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Germanic Dialects

Germanic Dialects

ABBREVIATIONS . = Cp. compare. fi = 1 er n. fina . Germ . au sla utend , pertaining to a letter t n minati a word . = ini i al G m a u e fi s e of . . init , . nl a t nd , r t lett r word = inl m e e m of . . Ger . inl au tend , l tt r in iddle word = H . G . High G erman .

L . Germ an . = m M . H . G . M iddl e High G er an . = a M d . G . M idl and Germ n . = M M e a e m a . od . H . G . odern or Lit r ry High G r n E = En 0 . . O l d gl i l h. = O . F. O l d Fris i an . = O . Ir. 01d Iris h . N = 0 . . O l d . = O . S . O l d S axon . = O . Sc . 01d Scandinavi an . = an andi na ian . Sc . or Sc d . Sc = Skt . . = Sw . Swabian .

r-=a e ma efi mea n m e f U G r n pr , ni g pri itiv , . in st : Urg. m meaning primitive Ger an , = e ma t . G . w at Ger nic .

ER M AN I DI G O ALECTS .

1 There are different opinion s concerning t he divis ion of - L the Indo Germa nic l angua ges . es kien believes tha t the origina l from which the sepa ra te "a d o-G ermanic l angua ges are s upposed to h ave s prung firs t divid ed itself into three different or branches : ( 1 ) T he s a s s o f a s e and A i ti , con i ting S n rit , nd Ar m enian the a e ia e ts of a e s a and me a , nci nt d l c Indi , P r i Ar ni ; 2 the t ea m s G eek 2 e t and ( ) Sou h Europ n , co pri ing r , C l ic a nd 3 the N E ea ai i e m a and ; ( ) orth urop n , cont n ng G r nic - Sl a vo Letti c.

1 Concerning the of the ori and prim itive seat of the - m a ic ace o . . ad S r r l i hu u nd U r Indo G er n r , n O Schr er, p ac ve g e c ng

n 1 4 . l a h i i nd geschichte, Je a 883 , p . 4 2 s qq ; a s o C non T ayl or, T e O r g n a " Prim itive S eat of the Ary ans i n The Journal of the Anthropol . In st .

d l a d . l . ii 8 . of G r . B ritain an Ire n Vo xxv , London 1 88 . p . 238 sqq

2 h k a e m a h Al a i N ext to t e Gree l ngu ag be m entioned t e b n an , i T a e l anguage of anc en t Il l y ria . he true aracter of this l angu ge ha s not yet been ful l y ascertained, p hil ol ogists m eeting with great troubl e i n s ep arating p ure Al banian words from those borrowed from

ati R m a ce l a ic and T kis l a a es . addi G reek . L n , o n . S h ngu g In tion to thi s the ol dest m onum ents of any extent d ate onl y since the N i a i l s ke seventeenth centu ry . otw thst nd ng . the I l yrians m ust h ave p o n ff i c sid e a l f m a f h G eeks as T ne a l anguage di er ng on r b y ro th t o t e r , h y

l ib . 1 cal l s the l l ia s a a ia s . C . G s e e Al did es , , I yr n b rb r n p u tav M y r, e W n 188 - banesische Studi n , ie , 3 84. 4 G er m a ni c Di a l ects .

Among these different m emb ers S an skrit i s acknowledged d as unp a ra lleled in a ntiquity a nd dis tinctnes s of s tructure an as bearing the clos es t res embl a nce t o the prehi s toric p aren t 1 s the s peech . It con equently forms for com p ar ative philology na a as s of ea l an tur l b i . For the South Europ n gu ages G reek forms the best connecting link with San skrit ; for the ea a - et e e t i s the North Europ n , Sl vo L tic ; whil C l ic

organic link between the North and South E uropea n groups . m a e Joh . Schmidt claim s th at only two dialects firs t d

s the f a at their appea ra nce. Thi theory i s s upported by ct th the Indo -G erm a nic la ngu ages of North and South h ave s ome ch aracteris tic features in com m on wit h each ether as a dis tinctive difference from the As i atic group

1 f m ea e e e e e a the ( ) In uni or ity w ith ch oth r , th y ith r r t in “ old a s ound or s how it in its weaken ed form as e or z , while Old Indi an and Old Pers i an a s a rule retain in the

s a me ases the a a a nd s the eake of a c origin l , how w nin g

kt . and Z e to i only in a very limited m ea s ure. S nd

d a s a n G r d éu a Lat . d ecem e . d e . t . d esz zm t G . , . , , C lt g , Li h , oth

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ta i hu n . . G . teha n G e m . z ehn E n . ten Skt. m a tr e , O H , r , g ; , L m a er m a er m a tha i r G r . at, t , Sl avonic t , Celt. ,

m er 0 . H . G . u ot . ( 2) T hey s how s om e uniform ity in ch anging origin al r i nto l which l a tter letter i s not a m ember of the origin a l “ ” ' - m l k r olca s kev u o Indo G er anic a ph abet. S t . light , G r . s,

w hi te La t . tu m tu c is . . l oche t . Za u ka s B l u ca , , , O Ir , Li h , O . ulg. ; ” “ - - xké m La cl u o . c l r Skt . cm ea G r . t . O . ea G . , to h r , , , Ir , oth ” - - - - - “ hl o s e m a kl a u s a n a . , Sl v . , I he r 3 ) u s e in common s om e prepos itions in a m ea ning a ltogether different from wh a t the s am e words i n S an s krit ’ ' e : G r a n Lat a m b indicat but . w , . . G .

mbz . u , Celt

4 T e al l a e a v a a s m a ea t e ( ) h y h v oc bul ry, i il r to ch o h r, in terms relating to a higher state of agriculture which is w

ing in S an skrit. ( 5) T he common n ame for s alt of the E uropean groups

‘ s om e es ects G eek Lati and e e ial l In r p r , n , s p c y Lithuani an show m o e a c aic for m s t a e v en a r r h h n S nskrit, yet Speaking in 8. general way

the above statement is correct. Ger m a ni c Di a l ects . 5

es a ea the a an do not pp r in Old Indi n d Pers ia n l angu ages . “ ” ( 6) T he ao -ca lled G erm a n La u tvers chiebung i s in

s m e s not ed the s a t s m of k o word condition by con on n i S an s rit , “ ” b u t by th a t of the other E uropean l anguages : the It of Low “ ” ' ' G e m a c i s e e f m the m e a e o e ao r n d riv d ro di ( g . y ) b ut not fr m t he a s a a of the a sk t a ha m o pir t S n ri ( ) . From this i t s eem s prob able th a t the Indo -G erma nic fam il y - of l a ngu a ges s plit origin ally into two di alects which m ay be am ed a f e t e at e om e the s a and n t r h ir l r h , A i tic European ; a nd th a t t he com m on fa m ily s epa r a ted before its people had entered the ao -c a l led s econd s t ate o f c iviliz ation ; but t h a t the m em e s of t he E ea a w e l w b r urop n br nch re s til united , hen they

a e the m a c fe for at o f a l t e and ch ng d no di li th gricu ur , when

e f s a t s m e f m t e a E th y ound l in o or on h ir w y to urope. I t m ay be t h a t one br a nch cros s ed the n a rrow ch a nnels of t he Aegea n S ea from A s i a M inor to E urope and th at a nother bra nch had gon e around the North ern s hores of the C as pi a n a nd B l a ck Seas a nd . entered Northern E urope and th at bo th bra nches lived aga in bes id e ea ch other in E urope a s a

and a e Northern South rn divis ion .

l t e a ti are a t t a I li erat n on s p o ch nge their l a ngu a ges ra pidly .

o t o M ax M l l er t he t m e of' one to t ee e e a s Acc rding ii , i hr g n r tion , a n d s a e a s es e e ess m a s f to a in i ol t d c v n l , y u fice ch nge the whole as pect of a l a n gu age : a nd so doubtles s the E uropea n m em e s o f t he —G e m a fa m a e s m e f as e b r Indo r nic ily ch ng d , o t r,

m m s the i m a s o e ore lowly , id o t h t t hey had brought along from A s i a . O rigin ally a l l t heir l a ngu ages m ay h a ve been only m m di alects of one co on s peech . La ter the poin ts of difference

a at e e e e t beca m e s o gre t th th y r pr s n ed independ ent l angu ages . A g a in a s each of thes e l anguages w a s s poken by a la rge

of e e e ten te conglom era tion p opl x ding over l a rge rritory , di a lecti c a l differences a ppeared a nd from these dialects new l a ngu ages d evel oped .

c a e t a a a s ese So L atin h ng d in o It li n , Sp ni h, Portugu , Pro

e W a a a a nd R m a a ea e n at s venos l , Fr nch , chi n ou ni n , ch b i g fir t

e e e a a . only a loca l d i al ct, now g n r lly called langu age M y obj ect s h all be to con s id er the Germ anic divi sion of ' - e m a i fam of l an u a s an of m e ar the I ndo G r n c ily g ge , d t hi s or p ticul arly that branch which is general ly known as the German 8 G er mani c Di a l ects .

ame for language. G erm anic would then mean a collective n al l th s o e branche f the primitive G erm a n l ang uage.

C . B z k its ac e . p op p . Fran , Ueber d as Conj ugationssyatem der S ans r p r h

G im m a De m a i . r , cob, utsche Gra m t k

B enfe G es ic d r i M e 1869 . y . ch hte e Sprachw s sens chaften . uench n ,

Del br u eck t d i h d f L i z i 1884. , In ro uct on to t e Stu y o Language. e p g , P t u te der ot . A g. . Etymol ogisc he Forschungen au f dem G ebie — m Indo G er anischen S prachen . - c l i h . G er S h e c er, Comp endium der vergl G ram m atik d er Indo m a i a 1 n schen Sprac h en . W eim r , 873 .

K Z ei r . B l i e 1857. uhn , tschrift fu vergl . S prachforschung er in s nc

B 1858 . eitraeg e z u r vergl . Sprachforschung . B erl in s ince B ez z enber er B itra z u r K de d er d -G e m a isc e g , e ege un In o r n h n 8 Sprachen . G oettingen , since 1 77.

Pa l d i H al l 1 88 . u . Principien er S p rachges ch chte. s , 0

M d l l er M x L th cie ce of La a e. . a , ectures on e S n ngu g

c ade S r 11 nd es c ic te. e a 1883 S hr r, p acbvergl eichu ng Urg h h J n , . “ — Leskien A . t Die Decl i ati im l a isc Litau , . In roduction to n on S v h ” isc m a i Lei z i 1876 hen u . G er n schen . p g , . m i l d r - Sch dt , J . . Dis Verw andschaftsverhae tnisse e Indo G .

ac e . W im a 18 2 . Spr h n e r, 7 B ru mann K E l em e ts of the C m a ativ e G am m a of the g —, n o p r r r 1 . Indo G erm anic . N . Y . . 888

B ernhoef Fr . a l n . s ic te. Z its hr . t . Sp r chverg eichung Urge ch h In e c

f . l . R i f Ed . 9 t tt a t 1891 . 2 verg echts w ssenscha t. , S u g r , , p 03 ,

s qq .

C rt . r dz u r h . E t m l e L i z i 8 u ius . G , G u n ege de G riec y o ogi . e p g, 1 73 . “ M is tel l i L etz A l i n Z itsc ift fu l k , autges 11 nd na ogie, e hr er Voe er ” s c l e . 365 s . p y ho ogi , XI . p , “ ” " ’ Zim m e A is i B ez z nber er B eitrae e z r, H r ch n e g s g . Kunde ” der i ndo rm rac . 137 s . ge . Sp h en , III , p q l l n Huebschm ann . Ueber die Ste ung des Arm e ischen im Kreise “ r —e m a Z de Indo G r anischen Spr chen in eitschr . Vergl . " ra hf . . Sp c , XXIII . p 5 sq

Fick . A Di e ehem al ige Sp racheinheit der Indogerm anen

E as . tti n en 18 . urop G oe g , 76 “ B ru m ann K . Zu r Fra s ac den er gg . , g n h V wandtschaitsverhael t “ r 1nd o r m r h ’ niss en de ge 8 p ac en . in Techm er s Internation " 1° Z eitsc ift i u er a1l ac isse sc aft 1 hr g Spr hw n h , ( 884) I 326 sq .

ar ns B er d . a a. G e. d . Wi C ti , S sch e s s . 1884 , p . 9 sq .

M el l e . D. Der I ndo erm . a u r, H , g Sp r chbau in s . Entwickel ung .

G oettingen , 1879 . l eic e Z u r e l eiche de S rach Sch h r, v rg n n p gescbicbte. Die Sprachen

Eur o aa i n s stem . U ebersicht . B 1 p y onn , 850. “ ” T he nam e G erma ns origin ated with the of B elgium

a t e e s the who pplied it to h ir n ighbor , Ta ngri. I f the na me

’ s be e t a t P a em a m a s m e t ed aes a hould id n ic l wi h n ion by C r ,

o e et l e es ve s n it w uld m an som hing ik d tructi , a it co tains the G er mani c Di a l ects . 7

“ ” “ ” e bei m s k I C ltic word , , wound , tro e. f we derive the word f m e a i rm ro C lt, g , pl . it would m ea n

a a a T h a r ro ring, wild w rrior. e l tte interpretation seems the

m e a a es e a as s a s m or n tur l , p ci lly hi tori n repeatedly ention the war cry of the G erm an s as being dreadful and fear-crea ting to Celts a nd R om an s alike; it would indeed be a proper n a me f or a hero fighting i n b attle and remind s u s of the G reek floriv ' d a S o e e e a of e ame e m a m y s . Anoth r int rpr t tion th n G r n ay yet be l m as s t M mentioned . In O d High G er an , ill in odern High G er

er r a m ea th ol d G e m a s a Ger - m a m an, g indicates the f , e r n pe r. n

mea a s e -m an a m an a a s would then n p ar , or c rrying pear .

e as f s ed an e es eat s c R ich . Schroed r h urni h int r ting tr i e con ern i n s s ea Ze ts f f e Re s es e W e m a g thi p r in i chri t u r cht g chicht , i r ,

1 8 B d . XX G e m a s s e A bth. . 52 s . 8 7, , r ni ti ch p qq = T he Germ ans ca lled them selves s i m ply thi u d a G r . e e a a e e the a e e thi u d is k meaning a p opl or n tion , wh nc dj ctiv , ” “ ” “ a a a and the G t a e as u s e l fil as popul r, n tion l , o hic dv rb, d by U ,

' ' w a s a a s at o the k eS v m thi u d i s lco, which tr n l ion f G ree abs .

di u ti sch d eu tis ch T hi u di s k becam e O . H . G . , t hen and this w as - d en ts ch contra cted to . This self-selected n am e seem s to indica te that the G er m a ns i a old es t time had a clear reminiscence in their langu age t h at al l their va riou s people came origin al ly from one home

and one comm unity . he G e m a e e s a ea h s W hen t r nic p opl fir t pp r in i tory, they

are com po sed of m a ny tribes and nation s and their la ngu age i mpres ses both R om ans and G reeks as being ba rba rou s like s t he people them selve . Though their language m ay h ave s e a as s ke am es e ffe e tribes d iffered con id r bly po n ong th di r nt , t e e m s t a e ee s ffi e ts of s m a s yet h r u h v b n u ci nt poin i il rity in thi , t e m a e s and s m s e e as well a s in h ir nn r cu to , to giv ven a ca re l es s ob server the i m pres s ion th a t al l were m embers of one

a the a ke G erm a s great peopl e. And lthough w rli n would fight es a a s a e a e emem a m ong th emselv , tow rd tr ng n tion th y r bered

f e a ea e th n at ion ality and o t n pp r d in united efforts . How could the and Teutones h ave d es cend ed s o q uickly from e e s a a and e e t heir little Nort h rn p nin ul , Jutl nd , d lug d Ita ly and

s s t e G e m a s had e em at G aul , unle o h r r n j oin d th or least m s allowed them to m arch thither un oles ted . Ariovi tu s easily r es M a ma T riboces N emetes pers uades H a ud , rco nni , , , Eu d usii 8 G er mani c Di a l ects .

and e n te m a s Su vi to invade G a ul jointly . U i d G er ny fight

e m i s a s a nd i m a ha d und r Ar in u g ain s t t he R om an , f on rchy

ee a e ta o a l l e m a a e b n cc p ble t the G erm a n s , G r ny would h v

te e him ate s t t he u ad uni d und r or M ar abod u u s . L r in hi ory Q i and M a c m a i i n t he R m a a m b u t r o nn are willing to enlis t o n r y, ’ s m e the refuse Dom iti an s reques t t o fight ag ain s t t heir kin n , D a ci . His torica l record s a r e too sca n ty to d ecid e wh ether at one time al l the G erm anic peopl e were located on the s hores of t he e ta B altic and extended t hence to the N orth a nd South . C r in i t i s th at l a ter the G erm a nic l angu age a ppea rs in four dis tinct

a e ts t he G a nd G e m a . di l c , othic, S ca ndin avi an , High Low r n T he views concerning the relat ion s hip of t hes e old G erm a nic

a e s a e ff l e m a a nd di l ct h v di ered . G rim m places O d High G r n

G t s e s d e c e e O l d i G e m a and t he t e o hic id by i ; S hl ich r, H gh r n o h r

m he o r W es t G er a nic l angua ges bu t i s ol ates t N di s h. z m a nn

a n N t m l s l l believes th at G othic d o dieb are os t c o e y re ated . O f l a te the stand a rd s eem s to be a divi s ion into E a s t a nd W es t G er m the f m e m s N ord is h a nd G t the anic, or r co pri ing o hic, l a tter

m a High and Low G er n . T he W es tern divis ion is chiefly m arked by the i ntr od u c tion of a consid erabl e num ber of form s an d s ound s of les s

a a a te e the E as e m a h as ad e arch ic ch r c r, whil t G r nic h red m ore

s e the al f m s s a m s t h clo ly to origin or , Thu l o t e only dis tinct innova t ion in the s ound -s ys tem of t he E as tern bra nch i s the

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s e t of a s u r er m . w ay. i s a e w in r ion g ound ; g ch ng d into gg , “ ” t a . G t . d d . G t . l a w o a ef j j in o Sc nd ggj or o h j o h g gg , c r ully , “ = tr i w s t e U r er m . l a w w o tr ew w a gg , ru , g g , .

O n the t e a W es G e m a c o h r h nd, t r ni developed num erous a s of its for s v nco e a nd a c e a nd l w own p po op , ch a nges of nd s a con on .

I t e e be would , how v r, incorrect to rd G ot h i c a s the m m s e of m e e m a m co on ourc od rn G r nic idio s . A l though very

a m a of its f m s and s u a rch ic in ny or o nd s , it i s f a r rem oved from t he origin a l la ngu age and does not bea r on a l l its

es the s am e a c a c m es s . I n fa t feat ur r h i i pr c , in in s t an ces it goes further tha n ot her c ogn a te dialects in dropping s hort fin a l vowels

“ ” t . h a u r n hor n a G t . a s to G o h , , o h g , gues t = , as ti a . . i so . a r ti r Ur . as i z Westg. g , Sc nd run n r g g g t . Ger mani c Di a l ects. 9

T he dropping of finaPz i s common to al l Wes t Germanic

l an u a es an e n o g , d bes s b e o e f e r r a ara er g _ id ing th i p incip l ch ct

i s tics , t ook pl ace before any other dialectic differencea rose : = i O . . G w il i o h w i l e s Lat r el c 2 H . G t . ( . i ) . This became “ ” . 8 b u t a . r . d a s da a . d a r Goth Sc nd ; Goth y , y , Sc nd g , O . d a o a = m d a az H. G . g or d g Urger . g . Another prominent featu re of the Wes t Germ anic dial ects is the doubling of s ingle con s on ants ending a s hort radica l “ ” a e ef w r t n m 0 . . theccan syll bl b ore j , , , , , ; E , to cover, 0 . S .

thekki a n . G . d ecken G . tha b an . tke a , O . H , oth i , 0 Se. kj .

he s f s a e i o a T yncope o hort , , , , , in trisyllabic word s when ever a long precedes is entirely unknown in Eas t “ ” “ ” m a : . . a tr o a k a s a ndr e e her r o Ger nic O H G, f b c w rd , , oth r, , “ ” s i er e a nd er e ha i i r m as ter, in tead of af , , r o. For further d etails I refer to

F i e c te der Al t er m Dial Kl uge, r d . Vorgeschi h g . ects . " ” Z im m e . Os t e m a e u nd W est m an Z i r , H g r n n ger en in e tschr. f.

t c A l hu m 93 . Deu s hes tert XIX , 3 sq

i s B r itrae e z . G erch . d . De ts c a . 1 1 S ver , e g u hen Spr che V 0 sq .

m e d . G amm atis c e W ec 51 B rau , Ueber r h n hsel , I , 3 sq ,

e Z itsc ift fu e e l . ac aft X Vern r, e hr r v rg Spr hwissensch XIII , 97 sq . T he characteristic diff erence between and Wes t e e the s e e G erm a nic did not d v lop till cond c ntury A . D. and it would be contrary to hi story to believe th at no f urther connec tion bet ween Scandin avi an and Wes t Germanic exis ted after a m e n e th at period . I sh ll ntio h re only the phonetic ch ange of l a d s -G erm anic fin al 3 into a and final 0 into a ( the s am e

a e akes l a e w e a is f e m n z ch ng t p c h n ollow d by or ), into r , tkt into fl which ch anges are common to Scandin avi an and “ ” e m a a ke : 0 . . l a ta l e . l a ta n W est G r nic li N , t , A . S , Goth . Zeta/n. “ ” s l a a s ee . . s l a a n G s l e a n O . N . p , l p , A S p , oth . p . O . N . and

a a W es G e m . d a u m . d m . d o u m . . . a te t r g , Goth g , Urg g A E f , " ” a tu e ta Ur . a to. a A . N . j , Goth . f , g ] O . H. G.j i ah n, flee, O .

l a G thl i u ha n. N . j yj , oth . A s t here u ndoubtedly has been a development of the Germ anic l angu ages s ubsequent to the es tablishm ent of sep a a es and a e a se s f a rate n tion liti , in c rt in n e u ni orm, a cl assifi cation m u s t d epend mainly . on t he qu es tion wh at ch aracter i stics are to be regarded as criteria .

0p Streitberg Einfuehru ng in d as Studium der al tgermanischen Dia l 1 8 6 l ekte, Heide berg 9 . 1 0 G er m a ni c Di a l ects .

Kl c e Dial ekte u ge. Fried t . Vorgeschichte d er al tgerm anis h n Stras sburg 1 898

l z m a Al tdeu t L z i 1875 . Ho nn , che G ram m atik . eip g ,

G ri m m I . D t e 840. , , eu sche G ra m m atik . G otting n 1

1863 . Kel l e e l . G am m . H dt t . H s . Pr . , V rg r atik d . G oth , , g 1 c e e Z u r G ac e. B e l i 878 S h r r , eschichte d . d eutschen S p r h r n .

O f a l l the G erm anic n ations t he G ot h s produced t he great es t effect upon t he his tory and civiliz at ion of after t im es . To t he G oth s w as res erved the d es tiny of overthrowing t he R oma n em pire and of in trod u cing a new ord er in E urope. Through

a E t he attl e e of Cha t heir v lor uropea n civiliz atio n w as , on b fi ld

T ta s . Yet a lo ns , s aved from u tt er des tru c tion by the ar r h rdly a ny other great s peech o f prim itive E urope ha s left a s ma ller trace in the s ubsequ en t l a ngu a ges of t he c ontin en t th a n has s a of t he t hi s powerful G othic. Fra gm ents of t he t ra n l tion B ible by U l fil as are t od ay n ea rl y t he onl y litera ry m onum ents s of G ot hic. but as t hes e are by s evera l cen t uries the old es t p eci 1 m en s o f G erm an ic s peech they h ave a p a rticular va lue for m a t he s t ud ent of G er n philology.

a m e at east t he e e e i f In its origin l ho , l in r gion wh r t ound

s t te a e ess — t he t a the M e its fir li r ry xpr ion , coun ry round iddl

e Da e —it s a e s a e a ts a nd Low r nub , did not , v in i ol t d tr c , s urvive

T he t a s at of t he emigration of t he G oth s . r n l ion the B ible w a s l a rgel y ins trum ental in keeping the l a ngu age a live a m ong

f w W ea t a a f w l l a e . e h r h t in e oca ities in M oes i a c hurch services were h el d in t he G othic la ngu age a s l ate as t he nint h ce t and em a ts of t he E as t - s n ury, r n n G oth s till s peaking t he G othic la ngu age were found in a rem o te s pot of the Cri m ea even in the s ixteent h cent ury . W e pos s es s to d ay only eigh ty - s ix word s o f the l ater l angu age whic h were g a th ered by the Dutc h tra veler A urelius — d e B u s beck between 1 554 64 ; a l thoug h t he m ateri al ha s been k f s el ec ed the a a i s ill ully t , voc bul ry s too lim i ted and t he

m m a a t c ed u gra r h rdly ou h pon . A cl ea r i ns igh t into th is

e l be o u t o f t he s l a nguag wi l que tion , un til furth er m ateria l m ay be found .

the new m s o f t he G s a S In do inion oth , in It ly , p ain , a nd

e a ce t e a a e seem s t a Sou th rn Fr n , h ir l ngu g o h ve d ied o u t even the G t at a t s e t a a a to th . oon r h n o hic n ion li y, giving w y e over

1 i c c i ti s exc Perhap s a few t un ins r p on epted . Germ ani c Dia l ects . 1 1 powering infl u ence of the Latin and leaving only a few indistinct relics in proper n a m es and word s adopted into the prev ailing language. In al l prob ability the Eas t a nd Wes t G othic langu ages fi were in the fourth and fi ft h century n early id entical . Ul l as W es t h ns of t h B e am e u w as a G oth, but is tra lation e ibl c to s

E s t hrou gh the a t G o th s . A brief m a nu s cript of N aples a nd another of Arez z o both of

s t s a f a me o f a e are t he ix h century , a also r g nt cal nd ar, s peci

a e e n m en s of the G othic langu age of a l t r p riod , a d when we add to this the a s s poken l as t in t he Crim ea n penin s ula we hays t he Got hic language in three different stages B a G t D me a G t and C mea iblic l o hic, ocu nt ry o hic, ri n Gothic .

ma ka e a its ates s a e t s ta I t is re r bl t h t in l t t g , notwi h nding it s ent ire s eparation and far removal from al l W es t G ermanic

a ts i t ha s mm h es e the e and o s di lec , in co on wit th

a G in s tead of i and as in Biblical othic .

l F G e c i t d r othi h n ac . 1 . K e s c e e sc e e t ass 89 . Cp ug , ., h h g Spr h S r burg , 8

G thi che G am m atik . H al l 18 5 . B raune, o s r s , 9

d r o h . Wrede. Ueber . Sprache de O stg t en in I tal ian Stras sb 1891 . " m a Kr im thi h Z eits h ift f M as s nn , sc , In c r uer deutsches Al ter

thum . p . 345 s q .

