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The Ethnology of Germany, Part II. The Germans of Caesar. Author(s): H. H. Howorth Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 7 (1878), pp. 211-232 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2841000 . Accessed: 15/06/2014 06:43 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 188.72.127.79 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 06:43:22 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. H. HOWORTH.-Tlhe Ethnologyof Germany. 211 tetanisingingredient. Professor Leverridge of Sydney University, has obtained an alkaloid fromthe substance used in Efate Island (New Hebrides),which was innocuous to guinea pigs. ProfessorHalford of Melbourne University, has failedto produce any bad symptoinson dogs and rabbitswith the samesubstances used by me. These gentlemenhave all arrivedat similarcon- clusions,viz., that the tetanus observedafter wounds by these poisonedarrows, is the ordinarytraumatic disease, and not the resultof the poison on the arrows. We may therefore,I think,in the meantime,be justifiedin lookingupon these reputed poisonswith the greatestdoubt as to their potency. At the same time,it may be prematureto statepositively that none of the substancesused by the South PacificIslanders possess poisonousproperties. But that these natives possess a poison that will produce a disease identical withtraumatic tetanus, after an intervalof fiveor ten days,and afteronly a short contactwith the livingbody, is a fact yet to be proved. The Directorthen read the followingpaper, in the absence of the Author. lTheETHNOLOGY of GERMANY,PART II. The GERMANSof CAESAR.By H. H. HOWORTH,Esq., F.S.A. THE firstGermans whom Cmesar encountered were the Germans ruled overby Ariovistus. His armywas not a mere collection of warriorsmaking a raid acrossthe Rhine,but was apparently a migrationof a whole people, consistingof six confederate tribes. Such migrationsbecame frequentenough two or three centurieslater, and had we sufficientinformation about the earlierperiod, we should doubtlessfind that they were common enough then also. They are not to be explained by a mere wantonhabit of wandering. It is not forthis cause that whole peoples desert their hearths,desert the homelandendeared to themas theirbirth-place, containing the sacred fanes of their gods and the graves of their ancestors. They moved because theywere compelledto move,either by the pressureof physical circumstancesor of morevigorous tribes; and it was doubtless one of such causes that set the people of Ariovistusin motion. As we shall see presen'tly,the time at which he lived was marked by the aggressiveadvance of the great Suievic or Suabian race in central Germany; and just as this was the cause of the migrationof the Tencteri,the Usipetes and the Ubii, so I believe it to have been the cause of the migrationof Ariovistusand his people. The confederacywhich he led con- This content downloaded from 188.72.127.79 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 06:43:22 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 212 H. H. HowoRTI.-The Ethnologyof Germany. sisted of the tribes named Harudes, Marcomanni,Tribocci, Vangiones,Nemetes, Sedusii and Suevi. The Suevi doubtless formingonly a contingent,being one of those contingents mentionedby Caesar,which they were accustomed to send out annuallyfor purposes of plunder. The Harudes again were apparentlyno part of the original invaders. They came in afterwards,as Ariovistus himself told the Sequani (vide infra); we may thereforediscard them for the present. The Suevi again belonged to another kingdom,they were merely a contingentof the main race in central Germanyruled over by Nasua and Cimber,as Caesar says. (I, 37.) These also we may forthe presentdiscard. We have left fivetribes, the Marcomanni,Nemetes, Tribocci, Vangionesand Sedusii. The Marcomannibear a name meaning originallyMarchmen or Mercians,but applied by the classical authorsjust as the termMercia was by our earlychroniclers, in no genericsense, but specificallyto the ancient inhabitantsof Bohemia. They were,I believe,the ancestors of the modern Bavarians. The Marcomanni formed a powerful empire in central Germany,which a fewyears later was ruled over by Marobo- duus; and it is exceedingly unlikely that they should as a body have migratedat this timeinto Gaul, or that Ariovis- tus should have been their king. They doubtless,like the Suevi, furnisheda contingentto the invading host,a posse of that warlike youth which was ever readyfor an excursionif fightingand plundermight be expected. We have left for considerationthe tribes of the Nemetes, Tribocci,Vangiones and Sedusii. They were, I believe, the special subjects