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Plant common name Description of Plant Scientific name
Picture of Plant

The Strangler Fig begins life as a small vine-like plant

Strangler Fig

Ficus thonningii

that climbs the nearest large tree and then thickens, produces a branching set of buttressing aerial roots, and strangles its host tree. An easy way to tell the difference between Strangle Figs and other common figs is that the bottom half of the Strangler is gnarled and twisted where it used to be attached to its host, the upper half smooth. A common tree on kopjes and along rivers in Serengeti; two massive Fig trees near Serengeti; the "Tree Where Man was Born" in southern Loliondo, and the "Ancestor Tree" near Endulin, in Ngorongoro are significant for the local Maasai peoples.

Palms are monocotyledons, the veins in their leaves are parallel and unbranched, and are thus relatives of grasses, lilies, bananas and orchids. The wild Date Palm is the most common of the native palm trees,

Wild Date Palm

Phoenix reclinata

occurring along rivers and in swamps. The fruits are edible, though horrible tasting, while the thick, sugary sap is made into Palm wine. The tree offers a pleasant, softly rustling, fragrant-smelling shade; the sort of shade you will need to rest in if you try the wine. The Candelabra tree is a common tree in the western and Northern parts of Serengeti. Like all Euphorbias, the Candelabra breaks easily and is full of white, extremely toxic latex. One drop of this latex can blind or burn the skin. Traditional people plant the tree as cattle fencing, as predators will not attempt to push their way through the dense and poisonous stems. Some circles of Candelabra can be seen in the park, where seasonal dwellings existed before the establishment of the park.

Candelabra Euphorbia

Euphorbia candelabrum

Commiphoras can easily be distinguished from Acacia tree species by the Commiphora's peeling, papery blue/yellow bark. These trees occur throughout Serengeti, and are the dominant species in the eastern part of the park. Local medicine makes use of the bark, roots, and berries for a variety of treatments, including stomach complaints, liver problems, colic children, and rashes. While there are several species of Commiphora

in Serengeti, Commiphora africana is the most

common.

Commiphora

Commiphora africana

This large tree is spread sparsely throughout Serengeti. It produces characteristic long (1 m), succulent,

Sausage tree

Kigelia africana

poisonous fruits that drop from the tree and release seeds as the pulp rots. The vine-like fruit stalks can be seen for months after the fruits are dropped. There is a dry bush joke that the worst place to camp is under a Sausage tree… if the 5 kg fruits don't crush you, then

the elephants will as they come to collect the fruits. There is a widespread local belief that Sausage tree fruits, when hung in your hut, will ward-off whirlwinds.

Turning a dark reddish color as it dries, Themeda is one of the main grass species in the long-grass plains and woodlands of Serengeti. This grass normally grows as a dense bunch, though on the long-grass plains it can become the dominant grass and grows widely spaced like a field of wheat. Wildebeest eat Red grass, though it is consumed generally after more palatable grass species are exhausted.

Red Grass

Themeda triandra

This Sporobolus species is one of the two dominant species on the short grass plains along with Digitaria macroblephora. Both species grow in a dwarf form which can be difficult to recognize. The hard pan layer in the soil prevents grasses from growing deep roots, and very high levels of herbivory during the wet season combine to produce these smaller grass forms.

Pan Dropseed

Sporobolus ioclados

During the last El-nino rains, this plant grew in abundance throughout Serengeti, thus acquiring the local name of "El-Nino" flower. An annual, it grows most years along rivers or in wet-season boggy areas throughout East Africa. Watch out if you are taking a picture of hibiscus flowers; most of the species in the genus have poisonous hairs that break off in your skin and cause irritation and lots of grumbling.

The El-Nino Flower

Hibiscus cannabinus

A species of perennial tropical grass native to the African grasslands. It has low water and nutrient requirements, and therefore can make use of otherwise uncultivated lands. Historically, this wild species has been used primarily for grazing; recently, however, it has been incorporated into a pest management strategy. This technique involves the desired crop being planted alongside a 'push' plant, which repels pests, in combination with a 'pull' crop around the perimeter of the plot, which draw insects out of the plot.

