An Expanded Nuclear Phylogenomic PCR Toolkit for Sapindales1
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Plant Common Name Scientific Name Description of Plant Picture of Plant
Plant common name Description of Plant Picture of Plant Scientific name Strangler Fig The Strangler Fig begins life as a small vine-like plant Ficus thonningii that climbs the nearest large tree and then thickens, produces a branching set of buttressing aerial roots, and strangles its host tree. An easy way to tell the difference between Strangle Figs and other common figs is that the bottom half of the Strangler is gnarled and twisted where it used to be attached to its host, the upper half smooth. A common tree on kopjes and along rivers in Serengeti; two massive Fig trees near Serengeti; the "Tree Where Man was Born" in southern Loliondo, and the "Ancestor Tree" near Endulin, in Ngorongoro are significant for the local Maasai peoples. Wild Date Palm Palms are monocotyledons, the veins in their leaves Phoenix reclinata are parallel and unbranched, and are thus relatives of grasses, lilies, bananas and orchids. The wild Date Palm is the most common of the native palm trees, occurring along rivers and in swamps. The fruits are edible, though horrible tasting, while the thick, sugary sap is made into Palm wine. The tree offers a pleasant, softly rustling, fragrant-smelling shade; the sort of shade you will need to rest in if you try the wine. Candelabra The Candelabra tree is a common tree in the western Euphorbia and Northern parts of Serengeti. Like all Euphorbias, Euphorbia the Candelabra breaks easily and is full of white, candelabrum extremely toxic latex. One drop of this latex can blind or burn the skin. -
The Chemistry and Pharmacology of the South America Genus Protium Burm
Pharmacognosy Reviews Vol 1, Issue 1, Jan- May, 2007 PHCOG REV. An official Publication of Phcog.Net PHCOG REV.: Plant Review The Chemistry and Pharmacology of the South America genus Protium Burm. f. (Burseraceae) A. L. Rüdiger a, A. C. Siani b and V. F. Veiga Junior a,* aDepartamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Campus Universitário, Coroado, 69077-040, Manaus, AM, Brazil. bInstituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, R. Sizenando Nabuco, 100, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Correspondence: [email protected] ABSTRACT The family Burseraceae is considered to contain about 700 species comprised in 18 genera. Their resiniferous trees and shrubs usually figures prominently in the ethnobotany of the regions where it occurs, given that such a property has led to the use of species of this family since ancient times for their aromatic properties and many medicinal applications. Although the family is distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world, the majority of the scientific available information is limited to Asiatic and African genera, such as Commiphora (myrrh), Canarium (elemi incense) and Boswellia (frankincense), or the genus Bursera (linaloe), occurring in Mexico. In the Neotropics, the Burseraceae family is largely represented by the genus Protium , which comprises about 135 species. The present review compiles the published chemical and pharmacological information on the South American genus Protium and updates important data since the last review reported in the scientific literature on Burseraceae species. KEYWORDS - Protium , Burseraceae, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Review. INTRODUCTION The family Burseraceae was probably originated in the Eocen Traditional uses of Protium species period, in North America. -
The Rise of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Its Materia Medica A
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Bath Research Portal Citation for published version: Williamson, EM, Lorenc, A, Booker, A & Robinson, N 2013, 'The rise of traditional Chinese medicine and its materia medica: a comparison of the frequency and safety of materials and species used in Europe and China', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 453-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.050 Publication date: 2013 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Link to publication University of Bath General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 13. May. 2019 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 149 (2013) 453–462 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep The rise of traditional Chinese medicine and its materia medica: A comparison of the frequency and safety of materials and species used in Europe and China Elizabeth M. Williamson a,n, Ava Lorenc b,nn, Anthony Booker c, Nicola Robinson b a University of Reading School -
Phytochemical Constituents from the Stem Bark of Phellodendron Amurense Rupr