D. G othisch Al ha Vu l fil Z ach er , e p bet, as u nd das R unenal phabet.

Lei pz ig, 1855 .

T he second group of the E as t G erm a nic di vis ion i s com

of the a a i a se l a a es f posed Sc ndin v n or Nor ngu g , ormerly and now s poken by theG erm an ic popula tion of Scandin avi a and by t he inh abitan ts of ries th at h ave been wholly or p artia lly peopled thence. t e e i s s e f Al hough th r no po itiv proo , yet it is pos s ible

‘ th a t G erma n people occupied Sca ndin avi a a s early as the

of he A e m a beginning t S ton e g , or ny s and yea rs before B t he Chri s ti an er a . u t our pos itive knowledge concerning the occup ants of the penin s ul a d a tes only from t he beginning of

A - Chris ti a nity . t th a t ti m e t he G erma n s p ea king Scandin a vi ans had s pread not only over Denm ark and great pa rts of

t e and M e e e and e N a Sou h rn iddl Sw d n South rn orw y, but a ls o a a nd E s over Nyl nd thoni a . Notwiths ta nding thi s l arge

a a e te s th geogr phic l x n ion , e langu age s eem s to have been almos t homogeneou s throughout the whole territory till the ninth century. 1 2 G er m a ni c Di a l ects .

“ T he oldes t sources of our knowledge of primitive or Ur Nerdis h a re word s borrowed from the Scand via n s by their

e s the a s an F of s n ighbor , L pp d inn s . Severa l hundred uch word s h a ve com e d own t o our t im e in La p pis h a nd Finni s h . Concerning thes e i t i s to be regretted t ha t s om e an d es p eci ally t he es t ar e tf a e f m old doub ul , as th ey m y h ave b en borrowed ro G othic n eighbors in Southern R u s s ia or on the s hores of the

E T he s am e m i a t t he N or d e as t Sea . ay be s a d bou is h prop r a mes e the s t a s a M e a P T a s n , quot d by hi ori n , Str bo, l , liny, citu ,

In a te t m s e P tol om aeu s s a nd Jor d a n es . es , Procopiu l r i Nor

m t l s Cel t c A - words were i por ed in to O d Iri h , i , nglo S axon

a one e d s a nd M e E s " e five ( bout hundr d wor ) , iddl ngli h ( ov r s hund red word ) . By fa r the bes t inform a tion i s fur ni s hed u s by the num er

s t s . m e o f t es e f De m ou s runic in crip ion So h , ound in n a rk

i ate the t d a nd f en and Schleswig, or gin d in hir ourth c tury A . e m s t of t em s st of a few s t e D. W hil o h con i word , o h rs are

n a s e e e quite lengthy, o e cont ining v n hundr d word s . Though t he l angu age in th ese runic i n s cri pt ion s does not dis pl ay quite s o a rch a ic a ch aracter as the word s pres erved in t he Finni s h

a a es its r i nci al ts it s a and La ppis h l ngu g , in p p poin t nd s n earer I to the primitive G erma nic m oth er t ongu e t h a n G othic or any other cogn at e d ialect .

I t m ay be of interest to m ention s om e of the ch a racter ‘ i stic differences t h at exis ted between t he E as t G erm a nic bra nches of l a ngu ages at this earlies t period :

ete t Urn . r n ion of fin al vowel in the a and

1 N om . . 75 s tems d a a r a s ti r ( ) Sing , g , g

G t . s e d a s a s o h yncop , g , g to .

. a s em s end a s d a a s Urn t in , g i . ( 2 ) G en . S ng G t . i s d o h , a g i s

. a n s tem s end a n thr a w i a Urn in , g n , “ ” s e a t ( 3 ) G en Sing . rv n “ G t . a n s tem s end i ns ha ni ns o h in , , c ock

. a n s tem s end a n ha l a i b Urn in , ha n Dat l u : ( 4 ) S g e t . G o h m, ka ni n “ . a s tem s end e ku r ne Urn in , , corn 5) Dat Sing . “ G t . a k a u r na o h , , corn

u s em s end i n d i v. Urn . t in , 6 Dat. i . “ ( ) S ng d a su na u G oth . , , Ger m a ni c Di a l ects . 13

’ “ r s em s end i r d hoktr i r d au bter Urn . t in , , g m . 7 N o . Plur ( ) ns d ohtr u s G oth . i , j

ak e nd o ta w i d ho Urn . we v rb s e in , 8 1 Pet s . Praet “ ( ) a ta w i d a G oth . ,

T he hi s tory and development of the N ordis h l angu ages is

a s l d t eb generally divid ed into two princip l period . O No di t ill a bout 1 53 0 and N ew N ord is h s i nce 1 53 0 O l d N ord ish “ r -N or s h b efore 8 00 i s frequen tly called U di .

D 0 h ao- al e About A . . 8 0 bega n t e c l d ing period dur ing which the Norse l angu age und erwent in a com p ar atively s hor t ti m e s uc h s eriou s ch anges t h a t i ts ch a ra cter w a s alm os t entirely tra n sform ed . Un accented vowels ar e dropped ; oth er vowel ch anges a re “ ’ “ ” efi he m a and B e l th n th a e ected by t U l ut , r chung ; , ch ng

l l a nd n n l r nr s r t l l nn r r w i s e ef into ; , , in o , , ; dropp d b ore 0 “ ” “ ” a nd u as or d h n l r = w or d h w u l f r w f t he in , f , word , , ol ;

i nflexi on of e s i s s m l e etc . v rb i p ifi d , E ven the written cha ra cters previou s ly u s ed pa rticipated T h f m w - in the gen era l ch anges . e or er t enty four were red uced to s ixteen an d the ins cription s becam e s o num erou s

at w e s ses s a s e e a e s m e of th po tod y v r l hundr d , o th em quite

to the k e lengthy, belonging Vi ing p riod .

D a e t a ffe e es e a m and e i l c ic l di r nc b g n to ultiply, wh n , 0. 900,

e a e a me z e e f m . W es e a Ic l nd b c coloni d chi fly ro t rn Norw y, the

s ct a e t ve s m a e its a e firs t di di l c ry oon d pp a ra nce. M ore

’ di a lect a l diflerences d eveloped with t he introd uction of Chris t 0 A D ff i anity a nd about 100 . . four di erent dialects are u n mis

l a a e a nd h t akab y pp r nt, ever s ince, t e four litera ry idiom s

e ee u se : e a we a h av b n in Ic l ndic , Nor gi n , Swedis h an d Da nis h .

O f t es e the s a nd the a tte t wo ea es h , fir t two l r b r, r pectively , s e at s ea t e e e h clo er r l ion hip to ch o h r, h nc t e firs t group i s

W es t N ordis h the as E as t or di c alled , l t N s h.

T om so W e e d . Einfl u ss d r Cp . h n . U b r e G erm . Sprachen au f die - Fi i s La isc e al l 1 . nn h pp h n , H e, 870

ntel iu s . Di K l i M o , O , e u tur S chweden s n vorgeschichtl icher Z eit

1885 .

te e G . a d o k of O l d N r S p h n , , H n b o orth e n R unic M onum ents of

a di av a nd E l . 1 Sc n n i a ng and Kph . 884.

e L. N es I n skr ifter m ed d e ael d er R Bugg . org , u ner . Christiana.1891 .

. M e i s Th e e die Al disc e ache. H al l s 18 . o b u , , U b r tnor h Spr , 72. p 7 sq . 1 G er aects 4 mani c Di l .

N ee Al tial aendis h e G am m atik H al l s 1 892 . or n , c e and Al tnordisch r ,

Wim me Dis Ru ns n hr 1887. r. sc ift. B erl in , B F A 1885 urg, Die el ters n N ordischen R u nenschriiten . B erl in ,

ie e T u bin l ter n F i sl oe . S v rs , s ger B ru chs tu s cke ds r ae e rostu th ng g

T us bingen , 1 886 . M i al r u m e nor v icoru m oeb us , ogue l ibror u m is l andico t s g

aetatis m edias . V rz s ichniss ds r al tis Leip z ig , 1856. e - 9 l aendischen u nd al tnor w egiscb en von 1 855 1 87

e sc ie e e c if z i 1880. r h n n n S hr ten . Lei p g

N ee A l tsch 1 . or n . w edis chs G ram m ati k . 898

Dahl eru De d a k h . 1896. p . t ns e sp rogs His torie . Kp - P A D am m a . B s t G roth . . , anish and Danish Norwegian gr r o on ,

1894 .

’ N ee G eschicht d N in Pa l s G d iss or n , s er ordischen S prache u run r

d . G e m . P il l ie 518 s . t as s 1898 . r h o og , I , q S r burg ,

W d F . A G e m a i d oo , r n c Stu ies Chicago 1895. B efore I lea ve the E as t G erm anic la ngu ages I m u s t

of ate t he m ention th at l attempt has been m ad e by s ome,

e c B especia lly by Ko gel , to ount the urgund ia n la ngu age as be o th s a me nd i t s lon ging t e group, a i true, this l angu age s howed in com m on with G othic a tende ncy to u se t he ext rem e vowels i and u for the G erm a n e a nd o a s s till found in O l d

High G erma n . nor has it a ccepted the Wes t G erm anic con

e s s onant ext n ion . T he Vand al i an la ngu age belonged mos t likely al so to the ' m a fa m of a a es . E ast G er nic ily l ngu g Procopiu s d . b . Vand . m s t s at as one of h f 1 , 6, ention hi n ion t e our m ost important n at ion s o f t he G oths . He a dd s th at they u sed the G othic

a e and e the s am e f a t l angu g h ld i h (Ari an) , and their close relation s hip to t he G oth s i s bes t proven by the hi s toric al fa ct t at a s t he s a m e e t he A z d in h in both n tion trib , gi, a re mentioned a the a est a as cont ining br v w rriors .

Notwi th s ta nding al l thes e s eem ingl y good a rgu m ents we — know to d ay too l it tle of t hese tw o langu ages only a few word s and t hese mos tly prop er n a mes h aving been pres erved — d t s t o na to d eci e hi q uest ion . R el ation s hi p o f people d oes not a lw ays m ea n rel at ion s hi p of l a ngu a ges s poken by t he s a me nd a s t he m e e ff people ; a to ti , wh n di erent period s o f phonetic s a e e e e es ta s ed s ie e f ch ange h v b gun or w r bli h , c nc so ar ha s not been a ble to give a d efinite verdict .

el Die tel l des B disc e i e hal der O p . Koeg , S ung urgun h n nn r b gs rm anis “ " c e ac e . in Z eits c ift f. de tsc e A l terthu m sku n h n Sp r h n hr u h d e , 2 3 XXXVII , p . 2 . Ger mani c Di a l ects . 1 6

k rna l r r den . W ac e gs . Sprache u . S prachdenkm ael s ds r Bu gu n 1 Lei p z ig , 868 .

a G s s hicht d r B u r u nd on l . J hn , c e e g i en . H al s , 1874

M e s c ac e . Denkm ael er d er L n ard n . Pads rborn y u Spr h u o gob e . gh

W de d . r a da 1888 . re . Ueber Sprache de V n l en . S trass burg , B rii k D r d c ner , ie Sp ache er Longobarden .

T he Wes t G er m ani c d i a l ects are mainly thos e of the “ ” e s e a s D and E s a s be d ut ch Spr che, but Fri i an, utch ngli h l o long ih this division . In the following I s h all give a brief sketch of the geogra ph ica l exten s ion of thes e W es t Germ a nic dialects exclus ive of t he E s I a e th D and s a ngli h . s h ll, however, incl ud e utch Fri i n e s e t rritories and d efine t heir bound a rie s eparately. wh n I ese cons ider t heir l anguages . After a s ta tement of the pr nt a f m t s bound ry line, I s h all mention former devi ations ro it, hu giving a better ins ight into the development of the G erman l a ngu age. T he nations s pea king the various dialects of Germa n extend i n a compa ct m as s a long t he s hores of the Ea s t and s from M eme] in the E as t to the v icinity of G rave s me i n lines in t he W es t. O n the northern line the G erman co

‘ a ‘ the Da es nd h ma a a e is cont ct with n , a here t e G er n l ngu g e ga ining cons ta ntly i n territory . At present the dividing lin extend s from Lu ppel l in the W es t to Hexer in the E ast. leav ing th ese cities as well as Tond ern on Danis h s oil . T he G erma n- French fron tier commences in the north j u s t es A irs es east of G ravelin . p as ses the French St . O mer and , go he L e s M n o one a long t ys or L i to enin or M aenen, leavi g nly e W aas en th f o h e e Fr nch , t , on e le t b ank f t e riv r b low

as e n Aire. Thence the line goes in a n a lmos t s traight e t r direction till it crosses the M as s j us t below Vise ; east of

s s a a W s and con Eupen it turn outhw rd , le ves Arl en to the e t tinu es thence in a s outh s o u th eastern direction till it reaches

es t of the V s e m s f s B el the cr o g s ountain , which it ollow up to s n fort, traver i g t here the w atersh ed of the R hine and the e Dou b s . In th Swiss territory the line of d em a rcation passes

B e e u aa e k M e R sa . through i l. Fr ib rg, S n n , Leu , and ont o In the South the G ermans come in contact with R haeto s a nd al ans the f m e a the R om an It i , or r inh biting valley of the

- Vorder and the Engadine, while the latter have settl ed 1 6 G er m ani c Di a l ects .

the s t e s es of the A s a n r al l ad e e on ou h rn lop lp , d a e continu y v n in u the a l l e o f t he A e Ca i t a and t a ar e i n g p v y dig . r n hi S yri h a bited by G er m a n p eople excep t t he va lley of the Drave

T a re s t towa rd s Kla genfurt . heir eas tern n eighbors th ere fir

the M a a s t e the n t e Sl av e a nd the P es . gy r , h n or h rn ol E B es es T he whole as tern frontier i s very m u ch broken . id

e a m a es i n n a a ts o f d t ched G er n coloni Hu g ry , the w estern p r

T h a c i s the t h at count ry a r e h eld by G erm an s . e river M r h B r u enn frontier nort h of t he from Pres s burg a s f a r a s , l m u etz t o the nort h of which the G erm a n s b egin n ea r O , — the int erior of B ohem ia and M oravi a being occupied by

I n t he P s s a ces of esi a Cz echs a nd M or a vi an s . ru i n provin Sil

a r m e t e t es the G e m a a nd Pos en the ea s tern p rts a e ix d rri ori , r n e l angu age progres s ing s l owly a m ong the Poles . I n B romb rg

h a l e of th s t a G e m a i s re a l e t . and , in t e v l y e Vi ul , r n p v n

m of t he te and E ast I n W es t Pru s s i a s o e p arts in rior, in

n h R s s i a f t e a r e e Pru ss i a a s m all region a lo g t e u n ron i r, occupi d b P e Kas s u bi ans W es P s s a M a s a s in E as t y ol s, in t ru i , uri n

i a s fas t ad the Lithu Pru s s i a . T he G erm a n s l o inv ing

t a n s t t m e e e s eak a a nia n terri ory , d in a hor i no p opl p ing th t idio m w ill be found to the l eft of t he river M em el . T he tot al nu m ber o f G erm an s p eaki ng people w i thin the s bound aries j ust d es cribed i s estim ated a t a bout s ixty m ill ion . T he geographi ca l lim i ts o f the G erm a n l a ngu age do not quite

a f t m e c a s coincid e wit h t he G erm n ron iers . T he e pir ont in a bout t hree a nd a h al f m i l l ion s of pers on s who do not m ake

m a e e d a l fe not c t t he t o e us e of G er n in v ry y i , oun ing w hundr d

f e T he - m a a a es and ninety t hou s and or igners . non G er n l ngu g

e e es e t ati es l s s a a and A l s a e h a ve th ir r pr n v on y in Pru i , S xony c

m -ofii ci a l es t m a tes t h f l i : Lorra ine. Se i i give e ol ow ng proportion

' of a thou s and peopl e in t he em pire t here a r e nine hundred a nd

one Ge m a s s i t -s i x P es W e d s a nd z ehs e t wen ty r n , x y ol , n C c , thr e

f Da es a n d s ix F e c m a . Lithu a ni a n s , our n , r n h n T he a bove l inguis ti c bound ary a nd s t atis tics a re m ai nl y “ a ccord ing t o G eogr a phic und St a tis tiken Deu tsc hl a nd s by ni s W a e f. of G e a at the e t of Dr . H . gn r, Pro ogr phy U v r i y

Koenigs berg .

a a l as de eutschen R eic s. M arb Wenl . Wrede D. c s g (1p. u , Spr h t d h ur l gsg

1 8 Ger ma ni c Di a l ects. vides s ettlem ents for the remn ant of the hosts of Ariovis tu s the T ribochi se t e s a N em es a S i reS the t l in Al ce, the et bout p , iones a g bout W orms .

I n the ea 3 B f the bu s y r 8 . C . the G erm a n tribe o U ought

e and n w G m s a nd A a con prot ction e abodes on er a n oil , gripp f ceded them t he territory a round on t he l eft ba nk o t he R t a s fe e hine. Under Tiberius S u gam br i were r n rr d f m t h es of G a e e ro e right bank of the R hine to the s hor ul , wh r we A s ch e m eet them a ga in und er the n am e C u ger ni . l o Su i n

a s e e a s f G b nd w r tr n erred to a llic s oil . T he pres ent W est ern frontier line lies in the north further eas t t a f m the s e e tee t e h n in or er centuries . In v n n h c ntury it rea ch ed beyond B oulogne a nd in the beginning of the

e tee e T ou rne D a . a m a igh nth c ntury C a lai s , , y, ou i C br i , V s a e el enciennes w ere at l eas t p artly G erm a n territory . Al c

Lorraine wa s a m ixed territory till t he tent h century . At th at ti me t he G erm a n elem ent w as ga ining s uprem acy and a a i ee fixed front er l i ne w as es tabli s hed . M etz ha s never b n e ma s ee h G r n. From the thirteenth to the m iddle of the ixt nt

e th erm a rr a a e e c ntury e G n te itory was s lowly g ining littl , th n f 1 a t m e the ollowed a period of rea ction till 1 87 . Since th t i bounda ry has been s tation a ry and a bout the s ame as in the tenth century . I n the South the H elvetia n s occupied Switz erland in ’ aes a s t m e. H e es c s C r i d them dis tinctly as of Celtic origin , and s o es a t s : v G do T ci u etii , a llica gens while

v XXX 3 8 efe to the me of a Li y I, , r rring ti H nniba l, s ays “ t e u ae ad Penni nu m f r u nt ob t u iqu q e , sep a gentibus s emi f ” gs r m anis uis sent. B eyond doubt the Helvetia n s were Celts who only with G R om a n aid held the erm ans at bay . Yet in the civil w ar between G a lba and Vitell iu s the Helvetia n ca nton s uffered general d es ol ation and its p eople w ere eit her put to dea th by

a s s d as a t es e m a t a l ~ thous nd or ol c p iv und r r i l a w . T he H el

° v etian capita l A venticu m w as the only city th at by t imely

T he R m a s urrender es caped d es truction . o ns never again t em e f n z e the and the ad a t pt d ully to colo i , inv ing s— the em a a s— f d s a se s e t e G erman Al nni n oun it p r ly t l d , and

as the a e t a s o em A v enticu m w only pl c h t with t od th , as Avenche is stil l tod ay the foremost boundary l ine of French G er mani c Di al ects . 1 9

s eak o p ing pe ple. In the wes tern p art o f Switz erl and the French l a ng u age h as been g aining ground s ince the French R e volution .

I t i s tr u e t he R m a es of R h m o n provinc aeti u , Noricum and

a a a i l the Da e a s t e e m n P nnoni h nub h ir north rn li it, a d their

a a ts t h R hae ii B o B r n ni e t e T a u r is ci Scor disci . inh bit n , , p , , , , etc ,

e e of e t c Yet e e a w r C l i origin . wh n C a s r ca lls the next neigh

s to the e e on the t a o f the R h ne e ma bor H lv tii , righ b n i , G r ns , we m ay s u s pect th at t he a bove m ention ed Celts were only

s ts G e m a s m a be the as s a f e coloni on r n oil , it y rulin g cl , who, t r

a e t e e f or e t es e e e e e m a z e a s h ving liv d h r c n uri , w r ntir ly G r ni d ,

vi ce v er s a t he F a ks B a s a n a a r n , urgundi n , d Longob rd s h ve left on C elt ic s oil th ey occupied li ttle s a ve t heir n a m es to remind

u s of t e a m a a i T h N h ir origin l G er n n tion alit es . e or ici a ppear ’ 1 even in Caes a r s ti m e a s a llies of t he G erm a ns and hostile to

the B o s eem s to a e t e s e e at sh to y , which indic t h ir clo r r l ion ip

m a G er a n th n to Celtic t ribes . T he R om a n s reta ined undis puted control of R haeti u m

N a a nd oricu m m uch longer th n of s om e other . It l ay s o m ewh at s h eltered from the firs t inro ad s of the b arb ari

n T h a e ta l b a a f the l s a s . e G oths inv d d I y y ro d s outh o A p ,

a nd the Va a s a nd H s e tt a a s s ed of the nd l , un und r A il p north

h R h e T h R m s Da nub e to t e in . e o an rule d id not cea e in R haeti u m and Noric u m til l the d eath of T heodoric t he G reat T hen t he B aj obar ii= B aj ov a rii= B av ar i a ns are m en

n d a s t he c t e ee t he e the Da e t io e occupying oun ry b tw n L ch , nub

s m i n A s . s t a e t al l e m at s s a e a a d l p Hi ori n n on oth r igr ion , v th t

a I f we m w t he fa t t a o f the B aj ovar i ns . co bin e i t h hi s t c h t in the dis trict m en tioned one principa l dia lec t prev ails to thi s

we ar e ne to e eve a t t he Cel to-R m a v d ay, incli d b li th in o nic pro h a G e m a a o w a s e e e e e ,g i nce t e origin l r n popul ti n n v r ntir ly xtinct b u t even nu m erou s enough a fter the R om a n s uprem a cy wa s

a ea a s t e e e b ' e a e G er overthrown to pp r, prob bly r ngth n d y r l t d

m n m m a ts e m e as an e e e a . the a i igr n , onc or , ind p nd nt n tion In c hronicl e o f S a l z burg a d a nnu m 508 ar e the following word s “ — — H oe tempore gen s N or icoru m priu s expuls a revertitu r ad

“ ‘ l D n fu r r io i u xores u n a e a . G . 53 . e e u nt A v s ti Ca s s B . I . u , Su v i am ab dom o sec m abdu xer at al te a N orica e is Vocionis n at on s , qu u . r . r g

' ” in G al l ia d u xer at a f at e m issam . s oror , quam , r r 80 Ger ma ni c Di a l ects .