Elephant grass

Pennisetum purpureum

All Baobabs are deciduous trees ranging in height from 5 to 20 meters. The Baobab tree is a strange looking tree that grows in low-lying areas in Africa and Australia. It can grow to enormous sizes and carbon dating indicates that they may live to be 3,000 years old. One ancient hollow Baobab tree in

Baobab

Adansonia gregorii

Zimbabwe is so large that up to 40 people can shelter inside its trunk. The trunk is smooth and shiny, not at all like the bark of other trees, and it is pinkish grey or sometimes copper colored. When bare of leaves, the spreading branches look like roots sticking up into the air, as if it had been planted upside-down. Baobabs are very difficult to kill; they can be burnt, or stripped of their bark, and form new bark and continue growing. When they do die, they simply rot from the inside and collapse, leaving a heap of fibers. An old Baobab tree can create its own ecosystem, as it supports the life of countless creatures. Small annual herb with trailing stems. Leaves are opposite and toothed; flowers are pink-mauve in colour and trumpet-shaped.

Devils Thorn

Dicerocaryum zanguebarium

Dominates saltmarshes where salinities are low; often extends into dune slacks bordering saltmarshes. One of several species of sedges that border estuaries. Long, sharply-pointed stems with thin, pointed leaves.

Dune Slack Rush

Juncus kraussii

A climbing herb with glossy leaves which have twining tips which coil onto nearby bushes, in this way the plant can use other plants as a support. The plant grows from an underground tuber, which is able to survive the dry season. The creeping stems, however, die off completely after fruiting. The flowers have flame-like petals and outstretched stamens. The petals are crisped along the margins and curled backwards to form rounded cage-like flowers. The colour of the flowers range from yellowish green to bright red with yellow margins. The Flame Lily grows up to a height of 1 m.

Flaming Lily

Gloriosa superba

This particular plant grows flat against the surface of the ground and almost looks like a small spot of sunshine in the veld. It grows up to a height of about 100 mm. Leaves are 50 mm in length and are darkgreen on the top and felt-white below. The

Gazania

Gazania krebsiana

magnificent flowerheads are 50 mm wide with bright yellow (sometimes white) ray florets. The flowering time is from July to September. A sprawling perennial succulent. Stems jointed; no obvious leaves. Flowers tiny, arranged in threes at stem nodes. Size: 30 mm tall. Related Species: Sarcocornia littorea (Namaqualand - Agulhas) is up to 1 m tall, has a thick woody stem, and grows on rocky shores above the high-tide mark. Sarcocornia pillansii (whole coast) forms shrubs at the upper levels of saltmarshes. Stems thick, flat; each joint ends in a gondola-like tip. Salicornia meyeriana (NamaqualandDurban) is an annual and thus has a very short taproot; forms low bushes with slender, woody branches in the upper zones of estuarine marshes. Flowers arranged in threes.

Glasswort Samphire

Sarcocornia perennis

Delicate, open-branched herb with thin compound leaves. The yellow flowers have purple bases and distinctive protruding stamens. The Golden Cleome is quite common along roadsides and grows in the Northern Province and the Kruger National Park.

Golden Cleome

Cleome angustifolia

A multi-stemmed aloe with thick, yellow-green leaves. The leaves are usually sharply toothed on the margins and are very juicy with a yellowish, slimy sap. The sap has been used to treat stomach ailments for many centuries. The leaves also store water to enable the plant to survive drought. One to four dense spikes of coral red flowers appear from May to July. The flowers are carried on stout stems and are more or less tubular in shape. Most aloes are important food plants for sunbirds which visit the flowers in search of nectar and in the process pollinate them.

Krantz Aloe

Aloe arborescens

Is commonly known as digitgrass or Pangola-grass, is a grass grown in tropical and subtropical climates. It grows relatively well in various soils, but grows especially well in moist soils. It is tolerant to droughts, water lodging, suppresses weeds and grows relatively quickly post grazing.

Finger Grass

Digitara eriantha

Is a species of perennial tufted grass in the Poaceae family. It is a palatable forage species but occurs at low densities. It occurs from Sudan to South Africa, and flowers during the rainy season. The large, flat and oval-shaped spikelets are carried in long panicles.