Agric. Chem. Biotechnol. 48(2), 93-96 (2005) Article Phytochemical Constituents from the Stem Bark of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Jin Hwan Lee, Byong Won Lee, Yea Hwang Moon,1 Min Suk Yang, Ki Chang Jang and Ki Hun Park* Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea 1Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Jinju National University, RAIRC, Jinju 660-758, Korea Received March 25, 2005; Accepted June 16, 2005 Three limonoids and two phenolics were isolated from stem bark of Pellodendron amurense Rupr. (Rutaceae) and were defined clearly as calodendrolide (1), obacunone (2), limonin (3), methyl 4- hydroxybenzoate (4), and syringin (5) based on NMR spectroscopy results obtained with the aid of X-ray crystallographic analysis. This is the first report on the isolation of calodendrolide (1) from this plant. Key words: Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Rutaceae, limonoid, calodendrolide, X-ray analysis Phellodendron amurense Rupr., belonging to the family Gyeongsangnam-do Southern Forest Research Center. Rutaceae, is well known as an oriental folk medicine. In Instruments. Melting points were measured on a Thomas Korea, China, and Japan, the bark of this plant, in particular, is Scientific Capillary Melting point Apparatus and are used as a crude drug for controlling intestinal function, and as uncorrected. IR and UV spectra were recorded on a Bruker an anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory drug. Recently reported IFS66 infrared Fourier transform spectrophotometer (KBr) biological activities of the P. amurense Rupr. extracts are anti- and a Beckman DU650 spectrophotometer, respectively. 1H- inflammatory,1,2) anti-gastric ulcer,3,4) and repression for and 13C-NMR at 500 and 125 MHz, respectively, and 2D- experimental hypertension in rats,5) and the major chemical NMR data were obtained on a Bruker AM 500 spectrometer 6,7) constituents of the crude drug reported so far are limonoids in CDCl3 and CD3OD. -
Phellodendron Amurense) and Their
Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences RESEARCH ARTICLE Spatial Variability in Growth-Climate Relationships of Amur 10.1029/2017JG004292 Cork Tree (Phellodendron amurense) and Their Key Points: Connections With PDO in Northeast China • Minimum temperature (Tmin) was a major limiting factor for Amur cork Liangjun Zhu1,2 , Xiaochun Wang1 , Neil Pederson3, Zhenju Chen4, David J. Cooper2 , tree growth at regional scales 5 6 • The positive effects of summer Yuandong Zhang , and Zongshan Li temperature (precipitation) on Amur 1 2 cork tree growth decreased Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China, Department of Forest and Rangeland (increased) with increasing latitude Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 3Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA, • The spatial variability in 4Tree-ring Laboratory, Forestry College/Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem CFERN, Shenyang growth-climate relationships of Amur Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, 5Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, State Forestry cork tree may be connected to the 6 range of PDO Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Supporting Information: • Supporting Information S1 • Data Set S1 Abstract We used a dendrochronological approach to identify the spatial variability in growth-climate relationships of Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense), using a network of 12 sites across its natural Correspondence to: X. Wang, range in Northeast China. Results showed that the signal-noise ratio, expressed population signal, and mean [email protected] interseries correlations of the site chronologies decreased significantly with decreasing latitude. -
Volatile Monoterpene 'Fingerprints' of Resinous Protium Tree Species in The
Phytochemistry 160 (2019) 61–70 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Phytochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/phytochem Volatile monoterpene ‘fingerprints’ of resinous Protium tree species in the T Amazon rainforest ∗ Luani R.de O. Pivaa, Kolby J. Jardineb,d, , Bruno O. Gimenezb, Ricardo de Oliveira Perdizc, Valdiek S. Menezesb, Flávia M. Durganteb, Leticia O. Cobellob, Niro Higuchib, Jeffrey Q. Chambersd,e a Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil b Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil c Department of Botany, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil d Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA e Department of Geography, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Volatile terpenoid resins represent a diverse group of plant defense chemicals involved in defense against her- Protium spp. (Burseraceae) bivory, abiotic stress, and communication. However, their composition in tropical forests remains poorly Tropical tree identification characterized. As a part of tree identification, the ‘smell’ of damaged trunks is widely used, but is highlysub- Chemotaxonomy jective. Here, we analyzed trunk volatile monoterpene emissions from 15 species of the genus Protium in the Resins central Amazon. By normalizing the abundances of 28 monoterpenes, 9 monoterpene ‘fingerprint’ patterns Volatile organic compounds emerged, characterized by a distinct dominant monoterpene. While 4 of the ‘fingerprint’ patterns were composed Hyperdominant genus Isoprenoids of multiple species, 5 were composed of a single species. Moreover, among individuals of the same species, 6 species had a single ‘fingerprint’ pattern, while 9 species had two or more ‘fingerprint’ patterns amongin- dividuals. -
The Condensed Tannins of Okoume (Aucoumea Klaineana Pierre)
