/tnocrea Moravec, but in the absence of critical holotype and fresh specimens of its t P. ype species study, the paucity of' Specimens and the lack of farinosa, using morphology of tcleoinorph and cultures that elucidate ananiorphs while providing anamorph and phvlogenetic analyses of rph2 sequelic- molecular phvlogenetic infoimal ion correct applica- es. Data based on currentl y available specimens tion of these genetic names and assignment of species suggest the existence of three well defined and thiee has been haphazard. still unnamed Species Apart from the type, P. Petch (1937) erected the genus Proloerea including /arinosa, none of the species originally included are IIvpoerea Jarinosa Berk. & Broome, H. de/icatula Tul. Proloerea accepted in the genus. Species of are and H. slipata (Lib.) Fuckel. He did not indicate a characterized by perithecia formed in or on a type species. Moravec (1956) lectorvpified the genus sitbiculiun. bicellular ascospores that disarticulate at With P. fiirinosa, while retaining P. delicalnia and the septum while still in the ascus and by anamorphs removing P. st/pa/a to his new genus A ,achnoerea, the belonging to Ghoeladiu in sensu stile/u. For Hpocrea latter characterized b y disarticulating biconical asco- formosa sensu auci. the new species H. deci/nens is spores. Pôldmaa (2000) provided nioleculai phivloge- 1-Ipocrea pal/ida is introduced. recognized as a species netic evidence that the t y pe species of A rae/i noerea, A. Prooerea. of It is closely related to P. fti i/nasa, stipa/a, having a verticihlium-like ananiorph ( Pñl(niaa morphologicall Pro- y, phvlogeneticallvaiid by habit. 1999), is distinct hom flypoerea, including H. pal/ida. toerea i/h loensis is described here as the sister taxon Jlvpoerea (fr//ca/u/a in contrast belongs to J1ypoerea, Of P. fiirmnosa found in the USA. All species are based on gene sequences and a verticilhium-like polyporicolous, with the principal hosts Ske/etoculis (Trichoderina sect. Hvpocreanuin) anamorph (\V. nivea for P. farmnosa and P. illinoinsis, and species of Jaklitscli, unpubl) and will be treated elsewhere. Oligoporus/ iyromn 1ce.c pal/ida. for P. In addition to Overton oi al (2006h) epitvpiiied Protoerea, but as hosts the main differences among these species are a we will demonstrate this epitvpification was based on stronger (orange) pigmentation of perithecia and llliSidlell(ifiedl material and must be overturned. I. pal/ida suhiculum in and a violaceous KOH Another common species similar to P. Jitrinosa, reaction in P. pal/ida and P. i/h noeiisis. P. far/i/usa is producing perithecia in a suhictilum and it Glioc/adi- known only from Europe with certain iv and P. urn anamorph , and occurring 01) polypores is illinoènsis only from the USA, while P. pa//ida is I-Ipoerea pal/ida. Based on I,SLI ribosomal DNA probably cosmopolitan. Putative synonym y of some sequences, the species was found to fall outside similar species is discussed. Hypoerea in the Hvpocreaceae, bitt no generic Key wards: Ascomvcetes, Char/aim in. I-Iypocrra, redisposition has been suggested for it (Rehner and I-lvpocreales, ITS, LSU, morphology, phvlogcnv, Samuels 1994, lOklinaa ci al 1999, Pôldmaa 2000). )/)h2, sequence analysis, systematics, lefi The main objectives of this study are (i) the correct interpretation, conceptual definition and description of the genus Protociea and its type species P. fit rinosa, Accepted for pi,htic,itioti 29 July 2008. (ii) to determine the phvlogenetic l)OsitiOli of (.ii-poiuIiiig uohoi, I-I,1:re, \vIlt(I.J;Ik]INIhu( Univic,;u,:tI Protoerea and! Hypoerea /.iaiiida and (iii) to describe JANI tTS( :1-i El Al,: RECONS! ItERATION OF P/?OJoCJU.\ 963 tite lnngiis iiitetpieted as I1rp0re(1 faeino.ca b recent nucle;u tI)N,\, coittaining the I 151 and 2 legions. was authors as a new species of II/ocrea. amplified by PUP. with the piitiiet combinations SR(iR and I.R1 (\,lute el al 1990) oi with ITS4 (White ci al 1990) and ITS I F (Gaides and Bi-titis 1993). LSU rDNA w;ts amplified NL\lFIRiAI,S ANI) ME I bIts With the latter piiliter in couihmatiou xvith LRS (http:// ssww.hiologs .diike.edtt/ftuigt/mv( olab/prittiei-shitrn). A 1.SO/OICS and s/ieruncos.