Sawtooth lovegrass

Erigrostis superba

Is a hardy, densely tufted, perennial grass with bluegreen, slender leaves of which the bases are usually purple. A beautiful addition to a grassland garden. ... The flower spikes are erect with plump, golden, heartshaped spikelets.

Heart seed lovegrass

Erigrostis carpensis

A variable subspecies; ascending to erect,

Purple plume grass

Bothriochola bladhii

tufted perennial with foliage 40-80 cm, culms largely unbranched, 1-1.5 m high at maturity; sometimes with short stolons. Leaf blades glabrous or hairy, 20- 30 (rarely -50) cm long and 5-7 (rarely -10) mm wide, linear-lanceolate, tapering gradually from the base to a fine point. Contains subdigitate panicles, each comprised of up to 20, mostly simple, green to purplish racemes. Seed unit comprising sessile and pedicellate spikelet, with 11-18 mm awn arising from the sessile spikelet . Distinguished from subspecies B. bladhii by presence of a dorsal pit in the lower glumes of the sessile spikelet. Leaves and inflorescence strongly aromatic when crushed.

A perennial, sometimes stoloniferous grass that grows to a height of 1,500 mm tall. The leaf blades are bluegreen, 40-300 mm long and 2-8 mm wide. The ligule is a fringed to unfringed membrane. The nodes have a ring of conspicuous white hairs. Inflorescence of spikelike main branches of 3-20 many-jointed digitate or sub-digitate racemes with a purple color. Inflorescence axis shorter than racemes. The spikelets are in

Pinhole grass

Bothriochola insculpta

pedicellate/sessile pairs and 4.5-5.0 mm long. The sessile spikelets are hermaphroditic and awnless, the pedicellate ones male-only or sterile. Female fertile spikelets compressed dorsiventrally. Lemmas with 1 awn. Two more or less equal glumes, the lower glumes pitted. The leaves and inflorescences have a strong aromatic smell when crushed. Perennial, branching from the lower nodes and forming cushions with ascending culms 25-100 cm high. Leaf-blades flat, 6-20 cm long, 2-6 mm wide. Inflorescence of 5-16 sessile or shortly pedunculate subdigitate racemes 3-7 cm long with homogamous spikelets. Spikelets 2.5-4 mm long without pits.

Stinking grass

Bothriochola radicans

Is a small thorny deciduous tree from the genus Acacia, which is known by several common names, including Gum acacia, Gum arabic

Acacia

Acacia senegal

tree, Senegal gum and Sudan gum arabic. In parts of India, it is known as Kher or Khor. It is native to semidesert regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as Oman, Pakistan, west coastal India. It grows to a height of 5-12 m, with a trunk up to 30 cm in diameter. A. senegal is the source of the world's highest quality gum arabic, known locally as hashab gum in contrast to the related, but inferior, gum arabic from Red acacia or talah gum.

The bark has a rough feel and is grey to black in color. The tree has a combination of one straight thorn with a small hooked thorn alongside. The thorns are thin and grow in pairs. The flowers form in clusters on old wood. The flowers themselves are creamy, white, balls. The pods are a distinctive pale, gold brown color and are curled and twisted. The leaves are very small giving the umbrella a soft, feathery appearance. Browsing animals eat the leaves together with the thorns, the latter more easily when young and soft. The older, hardened thorns can be a deterrent to over-browsing. The thorns are sharp and white, with some straight and others hooked. They are arranged singly or in pairs. The tree flowers in December (summer) with dense, packed white florets, but the flowering can be sporadic depending upon rain. It has the classic, umbrella-shaped canopy associated with thorn trees. It reaches heights of between 5-20 m in nature. Many bird species take advantage of this protection and build their nests in the canopy. It is fairly slow growing and reaches a final height of between 3-5 m with a spread of 8- 13 m.