” a eme in a as se es s T heodons a s e ectis . s p tri d duc , L tini j A t t nt ar ii the chronicle of Pas s a u s eem s to indicate th at the B aj ov “ to fi s s ke e i at m a B e ovarii rel ic r t po C lt c, leas t not good G er n : j " t o proprio idiomate teu toni cu m a T eotonici s a ccommodaverfl n T he M a ma Sl a e a e e s f m rco nni, pres s ed by v , w nd r d outh ro B m e a s ohemia, but th eir n a m e i s not ention d ag in in hi tory f i s i s a m a ter the a ppearance of the B aj ov ari . Thi in h r ony m M e es a the M et with the yth , current in t he iddl Ag , th t B em a e e comanni fled before the R oma ns t o oh i , but r turn d in m T he n the s ixth cent ury to their form er sea ts of Noricu . origi of the B aj ov arii has never been a s certained his torically ; f ff e e es a of probably it was a confederation o di r nt trib , p rt m a them being d es cend ants of the M a rco nni . h iu m Vin T he long and continuou s R om a n rule in R aet , dil iciu m and Noricum expl ain s why s ca ttered R omanic settle ments were found in the country of Vor al berg as l ate as the h of R e e s the tenth cent ury, in t e vicinity g n burg in ninth , h e t and a a z the near Ebersberg in t e elev n h , round S l burg in

thirteenth century . T he p as ses over the Alp s w ere of the greates t i mportance he e ma em e s e e te es s e e e to t G r n p ror , wh n th ir in r t w r divid d v a between a nd . They brought th erefore at r iou s times Germ an s ettl ers into thos e region s and even s outh

of the Alps unto Ita li an s oil . B u t s ince the fourteenth cen

the R ma e eme h s s e e tury o nic l nt a t adily be n g aining ground . In the ea stern h alf of C a rinthi a the G erm ans h ave the

l ave as s e e s a nd e h S outh rn n ighbor , b yond t e above mentioned bound ary line the la rge num ber of G erm a n is l ands in Slavish

e ese e me t . T he i a e t rritory d rv n ion pr ncip l on s are M arburg, a a a G kfe N eu s taed te Pett u, L ib ch , ur ld , l a nd es pecially T he at e is s t a e t G ottsche. l t r i u t d wi hin a territory of s ixteen ma s a e m l es t a a G er n qu r i , con ining bout two hundred small s m e s Germa n villages . Thes e ettle nt d ate from the fourteenth the e e the B a a centu ry . Since ighth c ntury v rian s h ave s ucces s k the a a s a nd a fully kept bac Sl voni n , lthough during the

the a s ixteenth and seventeenth centuries Sl vis h element g ained w s e a ea t fa of t he G e ma s has ne tr ngth , r c ion in vor r n begu n

since. T he greates t ch anges h ave taken pl ace on the eastern Ger mani c Di a l ects. 91

T . bound ary l ine. he earlies t his torical record s place the G er m an e e the s es of h B p opl on hor t e altic. Th ey h ave s pread e e the es n th nc to w t a d s outh . A t the b eginning of t he s ixth century the whole W es t and South -wes t o f E urope and even the northern coast of

w as u e e m a s a s et e m occ pi d by G r n t te , y to G r anism this exten

s e v e T he e m a s ion prov d ry disas trou s . G r n own ed la rge ter r i tor ies es e e e t kl e R , but th w r hic y populat d by oma nic people of e v z a and m high r ci ili tion , in any w ays the s ubj ect n ation e a m b c e the tea cher . T he G erm a n la ngu age w a s one of the

s t t s be s a e . T he Va a s the Eas and Wes t fir hing to crific d nd l , t

G s the B a s and the a s the m es oth , urgundi n Longob rd , ighti t

a s of e m a es n tion G r nic d cent, proved a tota l lo s s to the G er

m an a a t . T h k n tion li y e Fran s , the m ighties t G erm an t ribe

ef t h a t e l t in e F h rland , a bs orbed through conques t s o m any

R ma e em e s a t in the ea 4 2 h em e of o nic l nt , th v r 8 t e whole pir the Wes t Fra nks a ppea rs a s a G allo -R om anic or French

s ea k a p ing n tion .

B u t m e t a s e m a se f ffe e m s t s e s or h n t hi , G r ny it l s u r d o riou

se s o f m . con quences , when m any powerful tribes le t their ho e — Those who rem ained in the home country and a portion — a lway s rem ained were not a ble to h old their own aga in st the n w Sl av e who now pres sed forw ard from the East. T he e h s B he foe s oon occupied t e hores of the altic, t country

t he D a V s a e and e e of the m e E e. a round un , i tul , Od r v n iddl lb B es id es t his the country of the m iddle and low er Da nube an d B k s f m s E e a long the la c Sea w a los t orever to G erm an cl ai . v n B em e the ea of G e ma and the b a e to oh ia, onc h rt r ny only rri r

ms w as s t t he z e s . t he s ame me R oma n ar , lo to C ch At ti ,

s s es the eas t k a e the Da es e e e w hile these lo in too pl c , n nt r d

e s a f me e the es . t he Cimbri a n p nin ul , or rly occupi d by Jut T h ey s oon b ecam e the m os t formid able neighbors to the S axon s who had at the s am e tim e to con tend with the Sl ave i n the eas t . Wi th the d efea t of the ns by the and

es e m a s i ts es s a fe a a a s eas e t heir a lli , G r ny lo t b t gu rd g in t t rn

e a t of a f m th a a e h e inv ad ers . A l arg p r Thuringi ro e S l to t e Elb w a s ced ed to the Sl av e a nd from there th ey pres sed wes twa rd a nd s outhward till they s ettled on the R egnitz a nd in the n W country a round F u ld a a d uerz burg . In the second h alf of 2 2 G er m ani c Di a l ects .

al f the sixt h cent ury the Sl av e occupied the whol e eas tern h s of G e m a f r s e T e nu merou r ny to hold it o everal c nturies . h ir

G er ' colonies were s cattered throughou t centr al and w es tern ma ny a s the m any n am es of G erm an villa ges wi th the ch ara c ‘ htm tz teri sti c Sl avis h fin a l i te and i n even now t es t ify : U ec ,

' ’ ' i n ral lwi tz Goehhtz Docr stew tz Doeli tz B eu chl ztz roel lwztz Len , O , , i , , , G , ' b fz G oe ewt tz Z a schwitz Tr ebi tz Kl oschw itz m i n Hu e i ; d , , , , p ,

‘ ' ' ' R ew i tz Z a b z Z zcher z tz Z oel l w t tz I hl ew i tz e tc . L ochw ztz , eid , zt , , . ,

f D e and W u s t ce In the dis trict o annenb rg, Luchow row , provin

h a s h a a e w a s se d to the end of H a nover, t e Sl vi l ngu g u d own

of the eighteenth cent ury . T he reac tion o f G erm a nis m a ga in s t Sl a vi s m proba bly

I t i e he e e com menced wi th Ch arles t he G reat . s tru . c d d

b tr it s t at the s a m e S a xon territory t o t he Sl avis h O o e , ye tim e he fixes t he E l be a nd S aale a s t he eas tern bound a ry of

nd s a s es G e m a s em a e the G erm any, a e t bli h r n upr cy ov r coun

h E a nd O e a n d e s t em f or G e m a tries between t e lbe d r, op n h r n

m a be ser e t a m iss ion a ries a nd G erm a n culture. It y ob v d h t

the G erm a ns were n or. so m uch oppos ed to the Sla voni an s or

a s t o t e e i n for t em es o f t e their l angu age h ir r lig o , pl h ir heathen s were s ta nding on the righ t b a nk of the E lbe a s

l ate a s the begin ning of the t welft h century.

' a nd . a nd the a tte s a e M a a es H enry I . O tto I l r br v rgr v

' n the e E e a nd G e the e El be and' B il l u g on low r lb ro on upp r , a e the a e s t a A ec t and es e a l e l t r S xon rul r Lo h r, lbr h , p ci l y H nry the Lion did m uc h t o wa rd s G er m a niz ing a nd s u bd u ing t he

m . es t a s e t e Sl ave living upon G er an s oil H enry I . bli h d h

m a k of S es i 93 1 a nd O t . f u the ees f r chl w g , to I o nd ed s o

es w R i e a nd A a r hu u s a l s t he s Schl ig, p n , o bi hopric o f H avel berg ( 94 6) a nd o f B ra nd enburg ( 946) a nd t he a rc h -bis hopric

o f M a d e 968 ic c d e the s ees o f W e s s en g burg ( ) wh h in lu d i , z a nd M e e i Z eit rs burg . W th t he es ta bli s h m ent of the bi s hop

f B a m e th a l ric o b rg in e e r y p art o f the elevent h century bega n the G er m a n iz atl on o f the Sl a vonic popul ation in Sou th G er

m a . A t the s a m e t m e G e m a s c m m e ced to s e ny i r n o n ttl e a g ain I n the s ec l h f in B ohem ia . ond h a f o f t e ourteenth cen tu rv s o m a G e m a s m i ated to B em a t a t t he c t ny r n gr oh i h oun ry on ce l a ed a e m a a s e t i ts l i m ore dis p y G r n p c in tera ture. Later the Cz echi s h el em ent ra l lied a nd forced the new s ettl ers b ack into s e e the moun ta inou s . Thi xpl ain s why ith G erm ans Ger m a ni c Di a l ects . 2 3 tod ay live nearly in a circle around B ohemi a in or close to the m ta a es e e the fe a oun in r ng which ncircl rtile pl in s, while in the interior of the country only s cattered G erman settlements T h ca n be found . e hos tility between the two r aces i s s till e se an v ry inten , d open riots in the s treets of Prag or in the

B em i a e are e oh n di t ordin ary occurr nces . Siles i a wa s coloni z ed during the l atter p art of the twelfth a nd d uring the thirteenth century . G erm a n s es tablis hed them selves in Livla nd in the beginning of the thirteenth cen t and s s a a ury , Pru i w s conquered for G erm anis m by t he f m o the G er a n Order d uring t he s am e century . T he , coloniz ation 0 6 thes e ea s tern s ection s h as b een very thorough a nd w a s a ccompli s h ed in a com p aratively s hort time which gi ves ris e to the belief th at the G erm an popul ation had

e m n ever b een entirely xter in ated in thes e dis tricts . . A fter the victories of Ch arles the G reat over the Avares the B a varian s extended G erm an territory further eas t a nd coloniz ed the country sou th of the Da nube from the Enns V to t he Fores t of ienn a . Cons id erable territory north of the Danube w as conqu ered i n the s am e century but temporarily lo st to the Hung a ri an s . Wi th the d efea t of the latter on the

G e m a em a as a Lechfeld , r n s upr cy w gain es tablished a nd l ater through the c am pa ign of 1 048 extend ed eas twa rd to the n rivers M a rch a d Lei tha . T he G erm an colonies in Siebenbu ergen and in the Z ips d ate s ince the twelfth a nd thirteenth centuries and s till com G e m a s eak e e s e a a e 3 50 m prise r n p ing p opl , p r t d by iles m from the con s olid ated m ass of G er a n s .

di K . ac ka te Deu tchl and Kassel 1 849. Cp l B ernhar , , Spr h r von ,

K . N ational itaet . ac e im Ko ni r i h B B raem er , , u S pr h e g e c el gian .

1 88 . Stuttg art , 7

B it a z . ael tes ten G esc ic t d . Bi hu m z Doering , O ., e r ge h h e st M et .

k 1 . Innsbruc , 886 - D. deu tsch fr an z oes is che ac e z e i . L This , 0 S pr hgr n othringen

188 . 1 89 . u . El s as s . Strasburg , 7 u 8

Z u r G esc ic te d . Deu tschthu m s in L t i : Witte , H h h o hr ngen Strass

1 . burg . 890 e iet L i e D. d eutsch S prach geb othr ng ns im M i ttel al ter in Z ” 1 B N 2 Al l gem eine eitung , 894, eil . o . 40.

L . D d e a z i N eum ann , . . eutsch Spr chgren e n d . Al pen . Strass 1890 burg , m e l i ac e z e im c eiz e s e Jura G Z im r , J Sp r hgr n S hw ri ch n , ottingen ,

r h nz e in d . iz . B l 5 Z imm erl i . J Sp ac gre Schwe ase , 189 . 24 Ger mani c Di a l ects .

d f e z Z m m l ‘i h b i e d er d e tsche i n r n e C . Ver re tung u . B ew gung u n 1894 oesischen Schweiz . , . . an d6 1 s te in S u edtirol u . Gii nther . S ., D. deutschen Sprachre ten 1891 z n N e este N acbrl ch I or gren e Ital iens . M unche er u

g dseé 0 0 0 B eil age (L ne ac i sel i n Piem t, Hal bfass , Z wei v erscbol l e Sp r h n n on

ei 1 N : 2 1 . Leipz . Z tung. 893 , er t 1836 tion al itaeten i n T i l . Stu ttz . Bider m ann , H . J Dis N a ro dd u hen B de . N euere s l av is che Sied el u ngen au f s u e e tsc o n

1 888 . Stuttgart. l tsc e B esiedel nn d er oes tl ichen A pe V . Krones , F Die d eu h g n 1 89 l aender. Stuttgart. 8 . N ational itaets verh ael tnis s e B oh m ens . Schl esinger. L . . Die Stuttgart, 1886 .

i n B e m a M aehren . c l es e . B end el , J Die Deutschen o h n , u S h i n

i 1884 . W en , - der De ts c e O est e c Str an kosch Grass m ann , G eschicte u h n in r i h i 189 Ungarn . W en , 5 .

i B s . G otb a 1878 . R iez l er , G esch chte ayern , i r B ev oel k er u n der de t Wendt. G Die N ational taet de g u schen e m ani i O s tm arken v or d em B eginne der G r s erung . G ettinger

18 8 . Dis sertation . 7 E e P e sse s d c di D Ewal d , Die rob rung r u n ur h e eutschen .

H al l o. 1 886 . h i B i l i n T u r n en a tz 4 . S chottin , R ., D e S aven e g . u en , 188

G ic te d es Sl avenl andes an d . A isc . dem E Haas , esch h h u brach

B m 1 81 9 . Fl u esschen . a berg , ie G m a ie der Lae de Wendt. G ., D er nis rung n r oestl ich der El be.

1 8 4 . Liegnitz , 8 Die G e m a is ie u des de tsc e N d Kaemm el . O ., r n r ng u h n or ostens in “ ” 8 Z eitschrift fuer al l g . G eschichte. 1 87.

h Wendis che G esc ic t . B e l i 1 Giesel brec t, h h en r n , 843 . k e Die s l avischen A ns iedel u n en in d B ruec n r , g er A l tm ar k u. im

i c e . L i z i 18 9 M agdeburg s h n e p g , 7 .

G es c ic te l es ie s . G ruenhagen , h h Sch n Gotha , 1886.

W ei h l d e eit . er k f der De ts c n o , V rbr ung u H un t u hen in Schl esien . 88 Stuttgart. 1 7. i s s enber er Die F sc e e i R e g , or hung n u ber d e Herkunft des s ieben

b u er i s chen S achs en v ol kes . e m a n s tad 1 g H r n t, 877.

K r es F . Z u r G es c ic te d es d t on , , h h eu schen Vol ks th u m s im Kar atb nl an d p e e. G raz . 1 878

H an , R . , Die Sp ac gr e z e i n S c l es ig? G l s B r h n n h w obu , d . LXI g'pa ,

- A d e u . Pescb el , P y sikal is ch s tatistische A tl as d n r h r . deu tscmn R eic es . B iel efel d 0 h , 1877. M ap N o . 1 . Das d e t N ab er t sc e ac e i e . d d . u h S pr hg b t u . eutsche 8 r fl ch P e s ons t u nd etz t. t tt art 1 9 j S u g , 8 3 .

itz e A . Sied el u n . M e n , , g u A gra rwesen d er W es t e m g r anen u nd t e m a e . B l i 1 O s g r n n er n , 895 . ] e e di Press . Joh .. U b r e genaueren G renz en d er B s owie einiges u eber Sprache an d Abstam m un g .. Inten B atwaren i n B . z . An thr . Ur , u . gesch . B ayerns - VI l s85 122 134 . M it ei e a p . n r Spr chkarte.

96 G er m a ni c Di a l ec ts .

19 e t e a s for P9 0 9 i h r w y. T he id entity o f m any proper n a m e G e m a s and territories i s expla ined by the f act th at the r n the Celts in m any in s ta nces occupied t he s a m e pl aces th at l a n had o u 1 m a a n d a cc p ed before them . T he G er nic Sl vic t o ea gua ges h a ye a m os t i ntim ate prim itive rel a ti on s hip ch G er h t al l k t at c ects other, as t e S l avic i s the n a ur in h onn T i s a e l m a nic with t he prim i ti ve A rva n l a ngu age. h lon wi l

a d t a t s s a m ake it un s afe t o pronounce a G erm n wor , h how i c l a a e s im il arity w ith a c orres pon ding o ne of the Sl a vo n ngu g ,

m a be a em a t o f m a n i m ported one. T he s i m il ari ty y r n n pri i t ive rel ation s hip .

B s d s i s he l a s e l e a ea e t o t he G er u t be i e th , t S v i h p op pp r d t t im e s e t s es s m a n s an inferior r ace ; th ey were a t t h a in ol n , li tl

l e m a s h a d ee h s t a s for people, s ti l paga n s a fter the G r n b n C ri i n

a t a t a t he a a s centuries . I t w a s t h erefore b u t n ur l h t Sl voni n

m e es s i s f b u t the G e m a s e e a dopted G er a n xpr on r y , r n w r not d pron e to a ccept Sl a vonic wor s . e h m It w a s different w i th L atin . Her t e pree inence of

R ma z at w as e a l e. T he s e m t a o n civili ion und ni b u p rior ili ry , s ta e r a and m m e a a iz a o s of t t , p ovinci l , co rci l org n ti n he R om a n s and th eir com for ts of d a ily life w ere s om ething new a nd H wond erful to the b arb ari a n . i s own l angu age had no word s f or express ing th ese and oth er things n ev er s een or

f H e w a s e t n heard o b efore. not abov serving he ew n eighbor and s a crificing in return f or pay even hi s life for him ; why s hould he obj ect to adopt words of his l angu age? There w a s even no choice l eft ; the only w ay to m ake him self und er s w as to es i ate t s a m es e e k tood d gn hing by n which w r nown.

H undred s of Latin word s w ere adopted into the G erm an l an

a e the s t e t D . l gu g during fir c n uries A . and ater ag ain wi th

t he i t ct of C s t a t . w il l e a fe n rodu ion hri i ni y I giv w il l u s tra ti s : E s s i a cet m E k on g ( u ) ngel ( angelu s ) A n er ( a ncor a ) E ee1 a si n u s A s t A s t s m e s is B al s a m La t ( ) , ugu ( ugu u , n . a s a m m ) ( b l u ,

G t . a l s a B es tie es tia Pr a nke= T atz e o h b n ) , ( b ) , ( bran ca )

B s a m b u x u m K a is e O . . G . K eis a G t uch b u ( ) , r H r o h . K ei s a r Caes a K al k ca l Z ie el te u l a K or b cor ( r) , ( x ) g ( g ) , ( bi s ) F ag s

' va s O el l e m M a kt m er ca t u s Pf fi ( ) , ( o u ) , r ( , e er piper R e ) ( ) , ttig a i ) K l ( c l l 1 s ) N s s Pfir s i h (r d x , oh o , u (nux) , c pers icu m F ( ) , rucht f s ) e ke ( eer ) Ke z e ( a a ) G l k ( ructu , K r r , r c rt , oc e ( cl occa ) k , op

el n a e) s c e . H p copul r , Ku h O . G . chu hhina (cocin a ) , Kreid e Ger m ani c Di a l ects. 9 7

e a a e ( d a e Pfiaster a ke fa a cr t ) , d u rn ur r ) , F c l ( cul ) ,

am m e (fi a m m a e s e fenes tr a o I nsel s a) M e s e Fl ) , F n t r ( ) , (in ul , i t r

'

O . G . m ei s ta r m a s te M ee ( m a e m s e ( m is cer e . H ( gi r) , r r ) , i ch n ) ,

Pfal ( a s a e ( a s ) f e e il a r i u m ) flu eck n . p lu ) , P pi r p pyru , P il r (p , p e

a e Pfe ( m a ke l a a Pfl anz e ( l ants ( pilucc r ) , il pilu ) , Pl n (p nc ) , p ) , ' flanz en a nta e l att . l a t s a te a fro l en ( s p ( pl r ) , p ( p y , l L tin) , p p prop

a e R e a a a R e al e a R se sa ie e g r ) , ig l ( r g ll ) , g ( r gul ) , o (ro ) S g l s m ) s t z stu l tu s T a fe t a a Z e ( e m ( igillu , ol ( ) , l ( bul ) , lt t ntoriu ) , “ Z itz e ( t t a t tr ibu tu m W ai n m . Vom it ) , Tribu ( ) , ( vinu )

T hu r m e ( tu r ri S ) d es M u ens ter s .( m on as ter i u m ) od er Klo s ters a s t m e ete d as e z z u m mm e w aehrend (cl u ru ) d ut Kr u (crux ) Hi l , / d ie Pforte ( porta ) W elt nicht nur dem M oench ( monacu s ) ’ ” 1 ofi n s a d d er d en e ca i f er d i e em e e a k . e t n , K lch ( l x) u G ind tr n “ ” T he d ifierent La utvers chiebungen will es tabl is h the t im e of a doption . T he borrowed word s of the old er period “ ” ake a t he s o- a e G e m a Lau tver s hieb u n t no p rt in c ll d r nic g, bu t h av e s uffered t he eff ect of the High G erm a n La u tvers chiebung ; t hi s l a tter fa ct will pl ace th em at least before the s eventh

s l fi cent ury . Tho e Latin word s th a t U l as u ses m us t h a ve

e m ea s h f b een current in G r an at l t in t e ourth Century . I t i s notewor of L atin word s of the l ater period th at th eir voc ali s m i s in h a rm ony with cl as s ical Latin rather tha n - with the Vulg ar La tin of l ater period s . No G erm an docum ents fro m the period before the Chris

r e a n or a e w e an of the W es e m tia n era a ext nt, h v y t G r anic D s type for centuri es a fter ward s . uring thi period t he l an

a m e ts s e e a nd e i s at . gu age of leg l docu n , ci nc po try L in Here

a e m a e am es a m a s i an d th ere a ppe r G r n prop r n in L tin nu cr pts, “ ” an d the firs t two exten s i ve G erm an poem s the Heli and and “ ” m as l a te as t e e E v a ngelienh a r onie d ata h ninth c ntury . O f i mportance ar e G erm a n com m en t aries a nd tr an slation s writ ten between the l ines in Latin m a nu s cripts ; l ater on diction B t m a ries t o the pl a ce o f t hese. u the an us cripts of G erman f the i t te and el e e e es poetry o n n h , nth v nth c nturi printed

a f m one s z m together would h rdly or good i ed volu e. T he text o f G erm a n m anu s cripts o f the eleventh century i s

te m e t at s . T he e ft t l a rgely in r ix d wi h L in word tw l h , hirteen th a nd fourteenth centuries ar e repres ented by nu merou s poeti "

l Hirsch Wel tl iteratur, p . 62 . 28 G er ma ni c Di al ects .

ca l ks se m s n m l aw the wor , r on , his tories a d so e Ge m a e a me " r n la ngu age. Latin predom i na tes i n l g l docu nt and as n e e of the l a ngu age. T he benefice t influ nc R eform ation in introducing the G erm a n l a ngu age in place m a s m of Latin i s counterbala nced to s om e degree by Hu ni , and it is not till 1 681 th at publis hed in G erm a n T en ea s l a e were m ore numerous th a n t hose in Latin . y r t r t he Latin publication s outnumber f or the las t tim e thos e in k s e e s e G erma n . About 1 73 0 only three Lati n boo w r publi h d in G erm a ny to every s even in vern a cula r language; thi s ratio T a s the and o f w as an ex act revers al of t h at of 1 570. ow rd

“ the eighteent h century t he G erm an l angu age w as u sed almos t exclus ively in com m on literature. In the 1 687 Chri s ti an T ho m as iu s delivers the firs t “ G erm a n Vorles ung a t the Univers ity of Leipz ig ; the Univer s ity of H alle w as the firs t to follow hi s exa mple. the at a a e t At the s am e time, while L in l ngu g los ground

m h e a a e e am e a n e a fa . in G er any, t e Fr nch l ngu g b c influ nti l ctor It w as fas hion a ble at the courts and in the a ri s tocratic s ea e a s ociety in the eighteenth century , to p k Fr nch , nd the l a tter l a ngu age claim ed ten per cent o f al l public ation s in

Germ any from 1 750 to 1 780. B u t foreign influence is giving away to the newly awak

G m a and the e G r ened s pirit of er an n ation lity, good ton in e m any to-d ay requires one to express himself in choice G erm an f rather th an to clothe a G erm an thought in a oreign garb .

i t d r deu t c e a . Cp . B ehaghel , O . , G esch ch e e s h n Spr che Strass 1 burg. 898 .

s M Das e ste A ft ete d . d e t c e V encea . . , r u r n u s h n Sprache in d en

z i 1 95 . Urkunden . Leip g , 8

hr f r h u M d . B ba hel O . Sc i ts ac a nd a t G i 1 . e g , , , p un r , 896 p . 6 r ann R ni rs itaet v rl s u n n H ode m . U ve s o e ge in d eutscher Spracha

. 1 u m die W and a d es 1 7 Jahr hu ndar ts . Jena, 891 . “ ” H oderm ann R . C istia Thom asiu s sei V r , , hr n ne o gaen er 11 . “ g a N chfol ger i n Wissen schaftl . B eihefte z u r Z eitscrift des l ” al em . d e tsc e S rachvar eins . . g u h n p H VIII 1 895 .