of Ariovistus,and the Germans proper of Caesar'sfirst book. Let us firstsay a fewwords about the name German. It is, in the firstplace, not a native name. The people of Germany called themselves Deutsch, and Grimm, Zeuss, and othersare at one in urgingthat it is a name applied by outsidersto the people of Gerinany. In the next place, it is a genericname, applied not only to the people of the upper Rhine, but also to those of the lower Rhine. Thus Caesar, speaking of certain tribes there,says the Condrusi,Eburones, Caercesi,Pcemani, who werecollectivelyknown as Germani(I, 4); and in anotherplace he speaks of the Segni and the Condrusiof the race ofthe Germans. (VI, 32.) We findthe name occurring also farfrom the Teutonic frontierof Gaul, and in facton its opposite borders,for we read in Pliny of a tribe living on the Iberian frontierof Gaul called the Oretani, who he says were also called Germani.(Pliny, III, 3.) Ptolemy tells us theirchief townwas called OretonGermanon. (Zeuss p. 59.) This content downloaded from 188.72.127.79 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 06:43:22 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. H. HOWORTH.-TheEthnology of Germany. 213 We may go a step further,and in examiningthe neighbours of Gaul on the side of Germany,we shall find thatthe name German was not applied to them all, but only to a certain portion of them: thus Tacitus says,speaking of the people of the middleRhine, " Quidam ut in licencia vetustatis,plures deo ortos pluresque gentis appellationes Marsos, Gambrivios, Suevos, Vandilios affirmanteaque vera et antiqua nomina. CeterumGermanice vocabulum recens et nuperadditutm, quoniamn q4i primi Rhenum transgressiGallos expulerintac nuno Tun- gri t6nc Germanivocati eunt. Ita nationis nornen, non gentis evaluissepaulatimn, ut omnesprimwmn a victore ob m,eturnmoxc a se ipsis inventonomine Gernmani vocarent%r." (Tacitus, " Germ.,"II.) Again the termGermani is used in earlytimes in a veryloose way; indeed,so much so,that in a passage ofSeneca, " consol.ad Helv.," VI, and othersof Pliny, Par. 4, and Dio. 5, 3, 12, it was apparentlyapplied to Celtic tribes. Tacitus arguesthat the name was adoptedby those who were styled Germans from their victories,"ita nationisnomen, non gentis evaluissepaulatim, ut omnes primum a victori ob me- tum mox a se ipsis invento nomine Germani vocarentur" (" Germ.,"II); and it has been suggestedthat the name may be connectedwith such a wordas guerre-manor war-man;but Zeuss, whose etymologicalinstinct, and whose knowledgeof Celtic and Germanwas profound,disclaims, a Teutonic explanationof the name,and says that the explanationof Tacitus, like the parallel explanationsof the names Suevi and Vandilii,which he derives fromthe namesof their gods, is notprobable; and he argueswith considerableforce, that when Tacitus himselfsays that those who were formerlycalled Tungri,were named Germaniafter crossingthe Rhine and comingin contact with the Celts,that he showsthe name was adoptedfrom their new neighbours,just as the Slavic tribes adopted the name Wends from their Teutonicneighbours. (" Die Deutsche,"etc., 60.) Zeuss shows that if the name were connectedwith the French guerre,or the Germanwirre (confusion) or wehre,the old German weri or wari, the name ought to be Virromani or Varimanni, and not Germani (id., 59, note) ; nor does he countenance the derivation from the old German man's name Germ, anotherform of Gormor Guthrum,whence we have the local names Germenzeor Germizein the Lorsch annals. (Id.) Caesaris the firstauthor who uses the name fortrans-Rhenane peoples; beforehis time its use was clearlyvery uncertain; thus Aristotleis quoted by Stephenof Byzantiumas naming a tribe Germani,which he tells us was of Celtic rage. (Id., 60.) In the Fasti Capitolini,a famous chronicleof Roman affairs, reaching from120 A.U.C. to 765 A.U.C.,we read,in the year This content downloaded from 188.72.127.79 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 06:43:22 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 214 H. H. HOWORTH.-The Ethnologyof Germany. 222 B.C., M. Claudius M.F., M. N. Marcellus,An. DXXXI Cos. de Galleis Insubribuset GermaneisK. Mart. isque spolia opi (ma) rettulitduce hostiumVir (domaro ad Cla) stid (ium interfecto) (Graevius," Thes. Antt.Rom.," II, 227; Zeuss,loc. cit.) Polybius, who describesthis event,speaks of the allies of the InsuLbresas Gaesati,and tells us they were mercenariesfrom the Rhone Valley. (Id.) The termGermani therefore here, as in thecase of the Tungri,seems to be an appellative,and in this case perhaps applied to a Celtic tribe; forthe namesof its leaders,as givenby Polybius,are, as Zeuss has shown, Celtic; theywere, Kogkolltanos and Aneroestos.
