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Prospects of Trichoderma in Agriculture-Fundamentals and Applications

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Prospects of Trichoderma in Agriculture-Fundamentals and Applications Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 3519-3527 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.413 Prospects of Trichoderma in Agriculture-Fundamentals and Applications Rokozeno Chalie-u* and Shish Ram Jakhar Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP)- 482004, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The role of microorganisms does not just start with nutrient mineralization, organic matter decomposition and ends with it. There is much more a particular microbe can do in soil K e yw or ds and its ecosystem. One of such is Trichoderma, a fungus found in almost all soil ecosystem and a varied environment conditions covering normal soil to harsh conditions as Trichoderma, Soil, marshy land, desert soil and other degraded environment. With the ill effects of chemical Environment, fertilizers becoming more and more obvious and the increase cost of production that Disease and growth follows, chances have to be given to biocontrol agents like Trichoderma, that has multiple Article Info usage in agriculture and beyond besides its ability to control disease incidence. Trichoderma are highly interactive in soil and plant roots and its growth is more in acidic Accepted: condition compared to alkaline. They are the best known for its role in controlling diseases 25 May 2018 Available Online: by acting as mycoparasite. Other roles include bioremediation, waste decomposer offering 10 June 2018 benefits like solubilizing nutrients, promoting plant growth and resistance to stresses, which ultimately leads to enhanced plant growth. Introduction One of the most effectively and widely adopted biological agent is the fungus Plant and soil related problems have been with Trichoderma. Trichoderma is a genus of us since the beginning of agriculture affecting filamentous Ascomycetes fungi that are the overall production of crops. Although the among the most frequently isolated soil use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has microorganisms; tropical soils contain 101– made us achieved higher yield, considerable 103 culturable propagules per gram (Harman damages has been caused to the environment et al., 2004; Etschmann et al., 2015). They are disturbing its ecological balance, raising widely distributed all over the world (Domsch concerns of both the environment and human et al., 1980), and found in all soils including health. Under such circumstances, use of forest humus layer (Wardle et al., 1993) as biological methods or agents involving well as in agricultural orchard soils (Roiger et microorganisms comes to rescue and al., 1991) and natural habitats, especially in application of such biological agents is those containing or consisting of organic attracting researchers from different fields. matter (Papavizas, 1985). They are highly 3519 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 3519-3527 reproductive, ability to increase plant growth, most important Trichoderma species used in efficient in nutrient utilization and offer plant the fields of agriculture, industrial and medical defense mechanisms. The most useful strains are: Trichoderma hamatum, T. viride, T. exhibit a characteristic called „rhizosphere harzianum, T. koningii, T. longibrachiatum, T. competence‟, meaning the ability to colonize reesei and T. virens. plant roots and live in association with it. Apart from its role in parasitizing fungi and General characteristics of Trichoderma reducing diseases, Trichoderma species are also used in decomposing waste and organic Trichoderma strains have long been matter, to remediate polluted soil, in weed recognized as biological agents, for the control control and various other applications in the of plant diseases and for their ability to fields of medical, industries and food. They increase root growth and development, crop are reliable, environmental friendly and cost productivity, resistance to abiotic stresses, and effective. uptake and utilization of nutrients. Trichoderma species are ubiquitous in the Taxonomy and evolution of trichoderma environment, especially in soils. The optimum temperature of most Trichoderma species is Trichoderma belongs to the kingdom fungi, between 25-300C. They are strong division Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes, opportunistic invaders, fast growing, prolific order Hypocreales, family Hypocreaceae and producers of spores and also powerful genus Trichoderma. To date, at least 1100 antibiotic producers even under highly Hypocrea (sexual telemorphic competitive environment for space, nutrients, stage)/Trichoderma (asexual anamorphic and light (Schuster and Schmoll, 2010; stage) strains have been identified from 75 Montero-Barrientos et al., 2011). Because of molecularly characterized species and many their ability to colonize cellulosic materials, new species are being recognized (Druzhinina they are found in areas where there is et al., 2011). decaying plant material and their population increases with more abundant healthy The history of Trichoderma can be date back vegetation (Jaklitsch, 2009). This fungus to 1794 when Persoon first introduced the grows easily on media such as potato dextrose name Trichoderma. It was until 1927 that agar (PDA), Malt agar (MA), Blakeslee‟s agar Gilman and Abbott recognized four species (BLA) and Czapek Dox agar (CDA) (Bissett, under the genus Trichoderma. The first move 1991). Trichoderma sporulates profusely on on development of a particular protocol for most media producing masses of powder, or in species identification was made in 1969 a few species produce slimy, green conidia. (Rifai, 1969; Samuels, 2006). Subsequently, The green conidia produced are generally many novel species of Trichoderma were diagnostic feature for identification of the revealed and by 2013, the genus already genus. They are prolific producers of consists of more than 200 phylogenetically extracellular proteins, and are best known for defined species based on rpb2 sequence their ability to produce enzymes that degrade (Atanasova et al., 2013). Presently, the cellulose and chitin, although they also International Sub commission on Trichoderma produce other useful enzymes. They also show lists 104 species a high level of genetic diversity, and can be (http://www.isth.info/biodiversity/index.php) used to produce a wide range of products of characterized at the molecular level. Although commercial and ecological interest. numerous species have been identified, the 3520 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 3519-3527 Genetic approaches Ecological functions With the advancement in science, there also Root colonization comes the need to combine genetic approaches in fungal Trichoderma to help achieve strains Trichoderma species are known to colonize that performs better than the former. plant roots upon coming in contact with it and Screening of diverse population of biocontrol forms a symbiotic relationship. The major agents is an important requirement for advantage of this relationship is that root developing efficient biocontrol agents. Recent colonization increases root growth and length, research shows three species been sequenced, ultimately leading to an increase in plant namely T. reesei, T. atroviride and T. virens. growth and productivity as well. When the The smallest genome size (34 Mb) was found root system is colonized, a robust root system in the weakly mycoparasitic T. reesei whereas is developed improving nutrient and water the T. virens was found to have the largest uptake and also providing protection against genome (38.8 Mb) (Mukherjee, 2011). Highly pathogenic microorganisms (Harman 2000; parasitic Trichoderma species contain Benıtez et al., 2004; Contreras-Cornejo 2015). numerous genes that encode production of Benitez et al., (2004) claimed that the different enzymes and other compounds mechanisms involved in root colonization by involve in the attack against other microbes Trichoderma species are similar to those in (Druzhinina et al., 2011). Hundreds of genes mycorrhizal fungi. There are certain toxic are found to be involved in the process of compounds like phytoalexins, flavonoids, biocontrol mechanisms like mycoparasitism, terpenoids and phenols elicited by plants upon antibiosis, resistance to stresses, competition infection and Trichoderma is said to be and production of enzymes (Monte, 2001). resistant to these compounds and hence can These genes from Trichoderma species are colonize root successfully. identified, cloned to achieve greater promise that offers more resistance to diseases, higher Plant growth promotion enzymes production. The interaction of Trichoderma with plant has Protoplast fusion is a technique of genetic an advantageous effect on plants. Among the modification where two distinct species are many, promotion of plant growth is one of the fused together to form new species having beneficial traits of Trichoderma species characteristics of both. The various enzymes (Shukla et al., 2012). Plant growth promotion produced by Trichoderma which serve in by Trichoderma has been observed in several biocontrol can be combined to give out better crops. This can be seen in results shown by strain than the individual strain. This is Harman (2000) that there was an increase of achieved through the process of protoplast 123% in soybean yield when inoculated with fusion. Use of protoplast fusion technique for T. harzianum. In yet another report using 10- Trichoderma yielded
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