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Alpha Aurigæ – Wort- Und Sachgeschichtliche Studien Zu Germ. *Haäraz Und Verwandten Problemen

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Alpha Aurigæ – Wort- Und Sachgeschichtliche Studien Zu Germ. *Haäraz Und Verwandten Problemen Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2006 Alpha Aurigæ: wort- und sachgeschichtliche Studien zu germ. *habraz und verwandten Problemen Graf, Martin Hannes Abstract: Das Buch enthält eine Reihe von Studien, die den hohen Stellenwert von Schafen und Ziegen in der Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas nördlich der Alpen dokumentieren. Ausgehend von vorwiegend sprach- lichen Phänomenen werden Fragen der Religions- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, der Volkskunde und der Symbolik diskutiert, dabei aber auch methodische Probleme einer sprachhistorisch-philologisch orien- tierten Kulturwissenschaft angegangen. Zentrale Untersuchungsbereiche bilden Etymologie und Wort- geschichte von idg. *kaprós, der Gott und Göttername Gebrinius und dessen Situierung im niederger- manischen Matronenkultwesen, Fragen der frühgeschichtlichen Transhumanz, ferner eine Neubewertung der Emblematik der germanischen Cornuti. Kapitel mit neuen Lösungsansätzen zu alten Problemen wie dem , der oder den sind der Forschungstradition der verpflichtet, und im Zusammenspiel mit einem ausführlichen Kapitel zur Farb-, Licht- und Wettersymbolik von Schafen und Ziegen wird demonstriert, welch bedeutende Rolle (insbesondere hörnertragendes) Kleinvieh in der Vorstellungswelt der Menschen früherer Epochen ausserhalb des unmittelbaren Wirtschaftslebens gespielt hat. The book contains a se- ries of studies which document the high value of sheep and nanny goats in the early history of Central Europe north of the Alps. Questions concerning religious and economic history, folklore, and symbolism are discussed mainly based on linguistic phenomena. Furthermore, methodological problems of linguistic- philological oriented cultural studies are critically taken into consideration. Central investigation areas form on the one hand the etymology of iE. *kaprós, the god and its theonym Gebrinius in the context of the low German , and prehistoric transhumance, and on the other side a reappraisal of the emblematic aspect of the germanic Cornuti. New propositions to old problems as the , the , or the are submitted. Moreover, a detailed chapter to colour symbolism, light symbolism, and weather symbolism of sheep and nanny goats demonstrates the significant role of flock beyond economy in the beliefs of people informer epochs. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-163444 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Graf, Martin Hannes. Alpha Aurigæ: wort- und sachgeschichtliche Studien zu germ. *habraz und verwandten Problemen. 2006, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. Alpha Aurigæ – Wort- und sachgeschichtliche Studien zu germ. *haäraz und verwandten Problemen Abhandlung zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich vorgelegt von Martin Hannes Graf von Zürich und Winterthur / ZH Angenommen im Wintersemester 2004 auf Antrag von Herrn PD Dr. Ludwig Rübekeil und Frau Prof. Dr. Elvira Glaser Zürich 2006 2 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich im Wintersemester 2004 auf Antrag von Herrn PD Dr. Ludwig Rübekeil und Frau Prof. Dr. Elvi- ra Glaser als Dissertation angenommen. 3 «[…] e, ciò che più di tutto attraeva e fermava lo sguardo, capre mescolate con quelle, e fatte loro aiutanti: uno spedale d’innocenti, quale il luogo e il tempo potevan darlo. Era, dico, una cosa singolare a vedere alcune di quelle bestie, ritte e quiete sopra questo e quel bambino, dargli la poppa; e qualche altra accorrere a un vagi- to, come con senso materno, e fermarsi presso il piccolo allievo, e procurar d’accomodarcisi sopra, e belare, e dimenarsi, quasi chiamando chi venisse in aiuto a tutt’e due.» ALESSANDRO MANZONI, I Promessi Sposi, Cap. XXXV 4 VORBEMERKUNGEN Die Literaturverweise in den Fussnoten erscheinen in gekürzter Form und lassen sich nach den Angaben in der Bibliographie identifizieren. Beiträge aus Sammelbänden werden nach dem Erscheinungsjahr des Sammel- bandes zitiert. Wo es notwendig ist, werden auch der ursprüngliche Erscheinungsort und das ursprüngliche Erscheinungsjahr angegeben. Verweise auf Handbücher, Lexika, Wörterbücher sind teilweise zusätzlich gekürzt: CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin 1862 ff. DKP Der Kleine Pauly. Lexikon der Antike. Auf der Grundlage von Pauly’s Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher Fachgelehrter hg. v. K. Zieg- ler u. W. Sontheimer, 5 Bde., München 1979. DNP Der Neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der Antike, 16 Bde. hg. v. H. Cancik u. a. Stuttgart, Weimar 1996-2003. HLSMA STOTZ, PETER: Handbuch zur lateinischen Sprache des Mittelalters, bisher 4 Bde. München 1996 ff. LexMA Lexikon des Mittelalters. 