—I Sol ates and (enBiikoces.sioii 1.3 kb fiagtiient of the te/1 numbers for ITS. I Sf.. rp1)2 and IeJJ sequences in this study gene encoding tiatislatioti are listed (T \tti ,t, I ) . Isolates giver! as C. P.K. ( Kubicek) are elongation factor 1 alpha was amplified with the primer IOU! those niaiiit,ained ill (ollection of ilic Institute of EEl 728F and TEFI LLEi-ev Uaklitscl i et a] 2005. 2006). This Chemical Fngiiieenug. Vienna I. niveisitv of Iechnologv. fragtnent includes the f'ortrthi atid the filth introils and a those listed as (;.J.S. are those maintained at the I. SDA-ARS. part of the last large ex ui.A 0.9 kb fra gmentt of' RNA Svste tnatic Nis cologv and Microbiology I ala natorv, Belts- polvtnerase II stthtintt B ()1)1)2) was amplified with the ville, Macslat id midid those given as TF( are maintained at primer pair IRP112-5f mid I1UPB2-7et (Lin ci ;ih 1999). PUP. file f.Tttiveisjts of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia. Represen ta- pioclncis either ssete purified willi the QI,\quick Kit tOe isola es haxc beet i deposited at the ( eti t raalhoteau 5(0W (QI.\CEN) according to the manufacturers instrllclions Schinunelcrdtntes, Utrecht. The Netherlands (CBS). Spec- or with ;tti en/vulatic PUP. cleanup (WeiIe et al 199-I). For ittieus were deposited ill Heti)atmni of the Institute ol the latter 20 (tI. P( R reactions wei-e digested with 10 it Botany, Um yetsitv of Vienna. Austria (\VU), ill the U.S. exotiuclease I (Fetnientas.St I,eott-Roi, BRD) and 2 it calf National Fungus Collections, Beltsville, Maryland (RN), or intestine alkaline phosphi;tt;tse ( Feit tiet i tas) for IS min at the Estontan tiiiseisit y of Life Sciences, Tarot, Estonia 37 C. hi dlowed by ;tt i en /vinee cleact oat ion step at 85 C for 15 tutu . DNA was cycle-sequenced with the All PRISM Big Single-ascospoie isolates (( .P.K.., CBS strains) were Dye Teinunator C ycle Scr1ueiicitig Ready Reaction kit v. 3.1 pnp;tred 110111 I resh sj lecililCi 15 of / JYJJO(tea Strut! lata as (.\pplicd Biosyst (ms. \\atli i igton ) With the same ])I i mets as described hs Jaki i tscb i et a] (2006) or it mass of asci spores ill PUP., or with ITS and IIS5 (White et at 1990) for 115, or was isolated Olito 2% Ml,r\ (IFC strains). Cult ines wit Ii the rntertial printers 5-CC( ;lU,\(T/ )TT ( AICAA- designated G.J.S. sveie isolated vitli the use of it mictoina- G.\ACATG-3 and s-I"I-(x;C, GTC; ICCAICIT GITC-3 for ni pu I ;ttor oil thea] agar (Dilco ) snpl)lenie it ed with 2% fiji. ;u t d all automated DNA sequencercct- (,\Bl Genetic dextrose (C\ID). Analvzcrs Applied Biosvstcms) - (;!1nt/ (I1a?(1(/e?1zau/ofl.—Strtifl5 were cultivated oil i1o/ecn far Ju/ivfoginetic 0110lv,ve,s, —Seqiteuce ftagnieii ts were f(i nn in ea] agar, Sigma, St Louis,)uiS, Missouri) supplemented atialvzed and assembled ssithi SeqNlan Pro (lasergene. itli 2% (w"s) dextrose). PD,\ (potato-dextroseagar. l)N\STAR, Madisoti, Wisconsin) or Sequetichet 1.7 (G(,ne Merck, Darmstadt, Getniaiiv) and 2% ME,\ (malt extract Codes, Anti Arbor. Nlichigait). DNA sequences were agar. Merck) all ill led s atet. Growth took place at st d,tnitted to ( ;eti Batik. Alignmentsieti ts wet-c petiorined with 25 ( (alternating 12 h cool white fluorescent light and 12 It MAFFT v 6.240 ( Katoh ci al 2005), hd]ossed bs man tial dtikitess). adjustments with Genedoc 2.6 (Nicholas et ill 1997). Maxi ti utti paisitii! ins (NIP) atialvses sseie conducted in S Ioi/dinln i,"ual ob,sc,ivilia,i . of the—Structures ait;ti n (lii)] I prp 4.01)10 (Swolfot-d 2002) wiiii 110)01) Iietitistic were exami it ed , itteasured and photogiapl IC I on it corn- searches with randoni taxou addition sequences arid 11I pottt1d microscope horn ctiltuies glow!! Oil MD or Pl).\ at hr-itichi swapping. The cotihidetice Of bi;uicliing was assessed 25 C oil plates under low magnification and after with bootstrap resainpliig (bs) : 1000 replicates, each with mounting ill KOl I.
Recommended publications
  • Development and Evaluation of Rrna Targeted in Situ Probes and Phylogenetic Relationships of Freshwater Fungi

