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11 the Evolutionary Strategy of Claviceps
Pažoutová S. (2002) Evolutionary strategy of Claviceps. In: Clavicipitalean Fungi: Evolutionary Biology, Chemistry, Biocontrol and Cultural Impacts. White JF, Bacon CW, Hywel-Jones NL (Eds.) Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, pp.329-354. 11 The Evolutionary Strategy of Claviceps Sylvie Pažoutová Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic 1. INTRODUCTION Members of the genus Claviceps are specialized parasites of grasses, rushes and sedges that specifically infect florets. The host reproductive organs are replaced with a sclerotium. However, it has been shown that after artificial inoculation, C. purpurea can grow and form sclerotia on stem meristems (Lewis, 1956) so that there is a capacity for epiphytic and endophytic growth. C. phalaridis, an Australian endemite, colonizes whole plants of pooid hosts in a way similar to Epichloë and it forms sclerotia in all florets of the infected plant, rendering it sterile (Walker, 1957; 1970). Until now, about 45 teleomorph species of Claviceps have been described, but presumably many species may exist only in anamorphic (sphacelial) stage and therefore go unnoticed. Although C. purpurea is type species for the genus, it is in many aspects untypical, because most Claviceps species originate from tropical regions, colonize panicoid grasses, produce macroconidia and microconidia in their sphacelial stage and are able of microcyclic conidiation from macroconidia. Species on panicoid hosts with monogeneric to polygeneric host ranges predominate. 329 2. PHYLOGENETIC TREE We compared sequences of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region for 19 species of Claviceps, Database sequences of Myrothecium atroviride (AJ302002) (outgroup from Bionectriaceae), Epichloe amarillans (L07141), Atkinsonella hypoxylon (U57405) and Myriogenospora atramentosa (U57407) were included to root the tree among other related genera. -
Fungal Pathogens Occurring on <I>Orthopterida</I> in Thailand
Persoonia 44, 2020: 140–160 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.06 Fungal pathogens occurring on Orthopterida in Thailand D. Thanakitpipattana1, K. Tasanathai1, S. Mongkolsamrit1, A. Khonsanit1, S. Lamlertthon2, J.J. Luangsa-ard1 Key words Abstract Two new fungal genera and six species occurring on insects in the orders Orthoptera and Phasmatodea (superorder Orthopterida) were discovered that are distributed across three families in the Hypocreales. Sixty-seven Clavicipitaceae sequences generated in this study were used in a multi-locus phylogenetic study comprising SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1 Cordycipitaceae and RPB2 together with the nuclear intergenic region (IGR). These new taxa are introduced as Metarhizium grylli entomopathogenic fungi dicola, M. phasmatodeae, Neotorrubiella chinghridicola, Ophiocordyceps kobayasii, O. krachonicola and Petchia new taxa siamensis. Petchia siamensis shows resemblance to Cordyceps mantidicola by infecting egg cases (ootheca) of Ophiocordycipitaceae praying mantis (Mantidae) and having obovoid perithecial heads but differs in the size of its perithecia and ascospore taxonomy shape. Two new species in the Metarhizium cluster belonging to the M. anisopliae complex are described that differ from known species with respect to phialide size, conidia and host. Neotorrubiella chinghridicola resembles Tor rubiella in the absence of a stipe and can be distinguished by the production of whole ascospores, which are not commonly found in Torrubiella (except in Torrubiella hemipterigena, which produces multiseptate, whole ascospores). Ophiocordyceps krachonicola is pathogenic to mole crickets and shows resemblance to O. nigrella, O. ravenelii and O. barnesii in having darkly pigmented stromata. Ophiocordyceps kobayasii occurs on small crickets, and is the phylogenetic sister species of taxa in the ‘sphecocephala’ clade. -
Studies of Ergot Alkaloid Biosynthesis Genes in Clavicipitaceous Fungi
