Genome Sequence of Trichoderma Lixii MUT3171, a Promising Strain for Mycoremediation of PAH-Contaminated Sites
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Development and Evaluation of Rrna Targeted in Situ Probes and Phylogenetic Relationships of Freshwater Fungi
Development and evaluation of rRNA targeted in situ probes and phylogenetic relationships of freshwater fungi vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Christiane Baschien aus Berlin Von der Fakultät III - Prozesswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Lutz-Günter Fleischer Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Szewzyk Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Felix Bärlocher Berichter: Dr. habil. Werner Manz Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 19.05.2003 Berlin 2003 D83 Table of contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................................. 8 1. Used organisms ............................................................................................................................. 8 2. Media, culture conditions, maintenance of cultures and harvest procedure.................................. 9 2.1. Culture media........................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Culture conditions .................................................................................................................. 10 2.3. Maintenance of cultures.........................................................................................................10 -
Direct Ethanol Production from Cellulose by Consortium Of
Spec. Matrices 2019; 7:1–19 Research Article Open Access Kazumasa Nomura* and Paul Terwilliger Green Process Synth 2019; 8: 416–420 Self-dual Leonard pairs Yingjie Bu, Bassam Alkotaini, Bipinchandra K. Salunke, Aarti R. Deshmukh, Pathikrit Saha and Beom Soo Kim* https://doi.org/10.1515/spma-2019-0001 Received May 8, 2018; accepted September 22, 2018 Direct ethanol productionAbstract: Let F denote from a eld and cellulose let V denote a vector by space over F with nite positive dimension. Consider a pair A, A∗ of diagonalizable F-linear maps on V, each of which acts on an eigenbasis for the other one in an consortium of Trichodermairreducible tridiagonal fashion. reesei Such a and pair is called Candida a Leonard pair. We consider the self-dual case in which molischiana there exists an automorphism of the endomorphism algebra of V that swaps A and A∗. Such an automorphism is unique, and called the duality A A∗. In the present paper we give a comprehensive description of this ↔ duality. In particular, we display an invertible F-linear map T on V such that the map X TXT− is the duality https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0009 waste are attractive alternatives to fossil fuels [1]. New → A A∗. We express T as a polynomial in A and A∗. We describe how T acts on ags, decompositions, Received August 13, 2018; accepted October 09,↔ 2018. technologies to convert plant biomass into alternative and 24 bases for V. biofuels, such as bioethanol, are being developed [2]. Abstract: Industrial cellulosic ethanol production is a Fermentation-derived ethanol can be produced from challenge due to the high cost of cellulasesKeywords: for Leonardhydroly- pair, tridiagonal matrix, self-dual sugar, starch, or lignocellulosic biomass. -
Escovopsis Kreiselii Sp
RESEARCH ARTICLE New Light on the Systematics of Fungi Associated with Attine Ant Gardens and the Description of Escovopsis kreiselii sp. nov. Lucas A. Meirelles1, Quimi V. Montoya1, Scott E. Solomon2, Andre Rodrigues1* 1 Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil, 2 Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States of America * [email protected] Abstract Since the formal description of fungi in the genus Escovopsis in 1990, only a few studies have focused on the systematics of this group. For more than two decades, only two Escovopsis species were described; however, in 2013, three additional Escovopsis species were formally OPEN ACCESS described along with the genus Escovopsioides, both found exclusively in attine ant gardens. Citation: Meirelles LA, Montoya QV, Solomon SE, During a survey for Escovopsis species in gardens of the lower attine ant Mycetophylax Rodrigues A (2015) New Light on the Systematics of morschi in Brazil, we found four strains belonging to the pink-colored Escovopsis clade. Fungi Associated with Attine Ant Gardens and the Careful examination of these strains revealed significant morphological differences when Description of Escovopsis kreiselii sp. nov.. PLoS ONE 10(1): e0112067. doi:10.1371/journal. compared to previously described species of Escovopsis and Escovopsioides.Basedon pone.0112067 the type of conidiogenesis (sympodial), as well as morphology of conidiogenous cells Academic Editor: Nicole M. Gerardo, Emory (percurrent), non-vesiculated -
Mini-Paper – the Use of Microbial Biocontrol Agents Against Soil-Borne Diseases
