Phylogenetic Position of Geosmithia Spp. (Hypocreales) Living in Juniperus Spp
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Article Phylogenetic Position of Geosmithia spp. (Hypocreales) Living in Juniperus spp. Forests (Cupressaceae) with Bark Beetles of Phloeosinus spp. (Scolytinae) from the Northeast of Mexico Hernández-García Juan Alfredo 1,2,3 , Cuellar-Rodríguez Gerardo 1 , Aguirre-Ojeda Nallely Guadalupe 1, Villa-Tanaca Lourdes 2 , Hernández-Rodríguez César 2 and Armendáriz-Toledano Francisco 3,* 1 Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Carretera Nacional No. 85, Km. 145, Linares, Nuevo León C.P. 67700, Mexico; [email protected] (H.-G.J.A.); [email protected] (C.-R.G.); [email protected] (A.-O.N.G.) 2 Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 11340, Mexico; [email protected] (V.-T.L.); [email protected] (H.-R.C.) 3 Colección Nacional de Insectos, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cto. Zona Deportiva S/N, Ciudad Universitaria. CDMX, Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-56-22-92-50 (ext. 47833) Received: 11 September 2020; Accepted: 22 October 2020; Published: 28 October 2020 Abstract: Geosmithia members are mitosporic filamentous fungi commonly recorded and isolated from bark beetles of the Scolytinae subfamily and their respective host’s species. This genus includes 18 species formally described and 38 phylogenetic species recorded in several localities from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America, where they exhibit frequent associations with phloeophagous and wood-boring bark beetles. Among phloephagous bark beetle species, specifically, in members of the genus Phloeosinus Chapuis, almost 10% of Geosmithia strains have been isolated. By its physiographic elements and high bark beetle and conifer species richness, Mexico is a potential region to host a high diversity of Geosmithia species and potential new species. In the present study, we systematically sampled and isolated, cultured, and molecularly identified members of the Geosmithia species associated with Phloeosinus spp. and their Juniperus spp. host trees at the north of Sierra Madre Oriental, at Nuevo Leon State, Mexico. Phylogenetic analyses based on 378 internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) sequences supported the presence of strains from Geosmithia langdonii-Geosmithia sp. 32 clade associated with Phloeosinus serratus vector and with Juniperus coahuilensis (JC) host, and the presence of strains from Geosmithia sp. 21-Geosmithia xerotolerans clade with Phloeosinus deleoni and Juniperus flaccida (JF) in this geographical region. The genetic and morphological differences found in our strains with respect to those previously described in the species from both clades (Geosmithia langdonii-Geosmithia sp. 32 and Geosmithia sp. 21-G. xerotolerans) suggest that both Geosmithia lineages from Nuevo Leon correspond to two potential new species in the genus. Keywords: bark beetles; Geosmithia; Phloeosinus; Juniperus 1. Introduction Associations among fungi and bark beetles constitute one of the most successful ecological adaptations that promoted complex and dynamic interactions in this insect group [1]. Most of these Forests 2020, 11, 1142; doi:10.3390/f11111142 www.mdpi.com/journal/forests Forests 2020, 11, 1142 2 of 19 associations are driven by the host tissue within which the beetles develop. Many fungal species are saprophytes on wood and inner bark, but others are nutritional mutualists and facultative or obligate components of wood-boring insects’ diet [2]. Some bark beetles maintain obligatory functional and physiological dependent associations with filamentous fungi [3]. These insects actively cultivate the fungi within the gallery tunnels, constituting agricultural systems that provide a source of food to both larvae and adults, and in some cases, hormones associated with the molting and metamorphosis processes [4]. Bark beetles with facultative associations do not cultivate the fungi and do not need them to complete their life cycle, although in some species they can enrich their diet and increase their fitness [5]. The common fungal species associated with bark beetles belong to eight genera from Basidiomycota (Phlebiopsis Jülich, Entomocorticium Whitney, Bandoni & Oberw) and Ascomycota (Ophiostoma Syd & Syd, Grosmannia Goid, Ceratocystis Ellis & Halst and Leptographium Lagerb & Melin, Raffaelea Arx & Hennebert, Graphilbum Upadhyay & Kendr) [6–8]. Most of them are from Ophiostomatales and Microascales orders, which can be actively cultivated as the sole source of food by almost 30% of bark beetle species [9,10]. However, many other non-incidental fungal species have been recorded in insect galleries and are often understudied, such