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Appendix 1 Vernacular Names

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Appendix 1 Vernacular Names Appendix 1 Vernacular Names The vernacular names listed below have been collected from the literature. Few have phonetic spellings. Spelling is not helped by the difficulties of transcribing unwritten languages into European syllables and Roman script. Some languages have several names for the same species. Further complications arise from the various dialects and corruptions within a language, and use of names borrowed from other languages. Where the people are bilingual the person recording the name may fail to check which language it comes from. For example, in northern Sahel where Arabic is the lingua franca, the recorded names, supposedly Arabic, include a number from local languages. Sometimes the same name may be used for several species. For example, kiri is the Susu name for both Adansonia digitata and Drypetes afzelii. There is nothing unusual about such complications. For example, Grigson (1955) cites 52 English synonyms for the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) in the British Isles, and also mentions several examples of the same vernacular name applying to different species. Even Theophrastus in c. 300 BC complained that there were three plants called strykhnos, which were edible, soporific or hallucinogenic (Hort 1916). Languages and history are linked and it is hoped that understanding how lan- guages spread will lead to the discovery of the historical origins of some of the vernacular names for the baobab. The classification followed here is that of Gordon (2005) updated and edited by Blench (2005, personal communication). Alternative family names are shown in square brackets, dialects in parenthesis. Superscript Arabic numbers refer to references to the vernacular names; Roman numbers refer to further information in Section 4. 337 338 Appendix 1 Vernacular Names 1 Vernacular names of Adansonia digitata 1.1 European names Danish: abelbrødtræ (monkey tree); abelbrød (fruit, i.e. monkey bread) Dutch: apebroodboom, apenbroodboom (monkey tree); apebrood, apenbrood (fruit, i.e. monkey bread) English: ape breadfruit40, baobab, baobab tree, cream of tartar tree40, dead-rat-tree (name refers to the hanging pods, which look like rats), Ethiopian sour gourd71, Guinea tamarind, lemonade tree, mock cotton tree, monkey bread tree55, monkey tamarind tree55, upside-down tree71; monkey bread, Senegal calabash71 (fruit) English (India): baobab3, baobab tree5, cream of tartar tree, Indian cork-tree3 monkey bread tree3, monkey bread tree of Africa5; sour gourd5 (fruit) English (Sri Lanka): monkey bread tree7; Judas’ bag (fruit so called by Roman Catholics because it contains 30 seeds, i.e. pieces of silver) Englishi (West Indies) Bahamas: Jamaican tamarind56; monkey tamarind56 Dominica: monkey tamarind52, 56 Jamaica: baobab57; Ethiopian sour gourd57; monkey bread57; monkey tamarind52, 56 St. Croix: cushion tamarind, Guinea almond52, Guinea tamarind52 St. Eustatius: Guinea almond52; Guinea tamarind52 French: arbre aux calebasses40, 71 (calabash tree), arbre de mille ans71 (tree of a thousand years), baobab71, calebassier du Sénégal40, 49, 71; calebasse du Sénégal (fruit), pain de singe19, 40, 49, 71 (monkey bread) Finish: apinaleipäpuu, baobabpuu German: affenbrodbaum, affenbrotbaum (monkey bread tree) Italian: baobab; noce delle scimmie (fruit, i.e. monkey’s walnut) Portuguese: baobá, cabaçevre71, calebassier (calabash); cabaçinhas redondas (fruit) Russian: óaoóaó Spanish: baobal Afrikaansii (South Africa): kremetert71, kremetartboom71 (cream of tartar tree) 1.2 African Names The number of African languages is estimated to be just over 2000, consisting of four large phyla: Niger-Congo (which includes the large Bantu family), Afro- Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan and Khoisan. A phylum is defined as a language grouping larger, less well defined, and less widely accepted than a ‘family’, and typically contains several families (Heine and Nurse 2000). Creoleiii [Krio] (Sierra Leone): monkey brade68 Creolev, Portugueseiv (Mozambique, Angola): imbodeiro10, imbondeiro10 Creole, Portuguese-based Säotomense (Säo Tomé): miondo Creole (West Indies): mapu zombi52, 71 1 Vernacular names of Adansonia digitata 339 1.2.1 Niger-Congo Phylumv Family and Language Country Vernacular name Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon Dogonvi Mali oro38, 71; orobanou58 (red-barked), orodienw58 (black-barked), oropil58 (grey-barked); géye40, tige40 (fruit); pepèru40 (flower) Dogon Toro Niger ɔrɔ74, `ɔrɔ84 Atlantic-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban Subgroup Heiban dhogwo, khor76 Nuba Abri (= Koalib) Nuba Mtns kwugwor76 Nuba Dire (= Koalib) Nuba Mtns kwugwor76 Jebel Tira Mani dhor76, θɔr84 Kalkadda dhor Khor Gana – dhogwo Jebel Heiban Laro dhogwo76 Atlantic-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi Subgroup Talodi