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    DE U/ARE IflJI( OP... Deel I Supplernent 1. Afkortingen 2. Errata 3. Literatuuroverzicht 4. Register December 1999 l. Afkortingen AS = Acta Sanctorum HdF = Histoire tle France NíCII = Monuntcnta Ccrntaniac tlistorica l\'íCS = l\lonuntcnta Cicrmaniac Historica Scriptorum R.O.B. = Ri.iksdicnst voor hel Ouclhe icikundiq l3oclcmonderzoe k 2. Errata Blz.6 rcgcl I vun bovcn: ilE i.p.v. 329 Blz.3li re-r1cl 8 r'an oncler: Septentrion i.p.r,. Scptrentriun Blz.4l rcgcl l-3 r'trn ondcr: Ae ncis i.p.v. Acncas Blz. (r3 rcgcl l-5 rlrn ondcr: Durocortorum i.p.v. Durocottorunt Blz. 66 regel l9 rrn lroren: Durocortorunt i.p.v. IJurocottorunt Blz. 80 rcgcl 21 vun ïror cn: l!Íannaricium i.p.v. Mannlrciunt rcgcl 23 ran Lrorcn: l\{inariacum i.p.v. Nlinarieium tslz. 89 rcgel 1. 7 en I-{ rrin onder: Apollinirris i.p.\,. Appollinaris Blz. 104 rcgeI I r un lrovcn: Julius Paulus i.p.v. .lulius Paulcs Blz. tl0 rcgcl l+ rlLn Lro,,crr: Batlvodurum i.p.r,. Batlvordurunt Blz. l)6 regel 3 run onJer: URBS RHGALIS i.p.v. TJRBS R[GLAIS Blz. 121 rcocl I I r un ondcr: Rccucil i.p.r,. Rcccuil Blz. 146 rcccl l5 r un ortrlcr: Reqinonis i.p.v. Rerqiononis Blz. l-s-5 regel it) r rn lrove n: heette i.p.v. hette tslz. lTli rcgcl ltl \ lin ()ndcr: Annalcs i.p.v. Anncics Blz. 19.1 rcccl 5 r un rltdcr: Ilountan i.p.r,. Bouwntan fllz. i(18 re.'qcl 1i.) r ln lrgr,en: Annales i.p.v.
  • On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation

    On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation

    On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation by Jared McCabe Hudson A dissertation in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ellen Oliensis, chair Professor Maurizio Bettini Professor Dylan Sailor Professor Carlos Noreña Spring 2013 On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation © 2013 by Jared McCabe Hudson Abstract On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation By Jared McCabe Hudson Doctor of Philosophy in Classics University of California, Berkeley Professor Ellen Oliensis, Chair The first chapter examines the role played by the litter (lectica) and sedan chair (sella) in Roman literature and culture. The portrait of the wealthy freedman, lounging in his deluxe octaphoros (litter carried by eight imported slaves), is one which appears repeatedly, taking shape in the late Republic and reaching a climax of frequency in the satires of Juvenal and the epigrams of Martial, in the late first century CE. While by this stage the conveyance undeniably functions as a satirical symbol, the origins and constructedness of its role as such have been surprisingly under-examined by modern scholars. In order to excavate the litter’s developing identity, I first unravel Roman accounts of the vehicle’s origins. The lectica was repeatedly framed by Roman authors such as Cicero as an exotic import from the near east (Bithynia, in particular), only available to Romans upon their exposure, through the process of imperial expansion, to eastern softness. However, such a projection involved carefully distinguishing this “decadent” litter from already existing, sanctioned litter use: thus the lectica also encompasses a category closer to our “stretcher.” Indeed, the litter’s status as a newfangled import is belied by coexisting narratives of republican-era patriarchs riding in the lectica, usually because of injury, old age, or disability.