T he his tory of the W es t G erm anic l a ngu ages is general ly e ee a e s the O l d M l divid d into thr princip l p riod , , idd e and N ew e m a a w s k f l d G r n, ccordingly e pea o O High G erm an, M iddle

G e m a ; and N ew H G e m a ; G e m an High r n igh r n Old Low r ,

e Lo m N G ma . M iddl w G er an , ew Low er n fi G e m a and T he rs t period, Old High r n Old Low G erma n G er m a ni c Dia l ects . 2 9

1 extend s to about 1 1 00 and may be d efined as the period of f ull infl ections .

. G . ta es ta e ta a ta a a u m O . H q , g , g , g , togo, t g .

O . . G d a es d a e d a u d a os d a o d a u n . L . g , g , g , g , g , g

T he se e M e m and M e cond p riod , iddl High G er an iddl Low G e m a ea es 1 0 e r n , r ch to about 50 and m ay b called the e of e s th e e for p riod lev lled inflection , e being s ubs titut d th e origin a l f uller vowel endings .

M . G . ta es ta e ta en . H . g , g , g

M . d a es d a e d a en. L . G . g , g , g

These inflexional ch anges did not take pl a ce al l at once.

T he a s e s e e a e at ffe e t mes and ma v riou vow l w r ch ng d di r nt i , ny sections of G erm any m ad e the s a m e ch anges at different

m es . T he was the s es act e e the ti South low t to , xc pting in A l l em annian a e e e s d a e a s s me of t he di l ct, which v n to thi y r t in o

s the s e s e e al l ake origin al long vowel ending , hort vow l w r we ned 1 00 f m to e before 1 in al l s ections o G er any . T he t e o N ew e ma and N ew Low r p ri d , High G r n G e

m n a es f m 1 00. T he a a e s feat es o ff a , d t ro 5 ch r ct ri tic ur f di er ence b etween this and the former period bel ong almos t exclu s i el the e a m the a e of the di v y to lit r ry idio , l rg r proportion s s lects taking no pa rt in the ch ange . I t is therefore the es tab m f l ishment of one common literary idio , pre erred to both the High and Low Germ an di alects which had been heretofore r e a ses m a k s freely u s ed fo lit r ry purpo , which r this period . T h a s s o f th G e m a an a e di alectic l ubdivi ion e. r n l gu ge and and the cons equent geogra phic al s ubdivis ion of its territory

‘ ofler s ev en greater difficulty th an the es tabl is hment of his tor

I a m s m ss e ical sta ges . t i s l o t i po ibl to dra w u pon a m ap a e e ee the ff e correct bound ary lin b tw n di er nt dialects , as the tran s ition from one dia lect to a n eighboring one is generally very gradua l and the questio n often arises wh at character

s t a feat es s a be s e e a e for e i i ur h ll con id r d crit rion s p aration . T he location of the bounda ry line will entirely d epend u pon s our s election . T he divi ion into High a nd Low G erman i s M a accepted a s s tand ard . idl nd Germ an form s a connecting e ee a s i t s link b tw n both , but, hows greater affinity to High e m a is e as e G r n , it count d b longing to High G erman , while

1 1 1 According to some authorities , to 50. 3 0 G er ma n i c Dia l ects .

t he s a D an E n t he LO W Fri i n , utch d ngl is h l a ngu ages bel o g to G e m a r n bra nch . s B efore I des cribe the H igh a nd Low G erm a n di alect , i s I wis h to correct t he erron eou s opinion th at High G erm a n t h e e l angu age of the higher cl a s s es in G erm any, whil Low

s and G erm an i s s poken only by the lower cl a ses . High Low a s s es of the e l e bu t h ave in this c ase no referen ce to the cl p op , m r efer rl n to the geogra phical c ond ition of G er a ny, High g to the e efe s the Highl an d s or Sou th ern G erm any , whil Low r r to

a d Lowl n or N orth ern G erm a ny. N ot l es s incorrect would i t be to con sid er the present lit “ er a r m a k ed ed e e e e as the G e m a ar y idio , c nowl g v rywh r r n p ” excel lence a nd u s ed f or l iterary a nd al intercourse t u t t he e m a em as e e t a the hro ghou G r n pire, b ing id n ic l with

a k m A s w e s ee a e di lect s po en in Southern G er any . will l t r the form er origin a ted from a com bin ation of the Highland

a a s a nd w e ca i t L e a M a nd M idl nd di l ect , will ll it r ry or od ern High G erm an to dis tingui s h i t from the di alects a s now s poken in Southern G erm a ny which w e will call coll ectively

D t G e m a e m a ialectic, or Stric High r n or bri fly High G er n .

W e e e a e a a t i s e the e e s h n v r di l ct l pronunci ion giv n , l tt r

e as M e H . s hould be pronounc d in od rn igh G erma n . Long

e s are a a s e s e e vow l lw y pronounc d ingly, n v r as .

m a= a f G er . in a th er .

e m . ez a al e fa e. G r in , t = G e m . i e eve ea r in , or in peace. = e m . o o te G r in no , old ,

G e m . m n r a s a i n r in oo , o rud e.

G a e= a i a i r erm . in . ( G erm . m y in fly .

m a i= t fi n G er . in e. = G r m . a n ow e in vowel or as on in out .

a eu oeu = o i n G erm . , y oys ter . = i il . G erm . ea o in o

a c a nd are ar e ed l a a z e G erm . round or bi li ed a n d i s ound s , form ed by pouting the lip s whil e trying to pronounce e a nd i ,

f e a a s t s s e s ee e e s G (For urth r p rticul r on hi ubj ct Si v r rund .

s l e. e si z u ege der Lautphy io ogi L ip g, ‘ T he following t a ble m ay be of s om e a s s istance in a tt ain G ermani c Di a l ects . 1

‘ the e a of the fi G e m a e z ing prop r pronunci tion ve r . vowels , , ,

o u . ,

(transition

T he m os t s triking p eculi a rities of High G erm a n a s opp os ed to al l other G erm anic di alect s are thos e c au s ed by the s econd or High G erm a n La utvers chi ebu ng or ch ange of

s c a e t the l a tt th m u te con s on ant . In a cord nc wi h er e m edi ae

m es t he e es as a ae and the as a tae me i a bec a e tenu , t nu pir t , pir d s . T he following table will illu strate th is

h Lau tver schi ebu ng p .

had ta ken effect.

km ini . ‘ Str . G . (onj a k

m l . ch

(kch)

e f m a T he High German p h ch ang d later to p . Low G er n 82 Germanic Dial ects.

P eer d Le el d ee ka sr en m a k n Da a k T a Wa ter . , p , p , , e , , g , chu er en , a e . m P er d L oe el ti ef k ch ng d into Str High G er an : / , fi , , u m m achen Dach Z ei t a s s r S a l e s imil ar l v B u r B a , , ; . W e , ; g, au m d u n H d e R n B l a m e G e ma P u r . P . , i d , a egge , d b eca High r n g u n M i R k B t , tte, u ec cn, l a tt. nd This Lautvers chiebung b eg an perh a in the fi fth a

D. s ixth centuries and w a s fully es t abli s hed a bout 700 A . B u t High a nd Low G erm a n pres ented ch a ra cteris tic m e e e features of difference long before t his . I will ntion h r the following . A s triking phonetic fea ture of Low G erma n is its regular

o h e M s a m a e dropping f t e n asa l s ound befor f , , cco p ni d by

el t s . . f s ubsequent ening of the preceeding vow , hu A S fl , “ ” “ ” “ ” ther cu th oo fi n se and 0 . o , , g , ve, oth er , u goo

ot a r cu th os es n to s G f m s Fr. fl}, h , , g , corr pondi g uch othic or as m a n har k n hs M e G e m a u en u nd er fi f , t , u t or od rn High r n j f , , ha nd Gana. D a akes s me e e s e a , utch p rt to o xt nt in thi p culi r ity of Low Germa n . Another ch aracteri s tic difference is found in til e inflex

a se the f ms of ion el system of the verb . Here Low Germ n fu d or the ee e s s of the a m e s s 0 . . w e thr p r on plur l nu b r , thu S , ye, “ e a h u d on e fi f 0 . . hi , fl nd t , or f n , we, you , th y, nd or ound Fr da th w t i hi a md a th u nd on . . mi i s i a i n , g , , j or f ; O S , g , , f or m f ms are f u nd on. T he corres pondin g Old High G er an or w r nd a m i r n a t s i e nd a n t or th se w i r u ntu m i fi , fi d , fi , f e pre nt, f , i r a n ta t s i c f u n tu n fo t h e f s s ase f , r e p r ect ten e. In thi c Old

s the : w er ha n Dutch join High G erm a n for ins tance from t , “ ” e me i t f m s : mi w er tha n i w er thi th s i a w er i hu nt to b co or , , g , . T he d eclen s ion of s how s a nother rem arkable d if fe e e. G e m a 8 h r nc Low r n reta ined the origin a l in t e nom .

. a e i t t r : O . S . d a os . . d a a r p lur or ch ng d in o g , O F g , 0 . E , d a a s g , e G e m a d e t he s a t a e er whil High r n ropp d con on n ltog th , the es f m e ta a corr ponding or b ing H . G . g . Dutch s id es h ere a a G e m a i ts c es f m e d a g in with High r n , ponding or b ing ge. F m s a ea s a t D t f m a e r ro thi it pp r th u ch, ro pur ly g amma t. a e can m l ic l vi w cla i a c o ser rel a tion to High G erm an th an an e G e m a d I y oth r Low r n i alect . t i s true th at there is at present a m ore con s picuou s conform ity between Dutch and e a as s ke t d a e ma Low G rm n, po n o y in North G r ny, th an

84 Germ ani c Di al ects .

l m er h a s ch anged the origin a l G erm a n initi a l p a nd fin a pp h l s u fii x w l e the into pf , and form s its dim inutives w ith t e , hi fli x M idl a nd G erm a n form s i ts dim inu tives with t he ch s u

S es a a nd e a xce ted r eta ins a l a s i t a il i n Upp r S xon e p ) , fin pp , l o ni i l its W a es the a tte t o i n the p in es tern territory , b u t ch ng l r j

E a s t .

I n f m e t m es M a G e m a r et a e a s ]. d or r i , idl nd r n in d l o in

s tead of chan i n ' it t t a s the G e ma Lau tv er in g g in o , High r n s e et ee a a nd chi bung required . T he bound a ry line b w n Highl nd M id l a nd G erm a n p as s es between t he following cities : Sa ar

and Z a e Lu etz l e n a nd e e B ts a nd R e c burg b rn , e s t i Ingw il r, i ch i h

fe B e z a e a nd W i R e z a e and M ] ho n , rg b rn e s s enburg, h in b rn uch

G e m e s e m n W es and W ai b burg, r r h i a d Phil ipp sburg , i loch s a d t E e s a a nd M A m h a nd B e M il t , b r b ch o s b ach , os s b ac uch n ,

n K u el s heim F n a z e te tenberg a d , reud enberg a d St dtpro l n , l and em eu nd en B r u ecken au and B s fs he m al te Lohr G , i cho i , K n

dh m a nd F ad u n e a z n e a nd c m al k a d e . T he nor ei l g n , S l u g n S h l n line follows then t he Thuringi an Forres t a nd R enns tieg to the s e of the W e a t e e es aal fe B e a s ea s t ourc rr , h nc touch S ld , rg , run

f R e a e ach Fa ke s e a nd e e k ea es o eich nb ch , Au rb , l n t in Scho n c , r ch t he Erz gebirge in the vici nity o f t he s ou rces of the E l s ter and

M d e s s t o f s a t G . B e s a t e s au ul , run ou h Kon t d by , l i t d , P t ch ,

T he a e f t e eas t ha s e e ee Nets ch etin . bound ry l in ur h r n v r b n i f u l ly as certa ned .

m n a a s Highl and G er an is d ivid ed i to t hree princip l di l ect ,

h s -B a a a n the A em a a a nd the - a k s t e Au tro v ri , l nni n , High Fr n i h ;

h s t cu the E as te s e t n t he a te the t e fir oc pying rn c io , l t r two

T he ea l d a h l W es tern . Lech n r y in ic tes t e d ividing ine b etween the B av a ri a n a nd A l em a nni an d ia lects a nd a ccord ingl y the B a “ ” v ar i a n~ A u s tr ia n d ial ect i s frequen tl y ca lled the E as t Lec h a n d “ ” he A em a a es d n l the W s t L t l nni n corr pon i g y e ech . A line dra wn from Dona u woer th to the s ource of the M ul d e w il l nea r l f m t he id n ne et een i a ki s a nd B a y or div i g li b w H gh Fr n h v ari a n .

R efe to G e m a t a tes w e m a s a t h rring r n S y y , e B ava ri a n A u s tri an di alec t i s s pok en in the s outh -ea s tern hal f of

a a T i a nd A s t a the i F a k B a v ri , in rol u ri , H gh r n i s h i n t he north

es te a o f B a a a s o t e T a a a w rn p rt v ri , in u h rn h uringi , in n rrow

t i o f W u er tem ber an d t he t r m l ea s tern s r p g , nor h e n s a ler ha lf

1 R in k and G u According to oth ers between e ec em end en . Ger mani c Di a l ects. 85

o f B a h A d en . T e l l em annl an di alect s are s u bdivid ed into

and em a a and wa High Low Al nni n , S bi an . T he l atter is at

m e W u er tember e z e a n s - e h o in g, Hoh n oll rn , d in outh w s t

B av a a . T he em a a is es e z e a ri High Al nni n pr rved in Swit rl nd , a nd the Low Alem a nnia n in Al s a ce an d the Southern l arger

a f of B e h l ad n .

A l l e ar m f lit r y docu en t s o Highl a nd G erm an , belonging to the M iddle A ges s how m ani fold di alectica l differences

f m ea e et as f m e s s t ese we ca n ro ch oth r, y no uni or ity xi t in h , n ot very well cl as s i fy in d et a il for the old er period s . A s a n illus tration o f the differences exi sting in O l d G er 1 m a n I will quote three c ontem poraneou s vers ion s of t he ’ s Praver which fortun a tely h a ve been preserved to u s .

Frankis h vers ion “ i i i am thi n . em eri chi F a ter u n ser tha i n himi l cm bi st, gi u u h t s n o Qu

thi n . Uu er dhe u u i l l eo thi n sa m aso i n himel e endi i n er tha , E r ect nu

i t r l z u n sc l dhi u nser o sa m a so ser a z em ezz iga z gi b u ns h a u . E ndi fa a s u z i a sta n a a a h nu i r fa r l a z em scol om a n ser em . I n di ni gil ei ti u nsi h n c y , ” a r l osi u nsi h fon a u bi l e.

Alem a nni a n vers ion “ u m F a ter nnsar thu p i st i n hi mi l e, n a i ki na mu n di na n . Qh e e

r i hhi di n . Uu er de a ni l l o dii n sa m a so i n himi l e sosa i n er du .

a l di u n sar o so Pr ooth u nsar em ez i ch kip a ns hia tu . Obl az a n s sc

u u i r obl az em u ns scu l dikem . E n ti ni u nsi h fi r l ei ti i n khoru nka , ” u zz er l osi a nsi h fona a bil e.

B avaria n vers ion ; " i n a m o di n . Pi F a ter u n ser . da p ist i n himi l u m . K a nu ihi t s Uu es a di n a ni l l o sa m a so i n himi l e est sa m a i n qhu em e r i hhi di n . ,

r z emi z z i a z ki a ns eo a u u an n a . E nti a z u n s er du . Fi l ip i u ns a g p g fl i ni r inc a nar o sca l di s a m a so u u fi flazz am es u nsr em scol om . E nt p ” si a a l l em su ntan . u nsih i n chor u n ka , a zz a n ka ner i u n h fon

A s an illu s tra tion of the M iddle G erm an period I will

2 e s t l a w a s te em a a q u ote from the then xi ing , writ n in Al nni n

ee e t B a a a n f ee e and M id ( thirt nth c n ury) , v ri ( ourt nth c ntury ) l a nd S axon di a lects : Schw a ben s piegel " Dem p a bes t i st gesetz et in besehei denl i cher z it se ri hten vf einem

l Di de t c e Absch woerun s- B eicht- u nd B et M aas m ann , e u s h n g ,

z i 1839 . 139 . form el n . Leip g , p

Sch a e s ie el . 5 . r g , w b n p g . p 3 6 Ger m a ni c Di a l ects .

bl an den ste r eif ha ben , chen p her de, and der chei ser s ol dem p a best g z sw a z dem daz si ch der sa tel ni t entw inde. Daz bez ei chent da , m a c daz p a best w iders l e des er mi t gei stl i chem ger ihte niht betwingen , ” sol der ehei ser vnd ander w el tli che r ihter betw i ngen mi t der ehte.

Spiegel d euts cher Leute : “ im ’ n Dem ba bst i st gesetz et s e r i chten s e bescha idener z ei t a u f e l te r a i ha ben du r ch d a z b a nchem r osse, and der cha i ser sol im den s g f u n e: sw az d em si ch der sa tel i cht entwen de. Di tz i st dev beschai den g

ba best w id ri chte ni cht betw i n en m a e e, erste, daz er mit gei stl i chem ge g g

d az sol der chai ser ond a nder w er tl ei ch r ichter mi t der a echte be.

ngen ond da s gei stlei ch s ol l tw i ngen mi t dem p anne. S ach sen s piegel Deme ba bs te i st ou ch gesa cz t eu ri tene eu bescheidener z ei t u f ei me d u r ch bl anken p fer de a nd d cr kei ser s a l i m den steger eif ha l den , daz der n : sw az dem e sa tel ni cht entw i nde. Daz i st di e bezcechenu ge

ba bste w ider s te r r i chte etw i n en m a . , des he ni cht m i t gei stli chem ge g g g daz ez d er kai ser mit w el tli chem ger i chte tw inge ba bste gehor sa m

ea wesens .

A ch aracteristic feature of a l l Highl and d i alects i s the frequent u se of dim i nutives ; a nd the diff erent form s in which

these a ppear furni s h a criterion for cla s s ific ation .

B a a a is e z a e t he -c l -l -er l s u fii x B i ss el v ri n r cogni bl by , ) ; , F r a nz l Vo er l a ki s the -l a B u ebl a Wa i bl a H a eu s s l a , g ; Fr n h by : , , , 1 the a a t he -l e B u s l e Kaetz chen e the and Sw bi n by , ; whil High Lo w Alem a nnia n h ave a nu mber of s uffixes al l ending into

-l i el i -schi -ts chi -ti e l ee s and - i z Choe , , or , wh n proc d , j ) pf

l i Koe fchen H a end el i H aendchen F a ess i F u esschen p , , , ,

La m m schi Laem m chen H u ehn ts chi H u ehnchen o el ti . , V g Voe el chen B er i B er chen g , i g . T he Swiss di a lect forms a ls o a d im inutive verb with -el en

cr l en : her z l n a e or e e , t nz er l en ei n bis ch en h erz en tan z en while the -l en s u ffix indicates repetition : f oer s chl en wied er

fors h n or scher l e f holt c e , f n ein wenig orschen . “ ” T he dim inutive does not a lw ays s ignify little bu t i s

f e e u se a s a n e es s of k te r qu ntly d xpr ion ind , nd er, lovi ng ’ hr i s l m m x feeling. C t i ay be a an s i feet high . E r is cht no es M a nd l i m ea s er i s t ein M a he i n noch nn , s i nd eed a bra ve

1 The M odern High G erm an transl ation is ad ded in ordinary p rint ff to s how the di erence. G ermani c Dia l ects . 87

m an. T he sba a s his fe h u nd c ll wi lovingly F r au el i , while he i s a e e M a nn c ll d in r turn dl i or M a nnd el i. B a varia n i s the only High G erman dialect which h as preserved the old d ua l form of the s econd person : es or oes en k m , . In co mon with kindred di al ects it ch anges initi al b into p : p i tten bi tten ; but in contras t to other High Germ an “ ” a e s i t s s tes a s a for a di l ct ub titu l o p inl utend b : k ep a n geben . T h e princip al char a cteri s tic difference between High and

A em a a is a t he f me a k h Low l nni n th t or r ch nges initial to c , while the latter ret ain s initi al k unch anged

Q a H . Alem . h uf .

m Ka n L . ].

' a a e a s Io l n Sw bi n r t in initial wh en , or r follows ; B a va ri an

a es a k ch a nd fi a k kch ch ng initi l to , n l to

. em . a nd B av . chl u Chr a nz Chno m n H Al g, , p f , Ale . a d

. k n K r a z K n o S wab i g, n , p f ;

. em . chr a nok . m a n k a ch B H Al , L Ale . d S w . r n , av .

chr a nkc N l h. g has in a l G erm a n dialects a n asa l s ound except in the territory east of the Lech ; here the two conson ants are

- - - e s e a a e : s i n e ba n e La en e. pronounc d p r t ly y , y , g

A l l he e m a e h m t High G r n di al cts , es pecially t e Ale a nnian

and e to i t the a an a a h , n xt , Sw bi , h ve ch nged t e origin al G er m an 8 s ch f e l w m an into , not only be or , d n as in mod ern High

m a bu t a s ef t an d : i s cht ha s cht s ch i cken Ger n , l o b ore p , , p ,

K as ch er i s t as s ke as e . p , , h t, pic n , K p r

em . and B av . : Chu ns cht s H . Al , Kun t .

m . K a nacht. L . Ale ,

B a e s es w for b : d oes chtha l w e v ari an s ubstitut s in in tanc , d es h alb . A very i m portant vowel ch ange took place in the B avari an

n ea m e the m e e the e s dialect at a rly ti of iddl p riod , long vow l it a i n and a c a e ei on e ame a e an en. , , ch ng d into , (which b c l t r ) , Thi s trans formation s tarted in the s ou theastern p art of the B a varia n dis trict and s prea d from there gradu ally toward s t he northwest a nd northeas t during the fourteenth and fifteenth e the and em a a has s centuries, whil High Low Al nni n to thi rigidl y ret ained the origin al vowels . 88 G er ma ni c Di a l ects .

kl ci n em chl i k i B c hl ci n M od . . G . H . Al . , L . A lem . l , av . , H 1 M . . H . G kl in.

ei n . A em . m i n d n s n B av . m ei n d ei n s l , i , i ; , , c F a ct hu et A l em . F u s chl F u es ch e hu cr o te Lu s t B u el , , , t , , , , ’ Ic hu er v F u F a eu s chte Fa cets h eir a then ; B a . a scht F a u s t, u ,

s eheu er . M . . G . hi a r a t a nd hi r a t L eu te B ea l e F ewer hea t g ( H ) , , , , , T he wa a s e ei s to the B a a a s a n e S bi n , n xt n ghbor v ri n , h g d long i to ei bu f m the d er ci s , t dis tinguis h ed this s ound ro ol ound by pronouncing it as e

z i t w i b. S w . Z ei t Wei b r ou n . Z et Web M . . G . . , , p , , H e t e a n a a a o In a ddition to t his the old er ei received i h r . , or s h n t e s t t o f t he ound , t e form er preva iling in t he or h rn di ric

a a d a e t th s e t he s t e n e oa f m s a Sw bi n i l c , e cond in ou h r , whil or c ompromi s e between both a t . S W. k on h o z w o d i hom m e o t . S w . k a n k Nor h , , , , S u h , ,

z wa d i ha m e B av . k ei n z wei d a hei m . , , , , " S w . F l os c h a nd B o a n d os chtes d r o F e s u nd B e F , l i ch in

' ” und Fei s tes dr a n . L e a S w. br oa d O a O a d G o a z C hl o a d oa b C ntr l , , , , , ,

e E e E id G el s e a B t . t i s e es br it , ich , , , Kl id , L ib ( ro ) I int r ting to com pa re with th es e the c orres pond ing Engl is h word s :

br oa d oa k o a th oa t cl o th l oa f . , , , g , , Sw a bi a n ch anged M idd l e H igh G erm an l ong u i nto a n

M . . G . ha s w H a ns a a i t m a e a s t H , S . ; but here g in d di inction between thi s a nd the old er a n s ound by prono u ci ng t he l atter

a s a ea h A l a n , or n r t e em nia n fron ti er as o .

’ A u e F r a u i s ce i n a a a s A Fr a ea g , d Sw bi n g , , or n r

‘ t he A l em a a O Fr o nk s an e the te t a s . a nni n rri ory g , Fr i h ch g d

M e e m a iddl High G r n i to a i . = M . G . w i b z . H , i t Fr an k, Wa i b, Z a i t .

In t he B a va ri a n d ia l ect the c i s not pronoun ced in t he ’ s ffi en ew en e es e the n a es to m a fte 6 0 w : u x ; g g w n ; ch ng r , 1 , l ebm leben .

T he E as tern Highl a nd G erm a n d i al ects on the con trary efe to a n ew es s e e es e s ti e f pr r drop fin l , g g w n , fl s a u en .

B es id es t hes e for m a tion s a l l H ighla nd di a lects h ave

t m o f h en ffi a t e a s f a ti t e s v i z . c an n no h r r n or on u x , , h gi g it to a ;

K u c ha l i eba r a u ba e l ichen a e , , , Kuch n , , r ub n .