    Development and Evaluation of Rrna Targeted in Situ Probes and Phylogenetic Relationships of Freshwater Fungi

    Development and evaluation of rRNA targeted in situ probes and phylogenetic relationships of freshwater fungi vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Christiane Baschien aus Berlin Von der Fakultät III - Prozesswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Lutz-Günter Fleischer Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Szewzyk Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Felix Bärlocher Berichter: Dr. habil. Werner Manz Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 19.05.2003 Berlin 2003 D83 Table of contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................................. 8 1. Used organisms ............................................................................................................................. 8 2. Media, culture conditions, maintenance of cultures and harvest procedure.................................. 9 2.1. Culture media........................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Culture conditions .................................................................................................................. 10 2.3. Maintenance of cultures.........................................................................................................10
  • Biodiversity of Trichoderma in Neotropics

    Biodiversity of Trichoderma in Neotropics

    13 Biodiversity of Trichoderma in Neotropics Lilliana Hoyos-Carvajal1 and John Bissett2 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Ottawa 1Colombia 2Canada 1. Introduction Trichoderma species frequently are predominant over wide geographic regions in all climatic zones, where they are significant decomposers of woody and herbaceous materials. They are characterized by rapid growth, an ability to assimilate a diverse array of substrates, and by their production of an range of antimicrobials. Strains have been exploited for production of enzymes and antibiotics, bioremediation of xenobiotic substances, and as biological control agents against plant pathogenic fungi and nematodes. The main use of Trichoderma in global trade is derived from its high production of enzymes. Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph: Hypocrea jecorina) is the most widely employed cellulolytic organism in the world, although high levels of cellulase production are also seen in other species of this genus (Baig et al., 2003, Watanabe et al., 2006). Worldwide sales of enzymes had reached the figure of $ 1.6 billion by the year 2000 (Demain 2000, cited by Karmakar and Ray, 2011), with an annual growth of 6.5 to 10% not including pharmaceutical enzymes (Stagehands, 2008). Of these, cellulases comprise approximately 20% of the enzymes marketed worldwide (Tramoy et al., 2009). Cellulases of microbial origin are used to process food and animal feed, biofuel production, baking, textiles, detergents, paper pulp, agriculture and research areas at all levels (Karmakar and Ray, 2011). Most cellulases are derived from Trichoderma (section Longibrachiatum in particular) and Aspergillus (Begum et al., 2009).
  • 11 the Evolutionary Strategy of Claviceps