9 Bde., München u. a. 1977-1999. LIV RIX, HELMUT: Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. Die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstamm- bildungen, Wiesbaden 22001. MGH Monumenta Germaniae historica inde ab a. C. 500 usque ad a. 1500. Hannover u. a. 1826 ff. MLW Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch bis zum ausgehenden 13. Jahrhundert. In Gemeinschaft mit den Akademien der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen […] hg. von der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Akademie der Wissenschaften in berlin. München 1976 ff. [erschie- nen bis Bd. III, Lfg. 5 (dissertatio)]. OLD GLARE, P. G. W.: Oxford Latin dictionary, Oxford 1992. PL Patrologiae cursus completus […] Accurante J.-P. Migne. Series Latina, 221 Bde., Paris 1841-1864. RE Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Neue Bearbeitung. 1. Reihe 24 Bde., 2. Reihe 10 Bde., 15 Supplementbde. Stuttgart, München 1893-1978. RGA Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. 2. völlig neu bearb. u. stark erweiterte Aufla- ge, Berlin, New York 1973 ff. StSG STEINMEYER, ELIAS; SIEVERS, EDUARD: Die althochdeutschen Glossen, 5 Bde. 1879-1922 (Nachdruck Dublin, Zürich 1968 f.). ThLL Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, Leipzig 1900 ff. Wenige Titel, die in den Fussnoten vollständig zitiert werden, sind nicht in die Bibliographie aufgenommen. Primärtexte werden nur bei gegebenem Anlass – z. B. bei philologischen Fragen, in denen ein kritisch edier- ter Text verwendet werden muss – nach der Edition zitiert. Ansonsten wird die gebräuchliche Angabe nach Autor, Titel, Buch, Kapitel, Absatz usw. gewählt (lateinische Texte i. a. nach den Vorgaben des ThLL). Überset- zungen stammen – falls nicht anders vermerkt – von mir. Bei kürzeren und leicht verständlichen fremdsprachigen Zitaten wurde bisweilen auf eine Übersetzung verzichtet. Inschriften werden, wo nicht deren philologisch zu beurteilende Objektsprachlichkeit im Vordergrund steht, in Kapitälchen wiedergegeben. Ansonsten gelten die üblichen Formalia und Abkürzungen in philologischen Arbeiten. 5 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einleitung und Problemstellung ______________________________________________ 7 1. Die Wortfamilie um lat. caper ____________________________________________ 20 2. Germ. *haäraz ‘Geiss’ und Verwandtes ____________________________________ 24 2.1. Etymologie und Wortgeschichte, Forschungsüberblick _____________________ 24 2.2. *Haber ‘Ziege, Bock’ in Toponymen ___________________________________ 26 2.3. Das Ziegen- und das Getreidewort _____________________________________ 28 3. Kelt. *gabros ‘Bock’ ___________________________________________________ 31 3.1. Ausgangslage und Quellenübersicht ____________________________________ 31 3.2. Personen- und Völkernamen __________________________________________ 35 3.3. Problemlage und Darstellung _________________________________________ 39 3.4. Zwischenbilanz und einige Schlüsse_______________________________________ 48 3.5. Die Toponyme Gabris und Gäbris und die antike G£brhta Ûlh ______________ 49 4. Der ubische Mercurius Gebrinius _________________________________________ 68 4.1. Übersicht. Einleitendes und Forschungsüberblick _________________________ 68 4.2. Sprachliches_______________________________________________________ 72 4.3. Die Fruchtbarkeitsikonographie des Bonner Aufanienaltars Lehner 1930, Nr. 7__ 78 4.4. Eine Aufanien-Kurie? _______________________________________________ 86 4.5. Ziege und Bock und die sog. ‹Muttergottheiten›___________________________ 90 4.6. Gebrinius und Cernunnos ____________________________________________ 97 4.7. Abschluss: der ‹belgische› *Deus Caprio und nhd. Käpfer _________________ 100 5. Theriophore Völkernamen und prähistorische Transhumanz ___________________ 105 5.1. Problemstellung___________________________________________________ 105 5.2. Die Namen_______________________________________________________ 114 5.3. Der pagus Carucum und der pagus carascus ____________________________ 123 5.4. Exkurs: Camulos __________________________________________________ 126 5.5. Folgerungen______________________________________________________ 127 6. Lex Salica ___________________________________________________________ 133 6.1. afra(e), aper, haper ________________________________________________ 136 6.2. lamphebru(s) _____________________________________________________ 137 6.3. lammi, lampse, lamilam, lem usw. ____________________________________ 140 6.4. Zwischenbemerkungen _____________________________________________ 144 6 6.5. Salfrk. *scimada, an. skimuðr, lat. capritus _____________________________ 147 6.6. chenecrudo etc. ___________________________________________________ 154 6.7. sonista __________________________________________________________ 156 6.8. Ausblick_________________________________________________________
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