Acacia

Acacia tortilis

Mostly a multi-stemmed shrub, occasionally a small tree. Bark dark grey and deeply fissured, peeling away in strips; young branches velvety. Leaves ellipticoblong to lanceolate, up to 7 × 2 cm, 3-veined from the

base, dull green above, silvery-white hairy below;

margin finely toothed. Flowers yellow, 1.5 cm in diameter, in axillary heads, often in profusion. Fruit spherical or 2-lobed, each lobe c. 6 mm in diameter, reddish-brown, edible.

Grewia

Grewia bicolor

Scrambling shrub. Older branches distinctly squareangled. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, light green with stellate hairs on both surfaces; margins irregularly toothed. Flowers yellow, axillary in groups of 2 or 3.

Grewia

Grewia flavescens

Shrub or small tree, 1-8(-12) m, sometimes suckering and thicket-forming. Bark markedly ridged,the ridges ± vertical and anastomosing. Young branchlets usually ± pubescent, sometimes puberulent or even

Sickle Bush

Dichrostachys cinerea

glabrous. Leaves with 5-19 pairs of pinnae; rachis (including petiole) 0.5-20 cm, with stalked glands

between either all the pinnae or only the basal and

distal ones. Leaflets 9-41 pairs, 1-11 × 0.3-4 mm, linear to oblong. Inflorescences 2-5 cm, solitary or apparently fascicled. Pod 2-10 × 0.5-2.6 cm. Seeds 4-6 × 3-4.5 cm, deep brown, glossy This is a deciduous tree, which grows up to 17m tall. It is a fast growing, deciduous, drought and frost resistant tree. The bark is rough and is dark grey to brown in color. The flowers are silvery green in color, found in dense bunches amongst the leaves. Flowers can be found from October to April, with fruit being found from February to August. The thorns are found in pairs on the branches, one thorn being straight with one hooked.

Buffalo thorn

Ziziphus mucronata

Short-stemmed aloe with narrow, strap-like leaves; the leaves are pale green or brick-red in color when in full sun. They are also sharply toothed on the margins and are very juicy with a yellowish, slimy sap. The sap has been used to treat stomach ailments for many centuries. The succulent leaves also store water to enable the plants to survive drought. The flowers are carried on stout stems and are more or less tubular in shape. The flowering time is during winter when yellow flowers are in erect spikes. The plants are protected from grazing by fierce thorns and bitter sap.

Lebombo Aloe

Aloe spicata

The pods of this slender vine split open to reveal attractive scarlet and black seeds which are known as Lucky beans. They cling to the plant for a long period, being conspicuous during winter.

Lucky Bean Creeper

Abrus precatorius

They are a deciduous tree growing up to 18 m tall. They grow on various types of woodlands on sandy loam soils. They can be found from Ethiopia to Kwazulu-Natal. They produce flowers from

Marula Tree

Scelerocarya birrea

September to November and bear fruit from January to March. The fruits are edible and very high in vitamin C. Warthog, elephant, waterbuck, giraffe and kudu all eat the fruit and leaves of the tree. The Pineapple Flower is a perennial herb; the

Pineapple flower

Eucomis undulata

rootstock is a bulb, 10 cm in diameter and flat at the base with numerous white roots. The leaves are pressed flat against the ground; about twelve. Midrib is thick, margin undulated and finely crinkled. Inflorescence is a dense raceme, and flowers last for many weeks in water. The plant flowers in December.

The most conspicuous characteristic feature of this plant, is the perfect arrangement of the flowers. The leaves grow to a length of about 1 m; the flowering stem, which grows to 1.5 m in height, carries the inflorescence which consist of slender, tube-shaped flowers. The flowerheads are pale to dull red at first, but turn to yellow or green-yellow when they open in late summer.

Poker

Kniphofia linearifolia

They have characteristic two-lobed or winged leaves which have a width of 60 mm. The main flowering time is in March and April, but plants may already bloom from November. The color of the flowers usually range from salmon to orange and yellow to white. The petals are oar-shaped and have a length of 40 mm.

