Trichoderma/Pathogen/Plant Interaction in Pre-Harvest Food Security
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Biodiversity of Trichoderma in Neotropics
13 Biodiversity of Trichoderma in Neotropics Lilliana Hoyos-Carvajal1 and John Bissett2 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Ottawa 1Colombia 2Canada 1. Introduction Trichoderma species frequently are predominant over wide geographic regions in all climatic zones, where they are significant decomposers of woody and herbaceous materials. They are characterized by rapid growth, an ability to assimilate a diverse array of substrates, and by their production of an range of antimicrobials. Strains have been exploited for production of enzymes and antibiotics, bioremediation of xenobiotic substances, and as biological control agents against plant pathogenic fungi and nematodes. The main use of Trichoderma in global trade is derived from its high production of enzymes. Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph: Hypocrea jecorina) is the most widely employed cellulolytic organism in the world, although high levels of cellulase production are also seen in other species of this genus (Baig et al., 2003, Watanabe et al., 2006). Worldwide sales of enzymes had reached the figure of $ 1.6 billion by the year 2000 (Demain 2000, cited by Karmakar and Ray, 2011), with an annual growth of 6.5 to 10% not including pharmaceutical enzymes (Stagehands, 2008). Of these, cellulases comprise approximately 20% of the enzymes marketed worldwide (Tramoy et al., 2009). Cellulases of microbial origin are used to process food and animal feed, biofuel production, baking, textiles, detergents, paper pulp, agriculture and research areas at all levels (Karmakar and Ray, 2011). Most cellulases are derived from Trichoderma (section Longibrachiatum in particular) and Aspergillus (Begum et al., 2009). -
Trichoderma- Foliar Pathogen Interactions
Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 58 The Open Mycology Journal, 2014, 8, (Suppl-1, M3) 58-70 Open Access Trichoderma- Foliar Pathogen Interactions Indu S Sawant* Principal Scientist, Plant Pathology, National Research Centre for Grapes (ICAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India Abstract: Among the group of ubiquitous soil inhabiting fungi, Trichoderma species are of considerable commercial importance due to their ability to suppress many plant pathogenic fungi. They have been widely studied and employed for management of root and seedling diseases of many crops since decades. In recent years they are also being utilized for minimising diseases of foliar plant parts, especially to supress grey mold caused due to infections of Botrytis cinerea and powdery mildews on a number of crops. They also express potential to control downy mildews and have improved the shelf life of grapes. Out of the eighty-nine species of Trichoderma, a number of species exhibit the bio-control activity. The destruction of host hyphae and protoplasm by the various lytic enzymes and toxic volatile and non-volatile compounds produced by these species are the major mechanism of bio-control; apart from deactivation of pathogen enzymes and induction of systemic resistance in host plants. However, significant differences in antagonistic potential among isolates even from the same species from the same niche is observed; and hence selection of a strain with wide host range and environment adaptability becomes a key issue for sustainable biological control. Keywords: Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, fungicide, induced systemic resistance, mechanism, Plasmopara viticola, powdery mildew, Trichoderma. 1. THE GENUS TRICHODERMA deficit, gases, air pollutants, wind, radiation, etc. -
Two New Species and a New Chinese Record of Hypocreaceae As Evidenced by Morphological and Molecular Data
MYCOBIOLOGY 2019, VOL. 47, NO. 3, 280–291 https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2019.1641062 RESEARCH ARTICLE Two New Species and a New Chinese Record of Hypocreaceae as Evidenced by Morphological and Molecular Data Zhao Qing Zeng and Wen Ying Zhuang State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY To explore species diversity of Hypocreaceae, collections from Guangdong, Hubei, and Tibet Received 13 February 2019 of China were examined and two new species and a new Chinese record were discovered. Revised 27 June 2019 Morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses of the ITS, LSU, EF-1a, and RPB2 Accepted 4 July 2019 regions support their placements in Hypocreaceae and the establishments of the new spe- Hypomyces hubeiensis Agaricus KEYWORDS cies. sp. nov. is characterized by occurrence on fruitbody of Hypomyces hubeiensis; sp., concentric rings formed on MEA medium, verticillium-like conidiophores, subulate phia- morphology; phylogeny; lides, rod-shaped to narrowly ellipsoidal conidia, and absence of chlamydospores. Trichoderma subiculoides Trichoderma subiculoides sp. nov. is distinguished by effuse to confluent rudimentary stro- mata lacking of a well-developed flank and not changing color in KOH, subcylindrical asci containing eight ascospores that disarticulate into 16 dimorphic part-ascospores, verticillium- like conidiophores, subcylindrical phialides, and subellipsoidal to rod-shaped conidia. Morphological distinctions between the new species and their close relatives are discussed. Hypomyces orthosporus is found for the first time from China. 1. Introduction Members of the genus are mainly distributed in temperate and tropical regions and economically The family Hypocreaceae typified by Hypocrea Fr. -