    11 the Evolutionary Strategy of Claviceps

    Pažoutová S. (2002) Evolutionary strategy of Claviceps. In: Clavicipitalean Fungi: Evolutionary Biology, Chemistry, Biocontrol and Cultural Impacts. White JF, Bacon CW, Hywel-Jones NL (Eds.) Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, pp.329-354. 11 The Evolutionary Strategy of Claviceps Sylvie Pažoutová Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic 1. INTRODUCTION Members of the genus Claviceps are specialized parasites of grasses, rushes and sedges that specifically infect florets. The host reproductive organs are replaced with a sclerotium. However, it has been shown that after artificial inoculation, C. purpurea can grow and form sclerotia on stem meristems (Lewis, 1956) so that there is a capacity for epiphytic and endophytic growth. C. phalaridis, an Australian endemite, colonizes whole plants of pooid hosts in a way similar to Epichloë and it forms sclerotia in all florets of the infected plant, rendering it sterile (Walker, 1957; 1970). Until now, about 45 teleomorph species of Claviceps have been described, but presumably many species may exist only in anamorphic (sphacelial) stage and therefore go unnoticed. Although C. purpurea is type species for the genus, it is in many aspects untypical, because most Claviceps species originate from tropical regions, colonize panicoid grasses, produce macroconidia and microconidia in their sphacelial stage and are able of microcyclic conidiation from macroconidia. Species on panicoid hosts with monogeneric to polygeneric host ranges predominate. 329 2. PHYLOGENETIC TREE We compared sequences of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region for 19 species of Claviceps, Database sequences of Myrothecium atroviride (AJ302002) (outgroup from Bionectriaceae), Epichloe amarillans (L07141), Atkinsonella hypoxylon (U57405) and Myriogenospora atramentosa (U57407) were included to root the tree among other related genera.
  • Two New Species and a New Chinese Record of Hypocreaceae As Evidenced by Morphological and Molecular Data

    Two New Species and a New Chinese Record of Hypocreaceae As Evidenced by Morphological and Molecular Data

    MYCOBIOLOGY 2019, VOL. 47, NO. 3, 280–291 https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2019.1641062 RESEARCH ARTICLE Two New Species and a New Chinese Record of Hypocreaceae as Evidenced by Morphological and Molecular Data Zhao Qing Zeng and Wen Ying Zhuang State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY To explore species diversity of Hypocreaceae, collections from Guangdong, Hubei, and Tibet Received 13 February 2019 of China were examined and two new species and a new Chinese record were discovered. Revised 27 June 2019 Morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses of the ITS, LSU, EF-1a, and RPB2 Accepted 4 July 2019 regions support their placements in Hypocreaceae and the establishments of the new spe- Hypomyces hubeiensis Agaricus KEYWORDS cies. sp. nov. is characterized by occurrence on fruitbody of Hypomyces hubeiensis; sp., concentric rings formed on MEA medium, verticillium-like conidiophores, subulate phia- morphology; phylogeny; lides, rod-shaped to narrowly ellipsoidal conidia, and absence of chlamydospores. Trichoderma subiculoides Trichoderma subiculoides sp. nov. is distinguished by effuse to confluent rudimentary stro- mata lacking of a well-developed flank and not changing color in KOH, subcylindrical asci containing eight ascospores that disarticulate into 16 dimorphic part-ascospores, verticillium- like conidiophores, subcylindrical phialides, and subellipsoidal to rod-shaped conidia. Morphological distinctions between the new species and their close relatives are discussed. Hypomyces orthosporus is found for the first time from China. 1. Introduction Members of the genus are mainly distributed in temperate and tropical regions and economically The family Hypocreaceae typified by Hypocrea Fr.
  • Ophiocordyceps Unilateralis: a Keystone Species for Unraveling Ecosystem Functioning and Biodiversity of Fungi in Tropical Forests?

    Ophiocordyceps Unilateralis: a Keystone Species for Unraveling Ecosystem Functioning and Biodiversity of Fungi in Tropical Forests?