University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2004 STUDIES OF ERGOT ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS GENES IN CLAVICIPITACEOUS FUNGI Caroline Machado University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Machado, Caroline, "STUDIES OF ERGOT ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS GENES IN CLAVICIPITACEOUS FUNGI" (2004). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 433. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/433 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Caroline Machado The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2004 STUDIES OF ERGOT ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS GENES IN CLAVICIPITACEOUS FUNGI ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Agriculture at the University of Kentucky By Caroline Machado Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Christopher L. Schardl, Professor of Plant Pathology Lexington, Kentucky 2004 Copyright by Caroline Machado 2004 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION STUDIES OF ERGOT ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS GENES IN CLAVICIPITACEOUS FUNGI Neotyphodium species, endophytic fungi associated with cool-season grasses, enhance host fitness and stress tolerance, but also produce biologically active alkaloids including ergot alkaloids associated with fescue toxicosis in grazing animals. One approach to reduce fescue toxicosis is to manipulate genes in the ergot alkaloid pathway. The gene, dmaW, encoding the first pathway-specific step in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis, was cloned previously from Claviceps spp. -
Objective Plant Pathology
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305442822 Objective plant pathology Book · July 2013 CITATIONS READS 0 34,711 3 authors: Surendra Nath M. Gurivi Reddy Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University 5 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS 15 PUBLICATIONS 11 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Prabhukarthikeyan S. R ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 48 PUBLICATIONS 108 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Management of rice diseases View project Identification and characterization of phytoplasma View project All content following this page was uploaded by Surendra Nath on 20 July 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Objective Plant Pathology (A competitive examination guide)- As per Indian examination pattern M. Gurivi Reddy, M.Sc. (Plant Pathology), TNAU, Coimbatore S.R. Prabhukarthikeyan, M.Sc (Plant Pathology), TNAU, Coimbatore R. Surendranath, M. Sc (Horticulture), TNAU, Coimbatore INDIA A.E. Publications No. 10. Sundaram Street-1, P.N.Pudur, Coimbatore-641003 2013 First Edition: 2013 © Reserved with authors, 2013 ISBN: 978-81972-22-9 Price: Rs. 120/- PREFACE The so called book Objective Plant Pathology is compiled by collecting and digesting the pertinent information published in various books and review papers to assist graduate and postgraduate students for various competitive examinations like JRF, NET, ARS conducted by ICAR. It is mainly helpful for students for getting an in-depth knowledge in plant pathology. The book combines the basic concepts and terminology in Mycology, Bacteriology, Virology and other applied aspects. -
The Phylogenetic Placement of Hypocrealean Insect Pathogens in the Genus Polycephalomyces: an Application of One Fungus One Name
fungal biology 117 (2013) 611e622 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funbio The phylogenetic placement of hypocrealean insect pathogens in the genus Polycephalomyces: An application of One Fungus One Name Ryan KEPLERa,*, Sayaka BANb, Akira NAKAGIRIc, Joseph BISCHOFFd, Nigel HYWEL-JONESe, Catherine Alisha OWENSBYa, Joseph W. SPATAFORAa aDepartment of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA bDepartment of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-5-8 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan cDivision of Genetic Resource Preservation and Evaluation, Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Tottori University, 101, Minami 4-chome, Koyama-cho, Tottori-shi, Tottori 680-8553, Japan dAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA eBhutan Pharmaceuticals Private Limited, Upper Motithang, Thimphu, Bhutan article info abstract Article history: Understanding the systematics and evolution of clavicipitoid fungi has been greatly aided by Received 27 August 2012 the application of molecular phylogenetics. They are now classified in three families, largely Received in revised form driven by reevaluation of the morphologically and ecologically diverse genus Cordyceps. 28 May 2013 Although reevaluation of morphological features of both sexual and asexual states were Accepted 12 June 2013 often found to reflect the structure of phylogenies based on molecular data, many species Available online 9 July 2013 remain of uncertain placement due to a lack of reliable data or conflicting morphological Corresponding Editor: Kentaro Hosaka characters. A rigid, darkly pigmented stipe and the production of a Hirsutella-like anamorph in culture were taken as evidence for the transfer of the species Cordyceps cuboidea, Cordyceps Keywords: prolifica, and Cordyceps ryogamiensis to the genus Ophiocordyceps. -