Focus Group SOIL-BORNE DISEASES Mini-paper – The use of microbial biocontrol agents against soil-borne diseases Ilaria Pertot; Claude Alabouvette; Estefanía Hinarejos Esteve; Soraya Franca INTRODUCTION The value of the global biopesticide market is expected to reach $4,556.37 Million by 2019, at a compound annual growth rate of 15.30% from 2014 to 2019 (source: Marketsandmarkets.com, 2014; last access 31/03/2015). The reasons for such growth can be found in: the increasing concerns on the impact of residues and overuse of synthetic chemical pesticides and the increasing relevance of pests and pathogens due to growth in food demand, the withdrawal of several chemical pesticides including soil fumigants, the appearance of new invasive species and pesticide resistant strains of pests, the effect of climate change and the specialised monoculture. The decrease of the cost of several biopesticides, the introduction of technologically advanced products, the increase knowledge of farmers and the strict thresholds in pesticides residues set by many food retailers are also promoting the switch form chemical to biopesticides. In addition in EU the Directive on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides (2009/128/EC) is also expected to stimulate the biopesticide market positively. Some active ingredients have been included in Annex 1 according Regulation EC 1107/2009 and several new others are most probably under development by multinational agrochemical companies following recent acquisitions. According the present regulation if a microorganism has fungicide activity should be registered in order to be applied for such use. The high cost of registration prevents a large number of potential biocontrol agents to reach the market. -
In the Garden: Fungal Novelties from Nests of Leaf-Cutting Ants
Yet More ‘‘Weeds’’ in the Garden: Fungal Novelties from Nests of Leaf-Cutting Ants Juliana O. Augustin1*, Johannes Z. Groenewald2, Robson J. Nascimento3, Eduardo S. G. Mizubuti3, Robert W. Barreto3, Simon L. Elliot1, Harry C. Evans1,3,4 1 Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Vic¸osa, Vic¸osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures–Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 3 Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Vic¸osa, Vic¸osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 4 Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom Abstract Background: Symbiotic relationships modulate the evolution of living organisms in all levels of biological organization. A notable example of symbiosis is that of attine ants (Attini; Formicidae: Hymenoptera) and their fungal cultivars (Lepiotaceae and Pterulaceae; Agaricales: Basidiomycota). In recent years, this mutualism has emerged as a model system for studying coevolution, speciation, and multitrophic interactions. Ubiquitous in this ant-fungal symbiosis is the ‘‘weedy’’ fungus Escovopsis (Hypocreales: Ascomycota), known only as a mycoparasite of attine fungal gardens. Despite interest in its biology, ecology and molecular phylogeny—noting, especially, the high genetic diversity encountered—which has led to a steady flow of publications over the past decade, only two species of Escovopsis have formally been described. Methods and Results: We sampled from fungal gardens and garden waste (middens) of nests of the leaf-cutting ant genus Acromyrmex in a remnant of subtropical Atlantic rainforest in Minas Gerais, Brazil. In culture, distinct morphotypes of Escovopsis sensu lato were recognized. Using both morphological and molecular analyses, three new species of Escovopsis were identified. These are described and illustrated herein—E. -
Biodiversity of Trichoderma in Neotropics
13 Biodiversity of Trichoderma in Neotropics Lilliana Hoyos-Carvajal1 and John Bissett2 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Ottawa 1Colombia 2Canada 1. Introduction Trichoderma species frequently are predominant over wide geographic regions in all climatic zones, where they are significant decomposers of woody and herbaceous materials. They are characterized by rapid growth, an ability to assimilate a diverse array of substrates, and by their production of an range of antimicrobials. Strains have been exploited for production of enzymes and antibiotics, bioremediation of xenobiotic substances, and as biological control agents against plant pathogenic fungi and nematodes. The main use of Trichoderma in global trade is derived from its high production of enzymes. Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph: Hypocrea jecorina) is the most widely employed cellulolytic organism in the world, although high levels of cellulase production are also seen in other species of this genus (Baig et al., 2003, Watanabe et al., 2006). Worldwide sales of enzymes had reached the figure of $ 1.6 billion by the year 2000 (Demain 2000, cited by Karmakar and Ray, 2011), with an annual growth of 6.5 to 10% not including pharmaceutical enzymes (Stagehands, 2008). Of these, cellulases comprise approximately 20% of the enzymes marketed worldwide (Tramoy et al., 2009). Cellulases of microbial origin are used to process food and animal feed, biofuel production, baking, textiles, detergents, paper pulp, agriculture and research areas at all levels (Karmakar and Ray, 2011). Most cellulases are derived from Trichoderma (section Longibrachiatum in particular) and Aspergillus (Begum et al., 2009). -