1 M iddl e High G erm an . G er m a ni c Di a l ects . 8 9

T he South E astern B avarian dialects have the a al s o in place of final e :

H er z a H i tz a a l l a s ei na neu na e z e z e a , , , , , H r , Hit , lle, seine, n eune. T he prefix and au dix a n i s in the S wiss di alects con t racted in to long a

a r ed e a br in e a r ei tz e A a n a e e a , g , , f g , nr d n, nbringen , anreit z en fa s m a the e a n an , An ng ; i il rly pr fix ch ges into long a or c u bekann t obeka nnt U a l l O a l l a hu es l i or , j or j , s , O a nnehm li ch kei t a ver s cha n t ek a t fa u nh u ssl ich ~ , , unb nn , Un ll, a ( not eco nom ical a e m c ke t u nvers cham t ) , Un nn h li h i , . T he prefixes be and ge receive a peculia r treatm ent in al l High G erm a n di alects ; as a rule the e i s not pronounced at al l

’ ’ b a en b s nd r k s l e b hend l n . u e to du e . ta a l l en m a , g , , . p , gf , g . cht, K d a n kche e e e a e bes onder es e . b h nd , b l ng n , , g tohl n , bedeute,

em a e a ke gefallen, g cht, G d n .

W e the e es are f e the s a ts b h n pr fix ollow d by con on n , p , g, - k d t 2 the e i s e as i : bi ker en Gi bot G i ol ter , , , , pronounc d , , p ,

b r t eke e G e G e e G e . G i a , b hr n , bot, polt r, burt B efore the con s on a nts j us t m entioned the prefix ge i s often entirely ignored in pronunci ation ’ ’ ’ B et T r a i d Z i ef er G e e G e e e G ez efe . i , , , bi t, tr id , i r A ch a ra cteris tic feature of Swabi an comp ared with

of n f s Frankis h i s t he dropping be ore , giving at the s ame time to the preceding vow el a n asal s ound ; Fra nkis h retain s

the n .

h Fr ank . ens G aens e E n . ees e. S w. gé g , , ( g g ) m a the n High an d Low Ale anni n drop , bu t do not always give the preceding vowel a n asal s ound . In Swabi a n and Alem a nni a n the labials m ay change a e as f l s : e o and oe i a and a c e neighboring vow l o low to , to , i to oeu :

em . tr o e S chw oes ter p u mml e ma eschl e S w. and Al j , , , ,

‘ s c fi te . . G . hi r a t P oeu t he tre en es e wim hu er o ( O H ) , , , Schw t r,

e hei r athen e s e. mel n, m is ch n , , P it ch Thes e ch anges effected by l abi als are not known in

Fra nkis h . W e h ave a lready m entioned tha t High Alemannian has preserved m ore truly th an any oth er G erma n di alect the full 40 Ger ma ni c Di a l ects .

nfi x e es a as fol i e ional vowel s uffixes . A Swi ss d clin lows

Singul ar . F m M as c. e .

d M a a di S chw es ter N . c ’ G . d a M aa s d er S chw es ter

D. d em M a a d er S chw es ter

i S chw es ter A . d e M a d d

Plural .

‘ ’ di e M a nna d i S chw es tr a d or t Chind or M a nna or S chw es tr c or Chin d er d er M a nna d er o S chw es tr a d er o Chi nd a or M a nna (n ) or S chw es tr u ( n ) or Chind ra (n ) d ene M d ens S chw es tr a I d ene Chinder

’ ’ die M anna d i S chw es tr a d or t 0hind (er) or S chw es tr e

Simil arly the adj ectives have retained full inflexions schoena schoe i ne s e e s e e schoenes . T he , n , schoe , cho n r, cho n , following form s are peculi ar ’ ’ M Fr i scht schoeni s l as i scht sch De a ischt schoena , d o , G oens.

I f the e ma a l l anz e s is e e t the G r n , g , voll nd , conn ct d wi h adj ective it takes s imil a r i nfiexions a s the or the er s u ffix

’ De M h a r u di a d er M a ist a z f o Sing. aa i sc t a l l f e g , nn g n r hlich . ’ d Frau ischt a l li reu di i d ie a i st a z fr hl ich f g , Fr u g n d . ’ s Chind ischt a l ls r eu di s d a s i s t a z fr hl i f g , Kind g n ii ch. ’ l l . Di e M anna si a l la r ea di a f g , di Frau a si a l l a r eu di a Die M f g anner, Fra uen, Kind er ’ d hind si a l li 'reu di i C f g , s ind gan z fr dhl ich. ’ ’ ’ 1 s Chind ischt a l ler su n ds si d as i a z g g , Kind s t g n ges und

gewesen . “ ” Inl autend k and ck ar e pronounced in Swi ss as ch kch , ,

k : A cker . A cher R u ecken . R u e en dru g , gg , pron ; , pron gg ; ecken ,

he dr a he. pron . dr u ekc or g M iddle High G erm an long a i s frequ ently ch anged in em a i a 0 Swabi a n to an, in Al nn n to han chi as hant hat Str au sch SW. e , h t, , , , Strasse. adochti and aechti omer Alem . g g, j e j amm ere, Tochte

‘ ’ i esi is e i ed f m si s ei e f. esi g s or g d r v ro , n , p r g , in anal ogy with weak .

9 s 4 G er ma ni c Di a l ec t .

il l T o illu s trate the v a riety of the S wis s dialects a lone I w f iffe reproduce the following l ittle s entence in the d ial ects o d r l “ ” T he m in is ters ent c a ntons : A cert a in m an had t w o s ons . s e of the es e e a es e a e a s e ta ed a nd furni h d r p ctiv pl c giv n , h v c r in the proper dia lecta l t ra ns l at ion r h K K an ton Z ii ic , ilchberg ’ a l en M d z e u h ha e . S i scht em h a a gsy , de he w e S e g

K anton Zii rich, O tterba ch

E s ha ed en M a a z w ee B a be gha h .

K B e of B : a n ton rn , City ern

’ E s hed e M a z w ee S u ehn g ha .

a B e a a : K nton rn , L ngn u

E s het a M aa z w ee S u ehn gha .

K B i r s l anton ern , S g i wy

E M o het z w ee B u ebe gho .

K B a e anton ern , H b rn

E s hed e Va ter z wee S u ch ghaeben .

e a : Kanton B ern . G rind lw ld

d a r heed z w een S i nn haebenn . E s i scht enn M a n ysi n , e g

B e O berhasl i Kanton rn , E M entsch het z w ee Sihn gha eben

B B ol ti n en K anton ern , g ;

i z . E 8 w as 6 M ensch, der ha tt we S oeh

K B B e a nton ern , i l

z E s i sch aeini sch e M o gsi , d ae het w ee S i hn kho .

z of z e Kanton Lu ern , City Lu rn ’ S hed e M a a z woe S u ehn gha .

z Entl ib u ch Ka n ton Lu ern , ’ i st em a l en A tti si d aehed z wee B u S g , obe ghah.

r r en Ka nton Uri , U s e

E s het a M a a s w ee B a oba gha eh .

K a t z A n on Schwy , rth

As wi ssa e M a a hed m a l e g e w e B a oba e gha .

a te a e a K nton Un rw ld n, St n s

s i A s M ac hed w ey S hn gha .

a A l K anton Unt erw ld en , p na c ht

E s i st ei nis t a Va ter si a nd hed z we g e B a obae gha .

1 A c m l ete dial ectal t a sl ati of the a a l e of th o p r n on p r b e Prodigal “ ’ c an be f d in al de s Dial ect l ie A a Son oun St r o og , rau, 1819. r a Ge m ni c Di a l ects . 43

a M K nton Glaru s, Gl arus and olli s E s haet Oeper zwi Su ch gha . t Kanton Z u g, Ci y of Z u g :

E M a a het zwee S u ch gha h .

Kanton Freiburg, Dii dingen A M w B enisch het z e a ebe gehaebe.

a e M u s chel s K nton Fr iburg,

A a M a si r aet z w s est c g , e h ee S oehn ghaebe.

Kanton Soloth urn , Solothurn

Es isch e M ohl e M a si a nd due het z w ee u h g , S e n gha .

Kanton B asel, Ci ty of B asel :

Es het e M aa zwee S u ehn gha .

‘ ' h fihau sen of chafi h Ka nton Sc a , City S au s en ’ i d a S i st amokl en M a gs . e haett ewas S oe gha .

K anton Appenz ell , City of Appenz ell :

E s het a mohl a en B u u r z we B a oba ka .

a e of . K anton St . G ll n , City St G allen

E s haet a n M a zwee S och gha .

t - a e e Kanton S . G ll n , Togg nburg

E s het N aemer ewe S oeh gha .

e R e K anton St . Gallen , Upp r hin

E s hied amohl en M a h z w i e S u eoehn ka a h.

n en R e a d : Kanton G rau bii d , h inw l

A M ensch het z wee Su e khae.

en Kanton G rau bii u d , Chur ’ ’ S hett ei ner z wei Soehn g han .

a a K anton A argau , A r u

Es het smol e M a a z wee B u ebe gha .

a M e e . e am Kanton A arg u , lling n i Fr i t ’ si ae hed z we As i st cemci a M a g . d e S a ehn g l l a .

a ns in en . Fr i k hal K anton A argau , S g i c t

N e M aa het zwen B a obe ka .

Kanton Thurga u; B ischofz el l

E n ri che M a het ewe S oeh gha .

a of a K anton Thu rg u, City Thurg u

E s haet aemahl aen sw ee S oeh gha .

V s ach C antonWallis, i p ’ Einest bed can M aa zwee B u obu g haebu . T he Swiss dialects have been divid ed into eastern 44 G er m a ni c Di a l ects .

and a wes tern group ; in t he former the three pers on s pl u r e end . es . end ed et i l e the at e e e ind p r in ( , ) wh in l t r th y ith r i n -e en s i s the cas B as e s a the s e s ( ) , thi e in l t dt, or fir t p r on e s - n - nd in e ( en ) a d the second in et.

as e s : m i r si l e ed e e l e et , E t rn group er , , gg , wir l g n , ihr g s i e e l gen .

B a l a : m r i r si l e e. se s t dt e , , gg

: r l e e i r si l e ed . Wes tern groups W a llis : m e gg , , gg

r l e e i r l e et si l e e. E l sewh ere : me gg , gg , gg h d es d eu hs r ach M l l h . u l l r . G esc ic te tsc Cp . ue er . Jo , Q e ens ch iften u h p l ichen Unterrichts bis z u r M itte d es xvi Jahrhunderts . 1 G otha , 882 .

in A d . h if h . Dial ekte i m De tsche n ach Soc , , Sc r ts prac e u u n

Z u i n Z it. eil r 1888 . e gn s s en al ter u . euer e H b onn .

A del n Chr . M ith id at d A l l em . S r achenku nde. B e l i u g, , r es c . g p r n .

1809.

l d K . r d Dial ktf s c . i 1 5 W einho , , Uebe eutsche e or hung W en , 8 3 . D h e d r m a e i n i a B adl ot . G . ie ac e G e e s m m tl h , J , S pr n r n n hr n ic en M u nd arten d arges tel l t d urch d ie G l eicl l nisreden vom Sae

m . d m l o e o e. F a kf t a M . ann u e ver ren n S hn r n ur , . 18 17.

R adl of . G . M ste s aal der d e tsche M d a te . G di . , J , u r u n un r n e chte u

f a tz e i n d n et . M u d a ten . B 1 22 . A u s e e v sch n r onn , 8

M . G e m a ien s Yol kerstim m n Firm enich , J . , r n e . Samml u ng d er d e tsc e M d ar te in Dic t n e a e M r h n u h n un n h u g n , S g n , ae c e ,

k l ied etc . B l i 1854 . Vol s ern er n ,

l ke Di al ect edichte Lei z i 1889 . We c r , H g , p g ,

rom l P . Die Lite at der de tsc e M da te . al l 8 T e , , r ur u h n un r n H e, 1 54 .

hd er K . Di e de tsche P il ol ie i m G d is B B a , v u h og run r s . ( ibl io

a of G e m a dial ects . 1 60 Pade 1 gr phy r n . p rborn , 883 . B i l i theca er m a i B Herm ann , C . H b o G n ca ( ibl iography of G erm .

al 18 8 . d ial ects p . 67 sqq .) H l e, 7

M h a is G . Thes e e e die c ei d r Di l k ic , , n u b r S hr bung e a e te. B erl in , 18gé

- N e l Z . W . De tsc e M u da te . i 1 g , , u h n r n W en , 896 97. — B av ari an Aus tri an di alects

i l d K B ai ische G am m atik . B e l i 1 W e nho , r r r n , 867.

'

S hm el l er . A . Di e M dar te B a e s . M l l n h c , J . un n y rn c en , 1 821 .

B a isches W6rterbu ch her au s e . on G . K yr g g v . Fromm ann .

M u h 1 878 . nc en , - M t R . v . Die a i sc oes terr eichische M u h , , b yr h und art, in ” De tsch e M da ten 495 s . — u un r , VII , q q

H fer M . Di e ol ks s rac e i n O este eic rz oe , , V p h rr h vo u egl ich ob der

i e 1800. E nns . W n ,

Et m l isc es W oer terbu ch . Li z 1 y o og h n , 815.

Castel l i . F . . W oer terbu ch d er M da t in O es te ei , J un r rr ch unter d .

. i e 1 847 . Enns W n ,

ei r K e e n ied er oes ter . Di l Landst ne , U a ectl iteratu r . Wie b r n , 1 88a G er m ani c Di a l ects . 45

Prinz in er A . D l z g , , ie oester r . l ks sp ac e u nd die Sa “ Vo r h burger M und arten i n M ittheil u ngen d er G esel l sch aft fu er ” “ al z La desk 1 e de 22 . i c e S burg r n un , 78 sqq ; al so n Deuts h ” M da te 3 34 un r n , III , sqq . D e N . ie Lite at d er al z da t . al z 1 8 8 . Hub r , , r ur S burger M un r S burg, 7

Le e M . K aerntisches W oer ter u h z i 2 . x r , , b c . Leip g, 186

c e f B . Tirol is h di ik . S ho p , , c es I ot on . Innsbruck , 1862 Ii i n . t er B eitr ae e z ur tirol i ch f r hu . v , g s en Dial ect o sc ng W ien , l spg

B e e O B a e M da t . M u 1 r nn r, y rns un r en nch en . 895. " Z u m de tsc e o al i m u s z . G u h n V c s . in B eitreige es chichte ” - d er de ts c e ac e . 1 894 . 4 2 485 . 1 95 u h n S pr h XIX , , p 7 XX , 8 ,

p . 80 87.

hm l l r . A . im ri h r r u h 1 Sc e e , J , C b sc es W oe te b c . W ien . 855 . Di a te d r d h n M Schroer K . J e L u e eutsc e und arten des ungar

i B l a . 1 schen erg ndes Wien , 864 .

drter u ch der M d a t v on G ttschee. i 1 8 . W b un r o W en , 70 Di d ts c e ac i el n i n W i l ch ir ol u n l Pak , J e eu h n Spr h ns s t d Ita ien .

k 1 892 . Innsbruc ,

N a l . W e e d en G e e satz z is che tadt u nd La d g , J U b r g n w n S n ‘ “ in u ns e A l enl ir r n in Z i h r f . di al ect rn p nde , e ts c . oestr . Vol ks ” - - k de 1 895 . 33 36 . 1 66 167 . un I , , p ; p High Alem anni a n di alects

rik f r Die c eiz e ische M u da t im Verb al tnis z u r M o o e , S hw r n r hoch

r if a B 1 8 4 . d eutsch en Sch tspr che . ern , 6

R a M . G dri s s ei e G ram m atik fii r di e de tsch e c eiz e p p , , run n r u S hw r “ ” i Di e d eu tch en M n da rte 4 62 s prach e, n u n II , 70; III , .

a A . B eitra e z u r G es c ichte der s ch eiz G B achm nn , , g h w . uttural

1 . l aute. Z urich . 886

B h a t Die Fl ex ionserschein u n en des sch eiz Verbu m . os s r , J g w , s 8 Frauenfel d . 1 88 .

F . J. s c ei es s c weiz . I diotikons . A a a S tal der , , Ver u h n h r u , 1812 .

L d ac d r eiz . A a a 1 1 . Di e an esspr hen e Schw r u , 8 9

T l e etc . c eiz e is ches diotik . Fau enfel d 1 881 Staub , ob r , , S hw r I on ,

1 890.

- . c iz B u tsc . Z u ric 1 890. Su term eister , O . S hw er h h , r i d r d D l L . Die l ex ikal isc e te s c ed e e e tsc e ia ekte Tobl er . , h n Un h u h n

r k h i n au f di eiz . Z ii ri h 1 m it bes . B e uc sic t gu g e Schw c , 1 89 . d l d M d Stickel ber ger . H Lautl ehre er eben en un art d er Stadt ' A a a 1 880. S chafi hau s en . r u , a Der al em a isc e Consonantis m u s in d er M d Pa ul 11 . Br une, nn h un ' “ - v fi i B i r . z . G eac . d . d . a a r t on Scha hau sen n e t h Spr che .

XI , 381 . ‘ B - G . Der m da tl ic e k al ism s asel tadt. B od m ann , , un r h Vo u von S

B as el , 1 890.

il G . A . Die B asl e M da t . B asel 1879 . Se er , , r un r ,

H . d . M da ten d es Ka t s A a a . Lei z i B l attn . . Ueber un r n on rg u p g , 1 8gg

z r M a des K a s G l a s . L i Wintel er , J Die Keren e und rt nton ru e p

z ig , 1 876. 46 G er m ani c Di a l ects .

Low Alem anni an dialects

B e l n z ac e r inger , A R echtsrheinis c hes A l em an i en, Gren en , Spr h .

Ei e a t . t tt ar t 18 g n r S u g , 90. eim t l l n der M da t des H burger . K . , m atische Dars e u g un r - D f h n B itr 21] s . or es O tten eim in Paul B rau e, e . XIII , qq ” Di s F m m an : M dar t e Deutsch en M und arten her a u sge . v . ro n un

l ic a V r a 1 297 1 3 19 . 479 h es u s o l ber g I , 4 ; III . ; IV , . ; V ; VI , 218 2 3 U s h r d n cal ism u s ei n i er M u d a ten ot al , 5 ; e e Vo z n r V

e 1 VI I 1 77 448 s . M da t b rgs V , 593 ; VI , 15 ; , ; VII . qq un r l e l a - b toe e am m l n v on G e ich s au s d . E s s s l I IV ( y S b r) S u g

r a 257. d ichten u nd Aufs i tz en i n Stras s burge M und rt VI ,

m El s as . Pro r . M l Herm a nn . A Die d eu tche Sp rach e i s g von uh a 1 h usen , 873 .

K a l m M if s ac e im El s ass . Z a e 1 893 . h , W . , undart u nd Schr t p r h b rn,

~ H d l ks sc l e im El sass . G eb M enges . . . Vol ks mund art an Vo hu

l 1 . wei er, 893

Scht idt . O h . W6rterbu ch der St ass ge M da t . St as s g. f , r bur r un r r bur 896.

F G M G s . B ade . Ka l s he 1885. echt, K . . , undarten des ros h n r ru , hr u h fur G c ich te ache u n d Lite at El sass-L t Ja b c es h , Sp r r ur o h “ h a 1 84-1 90 I - al s t a s R ringens Ja rg ng 8 8 . VI , o S r s burger eden s ” - a a 1895 . 1 1 0 125 . arten in J hrg ng XI , , p Swabi an di alect s : o ra hi d er schwabis hen M da Fischer . H G e g p e un rt. mit einem

2 Ka te . Tu in e 1895 Atl as von 8 r n b g n , . ‘

F . G sc i hte der s chwabis chen M da m M Kau fi manu , . e h c un rt i ittel

i n d r N u z eit . tras s 18 al ter u nd e e S burg , 90.

i hwabi che M d ar in r l . Nii B auer . L D e sc s un t de Schu e rnberg, 189

Z u r ic te der sch a B ohnenberger , G esch h w bischen M undart . 2 Tubingen . 1 89 . ” M da t 1 31 1 1 1 Die d eutschen un r en I , , 7 s qq ; II , 02 . 467 ; IV .

1 18 sqq . B O p 0 Der Vokal is m us des Schwabischen in der M undart von

Ki fin in en . t ass 1 890. s g S r burg,

L. Th . e s c e schwaeb mm Knaus . , V r u h . . Gra atik f . Schul en .

1 3 . R eutl ingen, 86 - n r A . c abisc a s isc es 6rt r Birl i ge , , S hw h ug burg h W e bu ch . M fin chen . 1864. High Fr ankis h dialects " ” Die de tsc e M da te 253 130 512 . 1 u h n un r n IV, , V , , VI , 61. 260,

314 462 129 . 259 389 a l s o th e a ticl e b , ; VII . , ; r y B rueckner . " ” r i he M u nd a t. i n a d G .. H ennebe g sc r II n III.

l eic e A . Vol ksthuml ich es au s e e im Sch h r, , Sonn b rg M eininger o e e 1 894 . O berl ande. S nn b rg , W é rt r . B e tra e z u ei em e buch d r Heil ig , O , i g n e ostfra nkischen

T a u ber ru nd es . Lei z i 1 M undart d es g p g , 894.

Hal m H Skiz z e au s d em F a ke l a d . M da t itt , n r n n n un r . S en u . - h aebis ch al l 1893 . G ebrauche . S c w H ,

R u hl aer M u d a t . W eim ar 18 . R egal . K Die n r , 68 G er m a ni c Di a l ects . 47

ies B Di -h M i Ka e S p . e frankisch ennebergische M undart . t rt i 1 W en , 873 ar t i B a r rz 1 862 S or us , Die M und rt d e Stadt Wurz burg . Wu burg , . B e e B l r nn r , O . , Denkt das Vol k u ber s eine Sp racne nach ? e ege.

f . d . F m e ween z w o z i au s k hen in Z eitschr . or n , z . . we d .O stfrau isc

f . d . d Unt rr 1 5 . . e . VIII , 89 , p 258 . T he M idland dialects a re divid ed into a n E as tern a nd

Wes te th W a f m n e. rn group, e err or i g n early the dividing lin

T he f me s s for e m a t a n e the or r how G r n ini i l p a f or pf, whil l atter ha s r etained the initia l p

' E as e n M d : l z W es M d t r . G . Pfa ; t. . G . : Pa lz . h n a and To t e firs t group belo g the Sil es i an, Upper S xon ,

a th a a nd M e Th u ringi n di alects , to e l tter the R heni s h iddl F k ran is h di alects .

E xam ining th ese di a lec ts I find t h a t each coul d be s u b.

- l a t he m a divid ed into num erou s su b di a ec ts , and comp ring ny

ff s a di erent dia lects I notice a grea t irregul a rity and di crep ncy, s o m uch s o th a t a general trea t men t doing j u stice to ea ch i s e t e of n ir ly out ques tion . T h ese di alects h ave al w ay s b een expos ed i n the South to

a G e m a nce an d i n t he t a of Low Highl nd r n influe , Nor h to th t

e m a e t as h al a s e o t e r t i s m e G r n , y t e phy s ic p c t f h i terri ory or s m a to t a i l a d s e m a e a a s i il r h t of the H gh n . th ir idio s h v lw y s hown m ore resembl a nce to tho s e of Southern Germ any t h an

e f t to thos o the low l ands nor hwa rd . T hi s n a tural predomin a nce of Highland Germ an influen ce ha s been s trengthen ed through the literary idiom which s upers ed es a l l di al ects and bea rs m ore resembl a nce to H igh l and G erm a n th a n to Low G erm a n . In c on s equence Highl a nd G erm a n has been s tea dily gain n M e m a te t and the a te has i g ground in idland G r n rri ory , l t r

a k s ha s been s tea dily extend ed to the N orth . High Fr n i h

e m a e been in form er times cl as s ified with M idla nd G r n , whil it i s no w generally coun ted t o Highland G erm an j us t as the M m nort hern bound ary line of idla nd G er an us ed to run , in

a f s t a a form er c enturies , in sever l dis tricts urther ou h th n tod y. T he influence 01 Highl a nd and Low Germa n upon M id W i l a nd G erm a n has been in different direction s . hile H gh l a nd G erm a n afiected both con s on anti s m and vocal is m of M id

m a m t c ed m a l he a t e . W e l a nd G er n , Low Ger an ou h in y t l t r h n 3 4 Ger ma ni c Di a l ects .

m a we reach nearly the southern bound ary of M idl a nd G er n , a m f i t is Highl nd Ger a n eatures prevail everywh ere, and not a lways easy to s ay wh ere M idl and G erm a n end s and Highl and G e m a mm e r n co ences, w hile in dis tricts lying farth r north fea tures s imil ar to t hos e of Low G erma n appear, yet though the a s m e m a th s a voc li m ay b ecom e n early Low G r n , e con on nt is m rem ains in the m a in Highla nd G erm an to the l ast . B es id es this difference between north ern and s outh ern Highland G erm an quite a difference is noticeable between the s the dialects a s s poken in the cities and the country dis trict , form er being m ore expos ed to m od ern H igh G erman influence th an the latter. Ag ain the country dia lect often divid es i tself into a s e a a d i a e t one the p ci l Highl and and Lowl nd l c , occupying m a s e s the t e the flatl and s ea one not ount inou r gion , o h r , ch unfrequently containing severa l s ubdialects . T he dialects in the m ounta in dis tri cts favor s hort and sh arp s ; instead o f diphthongs s i m ple vowels a ppear ; while long vowels are s ed and s hort ones lengthened ; the inflexional en ch anges to a . T he di alects of t he flatl a nd s favor broad and mellow

s nd a e m a s ound s as their n um erou s ci a au indic t , ny

a nd a e a nd not are ma an s s i , e, ac ch ng to ci , only ny ound l a and retained which the m ountain di a ects ch nge to a 0, but m a frequently o and a ch ange to t he s a e diphthong. In ddi tion other vowel trans form a tion s take pl ace d u e to Low G er man e e i a es o u a nd n and oa a influ nc ; ch ng int e, a into 0 , into a c .