bosa11, 76 Tisoni bosa Jebel el Liri kishawiyi11, 11, 84, 76, tabarly22 Atlantic-Congo, Kordofanian, Tegali subgroup Tegal ora11 Elliri ora Atlantic-Congo, Mandevii, Eastern Group, Eastern Bisa [Bissa] Birkina Faso mor40, poo-qô68, poya59, poyah Busa Benin fon40 Nigeria kúka40 (ex Hausa) Shanga Nigeria hwon40 Atlantic-Congo, Mande, Eastern Group, Southeastern Guro [Kweni] Ivory Coast bèlé40, 84 Atlantic-Congo, Mande, Western Group, Central-Southwestern, Central Bamanankan [Bambara] Senegal (n)sira84, sira21, 25, 40, 45, sito21, 25, 40, tedum40; môlòdo40 (varietal name) Mali sira25, 40, 57, 59, 82, sito25; siradie71, siradjé58 (grey-barked),siramolni58 (dark-leaved), sirafing71, sirifing58 (black-barked), sirable71, sisrablé58 (red-barked); siraboau57 (leaves); karin du (fruit pulp); molõdo38 (varietal name) Burkina Faso sira40, 46; môlòdo (a varietal name) Jola [Diola, Dioyla, Dyula] Senegal bâ38, sira40 340 Appendix 1 Vernacular Names Family and Language Country Vernacular name Jola (continued) Ivory Coast bu ba68, sira, sirra66 The Gambia ebakai40 Mali bu ba68 Burkina Faso sira yiri79 Kono Sierra Leone sela40, 84 Malinkeviii [Maninka] Senegal sira38, sita, sito38, sitoo The Gambia ira, sita, sitra; sito (fruit); naa (leaves) Guinea-Bissau citô40 Guinea boki40, 68, sira40 Sierra Leone sira Ivory Coast boki47, 68 Mali boki40, 47, 68 Malinke (Koranko) Sierra Leone sira37, sire38 Mandinka [Manding, Socé] Senegal sita38, 71, sito25, 38, 71 Gambia sira38, sita40, sitra; sito38 (fruit); naa (leaves) Guinea-Bissau citô40 Guinea bõki40, sira40 Sierra Leone sida40, sira40 Mali sira59, sito59 Atlantic-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern Loko Sierra Leone sakwi40, mbawi40 Mende Sierra Leone bo-wului68, gbowulo40, 84 Susu [Sousou] Sierra Leone kiri40, 84 Guinea kiri40, 68, 84 Susu-Dyalonke Sierra Leone kidi-na40 Atlantic-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern Soninke [Sarakole] Senegal kide40, 84, kidé25 Bobo Madaré [Bobo-Fing] Mali pii84 Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Bijago Bidjogo [Bidyogo] Senegal u-áto40, 84 Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak Balanta-Ganja Senegal laté25, 40, 84 Jola Fogny [Diola Fogny, Dirla Fogny] Senegal ba38, babaq38, 84, buba21, bubak21, bubaq25, bubakaba21, 40, bubakabu25, bubakakou71, fubak21, ghouis38, sira40 Jola Fogny The Gambia babaq25, bubak31, 42, bubakabu25, 40 (the taller), ebakai40, sira42, sita40, sitra; sito31 (fruit); naa (leaves) Guinea Bissau citô40 Guinea bõki40, sira40 1 Vernacular names of Adansonia digitata 341 Family and Language Country Vernacular name Jola Fogny (continued) Sierra Leone sida40, sira40 Ivory Coast bu ba68, sira Mali bu ba68, sira59, sito59 Mankanya Senegal bedôal25, 40, 84 Mandjak [Mandyak] Guinea-Bissau bebaque40, benaquw, bedom-hal40, brungal40, burungule-burúnque40 Papel [Pepel] Guinea-Bissau burungule40 Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Cangin Noon [Non, None, Serer- Non] Senegal ba40, boh25, 40 Noon (Nominka) Senegal bak40, ibak40 Palor [Falor] Senegal ba25, bédoal21, laté21 Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea Basari Guinea-Bissau láté40 Senegal amag21, amak21, 25, a-màk40, 84, màk24, gamag21, gamak21, mamak21; e-tylsy24 (seed) Togo nittr, niturr40 Budik [Bedik, Tenda] Senegal a-màk40, a-maq25, ga-mak84, ga-màk24, gamaq25, 31; ga-kade24, nya-de (fruit shell) Wamei [Konyagi] Senegal a-mbu29, 40, 84, a-mbú24; l-bú24 (fruit pulp) Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian Pulaar [Fula-Pulaar, Peuhl, Peul] Mauritania bobbe50, boki50, gokki68, gokkigokki Senegal boiö25, 40, boki25, 40, 64, boré25, 40, bóy25, 40 The Gambia bokchi42, boki40, 31 Guinea Bissau boe64, bóè40 Guinea bohe64, bõki40 Mali babbe71, babbeé, bõki, boki40, 46, 71, bokki, mboki61, olohi45, 71 Pulaar (Tukulor) Senegal bobbe29, 45, bogi21, boiö21, boki21, 45, bôki, bokki pl. bowde29, boré21, boyi21, mbuki21 Burkina Faso bobbe45, boki45, 64, gokki, olohi45 Pulaar [Tukulor- Fulfulde] Senegal boki, bôki, bokki, gui, guye Fulfuldeix [Fulani] Guinea Bissau boe68 Guinea bohe68 Nigeria boki 71, okki40, 71 pl. ode40, oge40; bogeeje40, bokko40 (leaves); ohere40 pl. ohe, oye40 (fruit); njuulaandi40, njuuloondi (fruit pulp); gandiyaare40 pl. gandiyaaje, gorome40(seeds) 342 Appendix 1 Vernacular Names Family and Language Country Vernacular name Fulfulde (continued) Burkina Faso bokki84, owde pl. owe, obe29, horohi79 Niger bokki40, 84 Serer-Sine [Niominka] Senegal ba21, ba(k)45, bak21, 25, 40, 71, 84, boh21, ibak21, 25, mbak25, 40 Wolof x Mauritania gui50 Senegal ghouis28, 45, goui71, gouiï38, gouis71, goul28, gouye, gui21, 25, 38, 45, 68, 68, 84, guy, guye68; boui71, bui21, 25, 40, 71 (fruit); ndaba21 (fruit pulp); gif21, 25, 40 (seeds), tega25 (bark); lalo21, 25 (dried powdered leaves) Burkino Faso guye68 The Gambia goui40, gui, gwi42; buee42, bui40 (fruit) Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Limba Limba Sierra Leone
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