as species of genus Geosmithia Pitt (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) [10–12]. Geosmithia members are mitosporic filamentous fungi, characterized by macronematous conidiophores that produce large chains of conidia and hydrophobic and dry spores [13]. The current diversity of this genus includes 18 species formally described and 38 phylogenetic species named numerically without a formal taxonomic description [13–25]. These species are widely distributed with records from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America [16,19,23,24], where they exhibit various degrees of specificity with their hosts. Some species are collected from subcortical insects, and other species are sporadically isolated from other substrates such plant debris, soil, and cereals [13,26,27]. While Geosmithia spp. can provide the main nutritional source for their vectors, little is known about the interactions of other symbiotic Geosmithia species with bark beetles. In particular, their role as pathogens remains undetermined [17]. Currently, only Geosmithia morbida Kolarık, Freeland, Utley & Tisserat dispersed by the walnut twig beetle Pityophtorus juglandis Blackman is considered a phytopathogen, which is a serious threat to black walnut trees (Juglans nigra Linnaeus) as it causes thousand cankers disease [17]. Several members of Geosmithia have been recorded and isolated with higher frequency from Scolytinae than from other groups of beetles, which corresponds to 30 genera of bark beetles [11,13–16,19–21,28]. The most diverse group of Geosmithia species is associated with beetle vectors that feed on conifer trees [10,11]. Typically, Geosmithia is found in association with phloephagous and wood-boring bark beetles and their respective host plants [13–15]. Among phloephagous bark beetle species, within members of the genus Phloeosinus Chapuis, almost of 10% of all Geosmithia strains known have been isolated [16,19,29]. Phloeosinus Chapuis (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is a medium–large bark beetle genus, which includes about 80 species spread among all continents [30–33]. Most of these species breed with members from Cupressaceae (Cupressus sp., Chamaecyparis sp., Thuja sp., Juniperus sp.) [30,34]. The life cycle of Phloesinus species involves feeding and reproduction into the phloem of recently dead trees (branches and trunks), dying trees, or weakened trees [35]. As a consequence of the construction of their galleries, the attacked trees can lose their ornamental appearance and eventually die; nonetheless, when the population growth of these beetles is high, some species produce considerable tree mortality. The ecological role of these insects is to promote the regeneration of natural forests, although in some cases are considered urban pests from an anthropocentric point of view [36]. There are at least 30 reports in the world about the Geosmithia associated with bark beetles (e.g., G. langdonii-Scolytus intricatus; G. proliferans-Phloeotribus frontalis; G. brunnea-Xylosandrus compactus; G. morbida-Pityophthorus juglandis, etc. [19,29]); however, little is known about the overall diversity and vector spectrum of this fungal genus in North America. Current studies indicate that the genus Forests 2020, 11, 1142 3 of 19 in this region is highly diverse based on extensive systematic samplings from several “vector” bark beetles and host plant species. Numerous valid documented and undescribed phylogenetic Geosmithia species have been discovered through sampling from Western and Southeastern USA [19,29]. Species discovery is still a major endeavor of the field of taxonomy. In some taxa, it is calculated that approximately half of the new species are discovered from samplings of only a few specimens and localities. Despite the fact that this practice provides incomplete distribution and morphological data, species discovery from a few specimens/localities provides the necessary information to help taxonomists know it and relative taxa [37]. Because of its physiographic elements and high bark beetle and conifer species richness, Mexico is a region expected to host a high diversity of Geosmithia and potential new fungal species; in spite of this, there are no records of these symbiotic associations in the country. Therefore, we conducted a survey to study bark beetles of the genus Phloeosinus and its host plants in Nuevo Leon state, center of Sierra Madre Oriental (SMOr) Mexico, to explore Geosmithia diversity and determine its possible association with-bark beetles and their plant hosts. The Sierra Madre Oriental (SMOr) is a mountain system considered a biotic unit in different regionalization proposals [38]. Different biomes are distributed within it, which in turn are home to a