Ergot of Bajra and Its Management: Review JPP 2020; 9(2): 274-277 Received: 12-01-2020 Accepted: 15-02-2020 Poonam Kumari, Dr
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2020; 9(2): 274-277 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 www.phytojournal.com Ergot of bajra and its management: Review JPP 2020; 9(2): 274-277 Received: 12-01-2020 Accepted: 15-02-2020 Poonam Kumari, Dr. Shailesh Godika, Neelam Geat and Snehika Pandia Poonam Kumari Department of Plant Pathology, Abstract Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture The ergot of Bajra (pearl millet) was first reported from south India. The first report of its occurrence in University, Jobner, Jaipur, epidemic form was made in 1956 from south ‘Satara’ area of Maharashtra. Severe epidemics of the Rajasthan, India disease are known to occur in Delhi, U.R, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, A.R, and Haryana. Natarajan et al. (1974) estimated the average incidence to be about 62.4% with grain loss of Dr. Shailesh Godika about 58%. Department of Plant Pathology, The damage caused by the disease depends upon the weather at the time of ear formation. Presence of Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture toxic alkaloids in the ergot adds to the importance of the disease. The sclerotia contain ‘ergo-toxin’ University, Jobner, Jaipur, which, when consumed in excessive quantities, proves to be toxic to life. But, when taken in prescribed Rajasthan, India quantities it proves to be beneficial as it has some medicinal value too. The major source of primary inoculum is sclerotia already in soil from the previous crop or added at Neelam Geat sowing (sclerotia-contaminated seed). Disease development and spread depends on prevailing weather Agriculture research Station, conditions during flowering and the timely availability of pollen. -
Systematics and Phylogeny of Cordyceps and the Clavicipitaceae with Emphasis on the Evolution of Host Affiliation
AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Gi-Ho Sung for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany and Plant Pathology presented on December 1. 2005. Title: Systematics and Phylogeny of Cordyceps and the Clavicipitaceae with Emphasis on the Evolution of Host Affiliation Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy Cordyceps is a genus of perithecial ascomycetes. It includes over 400 species that are pathogens of arthropods and parasites of the truffle genus Elaphomyces. Based on the morphology of cylindrical asci, thickened ascusapices and fihiform ascospores, it is classified in the Clavicipitaceae (Hypocreales), which also includes endophytes and epiphytes of the grass family (e.g., Claviceps and Epichloe). Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses rejected the monophyly of the Clavicipitaceae. Clavicipitaceous fungi formed three strongly supported clades of which one was monophyletic with the Hypocreaceae. Furthermore, the monophyly of Cordyceps was also rejected as all three clades of Clavicipitaceae included species of the genus. These results did not support the utility of most of the characters (e.g., ascospore morphology and host affiliation) used in current classifications and warranted significant taxonomic revisions of both Cordyceps and the Clavicipitaceae. Therefore, taxonomic revisions were made to more accurately reflect phylogenetic relationships. One new family Ophiocordycipitaceae was proposed and two families (Clavicipitaceae and Cordycipitaceae) were emended for the three clavicipitaceous clades. Species of Cordyceps were reclassified into Cordyceps sensu stricto, Elaphocordyceps gen. nov., Metacordyceps gen. nov., and Ophiocordyceps and a total of 147 new combinations were proposed. In teleomorph-anamorph connection, the phylogeny of the Clavicipitaceae s. 1. was also useful in characterizing the polyphyly of Verticillium sect. -
Molecular Record for the First Authentication of Isaria Cicadae
