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Trichoderma- Foliar Pathogen Interactions Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 58 The Open Mycology Journal, 2014, 8, (Suppl-1, M3) 58-70 Open Access Trichoderma- Foliar Pathogen Interactions Indu S Sawant* Principal Scientist, Plant Pathology, National Research Centre for Grapes (ICAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India Abstract: Among the group of ubiquitous soil inhabiting fungi, Trichoderma species are of considerable commercial importance due to their ability to suppress many plant pathogenic fungi. They have been widely studied and employed for management of root and seedling diseases of many crops since decades. In recent years they are also being utilized for minimising diseases of foliar plant parts, especially to supress grey mold caused due to infections of Botrytis cinerea and powdery mildews on a number of crops. They also express potential to control downy mildews and have improved the shelf life of grapes. Out of the eighty-nine species of Trichoderma, a number of species exhibit the bio-control activity. The destruction of host hyphae and protoplasm by the various lytic enzymes and toxic volatile and non-volatile compounds produced by these species are the major mechanism of bio-control; apart from deactivation of pathogen enzymes and induction of systemic resistance in host plants. However, significant differences in antagonistic potential among isolates even from the same species from the same niche is observed; and hence selection of a strain with wide host range and environment adaptability becomes a key issue for sustainable biological control. Keywords: Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, fungicide, induced systemic resistance, mechanism, Plasmopara viticola, powdery mildew, Trichoderma. 1. THE GENUS TRICHODERMA deficit, gases, air pollutants, wind, radiation, etc. This makes the foliar environment very different from the soil Trichoderma species are ubiquitous soil inhabiting fungi environment and the epiphytic microbial populations differ and are the anamorph stage of the genus Hypocrea. They are substantially from the rhizosphere populations. The classified under the fungal division Ascomycota; order, rhizosphere is highly suitable for proliferation and activities Hypocreales; family, Hypocreaceae; genus, Trichoderma. of diverse microfloral species comprises of bacteria, Eighty-nine species of Trichoderma have been named based filamentous fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa and algae. In on molecular phylogenetic analyses [1]. Trichoderma contrast, the phyllosphere is colonised predominantly by species have the ability to suppress fungi belonging to many bacteria and then yeasts, while the filamentous fungal other genera, including some of those which are pathogenic species may be present mainly as spores [2]. These to crop plants. This unique ability of Trichoderma is due to populations keep changing as a result of fluctuations in the the production of extracellular lytic enzymes, non-volatile physical, chemical and nutritional environment of the and volatile toxic metabolites, high competitive saprophytic phyllosphere. ability, high proliferation rate, etc. as well as induction of systemic resistance in host plants. They are also the most The phyllosphere is, thus, considered a difficult site for studied and exploited group of biocontrol agents as they are biological control as the applied biocontrol agent should be present in most of the soils worldwide, easy to isolate, able to establish, proliferate and retain its antagonistic identify, multiply (Figs. 1 to 6) and considered safe for potential in the harsher and frequently fluctuating foliar plants and animals. Though Trichoderma spp. are used environment. These environmental effects are minimized in mainly as soil inoculants for the control of root diseases, the controlled conditions of poly houses and many studies on their ability to control some of the foliar diseases like gray biological control of fruit and leaf diseases have focused in mold, powdery mildews and postharvest decays on different polyhouse grown crops. However, research has shown that it crop species are also well documented. is possible to achieve a significant level of biological control in field, too, as in the case of gray mold of grapes in 2. THE FOLIAR ENVIRONMENT vineyards. In this article an attempt has been made to review Unlike the rhizosphere, which is buffered in the the work on the interactions of Trichoderma with foliar biological, chemical and physical soil environment, the pathogens. phyllosphere and the fructosphere are exposed to the harsh gaseous atmosphere and faces sharp fluctuations in 3. CONTROL OF FOLIAR DISEASES BY temperature and surface wetness, vapour water pressure TRICHODERMA *Address correspondence to this author at the Principal Scientist, Plant 3.1. Botrytis Blight or Gray Mold Disease Pathology, National Research Centre for Grapes (ICAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India; Tel: +91-20-2695-6031; Fax: +91-20-2695-6099; Gray mold is caused by the ubiquitous, necrotrophic E-mail: [email protected] fungus Botrytis cinerea. It attacks leaves, flowers and fruits 1874-4370/14 2014 Bentham Open Trichoderma- Foliar Pathogen Interactions The Open Mycology Journal, 2014, Volume 8 59 Fig. (1). Trichoderma colonies growing on semi-selective medium. Fig. (2). Trichoderma growth on potato dextrose agar medium. Fig. (3). T. koningii (T) overgrowing on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C) colony. 