Hypocrea Stilbohypoxyli and Its Trichoderma Koningii-Like Anamorph: a New Species from Puerto Rico on Stilbohypoxylon Moelleri
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sydowia Jahr/Year: 2003 Band/Volume: 55 Autor(en)/Author(s): Lu Bingsheng, Samuels Gary J. Artikel/Article: Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli and its Trichoderma koningii-like anamorph: a new species from Puerto Rico on Stilbohypoxylon moelleri. 255-266 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli and its Trichoderma koningii-like anamorph: a new species from Puerto Rico on Stilbohypoxylon moelleri Bingsheng Lu1* & Gary J. Samuels2 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Agronomy College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China 2 USDA-ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Rm.304, B-011A, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA Lu, B. S. & G. J. Samuels (2003). Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli and its Tricho- derma koningii-like anamorph: a new species from Puerto Rico on Stilbohypoxylon moelleri. - Sydowia 55 (2): 255-266. The new species Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli and its Trichoderma anamorph are described. The species is known only from Puerto Rico where it grows on stromata of Stilbohypoxylon moelleri (Xylariales, Xylariaceae). Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli is readily distinguished from the morphologically most similar H. koningii/T. koningii by its substratum and slower growth rate, which is especially evident on SNA. Stromata are morphologically very similar to those of H. koningii and H. rufa. The anamorph is morphologically close to T. koningii, differing from T! koningii in having somewhat shorter and wider conidia. Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli differs from H. koningii/T. koningii in 3 bp in ITS-1 and 2 bp in ITS-2 sequences. -
Trichoderma: the “Secrets” of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent
plants Review Trichoderma: The “Secrets” of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent 1, 1, 2 3 Monika Sood y, Dhriti Kapoor y, Vipul Kumar , Mohamed S. Sheteiwy , Muthusamy Ramakrishnan 4 , Marco Landi 5,6,* , Fabrizio Araniti 7 and Anket Sharma 4,* 1 School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (D.K.) 2 School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Delhi-Jalandhar Highway, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; [email protected] 4 State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; [email protected] 5 Department of Agriculture, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy 6 CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy 7 Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (A.S.) Authors contributed equal. y Received: 25 May 2020; Accepted: 16 June 2020; Published: 18 June 2020 Abstract: The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complicated web of numerous processes. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being successful plant symbiotic organisms, Trichoderma spp. also behave as a low cost, effective and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in various patho-systems, have minimal impact on the soil equilibrium and do not impair useful organisms that contribute to the control of pathogens. -
Microorganisms
microorganisms Review Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma spp. against Phytopathogenic Fungi Raja Asad Ali Khan 1 , Saba Najeeb 1, Shaukat Hussain 2, Bingyan Xie 1,* and Yan Li 1,* 1 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers (Plant Pathology Lab), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; [email protected] (R.A.A.K.); [email protected] (S.N.) 2 Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.X.); [email protected] (Y.L.) Received: 2 April 2020; Accepted: 28 May 2020; Published: 29 May 2020 Abstract: Phytopathogenic fungi, causing significant economic and production losses, are becoming a serious threat to global food security. Due to an increase in fungal resistance and the hazardous effects of chemical fungicides to human and environmental health, scientists are now engaged to explore alternate non-chemical and ecofriendly management strategies. The use of biocontrol agents and their secondary metabolites (SMs) is one of the potential approaches used today. Trichoderma spp. are well known biocontrol agents used globally. Many Trichoderma species are the most prominent producers of SMs with antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic fungi. Detailed information about these secondary metabolites, when grouped together, enhances the understanding of their efficient utilization and further exploration of new bioactive compounds for the management of plant pathogenic fungi. The current literature provides the information about SMs of Trichoderma spp. in a different context. In this review, we summarize and group different antifungal SMs of Trichoderma spp. against phytopathogenic fungi along with a comprehensive overview of some aspects related to their chemistry and biosynthesis. -
Biocontrol Efficacy and Other Characteristics of Protoplast Fusants