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The condensed tannins of Okoume (Aucoumea klaineana Pierre): A molecular structure and thermal stability study Starlin Péguy Engozogho Anris 1,2*, Arsène Bikoro Bi Athomo1,2, Rodrigue Safou Tchiama2,3, Francisco José Santiago-Medina4, Thomas Cabaret1, Antonio Pizzi4 & Bertrand Charrier1 In order to promote convenient strategies for the valorization of Aucoumea klaineana Pierre (Okoume) plywood and sawmill wastes industry in the felds of adhesives and composites, the total phenolic content of Okoume bark, sapwood and heartwood was measured. The molecular structure of tannins extracted from the bark was determined by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight (Maldi-ToF) mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The total phenolic content displayed signifcant diference (p = 0.001) between the bark, sapwood and heartwood which decreased as follows: 6 ± 0.4, 2 ± 0.8 and 0.7 ± 0.1% respectively. The pro-anthocyanidins content was also signifcantly diferent (p = 0.01) among the three wood wastes, and the bark was the richest in condensed tannins (4.2 ± 0.4%) compared to the sapwood (0.5 ± 0.1%) and heartwood (0.2 ± 0.2%). Liquid chromatography coupled mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and Maldi-ToF analysis of the bark showed for the frst time that Okoume condensed tannins are fsetinidin, gallocatechin and trihydroxyfavan based monomers and complex polymers obtained with glycosylated units. No free catechin or robitinidin units were detected, whereas distinctive dihydroxy or trihydroxyfavan-3-benzoate dimers were observed in the investigated condensed tannin extracts. FTIR analysis showed the occurrence of glucan- and mannan-like sugars in the condensed tannins, and Maldi-ToF highlighted that these sugars should account for ten glycosylated units chemically bonded with two fsetinidins and one gallocatechin trimer. -
Cites Cites Listings of Tropical Tree Species
Issue Number 2-9 May 2015 ITTO - PROGRAM FOR IMPLEMENTING CITES CITES LISTINGS OF TROPICAL TREE SPECIES Newsletter This Newsletter reports on activities under the second phase of the ITTO-CITES Program for Implementing CITES Listings of Tropical Tree Species. Following up on the successful first phase In this of the Program (2007-2011), this second phase is continuing work during 2012-2016 on the most important CITES-listed tropical tree species in trade. The Program is majority-funded through a grant from the European Union (via the European Commission), which also provides for part of the Issue available funds to be devoted to activities relevant to both the ITTO-CITES Program and the ITTO Thematic Program on Trade and Market Transparency (TMT). The Newsletter is published on a EDITORIAL ............................. 1 quarterly basis, in English, French and Spanish, and is made available to all Program stakeholders ITTO-CITES PROGRAM ........... 2 and other individuals interested in the progress of the ITTO–CITES Program. This issue covers a PROGRAM FUNDING ............ 2 summary of the Program activities up to April 2015. ACTIVITY PROGRESS Suggestions and contributions from Program stakeholders are essential to make future issues of REPORTS ................................. 2 this Newsletter as informative and interesting as possible. Please send any correspondence to the RELEVANT EVENTS/ relevant contact(s) listed on the last page. INITIATIVES ......................... 13 ARTICLE OF INTEREST .......... 14 UPCOMING EVENTS ........... -
Araceae), with P
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.05.326850; this version posted October 7, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Taxonomic revision of the threatened African genus Pseudohydrosme Engl. (Araceae), with P. ebo, a new, Critically Endangered species from Ebo, Cameroon. Martin Cheek¹, Barthelemy Tchiengue2, Xander van der Burgt¹ ¹Science, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, U.K. 2 IRAD-Herbier National Camerounais, Yaoundé, BP 1601, Cameroon Corresponding author: Martin Cheek¹ Email address: [email protected] ABSTRACT This is the first revision in nearly 130 years of the African genus Pseudohydrosme, formerly considered endemic to Gabon. Sister to Anchomanes, Pseudohydrosme is distinct from Anchomanes because of its 2–3-locular ovary (not unilocular), peduncle concealed by cataphylls at anthesis and far shorter than the spathe (not exposed, far exceeding the spathe), stipitate fruits and viviparous (vegetatively apomictic) roots (not sessile, roots non-viviparous). Three species, one new to science, are recognised, in two sections. Although doubt has previously been cast on the value of recognising Pseudohydrosme buettneri, of Gabon, it is here accepted and maintained as a distinct species in the monotypic section, Zyganthera. However, it is considered to be probably globally extinct. Pseudohydrosme gabunensis, type species of the genus, also Gabonese, is maintained in Sect. Pseudohydrosme together with Pseudohydrosme ebo sp.nov. of the Ebo Forest, Littoral, Cameroon, the first addition to the genus since the nineteenth century, and which extends the range of the genus 450 km north from Gabon, into the Cross-Sanaga biogeographic area. -
Bursera Simaruba Seeds Subjected to Various Scarification Treatments Michael Morgan and Thomas W