Pride de Kaap

Bauhinia galpinii

The Pyjama Flower is a perennial herb; the rootstock is a small corm and up to 1.5 cm in diameter. About three linear green leaves are borne at the surface of the soil and five or six large mauve or white bracts, finely striped with green, which enclose a crowded head of about six flowers. This flower is not

Pyjama flower

Androcymbium melanthioides

conspicuous, and one comes upon it quite suddenly, like a great waterlily nestling close to the ground. This plant flowers in July to September. A succulent shrub or small tree with paddle-shaped stems armed with spines. This plant is leafless. It is also an invasive alien from Central America. The fruits are plum-shaped, spiny and edible.

Sweet Prickle Pear

Opuntia ficus-indica

A perennial climber, over bushes, and often simply trailing in the grass. The stems are hairy when young, but become fluted and wiry when old. The specific epithet arises from the markedly spreading habit of the branches, which are produced almost at right angles to the stem. The leaves are compound and opposite. The plant climbs by means of its petioles, which on coming in contact with some support, soon make one or two coils around it. The inflorescences are shorter than the leaves, and the perianth segments are velvety. The sweetly-scented flowers are borne in great profusion and present a common sight in autumn, along the roadsides, hence the common name 'Travellers Joy'. The color of the flowers range from cream-colored to white; they are without any petals, but have four crown-shaped sepals with a powderbrush of stamens. The Traveler’s

Joy flowers in March to April.

Traveller’s Joy

Clematis brachiata

This beautiful orchid grows up to a height of 2 m when in flower, with small wrinkled leaves growing close to the surface of the ground and fragrant yellow flowers. The calyx, which is 20 mm long, stands erect, with the broad petals folding forward, over each other, over the top of the ribbed tongue. The flowering time is from December to February.

Vlei Orchid

Eulophia angolensis

An abundant colonizer of foredunes. Its stem, leaves and fruit are covered with turgid, swollen cells that give the plant a glistening appearance and may help reduce water loss.

Sprawling Dune Weed

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  • ID-71 WOODY PLANTS UNDER STRESS ISSUED: 7-88 REVISED: Deborah B

    ID-71 WOODY PLANTS UNDER STRESS ISSUED: 7-88 REVISED: Deborah B

    ID-71 WOODY PLANTS UNDER STRESS ISSUED: 7-88 REVISED: Deborah B. Hill and William M. Fountain When people see their woody plants (shrubs and trees) decline, they often want a "magical" treatment to make them lush, green and healthy again. But no magic exists. This publication should help you understand some common causes of woody plant stress, how stress leads to decline and what measures, if any, can make the tree healthy again. Remember, however, that all trees and shrubs like every living organism, will eventually die. What Causes Woody Plant Stress? All living organisms exist in a world of stresses. Here we are emphasizing unusual stresses that negatively affect normal health and growth of woody plants in a home landscape. Because plant problems arise from physical, chemical, biological and climatic factors, this publication defines stress as visible effects on your woody plants of one or more of these factors. You may see abnormal color or color changes, unusually small leaves, fewer leaves than normal, or a variety of other symptoms. (See also Cooperative Extension Publication, ID-52, Environmental Stresses on Woody Ornamentals). Plant Ecology and Physiology First, let's review a woody plant's structure by looking at a tree. Each section of the tree performs unique functions but all are necessary for it to grow in a healthy manner. Photosynthesis or food-production takes place in the crown. Foliage utilizes water and nutrients taken by roots and combines them with carbon dioxide from the air and energy from the sun to produce carbohydrates that fuel life processes of a tree.
  • Baobab (Not Boabab) Species General Background Germinating