Cloacal Mycobiota in Wild Females of Caiman Latirostris (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)
Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84: 722-726, 2013 722 Nuñez-Otaño et al.- Cloacal mycobiota of DOI:broud-snouted 10.7550/rmb.32425 caimans Research note Cloacal mycobiota in wild females of Caiman latirostris (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) Micobiota cloacal de hembras de Caiman latirostris (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) en estado silvestre Noelia Betiana Núñez-Otaño1,2 , Carlos Ignacio Piña1, 2, 3, 4, Thiago Costa Gonçalves Portelinha1, 2, 3 and Angélica Margarita Arambarri5 1Laboratorio de Ecología Animal. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Dr. Materi y España. CP 3105. Diamante (Entre Ríos), Argentina. 2Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL / MASPyMA). CP. 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina. 3Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología (UAdER). CP. 3105 Argentina. 4Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación (UNER). CP. 3100 Argentina. 5Laboratorio de Hongos Imperfectos. Instituto de Botánica Carlos Spegazzini. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. CP. 1900 La Plata (Buenos Aires), Argentina. [email protected] Abstract. There are few reports of cloacal mycobiota on wild reptiles, and in particular, fungal presence and function in Caiman latirostris remains unknown. Our objective was to describe the fungal community present in the cloaca of wild female broad-snouted caimans during their reproductive season determine whether the number of fungi has some relationship with the female’s corporeal condition. Fungi were found in 9 out of 13 cloacal samples and 14 species of fungi were isolated and identified. Three of the species isolated had the highest occurrence values, and 2 of them are pathogenic. In this case, body condition index had no relationship with fungal frequency; the fungi found in this study may have originated from soil habitat and nest substrate that are in constant contact with the cloaca of the C. -
The Ecology and Evolution of a Quadripartite Symbiosis
THE ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF A QUADRIPARTITE SYMBIOSIS: EXAMINING THE INTEMCTIONS AMONG ATTINE ANTS, FUNGI, AND ACTINOMYCETES CAMERON ROBERT CURRIE A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for The degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Botan y Uni versi ty of Toronto O Copyright b y Cameron Robert Currie 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellqton Street 395. rue Wdlurgtm OttawaON KlAM OmwaON K1AW canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive Licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, ban, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/îïim, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT The ecology and evolution of a quadripartite symbiosis: Examining the interactions among attine ants, fungi, and acünomycetes, Ph.D., 2000, Cameron Robert Currie, Department of Botany, University of Toronto The ancient and highly evolved mutualism between fungus-growing ants (Formicidae: Attini) and their fungi (Agaricales: mostly Lepiotaceae) is a textbook example of symbiosis. -
Trichoderma- Foliar Pathogen Interactions
Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 58 The Open Mycology Journal, 2014, 8, (Suppl-1, M3) 58-70 Open Access Trichoderma- Foliar Pathogen Interactions Indu S Sawant* Principal Scientist, Plant Pathology, National Research Centre for Grapes (ICAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India Abstract: Among the group of ubiquitous soil inhabiting fungi, Trichoderma species are of considerable commercial importance due to their ability to suppress many plant pathogenic fungi. They have been widely studied and employed for management of root and seedling diseases of many crops since decades. In recent years they are also being utilized for minimising diseases of foliar plant parts, especially to supress grey mold caused due to infections of Botrytis cinerea and powdery mildews on a number of crops. They also express potential to control downy mildews and have improved the shelf life of grapes. Out of the eighty-nine species of Trichoderma, a number of species exhibit the bio-control activity. The destruction of host hyphae and protoplasm by the various lytic enzymes and toxic volatile and non-volatile compounds produced by these species are the major mechanism of bio-control; apart from deactivation of pathogen enzymes and induction of systemic resistance in host plants. However, significant differences in antagonistic potential among isolates even from the same species from the same niche is observed; and hence selection of a strain with wide host range and environment adaptability becomes a key issue for sustainable biological control. Keywords: Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, fungicide, induced systemic resistance, mechanism, Plasmopara viticola, powdery mildew, Trichoderma. 1. THE GENUS TRICHODERMA deficit, gases, air pollutants, wind, radiation, etc. -
Trichoderma Genome to Genomics: a Review