60 The Open Mycology Journal, 2014, Volume 8 Indu S Sawant Fig. (4). Phialids and conidia of T. koningi. Fig. (5). Multiplication of Trichoderma on composted sterilized coffee husk in pp bags. The photo used in Fig. (5) is by the same author which was used in a symposium poster presented in National symposium on Horticultural Biotechnology, Bangalore, 28-30th October 1996. The title of the poster was: Sawant, Indu S. and S.D. Sawant. 1996. Commercial production of T. harzianum on coffee wastes- prospects and problems. New Agriculturist: http://www.new-ag.info/en/focus/focusItem.php?a=1178 Fig. (6). Multiplication of Trichoderma on potato dextrose broth in used brandy bottles. Trichoderma- Foliar Pathogen Interactions The Open Mycology Journal, 2014, Volume 8 61 of many field and poly house grown crops like grape, 200 m [13]. Similarly, T. harzianum T39 (Trichodex) at 0.2 strawberry, tomato, cucumber, beans, onion, rose, gerbera, g per l could also effectively control gray mold in begonia, carnation, chrysanthemum, geranium, marigold, greenhouse grown tomato and cucumber [14]. petunia, etc. Among the different species and isolates of These studies have brought out the commercial feasibility Trichoderma evaluated worldwide for control of foliar of biological control of grey mold, with Trichoderma diseases, one of the successful examples is of T. harzianum applications alone or in alternation with fungicide Rifai strain T39, which was initially selected and applications. This method would considerably minimize the commercialized for the control of Botrytis diseases [3]. use of chemical fungicides in fruits and may help to increase T. harzianum strain T39, was isolated from the natural food safety. surface microflora of cucumber fruit [4]. It is thought that this strain acts by competing with the pathogen for nutrients and space on the plant surface and thus inhibits its 3.2. Powdery Mildews pathogenicity process. Subsequent studies have shown that it In cucumber, T. harzianum T39 (25% powder of also induces local and systemic resistance in plants, and Trichodex) at 0.2% concentration applied as foliar spray or suppresses enzymes involved in pathogenesis. The as soil drench as a 100-ml dose in a 10 l container, could commercial product is available under the name Trichodex provide effective control of powdery mildew [15]. The WP (Makhteshim Chemical Works) containing fungal disease control was better when the preparation was applied mycelium and conidia at minimum 1x109 per gram cfu as soil drench than as spray, indicating that T39 induces (colony forming units) of T39 isolate [5]. The product has systemic resistance in cucumber against powdery mildew been tested successfully on various crops for control of grey apart from direct parasitism or antimicrobial action on the mold, powdery mildew, leaf spots etc. pathogen. The authors showed that the biocontrol agent gave Probably the most extensive evaluation of the more than 75% to almost cent percent disease control on T. harzianum T39 formulation was done for control of grey young leaves but its biocontrol efficacy declined as the mold disease of grapes. The product was evaluated under leaves grew older indicating that the age of the leaf has an diverse commercial conditions in one hundred and thirty impact on disease control efficacy of T39. Further, the three field studies conducted on thirty four grape cultivars in control was more effective under low disease pressure nineteen countries over a seven year period [6]. Overall conditions as compared to under high disease pressure results showed that T39 could provide 36.3% control of grey conditions. Studies have also indicated that epiphytic mold as compared to 52.3% control obtained by chemical Trichoderma spp. isolated from dogwood plants growing in treatments [6]. Trichoderma could establish well on grape wild, where the incidence of the disease was low, had the berries as seen by the high populations of 4.5 105 cfu per ability to reduce the severity of powdery mildew on berry on treated grapes as compared to 400 to 2000 on dogwood under pot test conditions [16]. In another study it untreated
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