Open Life Sciences 2021; 16: 711–718 Research Article Thuan Duc Lao#, Hanh Van Trinh#, Loi Vuong, Luyen Tien Vu, Thuy Ai Huyen Le, Hiep Minh Dinh, Nguyen Binh Truong* Molecular record for the first authentication of Isaria cicadae from Vietnam https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0074 phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated dataset received February 18, 2020; accepted June 19, 2021 were successfully applied to strengthen the identification Isaria cicadae Abstract: The entomopathogenic fungus T011, parasi- of T011 as . tizing on nymph of Cicada, collected in the coffee garden Keywords: nuclear small ribosomal subunit, nuclear large in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam, was preliminarily morpho- ribosomal subunit, Isaria cicadae, phylogeny logically identified as Isaria cicadae, belonged to order Hypocreales and family Clavicipitaceae. To ensure the authenticity of T011, phylogenetic analysis of the conca- tenated set of multiple genes including ITS, nrLSU, nrSSU, 1 Introduction Rpb1, and Tef1 was applied to support the identification. Isaria cicadae ( ) Genomic DNA was isolated from dried sample T011. The Miq., Bull. Sci. phys. nat. néerl.: 86 1838 ( ) Cordyceps cicadae PCR assay sequencing was applied to amplify ITS, nrLSU, Mycobank: MB#204858 , also known ( ) ( )( ) - nrSSU, Rpb1, and Tef1 gene. For phylogenetic analysis, Miq. Massee 1895 Mycobank: MB#311793 , is the ento the concatenated data of both target gens were con- mopathogenic fungi capable of parasitizing on cicada structed with MEGAX with a 1,000 replicate bootstrap based nymph, belongs to the order Hypocreales, and the family [ ] C. cicadae on the neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood, maximum Clavicipitaceae 4,5 . usually distribute in parsimony method. As the result, the concatenated data many regions of the world with temperatures ranging > containing 62 sequences belonged to order Hypocreales, from 18 to 24°C, relative humidity of 80°C, and grows – families Clavicipitaceae, and 2 outgroup sequences belonged vertically on the sunny slopes at an attitude of 700 950 m [ ] C. -
ERGOT: the Genus Claviceps
3. THE TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY OF CLAVICEPS SYLVIE PAZOUTOVÁ1 and DOUGLAS P.PARBERY2 1Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic 2Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Horticulture, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia 3.1. THE TAXONOMIC POSITION OF CLAVICEPS The evolution and to some extent the taxonomy of the parasitic fungi belonging to the genus Claviceps are linked to the evolution of their host plants (grasses, rushes, and sedges). Although the recent Internet version of the Index of Fungi (http://nt.ars_grin.gov/indxfun/frmlndF.htm) lists 38 recorded species of Claviceps, at least 7 species are missing and C. oryzae-sativae and C. virens were removed from Claviceps, so that there are 43 known species. The genus Claviceps is in the family Clavicipitaceae which was initially placed in the order Hypocreales. During the 50’s, however, doubts about this based on comparative study of conidiogenous stroma development resulted in its transfer into the Xylariales (Luttrell, 1951) and then to the Clavicipitales, an order close to Hypocreales and erected specifically to accommodate clavicipitaceous fungi (Gäumann, 1952). More recently, application of DNA analysis has been used to test the relationships between different members of Hypocreales and has confirmed the initial placement of the monophyletic Clavicipitaceae as family belonging to the order Hypocreales. Molecular phylogenies suggest that the genus Claviceps was the first group derived from a common ancestor line, then Epichloe/Neotyphodium followed by Atkinsonella and with the last clade containing species of Balansia and Myriogenospora (Spatafora and Blackwell, 1993; Rehner and Samuels, 1994; Glenn et al., 1996). -
Analysis of Claviceps Africana and C. Sorghi from India Using Aflps, EF-1A Gene Intron 4, and B-Tubulin Gene Intron 3
mycological research 110 (2006) 441– 451 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres Analysis of Claviceps africana and C. sorghi from India using AFLPs, EF-1a gene intron 4, and b-tubulin gene intron 3 Paul W. TOOLEYa,*, Ranajit BANDYOPADHYAYb,1, Marie M. CARRASa, Sylvie PAZˇOUTOVA´ c aUSDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, 1301 Ditto Avenue, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5023, USA bInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria cInstitute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic article info abstract Article history: Isolates of Claviceps causing ergot on sorghum in India were analysed by AFLP analysis, and Received 18 January 2005 by analysis of DNA sequences of the EF-1a gene intron 4 and b-tubulin gene intron 3 region. Received in revised form Of 89 isolates assayed from six states in India, four were