g in Geno nin m i ic M s ta & a P Srivastava et al., J Data Mining Genomics Proteomics 2014, 5:3 D r f o Journal of o t e l DOI: 10.4172/2153-0602.1000162 o a m n r i c u s o J ISSN: 2153-0602 Data Mining in Genomics & Proteomics Review Article Open Access Trichoderma Genome to Genomics: A Review Mukesh Srivastava*, Mohammad Shahid, Sonika Pandey, Anuradha Singh, Vipul Kumar, Shyamji Gupta and Manoj Maurya Biocontrol Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract Trichoderma species are widely used in agriculture as biopesticides. These fungi reproduce asexually by production of conidia and chlamydospores and in wild habitats by ascospores. Trichoderma species are well known for their production of enzymes called Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes (CWDEs). All living organisms are made up of genes that code for a protein which performs the particular function. Some genes that play an important role in the biocontrol process are known as the biocontrol genes. These genes send some signals which help in secretion of proteins and enzymes that degrade the plant pathogens. These biocontrol genes can be cloned in huge amounts and can be used on large scale for commercial production. Some Trichoderma genes are also helpful in providing resistance to the biotic and abiotic stresses such as heat, drought and salt .The major biocontrol processes include antibiosis, mycoparasitism and providing plant nutrition. Keywords: Trichoderma; Biocontrol genes; Cell wall degrading have been preserved from this study. No further morphological enzymes differentiation of the anamorphs was attempted by Doi and Doi. -
Two New Species and a New Chinese Record of Hypocreaceae As Evidenced by Morphological and Molecular Data
MYCOBIOLOGY 2019, VOL. 47, NO. 3, 280–291 https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2019.1641062 RESEARCH ARTICLE Two New Species and a New Chinese Record of Hypocreaceae as Evidenced by Morphological and Molecular Data Zhao Qing Zeng and Wen Ying Zhuang State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY To explore species diversity of Hypocreaceae, collections from Guangdong, Hubei, and Tibet Received 13 February 2019 of China were examined and two new species and a new Chinese record were discovered. Revised 27 June 2019 Morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses of the ITS, LSU, EF-1a, and RPB2 Accepted 4 July 2019 regions support their placements in Hypocreaceae and the establishments of the new spe- Hypomyces hubeiensis Agaricus KEYWORDS cies. sp. nov. is characterized by occurrence on fruitbody of Hypomyces hubeiensis; sp., concentric rings formed on MEA medium, verticillium-like conidiophores, subulate phia- morphology; phylogeny; lides, rod-shaped to narrowly ellipsoidal conidia, and absence of chlamydospores. Trichoderma subiculoides Trichoderma subiculoides sp. nov. is distinguished by effuse to confluent rudimentary stro- mata lacking of a well-developed flank and not changing color in KOH, subcylindrical asci containing eight ascospores that disarticulate into 16 dimorphic part-ascospores, verticillium- like conidiophores, subcylindrical phialides, and subellipsoidal to rod-shaped conidia. Morphological distinctions between the new species and their close relatives are discussed. Hypomyces orthosporus is found for the first time from China. 1. Introduction Members of the genus are mainly distributed in temperate and tropical regions and economically The family Hypocreaceae typified by Hypocrea Fr. -
Prevalence and Impact of a Virulent Parasite on a Tripartite Mutualism
Oecologia (2001) 128:99–106 DOI 10.1007/s004420100630 Cameron R. Currie Prevalence and impact of a virulent parasite on a tripartite mutualism Received: 20 July 2000 / Accepted: 14 December 2000 / Published online: 28 February 2001 © Springer-Verlag 2001 Abstract The prevalence and impact of a specialized other interspecific interactions, such as competition and microfungal parasite (Escovopsis) that infects the fungus predation (Freeland 1983; Price et al. 1986; Schall 1992; gardens of leaf-cutting ants was examined in the labora- Hudson and Greenman 1998; Yan et al. 1998). Within tory and in the field in Panama. Escovopsis is a common mutualistic associations, most of the research on para- parasite of leaf-cutting ant colonies and is apparently sites has focused on ‘cheaters’: taxa that are closely re- more frequent in Acromyrmex spp. gardens than in gar- lated to one of the mutualists but do not co-operate, ob- dens of the more phylogenetically derived genus Atta taining a reward without providing a benefit in return spp. In addition, larger colonies of Atta spp. appear to be (Boucher et al. 1982; Mainero and Martinez del Rio less frequently infected with the parasite. In this study, 1985). The interest in ‘cheaters’ within mutualisms is at the parasite Escovopsis had a major impact on the suc- least partially based on the long-term stability of co- cess of this mutualism among ants, fungi, and bacteria. operation being a challenge to evolutionary theory (e.g., Infected colonies had a significantly lower rate of fungus Addicott 1996; Morris 1996; Pellmyr et al. 1996; Bao garden accumulation and produced substantially fewer and Addicott 1998).