Silesi a illus trates this bes t . a Here in the dia lec ts of the m ount in dis tricts , diphthongs “ ” and m au e are a te t the s m l e i a U l t contr c d in o i p e vowel s a , , , , 1 as follows :

1 I wil l cl assify the exa m pl es according to their original M iddl e High G erm an vowel s which I w il l indicate in front of each group the m odern High G erm an for m im m ediatel y fol l ows the dial ectal l tal featu es ar e fo d i n t form . When dia ec r un o her sections besides m i d the n am es of s c l ace l l those ent one , u h p s wi be added in foot notes .

60 Ger m a ni c Di a l ects .

A r bt e wu l l fe Or tl Vor thei l WON Arb it, fl woh il , V , W arhel t .

M : be bem m bcnn bei e Wal l a . H . G . i bei , bei d e , ihn n ,

W e e s enn s F nu a e s tr ett s e et ilch n , ein s ind , e F ind , tr it ,

er ’ w etter e te r eset e s s t s c hm ess t s m e ss t. v w i r, r i , ch i 1 s chl es s en vers chlei s sen .

M ei enn Icl enner kl e e H enn er i ch . H . G . er ein er, in r ,

e r r end l i ch e bekl ed t H inrich , g ena a greinen, r inlich ,

ek e et ebr tet Letter e e m es ten b l id , g ett gebrei , L it r,

m e s O l t el t i ten , nem O hei m ; at i s en ir y hrown out in

A r bt e t w u l fe l VO r tl Vor theil Wor t Arb i , fl wohl i , ,

Wa r heit.

M G . ta : ech es te e s te l etten a te . . H . euch , n n u , l u n

M . . G . : s e t ei u ft H e en a fe l etter a e . H 17 fi i , fi H u n , l ut r

M H K ne el Kno fchen . . G . o e z H etz t H dl z chen , pp p , ’ Tr e el T r f h n Lechl hl ein S ch ess er pp op c e , d ,

os e F r es chl Fr schl ein r eeser oss e . Schl s r, o , g gr r = e M . u o u F r el e e B em e B a m e Long H . G . 6 ( ) ; Fraul in . u , r en f e e l eben L ben a e z ebcm f r u n , g gl a uben , e L ub n ,

z a e ke en k a fen l e t l u ft Te a fe er s e t ub rn . f u , f ii , f n T u n , j

e s a f elcel n a lrel n r c her a r u chern F r ed e r u t, g g u , e éi , 2 F e e H et a . r ud , H upt

= M n a fe . H . G . i n : F r en d Freund , hcf el H u n 8 m a e s checht s e ht L echl er e e . ch n , ch uc , L ucht r = ‘ t i M . . . ei : i nner e e lcl t nner k e e S ti r m Shor H G in r, l in r, '

e e d a t . B i n n B e d a t ber i tt St in n ( ein n ( . pl . )

‘ e e t br i tt e t elcl itt k e t w zss e s s b r i , br ite , g ge l id e , w i 4 s Gis s el e se . ( cio) , G i l

- M a : r t h ed e t . . H . H . e ge i t g er aet g ih

M n F r ind s /n . H . G . i u : F r i d Freund c fi t Freund

s ch aft.

‘ M . . G . hi l z a m hoel z er n Geht l z e G ehoel z H , ,

ki m m t k m mt T i m el T u em el W as s e t efe r o , p p r i , gi m 5 ’ oen nen ki nn k e en d i nne d u enne T zn g , o nn , , d l T oenn

e kni a knu e fen s chi en s c s e ch n , p p p , p p hup n s tos s en , l it al n M d G Q u e gener i . . 2 M iddl e R i e R ei fal z W ette au c arz a h n , h np , r , S hw ch , R egen . 3 e R e e ch a z ac . Up p r g n , S w r h ‘ R eiche ac W a l d en r O ick G l o au Pr im k a nb h , bu g , , g j en u ; E as t, Thuringi a . 5 h r ff Final an is t ow n o entirel y when it is p reced ed by m or n ku mm k m m e bekl u m m ekl om m e B im B oehnen o n , , b n , , gew inn gewin

a nn es onn e . n en , gesp g p n G er ma ni c Di a l ects . 61

H ttte H u ette P itz l B s e z , i ch n Stu ckchen, S ti t e Stu tz e,

S chl i ssel S chl u es sel .

M . . G . we : H i nd r H u hn i B H e er, K fi r Ku efer, i chl

B u echl ei n Ti chl T u echl ein F l i c B l i t , , he Flus ch e, ts B l u ete br i ttn br u eten G em i tte G emu ete w i t te wu ete , , , ,

bi ss e b u es se r i s ee r u ess e s i ss e s u es s w i s ts est . , g g , e, wu = i M . . G . oe z hi r e hoer e R i r e R oere s ti r e s toere Long H , , , B tm B oehm en s c hine s e h n n , cho ne, hi nsehen oe e ,

H i che H i H oehe R i te B e e K l ss l hen or , o t , i el K oessc ,

bis e es e T r is ter es e i el oe l l i bl i ch. bo , Tro t r , V g V ge , l l oebl ich .

M . . G . : M i l e M e e T i r e I r e Z e H 11 u l , Tuer, t ech ,

‘ K im e S i ne c e e H i bel e e M G g Ko nig , S n , Hu g l ( . H . .

kn ebel Li e e e ti en a e M . . G . tii en . , ) g Lu g , g t ug n ( H g ) M n e z bl i n bl h n br i n e c e . H . G . u e e , brenn n bru h n ,

r i ns e ki l e k e r i r n r u ren B l i m l B l u em g gru n , u hl , e .

e K r i l Kr u e l ein m i s t m u s ch n , g g , e t.

z ~ a M . . G. u o R a S ta l e F l a ck Pflu B u ck Short H ; f , , g, ,

B u che K u che Ku h n .m che B l B r u t l u t , c e , n , Tu ch, u t, , G ,

u t H u t M u t R a te tu t F l u t B u ss e M u ss e F uss , g , , , , , , , ,

r u e v er l u cht. s u chte H a s te s e . f , j , Hu t n = n u M . . G . n o : r u f e z w u z e ka l e k e Lo g H f ru h , w i u l

u d er e m ss m u e f l g gut r, fi ass , f l t u e te.

Short vowel s ar e s ubs tituted for long ones in following word s = ” M G . t i . : B i nn B i ncn hi n ts e e M . . Shor . H . G i e , h ut H

hi nte.

— 3 “ l s M . : w i nk e z e v l a n z e w i nk Is ol é . H . G (3 w nig, i ” i n s r r er m s r r s chte e s G r i tte e e d g , i co p a r. to e , i r t, Gr t ,

e Kn ifi el or K n j é l K naeu fel .

— te z hi l d e e te l i ef v er t t e ef M . H . G . hi l , fi li , ifi v rti t,

i kr i chn k e e r chn e e Z i che K r ele Krieg , ri ch n , i ri ch n ,

B ez i l ch. e M i tte M e e ebi ttn Z iech e ettb ug , g i j glich, i t , g

ete l i s s n es s e eni ss en e ess e S i ss gebi n , li n , g g ni n , p 4 Spies s .

l M ai Pe itz R i e K l e z W ette a . Up p er n . gn , h n ( ob n ) r u ” Westph al ia . 3 O de al d Th r in ia O ste l a d , Col ogn e, nw , u g , r n “ . i e ce. R es ul t of L G . nflu n 52 G er m ani c Di a l ec ts .

= G : Short c M . H . . ii l a tter l auter.

1 a z M : a u f M u chel e M . . G . Short . H . G . 17 W , Sch ltwort H

m fi chel .

— n l d a= nad al a M N a l d e N a e O . . G . ei . H . G . 5 : d l ( H )

' ' ac a a m el M M . . G . l gi mel N a er , es s er, H , p p N hb r

s chl u a br u chte br acbte d u chte a e, fi s chl afen , , d cht ” v er d a cht l u ss ass hu s t as . v erd a cht , l , h t

Long vowels are s ub stituted for s hort on es

a=M a k T a lc T a m a le m a B a che Long . H . G . at : S k S ac , g, g,

B a Da ch Da lea n ka s a t s a S ta t S a ch , ch , nn , tt, t dt,

cha e r a te m a e e e G a l e S l n Sch atten , f g r l nd , Schr i ,

a r e a z a e . . G . m a r r a n M . W t , J gd , m ar en ud rn O H i 3 l t G a r ten a l e a e L G . m a r r en S a z atz a l d a . , S , , ; lt , “ ” a i nei e N a l e ha l a a te proverb : A l e N a l e h l a n , l

N ae el ha e e e N ae el a en ba l e a g lt n nicht, n u g h lt , b ld , “ k a l ka ha l n e ei m Wa l e im W a e K a l a lt, h alt n . ld , K rl , 5 a tl i ch artl ich. — M . n B a r e B e e z ar n z e e s an H. G . (5 d a d en en . r ,, r n ,

se e a M . el F a l e M a l M el n n , g l gelb , . H . G g , F ll, ,

u a l e s ta l n s e e n am m nemen z a ne z ehne a r Q Qu ll, t l n , , ,

er B a r B eer ha r her S ehwa r e A r d e e , , , Schw r, Erd ,

v a r e es ah G u r achi c G e s e L a br e e t vorig J r, r t , L b r, 6 N a bl e Wa br W e l a w a e e K avr aefe Neb l , eb r, l b n , K r,

1 m M G . Co m on to d . ” m m M G Co on to d . : “ The l iquid l throws a fol l owin g it either entirel y ou t or changes it o d : a l der al te ha l de hal t ew a l de e al ti F ol dr F l te i l dn t r. , g g w g , o r, g l i l dn i l der n sc el dn cbel ten sel de s l l te g e ten , h h e ten , E l El tern , h s , o , sel den sel ten ; sim il arl y n chan ges a fol l owing t into the m edia kende k nn te hi ndr i n a nde a te u ndr nte er mu nder t oe , h nter, n nn , u r , erm untert . ‘ The l iquid r is frequentl y dropp ed an d either the p receding ’ vowel l engthened or the fol l ow i ng conson ant d oubl ed : ver ti bt v er ' ’ dirbt A er n a E d i r e K ar tofi el n M a en M r n w a d i d m osch , p r b n n , g o ge , w r , m o sc m a tter n m a te H azz r z r h ; r rn , e He e . 6 uite e e al i n M d . G Q g n r , 6 B an d w f e u e tl i ter ch an e in M d . G . w ta ds for b : r q n y n g , s n N ak w er N ach b a r s tr aw a s tr e e bei Leiw e ei L i u w a e , b n , b e be, ob n , N ewel N e el l i ew er l ie e dar w e d e e d a schtholw e d es al T a n s b , b r , rb , h b . ( u u , Z ieg s u h a i K as sel Th i ia Al te al s o com m o to the B a n , , ur ng , nburg , n vari an

A s t ian d i al ect . B s ta ds for w ber or bei r w ir Wil ber W i u r ) n ; , twer, Kr a ba ten K roaten Kraw a ten -Ju bi li r er Ju w el ier Loe s e F , , b Lo we. or br ig er k F iebi i eh a l we ch a Vorw , g V wn S chw S w lbe. Ger ma ni c Dia l ects . 68

S chw a vl efe ei m Wa e im We F u d r Schw l , g ge. Fed er,

B r a t B e Wa tr We e eba tn e sa r tt, tt r, g g beten , t s eht, N a s t es cw as t e N t, g g wesen , r a ckt recht. L ==M e . . G . i : eel vie] w el S el e s el t s ong H , will , p , Spi l, p pielt,

nem mm. en er ber d ef eb ni ihn , ihr, wir, dir, g gib, cbl eba e l e en es chr ebn g g b i b , g geschrieben, kr ebel n

k ribel n w ebel n wib el n s cbz i s e z S tevel n ef , , g i b ig, Sti eln , l e en e e Te el e Strek r ck g li g n , g Tig l , St ick, e ich , meek m seek s Frede e e G e m mi ich, ich , Fri d , Gled li d, ed t, Sckncter te w é sscn sse ver v e ss l l Schnit r, wi n , gées rgi , B z es ist ewes e ss Wese W se resck lit , , g g wi , ie , f frisch , k ’ Tese Tisch . =M . . . 6 : eb ver i H G ob, g ng vorging. = { M . . . i : toil a i n Long H G will, m nimm, bin bin, ki , Gewin

e Sin n ib r i ff i li k trik G winn, Sin , g , G f Gri , B l k B c , S a t k dick mick s ick S ric , , , , S trick, Vi ck Vieh , sider n ach W her w idm efl h M . . , en , i ts g oc tenes R u tensei l . H G

' e er e bi te e m ite mit Schmit Sckm t wit G t , bitt , , , Schnitt, Trit t B is z'cr is s R ic R iz R z Scklfz z Trit , , g , , it , Schlit , ' ‘ bis em s sckr im s en F leck Wtsck . g , chri , , = « M . . . : B h u F h n N Long H G 17 r l c , Spr ch , i ss, Gfisa, Gc fiss, il es, es 5 K fi , Pll sck. ’ O n the oth er h an d the dial ects of the flatl ands in Siles ia

’ a re chara cteriz ed by t heir num erou s diphthongs es pecially ez

nd n n l a a , a d by vowels drawlingly s poken . T he fo lowing exam ples wi ll il u s trate this :

‘ a Pa n Ini tial b changes into p in a num ber of words : Pauer B uer, ker t B k B ta el B e el Per l in B l n ckl i ckl i an art as rd , Pcng ng , er i , pi g bu g ,

c G bu ch Pl a M . G bla ke leatem l as e r im l ick Gep is ke e es , ne . H , . p b n . p

M . r ick l l en ru l l n PHl le B l l e Fus e}; brandig . H G . b n neel , pr i b e e . ri .

B tter B t . usch , Pu ut er

’ l o a l az H d rfick O de al d esse Tl urin ia Eichs G g u, G , un s , nw , H n . g ,

d Al te r . fel , nbu g 3 This trans ition of k into ck is found in other ins tances : H icks ~ kicker hoeher icher i l . s ick eh r auck a cv H oehe , , r V eh p ur , ai , r uh , koeckt erhoeht.

‘ c m m M d G . Quite o on in .

‘ 5 s es nd n dim i n ti es a re S rickl N as l Kis l Pischl . Corr p o i g u v p , , s , 5 4 G er m a ni c Di a l ects .

2 bl ei b eil . . i : schr c s e s ei s e H. G e eig schrég or s hr é chri , p pi , e r eib e s ie tr ei b t e schmeiss bli b, ri b, schr eib chr b , ri b ,

s m s s i ein ke i te heim B ein a l l eine ch i , c , kei in , Ste S in , , , W z W e h. beisse, ei e eiz n , bl eic

’ W i l e F ein d M . . . : K l eoe F r eih t e , H G I bei , B l ei , drei , , é , ,

Z ei d l Z e e m ei m s chei n en S chw ei n bekl ei ben il , ein , , , W W z e fas se L ei b ei b r ei e bl ei bt. ur l n , , g f ,

T his at has been ch a nged t o a dra wl ingly s poken 6 through Low e m a e e i s ea e t at t is t a s G r n influ nc , but i t notic bl h in h r n = H . form ation t he dialects dis tingui s h between the old er ei M . = d al e t t and t h i M . G . i . G . a e younger e . H A i c th a t pronounces the old er at as ci will give t he newer ei the 6 s ound while s di alect t h a t s ub s ti tutes for the ol d er ci an 6

r e f will pronounce the newer at as ci , B oth di alects a ound in

e m t o ea T o the a e m e e clos proxi i y t ch oth er . bov ntion d

= z m i M i d es d M . H . G . i : be exa ples e . H . G . c woul corr pon é bei d n e m m e n K r ei re Kra eu terei ehw n e , e d in , en i , te , S e Schw in , 3 Wele We l e Leb ei Web W e r ech e Zet Z e t. etc i , L b, ib , r ich , i ,

i . while to above m entioned ex a m ples c H . G i would

h—= i zwe e M . . . i : E Ei n e n m an r l e m a c e e b long (E H G e e n i , e n h rl , , g l z e Tel e h l e e el fe em ei nem hem e m Emer w i , Th il , e h il, f il , , h i ,

l me B en B e rf ene e emene em 'e n webel n a ken E r, in , r in , g g i , w n , ble e Te e N e e e bl ech e e c K l ed p bli b, g T ig, ge N ig , bl ich , w i h , 4 K e br et e h sz hei s z tr este e s Fl esch l e s . l id , br it, é , dr i t, F i ch

M . oeu : H ei H eu S tr ei eu F r ei d a e e H . G . , Str , Fr ud ,

H ei er M a e l ei bt l a v er z eiber t v er H a uer ch r, g g ubt ,

a k ei n k a fe r ei u a fen l ei f t a f ei ei z z ubert , f u n , j r u , l u t, g ;

ei naeu i H ei t a . g g, H upt

M . H : u ei l n u ael en d er z ei l n erz ael en Ei l d er n . G . 6 q q , ,

E E i l ei nd l s ein er n s e e E i nd e E e ltern , E end , n n , nd ,

‘ A ci s o d in il e ia i s how s a d n a h pure un S s n , w h ch ten e cy tow rd t e a s ound in the m ountainous region s and incl ines towar d the e sou nd t to th L G r m a nex e ow e n territory . 2 G i s he e i o a ic as in sim il a in s tances : sa ah l e i h r n rg n r g s , g l e , F l og Fl oh sa n s che sa e at s ie s t S chu c u he z t z ie t bes , y n , g h , g S h , ig h , chege bes chehe vi ce ver sa fi al is om i t d i n m o , n 9 t e nosy l l abic words : schl u s chl u schl o l l i l i m a e g , sch age, so s age g . m ag . 3 U e R e e c arz ac M ai . p p r g n , S hw h , n ‘ Lo e and M id l M ai M i l R i w r d e n , dd e h ne . G er m ani c Di a l ects . 55

M ei ns chen M e s e S ei nz e e se J ei er J n ch n , S n , g aeger, n ei chtn n aechten es e r ei l g t rn , d n reden.

M . . G . e : eil dn e te bes chei r t es e W ei H g g l n , b ch rt, g

‘ W e S ei e ae e P ei ch e Ku ei chi g, g S g , P ch , Knecht, H ei chl e r ei cht e schl ei c 2 H cht, r cht, ht s chlecht . M - . . G . i : v ei l e s ei l n s e e bei ei r H vi l , p pi l n , r wir, d dir,

m eir mi r l ei en e e ei ch ich s ei ck s l ei d er , g li g n , , ich , G

G l ied er ei d er e e m ei t m it n eid er w ei e , j j d r, , nied er, d r

e S chm ei d m bei ta t en P l ei z B z wid r, Sch it , bi t , li , 3 Weis e W ei s ies e, is t . — M . . G . u e : M ei l e M e e S ei nd e Soen h n e H u l , l c e , K i nck.

K e k ei ni li ch koeni l ich kei nd n koennten ei r o nig, g g , , f f e T eir T hu er ci br e e H ei ol L i u r , , u b r, g Huegel , o g 4 e e m ei n m oe en r ei ol n r u n Lu g , g g , p g p egel .

M . G . : m ei m er w ei eb S ei s ei . H 6 , w , l Sele, t n s tehn,

s ei r s er ei r l i ch e . eiw i eis , rlich g ewig, g t gehs t .

M . . G . a e : n ei ns ten n ae s e d r ei d r hn w ei r H ch t n , n e , waere.

‘ r ei l r el n a f n ed ei k ss p g n p ag h rt a lle , G c tm G ed aecht ‘ ss M ei d l M as e nei di naed i tei te thaete. ni , d l, g g g g, s z au M . . ou : c u a kr au ck k verscha u b . H G uch , roch , ver “ s betr a u e . B i s te a u a sz d er La e chob , g b trog u ng ” P i el a ? B i s t d u a uch von Langenbiela u ? — ” M G . z r au m en r aeu m en s a u me s u m n . H . o w , n ae e ,

s cha m e n tr a m en n s a ar u n s chaeu m e , u tr aeu me , u b a

s aeu bern .

l i d al d . R h ne, O enw

2 R hine . 8 ds ru ck Ta s Wel terau M annsfel d . The t a s , H un e . unu , . r n e and i i t ei is fa ed e e al l in M idl a d form ation of M . H . G . n o vor g n r y n

G erm an . ‘ r k T a s . W ette a M annsfel d Trier , H u nds u ec , unu r u , .

‘ ‘ I hu ri ngia .

6 a u bu t the N t Sil . d al ects The m ountain di al ects have a cl ear , or h i p ronounce c u towards 0 or oaa .

7l ‘he di al ects show h ere inconsis tency as they p refer the Um l aut : br a e dr a eu en d e tr aeu en t a e in p aral l el cases eu en brau n , roh n . r u n ,

l a eu ben l a e r a eu en a fe . T is a eu is ki d ed haea en h au en , g g ub n , fi r u n h n r i it f e c an es to e an d ci into wh ch o t n h g . 56 G er m ani c Di a l ects .

M G . : S a e K a zl l e e z a u en z e . H . H a l Saeu l e, Kug l, g og n ,

Ver dr a u sz Verdr u s P a u sch B s . , u ch

: r a ca n s o d a u da ka a ck M . H . G . 6 f u froh , , , hoch ,

N a u t b a u ss r a u ss s s a ts chl a u ss ent Not, l bloss , g gro , l s eer d r a s s l au s l os R a us e R se. s chlo s, uss verdro , , o — . : s au a e e v a u l K a u l e e M . H G . 6 l s oll, S a l Sol , voll, Kol ,

ka u l ei cksckw z ol echschw ar z es ta u l n estol en p or k p , g g ,

hau l en v a u r Wa u r te W t e a u br echt e s holen , vor, or , ob r t,

H a u Hof el V e R au k R k Ga u t G f , Vau g og l, oc , ott , fi’ v er bau ten e S chl au s s H a u sa H osen v rboten , Schlo , ” : w o M aw M N u d au eis M . H . G . 5 daa d a , au w , ohn , “ ” l au ter M an N u n d a i st a e M M au l M al l ut r ohn , , “ d au m a s S a u m am na u n d e a u l d am als, S en , n he, Ja ar

J ar P l a e M . . . bl be Leinwan dd ecke fi , u H G ei ber die

W a A be d e S cha u af nau ch gen, u n Ab nd , f Sch , n ach ,

S r a u cke a e kau t hat ebr au ten e a e p Spr ch , , g g br t n ,

r r a u a e S tra ss e ss . v e tn verr t n , u Stra e

M . . G . a : w a u rim a m d au r i m a m b H w ru , d ru , Gr an 5 Laa er a e . G rab , g L g r Through contraction o f a a nd h alf vowel l : da tkau be

e e a e hau vn ka l f en e l e mau kn m n d r nth lb n , h l n , a l lee 6 m el lren. = eu M . G . i n : ea ch v er l eu r t e e t l eu t l ue t betr e t . H , v rli r , g g , ug betr u e t beu et e r eu cht ie eu cht d g , g bi gt , r cht, fl ucht,

kr eu cht k e v er schl eu s t verschl i s e e' e ri cht, e t, v r d uf t

vertieft .

M . G . te z da koi e a e l eu b te H . d hi r, lieb, uf tief.

M . . : M e er M F eu r u H G . 17 u a uer, me r Feuerma uer

R a fa M ew M uch ng, aurer . — M G . koi nd n ko . H . if ( 6 ) nnten . — M . . G . a : K oi l /c a k S choi l lc H K l , Sch al k.

l h arz a h B m a F M Sc w c , ohe i n orest, iddl e M ain . ’ c z ac B emia F t M d M S hwar h , oh n ores . i dl e ain . 3 G eneral Sil esian M o. ‘ M ore com mon is n ande. 5 a Au for a al so i n Swabi . “ N i n In orth Sil esia th s a changes to 0 d u e to Low G erm an ina

fluence.