    Baobab (Not Boabab) Species General Background Germinating

    Baobab (not Boabab) Species Baobab is the common name of a genus (Adansonia) with eightspecies of trees, 6 species in Madagascar; 1 in Africa and 1 in Australia. Adansonia gregorii (A.gibbosa) or Australian Baobab (northwest Australia) Adansonia madaf Zascariensis or Madagascar Baobab (Madagascar) Adansonia perrieri or Perrier's Baobab (North Madagascar) Adansonia rubrostipa or Fony Baobab (Madagascar) Adansonia suarezensis or Suarez Baobab Diego Suarez,(Madagascar) Adansonia za or Za Baobab (Madagascar) The name Adansonia honours Michel Adanson, the French naturalist and explorer who described A. digitata. General Background One of the earliest written references to the Baobab tree was made by the Arabic traveller, Al-Bakari in 1068. In 1592, the Venetian herbalist and physician, Prospero Alpino, reported a fruit in the markets of Cairo as "BU HUBAB". It is believed that the name is derived from the Arabic word Bu Hibab which means fruit with many seeds. Common names include bottle tree and monkey bread tree. Baobab - derived from African fokelore "upside-down-tree". The story is after the creation each of the animals were given a tree to plant and the stupid hyena planted the baobab upside-down. The baobab is the national tree of Madagascar. Height is 5-25m tall and trunk diameter of up to 7m. The Baobab can store up to 120 000 lt of water inside the swollen trunk to endure harsh drought conditions. All occur in seasonal arid areas and are deciduous, losing leaves during dry season. It is believed that the elephant must digest the seed before it will germinate as the heat and stomach acids help to soften the shell.
  • City of Cape Town | Table Bay Nature Reserve | Quarterly Report | January to March 2014 1

    City of Cape Town | Table Bay Nature Reserve | Quarterly Report | January to March 2014 1

    This quarterly report summarises the activities of the Biodiversity Management Branch at the Table Bay Nature Reserve for the period from 1 January to 31 March 2014. CONTENTS PAGE 1 AREA MANAGER’S SECTION 2 2 HIGHLIGHTS AND CHALLENGES 3 3 BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT 4 4 NATURE CONSERVATION 6 5 WATER MANAGEMENT 8 6 FIRE MANAGEMENT 9 7 COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT 9 8 PEOPLE AND CONSERVATION 10 9 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 13 10 VISITORS AND INCOME 14 11 INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT 16 12 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 16 Appendix A: Press articles 17 Appendix B: Species lists 22 Figure 1. BirdLife SA's Important Bird Area (IBA) sign near the Rietvlei Education Centre. City of Cape Town | Table Bay Nature Reserve | Quarterly Report | January to March 2014 1 1 AREA MANAGER’S SECTION 1.1 Typha capensis (bulrush) reeds Numerous communications have been received from neighbours around the Table Bay Nature Reserve about Typha capensis (bulrush) reeds and the seeds that they release during February and March. From the 1950s to 1980s there were several drastic alterations to the hydrology of the wetlands in the Table Bay area, including major excavations and dredging, construction of major roads and railways, and the development of residential and industrial areas. Today these developments and roads act as drainage impoundments. Surface storm-water runoff and treated wastewater effluent is directed into the natural areas. This is changing the dynamic seasonal and temporary wetlands into more static nutrient-enriched permanent water areas. As a result of this urbanisation, elevated water and nutrient levels are more likely to persist throughout the Rietvlei wetland system.
  • Arizona Landscape Palms

    Arizona Landscape Palms

    Cooperative Extension ARIZONA LANDSCAPE PALMS ELIZABETH D AVISON Department of Plant Sciences JOHN BEGEMAN Pima County Cooperative Extension AZ1021 • 12/2000 Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, James A. Christenson, Director, Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona. The University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences is an equal opportunity employer authorized to provide research, educational information and other services to individuals and institutions that function without regard to sex, race, religion, color, national origin, age, Vietnam Era Veteran's status, or disability. Contents Landscape Use ......................................... 3 Adaptation ................................................ 3 Planting Palms ......................................... 3 Care of Established Palms...................... 5 Diseases and Insect Pests ....................... 6 Palms for Arizona .................................... 6 Feather Palms ........................................... 8 Fan Palms................................................ 12 Palm-like Plants ..................................... 16 This information has been reviewed by university faculty. ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/az1121.pdf 2 The luxuriant tropical appearance and stately Adaptation silhouette of palms add much to the Arizona landscape. Palms generally can be grown below the 4000 ft level Few other plants are as striking in low and mid elevation in Arizona. However, microclimate may make the gardens. Although winter frosts and low humidity limit difference between success and failure in a given location. the choices somewhat, a good number of palms are Frost pockets, where nighttime cold air tends to collect, available, ranging from the dwarf Mediterranean Fan should be avoided, especially for the tender species. Palms palm to the massive Canary Island Date palm.
  • Herb Other Names Re Co Rde D Me Dicinal Us E Re