Mycol. Res. 106 (3): 321–328 (March 2002). # The British Mycological Society 321 DOI: 10.1017\S0953756202005592 Printed in the United Kingdom. Biocontrol efficacy and other characteristics of protoplast fusants between Trichoderma koningii and T. virens Linda E. HANSON1* and Charles R. HOWELL2 " USDA-ARS Sugar Beet Research Unit, Crops Research Laboratory, 1701 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA. # USDA-ARS SPARC, Cotton Pathology Research Unit, 2765 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA. E-mail: lehanson!lamar.colostate.edu Received 8 February 2001; accepted 29 October 2001. Several Trichoderma virens (syn. Gliocladium virens) strains have good biocontrol activity against Rhizoctonia solani on cotton but lack some of the commercially desirable characteristics found in other Trichoderma species. In an attempt to combine these desirable characteristics, we used a highly effective biocontrol strain of T. virens in protoplast fusions with a strain of T. koningii, which had good storage qualities, but little biocontrol efficacy. All fusants were morphologically similar to one of the parental species. However, when compared to the morphologically similar T. koningii parent, two fusants showed significantly better biocontrol activity against R. solani on cotton. In addition, one T. virens-like fusant gave significantly less control than the T. virens parent. Fusants also differed from the morphologically similar parent in the production of secondary metabolites. One fusant was obtained which maintained biocontrol activity during storage for up to a year. INTRODUCTION between organisms that cannot undergo sexual re- combination (Pe’er & Chet 1990). Protoplast fusions Biocontrol of plant diseases offers many benefits in have been performed with Trichoderma species for disease management. -
Chemotaxonomy of Trichoderma Spp. Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolite Profiling
J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2011), 21(1), 5–13 doi: 10.4014/jmb.1008.08018 First published online 19 November 2010 Chemotaxonomy of Trichoderma spp. Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolite Profiling Kang, Daejung1, Jiyoung Kim1, Jung Nam Choi1, Kwang-Hyeon Liu2, and Choong Hwan Lee1* 1Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea 2Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Korea Received: August 17, 2010 / Revised: September 20, 2010 / Accepted: September 28, 2010 In this study, seven Trichoderma species (33 strains) were Members of Trichoderma are the most common saprophytic classified using secondary metabolite profile-based fungi and are found in almost all agriculture soils chemotaxonomy. Secondary metabolites were analyzed by worldwide. The genus was identified 200 years ago by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem Persoon (1794), and approximately 130 species have been mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) and multivariate classified [4]. Certain species of Trichoderma have been statistical methods. T. longibrachiatum and T. virens were known to produce important secondary metabolites such independently clustered based on both internal transcribed as antibiotics, plant growth regulators, and mycotoxins, spacer (ITS) sequence and secondary metabolite analyses. which are mainly used to protect plants from pathogens T. harzianum formed three subclusters in the ITS-based [21, 22, 26]. In fact, T. harzianum and T. atroviride are phylogenetic tree and two subclusters in the metabolite- commercially used as biocontrol agents [27]. The compounds based dendrogram. In contrast, T. koningii and T. atroviride produced by some Trichoderma species are harmful to strains were mixed in one cluster in the phylogenetic tree, animals. -
Genome Sequence of Trichoderma Lixii MUT3171, a Promising Strain for Mycoremediation of PAH-Contaminated Sites
microorganisms Article Genome Sequence of Trichoderma lixii MUT3171, A Promising Strain for Mycoremediation of PAH-Contaminated Sites Francesco Venice 1, Domenico Davolos 2, Federica Spina 3 , Anna Poli 3, Valeria Paola Prigione 3, Giovanna Cristina Varese 3,* and Stefano Ghignone 1 1 Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)–SS Turin—National Research Council (CNR), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy; [email protected] (F.V.); [email protected] (S.G.) 2 Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements (DIT), INAIL, Research Area, Via R. Ferruzzi 38/40, 00143 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy; [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (V.P.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-011-670-5984 Received: 14 July 2020; Accepted: 17 August 2020; Published: 20 August 2020 Abstract: Mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and recalcitrant pollutants that threaten both environmental and human health. By exploiting the powerful enzymatic machinery of fungi, mycoremediation in contaminated sites aims at removing a wide range of pollutants in a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly manner. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques are powerful tools for understanding the molecular basis of biotransformation of PAHs by selected fungal strains, allowing genome mining to identify genetic features of biotechnological value. Trichoderma lixii MUT3171, isolated from a historically PAH-contaminated soil in Italy, can grow on phenanthrene, as a sole carbon source. -
Antagonistic Confrontation of Trichoderma Spp Against Fruit Rot Pathogens on Sapodilla (Manilkara Zapota L.)