68 G er mani c Di a l ects .

W he e e the m . i it . : z wae i dr ha e i m a e to ( ) , ( ) d h i n v r s to e t e m ount ain di alects attribute two s ound , h y e a s e : z w i e m ake the i predomin ate, follow d by hort ( ) i den e e B i e ren B e en d er z i e l en erz aehien, r e , ( ) r , ( ) ( ) r d n l W r P i s hl B es e s i e t s aet, Wi er t oe tl ei n. er c u ch l , p ( ) p

i e Voe el H i e H eu . V gz g , ( ) = se i s e Schol z e z s tonk for 6 M . H . G . u : Low i Lou , Schul ,

’ k k o z or z u r kor ir n k t u Gebor t s tun stan , n r nur, , u ir ,

or ber a u rber n l aer m en M . . G . u r bor n tor G eburt, H , l n Worscht W s d r oks n ke n tu r kel n w anke , ur t, e

d r u e ken o da e Gr u m el B rotkr u emchen c , g z guld n , p , u nd ons u ns u n d r e Pl ond r br omma brum men , on , , unt r, 1 B otter B te l os ti S o e e s . Plund er, pp Supp , ut r, g lu tig

= : sol s vol ] of é n v6n S ar 6 M . H . G . 6 oll , vol , , p Spur,

O t Wor t B or schl e r ob L ob O besi s K o B or te, r , , , g , , Ob t, n p

Ko K f T o f B ok B k R ole Knopf, p op , p Top , oc , R ock, ” t k L o h d ock Got G t S ot S chl oss F r os S tok S oc , c , , o t, p , , ch.

: M al M a O f au f dr of dr au f l M . H . G . ii ul , , mé é f vol l au f M i ic 8 B r ot H os H ans m M e. B ra ut, , inut

ou : Fr oe a B om B a m Tr am T a m Lob M , H , G , Fr u , u , r u , , Tr o e T a fe 0 8 u e okel n a ke kr och La ub , f r u , 9 A g , g g u ln , h Ta tc ” och a Roc R a f a f e. kroch , uch , uch , r u t

T— : S ea l S al S toa l ta u a m kam noam n oa M . H , G , 93 , S ll , q , am , 4 M oan M a Gr oop G a H oafer H ater boa t bat ou nn , r b , , , 3 an hoa a e Woan W e e 8 0cm s a e M oa t M a , h b , g n , g n , gd .

m m M oa l M al B oar e B Kr oam M . . G . a : u a e am H , , r , Kr , S oa me ame hoan a e Oa bent e S chl oa f af S , h b n , Ab nd , Schl , roa e sou en bl oasen "5 f g frage, y s a hen, bl asen . — M oa l ver oa l t M . . G . 17 : M a l er fa Z oa n Z H u , f v ult, a un ,

‘T ie K l e z R ei fal z M ai z F l da T r r , ob n , h np , n , u , huringia . O in f u s ecial l ef e l i id s is a Low G e m a f pl ace o e p y b or qu r n eature. 2 ' R s l t of Low G e m a in u e ce n oticea l e u r n fl n , b e even in the M odern f the il es i a High G erm an s p eech o S n . 3 l a the Low G e m a e ri Found on y ne r r n t r tory . ‘ The ocal ism is Low G e m an bu t the con v r , sonantis m Highl and m a G er n . 5 Again du e to Low G erm an infl u ence ; ins tead of 0a is often h eard

6, na and no. Germ ani c Di a l ects . 59

1 Paar B a er toarte a e e Toabe au e H oafn f u , d u rt , T b , Ha u en ,

B ' oach B au oh broachte a e Joache Ja Kr oat , br ucht , u ch e, 2 Kra u t geboat e a t tr ou te au e B oas a , g b u , tr t , H us .

— ou : ca 2 M . . . a h K10a a roabn H G , uc , Kl ue, , r aub en .

o= Knu ol u M . . . a : a S tu a l a I mam k m M u on H G Kn ll , St ll , a , , 8 etc.

H u a r wu M . . G . a : H ar orn a e B r a aten B a e H , w r n , r t n ,

S ckl u of af S cku of c a f hu o babe hu on a e Schl , S h , , h b n , Wu on 3 Wagen ,

e a e e e i e o e c ci oi n A p culia r contr actidn of g , g , g , g , into c, , , i i s fou nd in North Silesi a

saen s a e tr aen a en M art M a g n, tr g , gd ; . l aen l e e be aenen e e e Laehenne g n, g b g gn n, Legehenne; e‘in a en r ei n e en Gei nt G e en r eit f Veit j j g , r gn , g d , f ragte, Vogt ; 4 mm? m a soi sa e sein S a e kl oi te k a e sl ai n s e e g, g , g n , l gt , t h n , si u s a e Gekli u G ekl a e N i a l a e] Ji a l e Ja d tri a n g , g , N g , g , a tr gen . In place of twenty -five M iddle High G erman vowel s the

Siles ia n dialect alone pres ents a ccording to Dr . K arl Weinhold

1 82 ~ s a a s 1 1 4 n di tinct v ri tion , lo g v owel s and 68 s hort on es . f rom which it a ppears th at a tend ency prevails to lengt hen s hort vowels . In so f ar as oth er M idland d i al ects are s itu ated and in fl u enced s i mil arly to thos e of they pres ent s imil a r features . To thes e dialect al features of M idl and G erm a n which are

es es f s e s a dd s more or l s the r ult o out id infl uence , I will om e which prevail more gener ally throughout the di alects of M id

l A s initial dental the tennis is p referred to the m edia in M idl a nd " " i l a te d and fi nal the m edia is efe ed e G erm an , wh l e in u n pr rr wh n l i id c des : Ta ckt D c t verter ben r ever a l ong cons on ant or qu p re e o h , v e ‘ ti ht Tin er B e e Tole Dohl e tunkel d kel Tu se d erben , c e dicht, g u ng r, , un , l

Tr a che D ac e tr eiste d ei s t . Dus el . r h . r ’ Com m on throughout North Sil esia . 3 N ear th e Low Germ an territory . ‘ o a f m ei u da ke This i or e originated ro thro gh a r r pronunciation . ' These difierent pronunciations occur al most in the sam e side by side . 60 G er m ani c Di a l ects.

a d G e m a t a n b d are a s a e l n r ny . Ini i l a d fin a l , , 9 rul pro nou n k B e Z k Z e P a nt ced as if they were : Per rg, y ug,

B sa k D a s a T ack a lea ab . nd , g, ch, p g “ ” b k w l u awa e e kerw e e e. Inl autend s ound s often li e , l b , g rb

the s f i i s e as ch e a e i s In u fix g, g pronounc d , but wh n vow l a e r osti e T he a e e e a dd d to it as j : f j frostige. inl ut nd g g n r lly t ak s Fev e ea the f e e t a e the j s ound : i B erge. N r ronti r lin ow rd Low G erm an from R hine to the g in the prefix ge i s pro nou nced as : Jeda n ke d a ke Jesichtc G es j edocht e a j G e n , icht, g d cht,

e it?" l g gegangen . sch schi : sch i chen s p ke sp and st sound a s a rule a s p . p ic n ,

ha ht sc h as t ,

Sca ttered throughou t M idl and G erm any w e find not only e n er a em el n am a nd a l n : M en acha n but a ls o e a d ch a nged to , to

M otl a Or ta hil z a m hoel z rn u nka l n f kel . ens chen , a lle, O erter , e , f un n “ ” A M a e ma s kes the m a e s a rule idl nd G r n di li U l ut ii , 0

a R aise" and ii . For if it s ub s tit utes the origin l vowel a :

R aethsel M a dl M ae e scha m e s chaemen an aehnen Kr am er , dch n , , c g ,

K aem e S a bel Saebel K afer Ka wer Keefer K a s K a sc r r, , or , or

K aes e N a der e N aeher in S chadel S haedel z a hl t z aehl t Fa nkle , , c , ,

Z a nkl z a k B aenkchen m t e of M . G . n e k e e Z a ke , di inu iv H. l in c ,

S chra nkl S hraenk e A cka A ecker ar bm fa rben a l da a l r ch n , , f e , e te , kha l da kae e R a nda B ee et La nd a ae e M am m ae e lt r , nd , L nd r, nn r, K handl Kaennchen kl a ta l aetter n a sa n aesser F as l Faesschen , g , , , K as l G aes s chen S chtam l S taemmchen Kha ml Kaemm hen sa l i , , c , g

ta a l te z a m sael i ts erz aehl te e e ez aemt anstandi . g, , g g g Oe i s generally ch anged to e or m ore rar ely to i : Peke B e ke Pekl B oeckchen P ekl Pfloe k hen S ter e r h Tem a o c , , fl c c , j Stoe c e, D e e H em a e e Cher n a e e Ter Doer fchen H ernl o rn r, Ho rn r, Ko rn r, fl ,

H oernchen H el tsl H oel z chen F r esche Fr oesche K letsa e z e , , , Klo t , tr a l n t roe fel n E r ta O erter Ped l k e e B e S el k p p , , l in r od n , fl l . Sohle, l vl Ghe l kl . e he hoeflich Le a Loecher Che e K Te ta j Kohl , j , j , j oeche, j T oechter S chteke Stoecke schi na schineta m a a , , co p r tive and s uper a e to s e ri ta ri tate m a a e and s e a e l tiv cho n , co p r tiv up rl tiv to rot, kri sa kri ste roes ste i sa i ste grosser g , p p boeser boeseste.

I n place of we M idland G erm a n prefixes s im ple i : K emi te

G emu fita n f u ettern Tij a T u echer P i a B e K ebl ite . , , j u cher, G ebl u et w itnde wu etend H i te H Ki te G e e F i se F u , , , u t , ess e, ' lcmesu as ase mien m u essen si se s ess ri m schli e gr n , , u , p brueten, j Ger m ani c Di a l ects . 61

' schl u e e kr ibe r u ebe Kr'ibl G ru ebchen r e fu ehr chi le k e K es g , g , ,fi e, u hl , ti l e estu el e Pr id e G es te M .H .G . y . B u e mide m e e tri be che ll r d r, u d , tru , Ri be B a e r imm r u ehmen Ti r e T hu er t ne d u enn l i e e e u b , , , y , j lu g n , Ji du Ju edin Sp ri nge S r u en e Tsi n‘ l Z u en l i i n a e , p g , g g e n, j g j ueng r, ti nge d u en en Fi nkl F u enkchen Pr i nkl S chti ndl g , , B rockl ein,

St u endchen Fi ndel B u endel M intse M e z S im e u m , , u n e, p S e pfe,

' Chiml em m e tima d u em m er Ker ns? Ki se Ku l, , G enu ess e, Ku esse, S chi si’ Schu esse Pi l l B u ettel S chp r 'i e S rneche e e e T81 1 , , j p , i Lu g , 7 - Z u e el Pi l B u e el ni l hu ch bu e el hoch e mi e n g , j g , j g b rghoch, j moege , Pi r e mir e r Pi ne B u erde m e he f e B e ne I l f h n kl . , u r , fi u r, u h , fj O e c e fe i bl u ebel S ti bl Stu ebchen i ba e r i P cse O n, , , u ber. g gruen , y B s tri ke d r u ecken Pri lce B r u ecke uech e, , .

T he vowel 11. receives in M idl and G erm an as a rule a M d arker pronunciation th an in od ern High G erma n ; 5, s ound s “ ” w “ often as a in wh a t and 5. as a in awl . It is often difficu lt to tell which of the t wo vowels 0 or a i s mea n t in the pr onu n a h m ciation. B u t as a rule long as a ore decid ed tend ency

0 M al l M th an s hort a tow ard . os t idla nd di alects pronounce a clear 0 in the following word s

Z tr hl Jor . . a : S o Stral Jahr d o d a l o aaz M olwer k O M . H G , , , l , m l d e u oi a Krom am Obent e G obe G e ae , Q Ou l , Kr , Ab nd ,

G a e scho af Schl o af Gr ove G af fr o e f a e b , f Sch , f Schl , r , g r g , w or n a e schtochen s a e Odr e Odm em w r n, t ch n , Ad r, At ,

hot hat r otn a e Ost A s . , , r t n , ,

Often a M iddle High Germ a n a is retained in the M idland s e o a we M G erm an di alects while it i ch ang d to , or in odern High Germ an

= : ku mm k m m Du nner Tu ndr D r 17 M . H . G . 17 o . or onne ,

‘ H u e H f kr u chn k e bekl u mm ek m me fi u e te, roch n , b lo n , S u nne e esch u nn es e tru ckn ke Sonn , g p g ponn n , troc n

scha ssen s ha lten a fe Wa lt W f m u l kn s chos en , h l n , ol ,

m ke vergu l ten e a e fu l l te fu el l te su nken s a ken ol n , v rg lt n , , n , u ns ht n dersck s s c s s . bes n bes ond er , on t

- l as v on N d u . M ittel de tsc l a d W enker G . S ac at , auf Cp . , , pr h or u h n G rund von s ys tem atisch m it H l fe d er Vol kss chul l ehrer

t ial au s c . O te . t as s gesam mel tem M a er r n S r burg. ( In course of p ubl ication since

kis : R henis h Fran h M da t B i H . Die La te d er c e . se e B reun g , , u un r von u h n u in r s fs ei m 1891 . Um gebung. Tauberbi cho h ,

Der Handschuhsheimer D a ec . Da ms a 1892. Lenz , Ph ., i l t r t dt . 62 G er ma ni c Dia l ects .

a ac e in u nd u m Victo r. W Die rheinfr aenkische Um g ngsspr h

N assa . W ies ade 1 8 u b n , 75.

1 868 . il m a A F . G . di ik s s en . M a V r , . , I ot on von Kurhe rburg , ’ . Pfister M da l N htr ae e z u Vil m ar s di tic . v , H un rt ich e ac g I o on

M i K a s 188 . t rt , 6

K k m H erz e th u m N ass au . ehr ein J ol s h . l k i te i , V sprac e u Vo ss t g il 1 0 W e burg , 86 . - Pfaff F Z u r H and s h h m r M ndar t i n Pa l B ra e B ei , . . c u s he i e u , u un , r 1 - t aege . XV , p . 78 194 . 0 chm id K . L . W es ter a l d i ches diotiko . er o n 180 . S , , w e s I n H b r , L i S u etterl in L . D r id l r ol ks m u d . e . . e G enitiv im He e be ger V n p 8 z ig , 1 94 .

W u el cker E . La l hk i n d s Fra kfu ter tad t , , u teigenthu em ic e tc e n r S dia l ekts im M ittel al te i n Pau l -B ra e B eitr ae e I s r, un , g IV , q q

al z m a n J Die rz fel d M u n d ar . M a r 1 888 . S n , He er t rbu g,

R eis A . B ei tr . z . ta d r M ainz M dar t. M ainz 1891 . , , x e er un ,

W itte H . Deu t h L z 1 8 . sc thu m in oth i n e . M et 90 , , r g n ,

assel K K r eiz nach is tr m . K r e z nac 1 892 H . u p u h , .

R eiz H . n taktis c tu di im A n hl s an d M d a v , , Sy h e S en sc u s . un rt on " - M ainz in B eitr ae e X 18 4 . 475 510. , g VIII , 9 , p

il m a . Pfi ster . diotikon . ess e . M a r 1 94 . V r u I v H n rbu g , 8

Leidol f J . Dis N a nh im er M u nd a t Da m ad 1 , , u e r . r s t t, 189 .

r l iu s W . e s s i W o r t r u h Da m d C ece , . O b rhe s ches e e b c . r s ta t, 1890.

. W or il d n d r M d a t . K f or Da id E Die t e o d f. i n v , , b u g un r , v r W e ,

1 892 .

Di m ar E . Die B l ankenheim r M u d a t . D m t 1 1 tt . , e n r ar s ad t. 89 .

W . La d u nd L t au f d r l . 1 5 Lan e . m g , C , n eu e e Cass el , 89 . M iddl e Franki s h

W e k e G Das ei isc e Pl a tt . M it Karts . Du e s el d rf 1 . n r, , rh n h s o , 877

N e er . tu di z u d en i oer nb g , C , S en n ed errheinischen M undarten in - Pa l B a B r itr . 8 1 u r une e IX , 7 . - F l l m ann M . Die M d a d r D o , , un rt e eutsch Lothringer u n d Luxem M z 1 burger . et , 890.

W e l e e F . W . Die niede hei isc e M d 1 1 h nb rg , , rr n h un art . Kcl n , 87 . i F W o r r b h r K r oe e te u c de oel n e M da t. K l 1 H n g , un r o n , 877.

c etz H . Das Sie erl aen der S r achidiom i S hu . , g p , S egen 1845 u .

4 . T 18 8 ( wo program s . )

i z l in e d k l i . H e n er g . J U ber en Vo a sm us u Konsonantism us der

Sie er l aend er M da t. M a r 1871 al s r g un r rbu g ; o p ogr . v . Siegen

1 4 18 . 87 u . 79

c m idt B . Der Vocal is m u s der Sie erl a n S h . , g e der M undart. 1 H al l e, 894 .

ei n z e l in J . P o e eines W oer terbu h H r g , , r b c s d er Si egerl aender

ar ie e 1 891 . M und t . S g n , i i h Ei Z il l enz , G R e n sc e gen thu em l ichkeiten W a e 1 g h r n 873 .

B al d es Die B i ke fel d e M dar t . B irken fel d , r n r un , 1 895 . " D ch e G am m atik . W a n er A . e ts C a t . g . , u r ( h p I and XII . Ueber d en G e a c ei nz el ner W oer ter Lnxem br u h , bu rgi s che u nd hoch d eu tsche L x em 1 8 u burg, 80.

ocki Die Eifel e M da t . F em 1 H ng , in ihr r un r ru , 890. G er m a ni c Di a l ects . 63

c e l W . B eitr a z . i S h e , , ege G esch chte d er neuhochdeutschen G e

m eins r ache i n Koel . M a 8 p n rburg , 1 92 .

e i F . S r ichw oer ter u nd R Ho n g, . p edensarten in koel nis cher M u n

d a t. Kbl n 1 5 r , 89 B eh a h el O d esc i es i n his d i ’ g ., r b e tion of H ei nrich s von Vel deke “ , ” E - ei d e Hei l ronn 1 882 . 37 1 1 1 h n i l f n ( , . p ) t e pres e t d a ect o M aas tricht . - c m itz . W . Die M isc M u nd a t in S h , h r G el d u n , K em p en D u el ken , 1893 .

‘ da A . G am m a tik der A a h M Jor n , , r c ener u nd art. A ach en , 1891 .

on es P . a n J , . S p rre . S p aeh ne u n d Sp l itter von S prache

i n Ahr au . A r il g h we er , 1889 . Harti U eber d en kal i m r S r m n r E ach Vo s us d e au e u d a t . c tern . l gag h W l e e er K l enz in s ein e M u n da t. Ko l enz 18 0. g , J ob r r b , 7

B u es ch Th e e d en E if l i l t . M al m ed 1 888 . , U b r e d a ec y , T i ia a i hur ng n . S xon and Sil esia n d al ects : “ ’ ” e tel L . Die rac e T hii rin en s i n R e ei s eo a isches H r , , S p h g , g g gr ph “ ” - a d ch T u in . n a 1 613 656 . H n bu h r gen Je , 895 . p .

e tel L . T uri r a 1 . H r , , h nger S p achs chatz . W eim r , 895

e i I diotis m en a u t T bii ri . E i l e en 1893 . H rw g , s W es ngen s b ,

a s al te B Die M u r H a z i t . M it K arte . H u h r . nd a ten d es r geb e s a l 1 H l e, 884 . Die Sprachgren z e z wi schen M ittel u n d N ied er-d eu tch v on

H ed m u en n M r . l 1 . e d e bis S tas s fu rt . itt K a te Hal e, 883 D R u dol stadt er Voca l is m u s d er R u dol s ta ed ter M u nd art . 1 8é2

l L . n a 8 . e te Die r iz r M nd ar t . e 1 8 H r , , G e e u J , 7

B ehm e . B i b r r n b . R ich o . O , eitr . an e . Vogtl aend sc en W6 te b c e e

enbach , 1888 .

Jeéht A . W o r t r M l d r M nd a . Eis l 1 888 . , , e e bu ch der an s fe e u rt eben ,

Li es e e F . Die ti M d a t . G otti en 1 890. nb rg , , S eger un r ng ,

c l z e M di ik r r hu eri n is hen M n d ar t. N rd S hu , I ot on de n o dt g c u o

a s e 1874 . N achtrae e V on . Kl eem ann 1882 . h u n , g S ,

B andi s E . E f rte M d ar t . E r f t 1 892 . r , , r u r un ur ,

Fl e R . B eitr ae z u r E fo u n d er E is enache M d a t. x, , ge r rsch g r un r E isen ach . 1893 .

e tel L Di Sal z un r M u da t . M ein in en 1 888 H r , e ge n r g , .

l z r r u h . ena 1 893 . Sa u nge Woe ter b c J , ’ h . N m u s M nd a t . N a m r 1 893 . Sc opp e, K , au b rg u r u bu g ,

il r R . L i z i e M nd a t . Lei z i 188 1 H d eb and , , e p g r u r p g , . " ” M an f l d e M u n dar t in M ansfel d e B l l . Die s e r , r IV , - 18 . 1 14 . 90, p l a h Lehn oerter i n d er o e as s e hsi schen N eedon , R S vis c e w b r

i . k B il d er Lei z . Z eit n 1 891 N o . 13 . S p c e W ies enec , e . p u g ,

p . gfigl

t K . D M da t . Lei z i 1 88 1 . Al brech , , i e Leip z iger un r p g , L i z i 188 al in F rank s . G . . Der ober s a ech sis che Dial ekt . e p g , 5, s o - Pa l B au e B eitr . 581 s . u r n XIII , qq

E . Das Al te e B au er ndeu ts ch . A l ten r 1879 . Pas ch , . nburg r bu g ,

Die saechs . M u nda t. tol l er 1875 . G el be. r S b g , 64 G er ma ni c Di a l ects.

G o f r a E es . M it Kar ts . p e t, E ., Die M und rt des fs aechs . rzgebirg Leipz ig. 1878 .

M i l R . M d f d f. al l e 1 889 al s che , Die un art von Sei henners or H , , o - in P B . B eitr. XV. 1 sqq . “ ” S hu ri r i h M da t Gl iickau f Jhr . c g , R . , Di e Erggebi g sc e un r , in g 1 2 - 1 2 XII , 89 . p . 57 6 , p . 7 78 .

K ucka f hr . ohl er, Die Kochemsp r ache im E rz gebirge. in G l u J g X , - 1890, N o . 9. p . 92 101 . ” 1 - -27 55-56 62 G e r s r m d Jahr . 894 . No. 3 7, pp . 25 , , gggg , g VI ,

W ei l h M u da t. W e 1853 nho d , K ., S chl esisc e n r i n , .

R k D l l r schl es . M da t uec ert, H Entwurf e . sys t. arste ung de un r

i 1 . m M ittel al ter . Paderborn , 878 ” Di 1 2 51 1 B eitr . e deutschen M undarten IV . p . 63 ; VI . pp . 73 . , (

z . e. schl es . W6rterb . ) W ani d B iel itz l . G Z um Vokal is m us der schl esischen M un art. . l gsz

el d F nd c l esie . H . . . Das d eutsche S prachgebiet von M aehren u S h n

B r ii nn , 1 888 .

T om a nek . e E infl u s d e e hi h u f die de tsche , E , Ueber d n s s C c sc en a u

a 1891 . Umgangss prache von Trop p au u . Um gebung . Tropp u .

Knothe F . W r rbu ch d er l i M da in N d . , oe te s ch es sch en un rt or

o m e . l e 1888 . b h n Hohene b , S tuhr nn Da M l d e i u sc -K e , s itte eutsch n O stpreussen . De t h ron . l ggg “ Pette e u o i rs . J M undartl ich s a s N r dbohm en . in D e deutschen ” M d a 2 0 un rten II , 30, 34 : V , VI , 267, 6 4

N as l . 1 s . J Dis Laute der Tep l er M undart Prag, 863 .

M ann l . af T s i . , P. O , Die S prache der ehem al igen Herrsch t heu ng

Pil 1 . s en , 887

Nen r Al t e tsc e I diotism en dcr E erl aender . Wie . bggf , J d u h g n “ N oe K l l M a te 1 21 , undart der Stadt Igl au , in Die d . und r n V , , 2(;o 3ia

G ner s i h i e I io ik d r e i n e c , J Versuch e n s d t ons e Zipser Sprach . " " Z eits chr . von u nd fur Ungarn 1 803 . 1 804. W ol f J D a i m de r i h-Saec hs ischen , er Konson nt s us s Siebenbii g sc m it R u ecksicht au f die Lau tverhael tnisse verwandter M u n

d ar ten . M u ehl bacb , 1873 . - N r k a . Di l k Ueber die atur de Vo l e im s iebenb saechs . a e t . M 1 uehl bach . 875. - c ei e A Di M i s er M da in P B B r II 1 1 . S h n r, e ed a un rt . . eit . X , 3

R t J La n F e l e r e r k m Si n . o h . ut . orm n h de s tar en Verba i ebe b - Sas ch a Herm annstadt. 1872 . '

B at tl ed B eitra e z u r K nn tnis s der No ner l k s ac e. H r , eg e s Vo s pr h e

m a nns tadt. 1868 . “ K am e F . I iotis m e d es B is tri z er Dial kts i i r r , . d n e ; n D e d eutsch en ” M da te 192 30 1 24 61 un r n IV , ; V , , 72 , 3 , 3 ; VI , 99. “ c hei e A . Di M da t d er Sieb n u r r S n r . , e un r e b e ge Sachsen . i n For

s ch u n en z u r de ts c e es . l g u h n u Vo kskund e herr . v . ‘ Kir chh fl B eft 2 . 1 5 o . d IX , H Stuttgart, 89 .