    Herb Other Names Re Co Rde D Me Dicinal Us E Re

    RECORDED USE RECORDED USE MEDICINAL US AROMATHERA IN COSMETICS IN RECORDED RECORDED FOOD USE FOOD IN Y E P HERB OTHER NAMES COMMENTS Parts Used Medicinally Abelmoschus moschatus Hibiscus abelmoschus, Ambrette, Musk mallow, Muskseed No No Yes Yes Abies alba European silver fir, silver fir, Abies pectinata Yes No Yes Yes Leaves & resin Abies balsamea Balm of Gilead, balsam fir Yes No Yes Yes Leaves, bark resin & oil Abies canadensis Hemlock spruce, Tsuga, Pinus bark Yes No No No Bark Abies sibirica Fir needle, Siberian fir Yes No Yes Yes Young shoots This species not used in aromatherapy but Abies Sibirica, Abies alba Miller, Siberian Silver Fir Abies spectabilis Abies webbiana, Himalayan silver fir Yes No No No Essential Oil are. Leaves Aqueous bark extract which is often concentrated and dried to produce a flavouring. Distilled with Extract, bark, wood, Acacia catechu Black wattle, Black catechu Yes Yes No No vodka to make Blavod (black vodka). flowering tops and gum Acacia farnesiana Cassie, Prickly Moses Yes Yes Yes Yes Ripe seeds pressed for cooking oil Bark, flowers Source of Gum Arabic (E414) and Guar Gum (E412), controlled miscellaneous food additive. Used Acacia senegal Guar gum, Gum arabic No Yes No Yes in foods as suspending and emulsifying agent. Acanthopanax senticosus Kan jang Yes No No No Kan Jang is a combination of Andrographis Paniculata and Acanthopanax Senticosus. Flavouring source including essential oil. Contains natural toxin thujone/thuyone whose levels in flavourings are limited by EU (Council Directive 88/388/EEC) and GB (SI 1992 No.1971) legislation. There are several chemotypes of Yarrow Essential Oil, which is steam distilled from the dried herb.
  • An Expanded Nuclear Phylogenomic PCR Toolkit for Sapindales1

    An Expanded Nuclear Phylogenomic PCR Toolkit for Sapindales1

    Applications in Plant Sciences 2016 4(12): 1600078 Applications in Plant Sciences PRIMER NOTE AN EXPANDED NUCLEAR PHYLOGENOMIC PCR TOOLKIT FOR SAPINDALES1 ELIZABETH S. COLLIns2,4, MORGAN R. GOSTEL3, AND ANDREA WEEKS2 2George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MSN 3E1, Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444 USA; and 3Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 166, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 USA • Premise of the study: We tested PCR amplification of 91 low-copy nuclear gene loci in taxa from Sapindales using primers developed for Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae). • Methods and Results: Cross-amplification of these markers among 10 taxa tested was related to their phylogenetic distance from B. simaruba. On average, each Sapindalean taxon yielded product for 53 gene regions (range: 16–90). Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicales), by contrast, yielded product for two. Single representatives of Anacardiaceae and Rutacaeae yielded 34 and 26 products, respectively. Twenty-six primer pairs worked for all Burseraceae species tested if highly divergent Aucoumea klaineana is excluded, and eight of these amplified product in every Sapindalean taxon. • Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that customized primers for Bursera can amplify product in a range of Sapindalean taxa. This collection of primer pairs, therefore, is a valuable addition to the toolkit for nuclear phylogenomic analyses of Sapindales and warrants further investigation. Key words: Anacardiaceae; Burseraceae; low-copy nuclear genes; microfluidic PCR; Rutaceae. Low-copy nuclear gene regions offer increased phyloge- PCR-based target enrichment, a method that allows simultane- netic utility for species- and population-level studies of plants ous and cost-effective amplification of multiple loci (Blow, as compared to chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal markers 2009; Uribe-Convers et al., 2016).