    Communicative & Integrative Biology ISSN: (Print) 1942-0889 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/kcib20 Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: A keystone species for unraveling ecosystem functioning and biodiversity of fungi in tropical forests? Harry C. Evans, Simon L. Elliot & David P. Hughes To cite this article: Harry C. Evans, Simon L. Elliot & David P. Hughes (2011) Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: A keystone species for unraveling ecosystem functioning and biodiversity of fungi in tropical forests?, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 4:5, 598-602, DOI: 10.4161/cib.16721 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.4161/cib.16721 Copyright © 2011 Landes Bioscience Published online: 01 Sep 2011. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1907 View related articles Citing articles: 23 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kcib20 Communicative & Integrative Biology 4:5, 598-602; September/October 2011; ©2011 Landes Bioscience Ophiocordyceps unilateralis A keystone species for unraveling ecosystem functioning and biodiversity of fungi in tropical forests? Harry C. Evans,1,* Simon L. Elliot1 and David P. Hughes2 1Department of Entomology; Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV); Viçosa; Minas Gerais, Brazil; 2Department of Entomology and Department of Biology; Penn State University; University Park; PA USA phiocordyceps unilateralis (Ascomy- thus far4—this group of organisms still O cota: Hypocreales) is a specialized receives relatively little press in terms of parasite that infects, manipulates and its biodiversity and the pivotal role it plays kills formicine ants, predominantly in ecosystem functioning. Recently, how- in tropical forest ecosystems. We have ever, the subject has been revisited within reported previously, based on a prelimi- the context of microbes associated with nary study in remnant Atlantic Forest beetles.5 Of the near one million species ©2011 Landesin Minas Gerais (Brazil), thatBioscience.
  • (Hypocreales) Proposed for Acceptance Or Rejection

    (Hypocreales) Proposed for Acceptance Or Rejection

    IMA FUNGUS · VOLUME 4 · no 1: 41–51 doi:10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.01.05 Genera in Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) ARTICLE proposed for acceptance or rejection Amy Y. Rossman1, Keith A. Seifert2, Gary J. Samuels3, Andrew M. Minnis4, Hans-Josef Schroers5, Lorenzo Lombard6, Pedro W. Crous6, Kadri Põldmaa7, Paul F. Cannon8, Richard C. Summerbell9, David M. Geiser10, Wen-ying Zhuang11, Yuuri Hirooka12, Cesar Herrera13, Catalina Salgado-Salazar13, and Priscila Chaverri13 1Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA; corresponding author e-mail: Amy.Rossman@ ars.usda.gov 2Biodiversity (Mycology), Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada 3321 Hedgehog Mt. Rd., Deering, NH 03244, USA 4Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, USDA-U.S. Forest Service, One Gifford Pincheot Dr., Madison, WI 53726, USA 5Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 6CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands 7Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences and Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia 8Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK 9Sporometrics, Inc., 219 Dufferin Street, Suite 20C, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6K 1Y9 10Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, 121 Buckhout Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA 11State
  • Hypocrea Stilbohypoxyli and Its Trichoderma Koningii-Like Anamorph: a New Species from Puerto Rico on Stilbohypoxylon Moelleri

    Hypocrea Stilbohypoxyli and Its Trichoderma Koningii-Like Anamorph: a New Species from Puerto Rico on Stilbohypoxylon Moelleri

    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sydowia Jahr/Year: 2003 Band/Volume: 55 Autor(en)/Author(s): Lu Bingsheng, Samuels Gary J. Artikel/Article: Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli and its Trichoderma koningii-like anamorph: a new species from Puerto Rico on Stilbohypoxylon moelleri. 255-266 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli and its Trichoderma koningii-like anamorph: a new species from Puerto Rico on Stilbohypoxylon moelleri Bingsheng Lu1* & Gary J. Samuels2 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Agronomy College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China 2 USDA-ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Rm.304, B-011A, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA Lu, B. S. & G. J. Samuels (2003). Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli and its Tricho- derma koningii-like anamorph: a new species from Puerto Rico on Stilbohypoxylon moelleri. - Sydowia 55 (2): 255-266. The new species Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli and its Trichoderma anamorph are described. The species is known only from Puerto Rico where it grows on stromata of Stilbohypoxylon moelleri (Xylariales, Xylariaceae). Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli is readily distinguished from the morphologically most similar H. koningii/T. koningii by its substratum and slower growth rate, which is especially evident on SNA. Stromata are morphologically very similar to those of H. koningii and H. rufa. The anamorph is morphologically close to T. koningii, differing from T! koningii in having somewhat shorter and wider conidia. Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli differs from H. koningii/T. koningii in 3 bp in ITS-1 and 2 bp in ITS-2 sequences.
  • The Stipitate Species of Hypocrea (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) Including Podostroma