Journal of Yeast and Fungal Research Vol. 4(1), pp. 5-11, February 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JYFR DOI: 10.5897/JYFR12.029 ISSN 2141-2413 ©2013 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Antagonistic confrontation of Trichoderma spp against fruit rot pathogens on Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L.) U. N. Bhale1*, P. M. Wagh2 and J. N. Rajkonda3 1Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Arts, Science and Commerce College, Naldurg, Tq. Tuljapur, Osmanabad District, 413602 (M.S.) India. 2Department of Biology, S. S. and L. S. Patkar College of Arts and Science, Goregaon (W), Mumbai- 400063 (M. S.) India. 3Department of Botany, Yeshwantrao Chavan College, Tuljapur, Osmanabad District, 413601 (M. S.) India. Accepted 20 December, 2012 Antagonistic potentials of five Trichoderma species that is Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma pseudokoningii and Trichoderma virens were tested against fruit rots pathogens of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L.) under laboratory conditions. Dual culture experiment of tested pathogens and Trichoderma spp revealed that, the percent inhibition of T. koningii (57.70%) and T. harzianum (54.40%) proved to be more than 50% antagonistic over control in case of A. niger. Similarly, in case of R. solani, T. koningii (67.07%) showed eloquent antagonistic activity as compared to others. In G. candidum, T. pseudokoiningii (75.07%) and T. viride (74.40%) have highly inhibited the radial growth over control followed by others. In case of R. solani, only T. koningii overgrew beyond 60% (R3 scale). The results of this study identify T. koningii and T. pseudokoningii as promising biological control agents for further testing against post harvest disease in fruits. -
Biodiversity of Trichoderma Community in the Tidal Flats and Wetland of Southeastern China
RESEARCH ARTICLE Biodiversity of Trichoderma Community in the Tidal Flats and Wetland of Southeastern China Kandasamy Saravanakumar1,2,3, Chuanjin Yu1,2,3, Kai Dou1,2,3, Meng Wang1,2,3, Yaqian Li1,2,3*, Jie Chen1,2,3 1 School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China, 2 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China, 3 Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China * [email protected] a11111 Abstract To investigate the biodiversity of Trichoderma (Hypocreaceae) and their relation to sediment physical and chemical properties, we collected a total of 491 sediment samples from coastal wetlands (tidal flat and wetland) in Southeast China. Further, we applied two types of molecu- OPEN ACCESS lar approaches such as culture dependent and independent methods for identification of Tri- choderma spp. A total of 254 isolates were obtained and identified to 13 species such as T. Citation: Saravanakumar K, Yu C, Dou K, Wang M, Li Y, Chen J (2016) Biodiversity of Trichoderma aureoviride, T. asperellum, T. harzianum, T. atroviride, T. koningiopsis, T. longibrachiatum, T. Community in the Tidal Flats and Wetland of koningii. T. tawa, T. viridescens, T. virens, T. hamatum, T. viride, and T. velutinum by the cul- Southeastern China. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0168020. ture-dependent (CD) method of these, T. tawa was newly described in China. Subsequently, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168020 the culture indepented method of 454 pyrosequencing analysis revealed a total of six species Editor: Vijai Gupta, National University of IrelandÐ such as T. -
Three <I>Trichoderma</I>
ISSN (print) 0093-4666 © 2015. Mycotaxon, Ltd. ISSN (online) 2154-8889 MYCOTAXON http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/130.1103 Volume 130, pp. 1103–1110 October–December 2015 Three Trichoderma species associated with wood discoloration in South Korea Seokyoon Jang, Yeongseon Jang, Gyu-Hyeok Kim & Jae-Jin Kim* Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, Korea *Correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract — Three Trichoderma species previously recorded as new records from South Korea, T. dorotheae, T. gamsii, and T. koningiopsis, are described and illustrated. Key words — ascomycetes, Hypocrea, phylogeny, taxonomy Introduction Trichoderma Pers. [= Hypocrea Fr.] is a cosmopolitan genus of fungi (Hypocreaceae, Ascomycota) comprising more than one hundred species (Druzhinina et al. 2006), which can be isolated from soil, wood, and various other substances, even including other fungi (Druzhinina et al. 2011). In South Korea, about 20 Trichoderma species have been reported (Lee et al. 2003; Park et al. 2005, 2006; Cho et al. 2007; Huh et al. 2011). Ten Trichoderma species isolated from wood were identified by Huh et al. (2011), who examined the culture characteristics and analyzed the ITS and TEF sequences of the isolates; they reported three species—Trichoderma dorotheae, T. gamsii, and T. koningiopsis—as new records from South Korea but provided no microscopic descriptions. Here we confirm the identifications of these Trichoderma records through macro- and microscopical observations and an expanded phylogenetic analysis using translation elongation factor-1α (TEF) gene region sequences. Materials & methods Analysis of phenotype Six isolates of the three Trichoderma species were obtained from the Korea University Culture Collection, Seoul, Republic of Korea (KUC).