Germination Rates of Bursera simaruba Seeds Subjected to Various Scarification Treatments Michael Morgan and Thomas W. Zimmerman Agroforestry Research Specialist II, University of the Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingshill, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands; Research Associate Professor, Biotechnology and Agroforestry, University of the Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingshill, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands Abstract Tainos, also called Arawaks, were the people Columbus encountered on the Caribbean islands when he claimed the Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. seed were subjected to five scari- Americas for Spain in 1492. fication treatments to determine their efficacy on subsequent germination. Seeds that were scarified with sandpaper had the Distribution and Characteristics highest mean germination, although it was not statistically different than the untreated control. Those treated with hot Bursera simaruba is native to northern South America and water had significantly lower germination than the control, the Caribbean Basin (Gibney 2004, Jones 1995, Kirk 2009, suggesting that temperatures may have been too hot. These Little and Wadsworth 1964). The species is abundant in results indicate that mechanical scarification may improve the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. It has also become germination of this species but that further research is needed naturalized in south Florida, but some discussion remains to refine treatments. regarding whether B. simaruba is an introduced species to Florida (Navarrete-Tindall and Orellana-Nuñez 2002, Introduction Nelson 1994). B. simaruba is very tolerant of salt, wind, and drought, making it well adapted to the semiarid Virgin Islands Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg., known as turpentine tree or environment. It is found close to the sea and on hilltops, and gumbo-limbo, is easily recognized by its reddish, papery it is native to limestone-derived soils (Kirk 2009). -
Phellodendron Amurense Common Name
Plant Profiles: HORT 2241 Landscape Plants I Botanical Name: Phellodendron amurense Common Name: Amur corktree Family Name: Rutaceae – rue or citrus family General Description: Phellodendron amurense is a medium to large shade tree with a broad spreading habit and beautiful cork-like bark. It is tolerant of a wide range of soil types, transplants easily, does best in full sun and is considered pollution tolerant. However, it has not performed as well in urban conditions as once thought and is too large and broad spreading for street tree use. Phellodendron amurense is dioecious. The fruit on female trees can be messy and set seedlings. Native to Northern China, Manchuria and Japan, it has become an invasive species in northeastern United States and is on the invasive species list in DuPage County, Illinois. For this reason, male cultivars are selected for use in the landscape. Zone: 3-7 Resources Consulted: Dirr, Michael A. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Champaign: Stipes, 2009. Print. "The PLANTS Database." USDA, NRCS. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA, 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. Swink, Floyd, and Gerould Wilhelm. Plants of the Chicago Region. Indianapolis: Indiana Academy of Science, 1994. Print. Creator: Julia Fitzpatrick-Cooper, Professor, College of DuPage Creation Date: 2014 Keywords/Tags: Phellodendron amurense, Amur corktree, tree, deciduous Whole plant/Habit: Description: Amur corktree is a majestic short trunked, thick barked, broad spreading tree. Image Source: Karren Wcisel, TreeTopics.com Image Date: September 6, 2012 Image File Name: amur_cork_tree_4821.png Bark: Description: The mature bark is ash gray and deeply ridged and furrowed creating a corklike bark. -
Contact Chemoreception Guides Oviposition of Two Lauraceae-Specialized Swallowtail Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Vol. 7 No. 2 2000 FRANKFATER and SCRIBER: Chemoreception and Oviposition in Papilio 33 HOLARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA, 7(2): 33-38 (2003) CONTACT CHEMORECEPTION GUIDES OVIPOSITION OF TWO LAURACEAE-SPECIALIZED SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE) CHERYL FRANKFATER1 and J. MARK SCRIBER Dept. of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA ABSTRACT.- Females of Papilio iroilus Linnaeus and Papilio palamedes Drury (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), two closely related swallowtail butterflies, oviposit almost exclusively on a few woody plant species in the family Lauraceae. While geographic patterns of preference differ among Lauraceae species, the butterflies rarely oviposit on any plant species outside the Lauraceae.The role of host plant chemistry in stimulating oviposition was assessed by extracting the preferred host foliage of the respective butterfly species, spraying the extracts and fractions on various substrates, and assessing oviposition relative to controls. P. troilus and P. palamedes were stimulated to oviposit on filter paper or non-host leaves sprayed with polar extracts of their primary host plants, indicating clearly that leaf chemistry, detectable as contact chemosensory cues, plays a significant role in their oviposition choices. Dependence on chemical oviposition elicitors found only in the foliage of the host plants may explain the behavioral fidelity to Lauraceae shown by these two oligophagous butterflies. KEY WORDS: behavior, Florida, Michigan, Nearctic, North America, Ohio, oviposition behavior, Papilio. The swallowtail butterflies, Papilio palamedes Drury and P. 1983, 1988, 1989; Nishida and Fukami, 1989; Honda, 1986, 1990; troilus Linnaeus, recognize a very restricted range of plant taxa as Oshugi etal., 1991; Papaj et al., 1992; Sachdev-Gupta et al., 1993; hosts, ovipositing exclusively on a few species within the Lauraceae.