determined to be C. sorghi, and the 14 November 2005 rest C. africana. A relatively low level of genetic diversity was observed within the Indian Accepted 16 December 2005 C. africana population. No evidence of genetic exchange between C. africana and C. sorghi Published online 24 March 2006 was observed in either AFLP or DNA sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was con- Corresponding Editor: Jeffrey K. Stone ducted using DNA sequences from 14 different Claviceps species. A multigene phylogeny based on the EF-1a gene intron 4, the b-tubulin gene intron 3 region, and rDNA showed Keywords: that C. sorghi grouped most closely with C. gigantea and C. africana. Although the Claviceps Clavicipitaceae species we analysed were closely related, they colonize hosts that are taxonomically very Coevolution distinct suggesting that there is no direct coevolution of Claviceps with its hosts. -
Calcarisporium Cordycipiticola Sp. Nov., an Important Fungal Pathogen of Cordyceps Militaris
Phytotaxa 268 (2): 135–144 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.4 Calcarisporium cordycipiticola sp. nov., an important fungal pathogen of Cordyceps militaris JING-ZU SUN1,2,3, CAI-HONG DONG1*, XING-ZHONG LIU1, JIAN-KUI LIU4 & KEVIN D. HYDE2* 1State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoy- ang District, Beijing 100101, P.R. China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 4Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, P.R. China *Corresponding authors: Kevin D. Hyde, email: [email protected]; Caihong Dong, email: [email protected] Abstract Production of the medicinal and edible fungus Cordyceps militaris has dramatically increased in China because of its al- leged medicinal properties. During industrial production, a fungal parasite was found to infect the fruiting bodies causing significant quality and yield losses. Two isolates were obtained from fruiting bodies of C. militaris in Beijing and Shanghai mushroom farms and were characterized by morphological and phylogenetic analyses of SSU and ITS sequence data. The phylogenetic analyses showed that they belong to the genus Calcarisporium and are related to the type species, C. arbus- cula with 91% ITS sequence similarity. We introduce this taxon as Calcarisporium cordycipiticola sp. nov., and compare it morphologically with other taxa in the genus. The interaction between this taxon, its host, and methods to control this fungicolous taxon need further studies. -
Morphological and Genetic Characteristics of the Novel
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Morphological and genetic characteristics of the novel entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps langbianensis (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) from Lang Biang Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam Thuan Duc Lao1, Thuy Ai Huyen Le1 & Nguyen Binh Truong2* An entomopathogenic fungus newly named Ophiocordyceps langbianensis was collected from Lang Biang Biosphere Reserve, located in Lam Dong Province, Vietnam. It is characterized as a species of Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) having the unique characteristics of a cylindrical fertile part and several branched apical appendices. Each ascospore develops as two swollen, constricted part-spores. A phylogenetic analysis of multiple genes, including nrLSU, nrSSU, Rpb1, ITS and Tef, supported its systematic position in the genus of Ophiocordyceps; it is related to O. brunneipunctata. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, O. langbianensis was confrmed as a new species from Vietnam. Te genus Ophiocordyceps, frst established by Petch in 1931, belongs to the family Ophiocordycipitaceae, order Hypocreales, comprising approximately 250 species 1,2. Originally, Ophiocordyceps was classifed as a subgenus of Cordyceps by Kobayasi (1941, 1982) and Mains (1958)3–5. In 2007, Sung et al. established a new called fam- ily Ophiocordycipitaceae, comprising Ophiocordyceps, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses6,7. Te distinction of the genus Ophiocordyceps from Cordyceps was done due to the darkly pigmented stromata of Ophiocordyceps, which are pliant, wiry or fbrous and tough in texture, compared to the brightly pigmented stromata of Cordyceps7. Species of Ophiocordyceps are entomopathogenic on a wide range of insects. Te hosts of species of Ophiocordyceps are the larvas of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera as well as the adults of Araneae, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Odonata and Orthoptera3–7.