    The Stipitate Species of Hypocrea (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) Including Podostroma

    Karstenia 44: 1- 24, 2004 The stipitate species of Hypocrea (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) including Podostroma HOLLY L. CHAMBERLAIN, AMY Y. ROSSMAN, ELWIN L. STEWART, TAUNO ULVINEN and GARY J. SAMUELS CHAMBERLAIN, H. L.,ROSSMAN,A. Y.,STEWART,E.L., ULVINEN, T. &SAMUELS, G. J. 2004: The stipitate species ofHypocrea (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) including Podostroma.- Karstenia44: 1- 24. 2004. Helsinki. ISSN 0453-3402. Stipitate species of Hypocrea have traditionally been segregated as the genus Podo­ stroma. The type species of Podostroma is P. leucopus for which P. alutaceum has been considered an earlier synonym. Study of the type and existing specimens suggests that these two taxa can be distinguished based on morphology and biology. Podo­ stroma leucopus is herein recognized as Hypocrea leucopus (P. Karst.) H. Chamb., comb. nov. , thus Podostroma is a synonym of Hypocrea. The genus Podocrea, long considered a synonym of Podostroma, is based on Sphaeria alutacea, a species that is recognized as H. alutacea. A neotype is designated for Sphaeria alutacea. Both H. alutacea and H. leucopus are redescribed and illustrated. The ne\ species H. nyber­ giana T. Ulvinen & H. Chamb., spec. nov. is described and illustrated. In addition to H. leucopus, seven species of Podostroma are transferred to Hypocrea, viz. H. africa­ na (Boedijn) H. Chamb., comb. no ., H. cordyceps (Penz. & Sacc.) H. Chamb., comb. nov., H. daisenensis (Yoshim. Doi & Uchiy.) H. Chamb., comb. nov., H. eperuae (Rogerson & Samuels) H. Chamb., comb. nov., H. gigantea (lmai) H. Chamb., comb. nov., H. sumatrana (Boedijn) H. Chamb., comb. nov. , and H. truncata (Imai) H. Chamb., comb. nov. A key to the 17 species of stipitate Hypocrea including ? ado­ stroma and Podocrea is presented.
  • Zombie Ant Fungus

    Zombie Ant Fungus

    Beneficial Species Profile Photo credit: Dr. David P. Hughes; Hughes Lab, Penn State University Common Name: Zombie Ant Fungus Scientific Name: Ophiocordyceps unilateralis Order and Family: Hypocreales; Ophiocordycipitaceae Size and Appearance: Length (mm) Appearance Egg Larva/Nymph Spores are found on the ground waiting to be picked up by ants Adult The stalk is wiry and flexible; darkly pigmented and extends the length of the ant’s head; close to the tip there is a small flask-shaped fruiting body that releases spores Pupa (if applicable) Type of feeder (Chewing, sucking, etc.): Spores that release a chemical Host/s: Carpenter Ants Description of Benefits (predator, parasitoid, pollinator, etc.): This fungus releases spores that drop to the rainforest floor and then attach onto unsuspecting ants. Once the spores are attached, they inject a chemical into the ant’s brain, making it become disoriented and move to certain locations on plants. There the ant uses its mandibles to affix itself to a leaf or branch and eventually dies. Once the ant is dead, the fungus rapidly grows and starts to form a fruiting body that extrudes from the ant’s head. If the ant is not removed from the colony, then the whole colony can become infected. References: Araujo, J. P., Evans, H. C., Geiser, D. M., Mackay, W. P., & Hughes, D. P. (2014, April 3). Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateral complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon. Retrieved April 11, 2016, from http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2014/09/29/003806.full.pdf Andersen, S.
  • Unravelling the Diversity Behind the Ophiocordyceps Unilateralis Complex: Three New Species of Zombie-Ant Fungi from the Brazilian Amazon

    Unravelling the Diversity Behind the Ophiocordyceps Unilateralis Complex: Three New Species of Zombie-Ant Fungi from the Brazilian Amazon

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/003806; this version posted September 29, 2014. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon João P. M. Araújoa, Harry C. Evansb, David M. Geiserc, William P. Mackayd ae & David P. Hughes aDepartment of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. bCAB International, E-UK, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom cDepartment of Plant Pathology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. dDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968 eDepartment of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. Correspondence authors: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract In tropical forests, one of the most common relationships between parasites and insects is that between the fungus Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and ants, especially within the tribe Camponotini. Here, we describe three new and host-specific species of the genus Ophiocordyceps on Camponotus ants from the central Amazonian region of Brazil, which can readily be separated using morphological traits, in particular, ascospore form and function. In addition, we use sequence data to infer phylogenetic relationships between these taxa and closely related species within the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis complex, as well as with other members of the family Ophiocordycipitaceae.
  • Collecting and Recording Fungi

    Collecting and Recording Fungi

    British Mycological Society Recording Network Guidance Notes COLLECTING AND RECORDING FUNGI A revision of the Guide to Recording Fungi previously issued (1994) in the BMS Guides for the Amateur Mycologist series. Edited by Richard Iliffe June 2004 (updated August 2006) © British Mycological Society 2006 Table of contents Foreword 2 Introduction 3 Recording 4 Collecting fungi 4 Access to foray sites and the country code 5 Spore prints 6 Field books 7 Index cards 7 Computers 8 Foray Record Sheets 9 Literature for the identification of fungi 9 Help with identification 9 Drying specimens for a herbarium 10 Taxonomy and nomenclature 12 Recent changes in plant taxonomy 12 Recent changes in fungal taxonomy 13 Orders of fungi 14 Nomenclature 15 Synonymy 16 Morph 16 The spore stages of rust fungi 17 A brief history of fungus recording 19 The BMS Fungal Records Database (BMSFRD) 20 Field definitions 20 Entering records in BMSFRD format 22 Locality 22 Associated organism, substrate and ecosystem 22 Ecosystem descriptors 23 Recommended terms for the substrate field 23 Fungi on dung 24 Examples of database field entries 24 Doubtful identifications 25 MycoRec 25 Recording using other programs 25 Manuscript or typescript records 26 Sending records electronically 26 Saving and back-up 27 Viruses 28 Making data available - Intellectual property rights 28 APPENDICES 1 Other relevant publications 30 2 BMS foray record sheet 31 3 NCC ecosystem codes 32 4 Table of orders of fungi 34 5 Herbaria in UK and Europe 35 6 Help with identification 36 7 Useful contacts 39 8 List of Fungus Recording Groups 40 9 BMS Keys – list of contents 42 10 The BMS website 43 11 Copyright licence form 45 12 Guidelines for field mycologists: the practical interpretation of Section 21 of the Drugs Act 2005 46 1 Foreword In June 2000 the British Mycological Society Recording Network (BMSRN), as it is now known, held its Annual Group Leaders’ Meeting at Littledean, Gloucestershire.
  • Genome Sequence of Trichoderma Lixii MUT3171, a Promising Strain for Mycoremediation of PAH-Contaminated Sites

    Genome Sequence of Trichoderma Lixii MUT3171, a Promising Strain for Mycoremediation of PAH-Contaminated Sites

    microorganisms Article Genome Sequence of Trichoderma lixii MUT3171, A Promising Strain for Mycoremediation of PAH-Contaminated Sites Francesco Venice 1, Domenico Davolos 2, Federica Spina 3 , Anna Poli 3, Valeria Paola Prigione 3, Giovanna Cristina Varese 3,* and Stefano Ghignone 1 1 Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)–SS Turin—National Research Council (CNR), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy; [email protected] (F.V.); [email protected] (S.G.) 2 Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements (DIT), INAIL, Research Area, Via R. Ferruzzi 38/40, 00143 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy; [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (V.P.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-011-670-5984 Received: 14 July 2020; Accepted: 17 August 2020; Published: 20 August 2020 Abstract: Mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and recalcitrant pollutants that threaten both environmental and human health. By exploiting the powerful enzymatic machinery of fungi, mycoremediation in contaminated sites aims at removing a wide range of pollutants in a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly manner. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques are powerful tools for understanding the molecular basis of biotransformation of PAHs by selected fungal strains, allowing genome mining to identify genetic features of biotechnological value. Trichoderma lixii MUT3171, isolated from a historically PAH-contaminated soil in Italy, can grow on phenanthrene, as a sole carbon source.