Schu l l eru s A . N t . , och ein Wor ueber unsere M undart. Herm ann

stadt, 1894.

D z Ki G . ie Bi rit r M d a . L i z i 1 sch , . st e un rt e p g, 893 .

G er mani c Di a l ects .

To g ain a clear insigh t i nto this m atter w e n eed to turn a e to the firs t developm en t s t ages of the G erm an ic l angu g . I

d s D the will divide th ese into four prehi s toric perio . uring first w e find t he G erm ans s till m em b er s of the united and

- F m s e s hom ogeneou s Indo G erm anic n ation . ro thi pr hi toric p eriod origi n ate those word s which are com m on to both the

a s k and e ma and t ese d s e u s t a t the S n rit G r n , h wor prov to h Indo—G erm a nic l angu age had already reached the high es t s tage of e e m e the s o - al e i nflex ional a m a am at n d v lop nt , c l d or lg i g st a e ef e an s e a a of at s had take a e. For g , b or y p r tion n ion n pl c n ot onl y the m ajority of the roots of word s are i n a l l Indo

e m a a e i a u t a s the m a t of the G r nic l ngu ag s d entic l , b l o j ori y i nfiexion al endings a nd the m a nner in which root an d inflexion al e a t the ndings uni te i n one word is s im il a r. W e c nnot, wi h m l f e a scer ean s wh ic h are at pres en t a t the dis po s a o s cienc , — t a in i f t he Indo G erm anic l angu age experienced before thi s

m e the a a and te m a t a s t a e and a s i t i s for ti , r dic l r in ion l g , our

s e i mm a e a we w l e e s s a e purpo t ri l , il nter the s cond prehi toric t g

w t he — er of the G erman i c l a ngu age. In thi s e find Indo G m a nic people divid ed into two grou p s . T hose whi ch are known l a ter a s I ndi an s a nd Pers ian s rem aining in the old s eats while the m a in body in clud ing the la ter G erm an s ha ve

T he l n a e of he a te s tarted on their w a y to Europe. a gu g t l t r w a s e a N w e e f me nl rged in its vocabul ary . e word s w r or d rel ating to a high er s t a te o f a griculture showing th at the Europea n m em ber s of the Indo- G erm a nic fa mily ch anged t e m a fe for t at of a t e e t e e e h ir no dic li h gricul ur , whil h y w r s t l e as one e e the e s il unit d p opl . In third pr 1hi toric s tage the G erm an s a re s epara ted from t he m ain body o f the A a fa m t the Sl a v ol etti a ns s e as ry n ily , but wi h till unit d

one e l e. M a n ol d ts of d s e m e s p op y roo wor b co obscure, other chan e e m ea n n and i n a d t new he g th ir i g, di ion on es a ri s e. T c h ara ct er of word s which a re fou nd i n com m on only in the Sl a vonic a nd G erm a ni c l angu a ges s eem to ind ic a te th a t both people experi en ced togeth er a t im e of priv ation a nd bereave ~ m e t a nd of w a d e i t d est t e f n , n r ng hrough i ut , un riend ly coun

B u t the a a e s s al s a m e al tries . l ngu g how o nt and m ora l d evel op m en t of its peopl e t h a t helped to overcom e t hese tribu l a

s . T he t w o a t s m s a e e a t m e i tion n ion u t h v liv d long i un ted , for bes id es this uniform i ty in word s al s o s om e ch anges in the G er mani c Di a l ec ts . 67

i nfl exional sys tem are com mon only to the languages of these e p ople. A ch ange of the con s on antism of the Slave—Ger ma nic langu age which com mences during this period is of ea es m a e u s for ese gr t t i port nc to our pr nt obj ect in view. T he m — pri itive Indo Germanic l angu age s hows besides the tenues k t , p , and the media s . b. d a s , y , l o the medias as piratae 9h. bk. h a - d T he. Sl ve G erman s ch anged the aspir ated mediae into s m e me ae M b dh d i pl di , M to g. to , to . and perh aps began to kh h d evelop as pirated tenu es . 10 . th

- e ma bha hu - ba u Indo G r nic g , Ur G erm . y

maz hos maz az g , g

bhendh bindan (root) , Goth .

u mb az . dh h r erm . du mbaz du mbs , U G , Goth . , O ,

N . du mbr .

It i s s upposed t h at the Sl av ol etti ans and Germ ans formed one a a n tion bout 2000 B . C . Probably they were living at t h at ti m e n ear the Ca s pi a n S ea a nd entered thence the w ide

a s pl in north of the B l ack S ea . It m ay be th at a part of the

e e the a e l avol ttians m a e a p opl , l t r S e , re ined th ere, whil nother, the a e m s t t l t r Ger an , p roceed ed o the co u ntries around he

e Dnies r and D e e m a t e a low r t anub , where th y y have set l d bout 1 0 B 00 . C . For the firs t ti me the Germ an s form a separate n ation a n d thi s marks the b eginning of the fourth prehistoric period .

D r ffe e es uring it a uniform l angu age, f ee from d ialectic al di r nc , i s s ke e f its po n , which now b to s how a development o own fea es ind ependent of other l a ngu ages . T wo ch aracteristic tur which dis tingui s h the G erm a nic l a nguages from al l other Indo he ao G erm anic l anguages m ake their a ppear ance. O ne i s t “ ” “ ” t the a e s e . T he s ca lled Abl aut, the o h er L utv r chi bung fir t refers to the regul ar es tablis hed l a w of vowel cha nges in the ” — “ s a e ffe e e ses : bl ad e ao c alled s tarken verb , to indic t di r nt t n , ba nd eb d en the same a ea a s s : B i nd e. , g u n , pp ring l o in noun nd s fea e is f e k e a a es B a n d , B a . Thi tur ound in oth r indr d l ngu g a s i t is s t mm only in i s ol ated cases , bu t ill co on to both High and Low Germ an we canno t enter further upon this interes t ” " e s e has a ffe e the m e ing s ubj ect . T he Lautv r chi bung ct d ut

a I ts s e w as con s on a nts o f the G erm an l angu ge. fir t b ginning t e e the as a e m ad e in t he third prehi s oric p riod , wh n pir t d 68 Germa ni c Di al ects .

the m em e m ediae w ere ch anged to s imple m ediae, but ov nt continues and its con sequences are felt during the fourth e e e s e k s period . At the b eginning of the latter th r xi t d two ind of one e ese the a m e ae the e the mediae, r pr nting origin l di , oth r

n es e ese the f me as a e m e ae. I n ew on , r pr nting or rly pir t d di order to a void m is under standing a desire and necessity a rose s to distinguis h the two origin ally entirely different s ound . T he origin a l mediae previous ly represented the h a rd er s ound

f h a nd e a s a ffe e e t he m e ae o t e two, , to r t in thi origin l di r nc , di m a e received a firmer and ore energetic articul tion , until th y

e e s the 6 d k t. fin ally wer turned into t nu e , old , g, into ,

'

Sht . d va G tea l G . tw ez n . , oth . , L. two ' '

G r . o v v Lat . er m . km u k ee. y , g , G oth n

~ Lat . l a bi um a l i a . , Anglo s xon p p lip

Now a s imila r trouble aros e. T he old tenues need ed to be dis tinguis hed from the newly created tonnes and also

m he ea m fro t cr ted ediae. T he only course to purs ue w as to

a s a e em : k t e e a e h k th and pir t th , p , w r ch ng d into k , p , , with s thi alteration the first Lautvers chiebung w as completed . T he con s on antism herewi th es tabli sh ed is nearly the s ame as found in the G othic and Low G erm a n d i alects for which reason the firs t Lautverschiebung is c alled the G othic Low a a - G erm n L utvers chiebung . Gothic d evi ates from Ur G er manic cons onanti sm only through a s ubstitution of the as pir

at a h for Mr and of the fricati e for h a , y f p , while Low G erm n e a es h b e l it d kh h r pl c p y f or , by , by

- G e m . s eks t . s a i hs M o s e ks Indo r , G o h , d . H. G . e .

Sht. na kt . . n a ht M od . . n a ch , L G , H G . a

a d G . ol u s M od . F u ss . p , oth f , H G

u kaa n a u , haa , O chs e.

a cu Lat . eca G oth . a i hu M od . i ck p , p , j , . H . G V .

Lat. e a e a . c l r , G oth . hil n

Lat. G . tiu ha . duco, oth

s r iht rectu , a .

e em G . t aihu n. d c , oth

tenn is . E . t e. , 0 hynn

t a e L . G . a e a . on r , d nn r

t es . threi s . G d re. r , G oth , L .

e a . dico, t ih At the end of the fourth prehis toric period the s ame his G er m ani c Di a l ects . 69

torical events repeat themsel ves with the G erm an people that h a ppened at the end of t he firs t prehis toric period with the e - e of the G e m a fam . T he e m a p opl Indo r nic ily G r n s , u p to s m e a f me one a thi ti h ving or d n tion , now separate. N otwith

s a the s a sm of e t nding con on nti th ir langua ge, as prob ably

es ta s e a 450 B . ema e bli h d bout . C , r in d the s ame in al l di alects the ea m a s e until gr t igr tion occurr d , when High German e e e a new s t a e of m - nt r d g d evelop ent, cau sed by the ao called se cond or High G erm an Lautverschiebung . We m entioned thi s l a w a lready when we s tated the cha ra cteristic difference

between High and Low Germ an . I f w e comp are this second e Lautvers chi bung with the first, we find th at High German is d erived from Old H igh G erm an as s poken in the firs t three

h am s a e m a i s centuries , by t e s e proce s th t Low G r n derived - n a fro m the Indo G ermanic l angu age. We fi d h ere gain t he

m a t ennis the s the as irate and edia i s ch anged to , tenui to p ,

t he as pirata to the m edi a . Thi s l a w w as first discovered by J acob G rimm and i s ’ “ ” h am am th c alled after him , G rimm s Law . In t e word t t e the firs t of any three s uccessive letters indic ates the quality of - m s the se n the a e a the Indo G er anic con on ant, co d ch ng d qu lity of the s ame con s on a nt in Gothic and Low Germ an and the third the s ame s ound tran sformed into High G erman :

a s a a m e a t ( enui s ) ( pir t ) ( di ), m e a e s a ( s pirata ) ( di ) t( nui ) , a e s a s a a m ( edi ) t( nui ) ( pir t ),

k l r i G . tkr ei s . G . d r ei S t. , oth , H ; P a d a r bkr a tar . br otka r . G . br o dr . . r o Skt . , G oth , L , H G ,

B r u d er . M od . H . G .

add a few s e a u es . 1 A s W e n eed , however, to p ci l r l ( )

and e m a su bs titu ted and k mentioned a bove, G othic Low G r n f

Ick the se a e s e es affe for p k a nd , cond L utv r chi bung do not ct

n e f m s the as e e of a . a at al l , a d f only wh n it or l t l tt r word e Only m ute con s on ants a re affected by the Lautverschi bung, neither f nor k is a m ute con s on ant :

k a m . na ht . . n a ckt Sht . na t , G ot h , H G ;

e M od . . . f u en . a ncha m G . m . G . f Skt . p , oth fi f , H fi nf , H G

a es k i nl . f . m s 2) Initi al p ch ng to p (pf ) , p to Fro thi it n G e m a one a ppea rs th a t w e h ave t wo kind s of f i High r n , 70 G er ma ni c Di a l ects .

e the representing the G othic or Low G erm an f , the oth r Gothic or Low Germ an p .

s h Goth . fl sks, H. G . fi ;

s l a en L . G. s l ap en, H . G . ck f .

a e to z ial . t as . . . 3 ) Initial and fina l t i s ch ng d , to L G “ i e ma to a t a ter . . z a a u z a ns Wass er . , , W , H G , ( ) , H gh G r n a a a O l d a and has no aspirated t ; only G othic, Sc ndin vi n , S xon m i h as Englis h h ave i h preserved ; the modern High Ger an ,

T hat T k a t etc. i s as a e s a f or ins tance in , , , no pir t d con on nt, it s e a s of a e a a re re is a tennis, and was form erly a w ll l t g in p sented by s imple t.

4 a In k f a s t e an es kck ( ) Initi l , or ollowing hor vow l, ch g to kk otherwise to ck or . “ ” T he a s e e affe t k w e ( 5) L utver chi bung n do not ct , p , , h n i mmediately preceded by a nother cons ona nt especi ally by s o

- s k a n 8 76 s t s Indo Germ. s ick, t , p h ch a ge to , , p .

h s s ka t s ku r s kka i t s tka . . G . s a l tan S t . ( root ) p , p , , , O H p ,

a s ha i d an . s ta n. sp u rn n, Goth . , O H . G . nak am N a ckt Skt . t , H. G . ;

. s ks Lat. p i scis, Goth fl ;

s cke sp eci e, H G. p u ;

r ectu s, r eckt ;

c a cht. o to, Some ch ar acteri s tic feat ures of h ave been m e u m e ate th a ffe e es ntioned already, when I en r d e princip l di r nc m e between High and Low G erm an . I will add a few or . ma D between two vowels i s dropped in Low Ger n , but f is e ef e I r n ollowing a s hort vowel it doubl d b or , ,

ba e bei d e . l a i en . l ei ten L. G. i , H . G . , L. G , H . G , but

m od d r esnaeddn ka d d l n. L G . , , l thou gh the con s on antis m will alway s be the principa l

e and point of difference betw en High Low G erm an , the voc al

m as m anv s is ms of both s how al os t di crepancies . And here we find again that Low G erm a n a more arch aic stamp

a ma . T he e s i a i n th n High Ger n long vow l , . were ch anged in

s n a the ei Au tri a a d B av ari to diphthongs , a n, en towards the end of h e t r and t t e thirteenth c n u y , his ch ange conquered in the following two centuries n early al l the territory of H ighl and G er m a ni c Di a l ects . 71

and M a G e m a e G m idl nd r n , whil Low er an has to this day pres erved the old vow el s

si n se di n e m n. in , d in , i mein ;

a t ans H a s H ans d r a' a f l , , p dr u , u d e lau t ; ni u nen S r i a , p Spreu . T h e old diphthongs ei and a n ( cu ) are pronounced as é a nd 6 :

Dé l e H é t e S t n e S u Th il , H il , é St in, é t Schweiss , Fl é s k

e s O e A n e B om B au m Dr om Fl i ch , g g , , Trau m, l open a fen ko en ka fen H obi d e l u , p u , H aupt, v r kop en verka ufen . T he pronunci ation of a in mos t in s tances inclines toward s

a : B é l r a e d o d a n ok a Th l r, , n ch , while e receives a ton e color a m s t ke i : P r d fe l w e l o li ii éi P rd , a n leben ; o i s often d a rkened

u : U tter e Wa r t W B u ck B k enu mm en to Ott r, ort, oc , j ge nom m en eku mm en ek mm e B r n , j g o n , u Horn . Vice vers a it

an es 0 e f e r n : or ber n u rbern eet m ch g to wh n ollow d by or l en ,

Wor s t W s tor kel n tu rkel n wa ke P l ond r e k ur t, n n , Plund r, or i r n “ ” e z or z u der M d kurier n , . o . H . G . as i s represented by “ ” s e e oe o t s ues s . T he of Low G erm a n d evi ates m anifoldly from t h at o f the M od ern High Germ an : Da tive and Accus ative one e e a e am a am a e one f m with xc ption h v lg t d to or , Genitive

n m a u s is entirely w anti g, Low Ger n es ins tead the possess ive

n a a f m e s s : Unan oa s pronou , or plur l or , or pr po ition V dr i n ’ ha s set s Va e s H ans : S cku l tns l . K r i s ckoan P as tr s , Un t r ( p ) , ’ A n dr s kfis d oer d e d oer s i n t ha s . pl . ) e , , e e e se is e se the a e fa T he pr t rit t n littl u d , n arr tiv voring

m . e e he m the f uture : B . has co e to G , th r will buy hi self a

hou se. s ar e m u s e m Auxiliary sentence not uch d in Low G er an ,

e e a n e efe . principal sentences, conn ct d with ( und ) b ing pr rred e Fina l sentences ar e wa nting a ltogeth r. T he Low G erm an di a lects s how m uch greater uniformity M a ma th an t hos e of eith er Highl and or idl nd G er n . It has nev er been a s certa in ed t h at any ch aracteri s tic fea tures exis t r which m ight s erve as a criterion fo s ubdivis ion . Within the “ s t of h E th ao- a e a t e s h territory ea t e lbe, in e c ll d pl t d ut c em ” the s and e s s . es . end en e e Dia lect , fir t third p r on pl Pr in , xc pt

s e and Lu ebeck e e et is f u s a . in E as t Hol t in , wh r o nd in te d T he dialects w est of the E lbe h ave the termin al et except in 78 Germ a ni c Di a l ects .

- h same s . the s outh east where en is u sed in stead . In t e outh eas tern section the first and second person of the pronoun e t e f m m i le and show s for Dative and Accu s ativ Sing , h or m o d ek he em a a e s es of the d i k or le and , while t r ining di l ct w t Elbe h a ve for Dative the form m i and d i and for Accusative mi a nd d i or mi le and (ti le. A mong the living Low G erm an dia lects the Fris ia n per h aps s how s mo s t sim ilarity to the Engli s h l angu a ge. T he

n a nd W es of the - a s Fris ians at o e time lived South t Anglo S xon , and both tribes prob ably need to s peak nearly the s ame dialect . - Fri si an . Anglo Saxon . Engl is h . d ed e d a ed d eed

ki nd ei l d chi l d

a ge eage eye ha ved keaf od hea d na cht n i kt night

n ose n as u nose s l a s l ea n sl a y Fri si an i s s poken tod ay at leas t partially in t he s ame di strict wh ere it w as already a t home over two thou s a nd yea rs

T he e e e i n ea s a m a ago. p opl occupi d rly hi tory uch l rger e a e u n one s e t erritory th an now, but ncro ch d po id by the N ort h S ea and pressed from the South by the Fra nks and Sa xon s their country has been reduced to small disconnected n the s es dist ricts scattered alo g hor of the North Sea . T he ese e of the e a a ames e in - u m the s pr nc g ogr phic l n nd g in , Fri ian equivalent to the German - kei m and the S axon -ka m m ay be s a taken as evidence of Fri i n occup ation . T he l angu age is s till living in the country dis tricts of the present of

es a Satarl and e s s a m Wes t Fri l nd , in it xi t in uch more G et n and i n s t a e m aniz ed conditio , r ng ly differenti ated dialects it it s m a of the s l a s a hold s own in ny i nd long the co as t, a nd in ee s m and the country betw n Hu u Tond ern . Two circum es havs fav e the e e me of ma s tanc or d d v lop nt ny dia lects , the total ab sence of a class ical Fris i an literature and the s m a ll dis conn ected in which the langu age is s poken su r round ed a nd infringed on from al l sid es by varied influences su as Da s M e H e ma Low e m a D ch ni h , od rn igh G r n, G r n , utch , Y t h a s are e etc. e t e Frisi n not d for their tenacity to old

74 Ger ma ni c Di a l ects .

'

Schwa k r M da t . Ped e G rim me, n e u . G edichte in Sau erl i u de un r r 1 born , 878 .

hau H m m e 1885 . Jel l ing s . ., W esti ael is che G ram atik . Bre n , - K ann Le t u . Fl x i l d e ii n rischen M d art . s um , n e ons ehre r m ste un ' M im ster, 1 884. M d a t 1 Hol th aus en , F Die Soes ter un r . Leipz ig , 886. hfi m M fi nchg esang , R . , Sprachl . Eigent l icbkeiten des B ergischen d 1 1 Lan es . B arm en , 89 .

ha u ser . G al l ici sm en in ni ede he isc e M Leit e , J rr in h n undarten .

1 1 . 1 4 . T wo am s . B arm en , 89 u 89 ( p rogr )

r B i ra z u r itte . S rachkuu de N i cka t , R . , e t ege S n u p edersach

. a sc ei 1895 . sens Br un hw g,

ann d t e G am m atik B em 1 . H oopm , D Pl att eu sch r , r en , 893

ei z e l in M da tl iche N am e . uc s . Pade 1 H n r g , un r n u Spr h rborn , 883 . - R em ann . G . Niede de tsch w stfiilische é r os , J . r u e s W terbu ch .

O snabru eck , 1 890.

K K D Li sc e M da t. Lei z i 1 892. och , ie pp i h un r p g ,

H eibe Die La te d er M u nd art Berssum . al l 1 y , u von H e, 891 . D kal d er M a B ier h . H . O ., ie e d M ei e s e . Jens fiw Vo un rt von n r n ,

D mkohl er E . P e ei es nordostharz isch n I a . , rob n e diotikons . 1 B l ankenburg, 893 .

B a e t F . Die Sachsen r enz e im G e et der T a e. L i z ng r , . g bi r v e p ig , 8 ’ 1 93 . M it Karte. B achm s nn F Die l au d esku ndl iche Lite at M kl , r ur e enbu rgs .

i s row 1889 . B i bl io r a hisc e Z sam me t l . g p h u ns e l ung . p .

_ 2g5 gl ss

~ s idl o . m e ati isc e B il d n im N W os , R , I p r v h u gen iederdeu tchen .

a 9 . W ren , 1 8 0

este F et terbu ch der w estfiil ischen M da . Wo W un rt Leip z ig, l ssé — de de ts c wes tfi l W6rter . R unge. F ., Nie r u h . buch Buchstabe A .

O s nabru eck , 1890. Di Vekal e d er l i i M H ofi m ann E e sc e da t. a , pp h n un r H nnover , i 8

u ck e e ac e . G au enz z B ab e. H U b r Sp r h u gr e wisch en El be u .

sber 1886 . W es er . Ké nig g , a é rterbu ch der iede e Schs mb ch , G . , W n rdeutsch n M und art der

r m er G tti e G rn benha . 5 Ffi s tenthfi o ng n gen H annover. 18 8 . m a Des De ts c e im M d d Herr nn , A u h un e es Hannoveraners . 1 H annover. 879.

Damkohl r E . M da tl ic es au s Catte stedt. l 1 e , , un r h n He ms tedt, 884 . Z ur ha akte istik des N iede de tsc e al l C r r r u h n . H e, 1886. Di m al e F m e ffi r u m and u nser e prono in n or n au f d em nd .

Kar ts . Wol fenbii ttel 188 . . M it . 7

w R . Die Dial ectmischu n im M a d Loe e, , g g eburgischen G ebiet. 1 N orden , 889. tie e e die A enz u n der M da te im S r, U b r bgr g un r n Kurkreis e. Wit 1 2 tenberg, 86 . n il F orterbu ch d er al tmarki - e , J. . . W sch pl attdeutsch en M u n

l 18 9 . d art. S al z wede . 6 G er m a ni c Di a l ects . 75

M da t des D fes Fah e k in l stei . Jel l ingh au s , H . , un r or r n rug Ho n “ ” c 1 889 . 53 . In N ied s r d . Jahrbu h , p sqq

F e e ac e u nd Vol ksthii m l ichks iten im erz . A l l en , 0 . . . U b r Spr h H

i M it K a ts . Ko enh s en 1848 . Schl es w g . r p g , - t ift fu r d . d e tsc e ic t : . 35 61 Z ei schr u h en Unt rr h III . p ; VI , 2 442 1 4 1 X 189 , p . ; VI , 893 . pp . 563 , 843 ; VII , p p . 3 ; I , - 1895 . p . 149 150. ” Die de ts chen M d a ten : 1 18 193 4 1 145 1 83 289 u un r II , , ; V , , , , ;

49 20 351 4 . VI , , 7, , 77 ” Z eitschrift f e de tsche P il l ie : I — 33 u r u h o og III , V , VI, XIX , 9, 4zl — P l B a e B it a e 403 546 1 1 s . 1 au r un , e r g X , , ; I , q ; VII , sqq .

. r hi r hu n 1 0 Z ei tschrift ifi r vergl Sp ac o sc g II , 8 , 9 . ” N is d er deu tsch es K orres on den z bl att z 1 74 189 . p X , ; XIV , 0, p - — - - — 10 1 4 1 889 90 . 18 22 77 78 1 891 . 1 2 ; XIV , , pp , ; XV , , pp 8 3 , — - - — 44 48 76 77 1 892 . 1 1 12 55 57 I 1 89 , ; XVI , . p p , ; XVI , 3 , p p . 10- 13 35- 38 526 3—54- 56 60-66 80-82 84—85 1 94— , , , , , ; XVIII , 8 95 , — — — — — 10 2 28 29 42 43 44. pp . 8 9, 7, , 129- 168 G erm ania XXXV p . . ” tsc Jahrbu ch z 1 875 . 72 s . 1 N iederd eu hes , p qq ; XVIII , 892 , p . - 1 18 4 1 - 39 40-56—77 123- 131 8 1 04 XX , 9 , p p . , , . ” - if d i s fii r Vol ksku nd e z 1895 . 2 Z eits chr t es V ere n V , p p 302 3 5, - 424 448 .

i La t e sc ie u n . B e l i 1 881 . Dev antier , Fr ., Ueber d e u v r h b g r n , ii de k de der H erz o thii m er c l es i Jahrbuch f r die Lan s un g S h w g ,

346. Hol stein u nd Lauenburg . B . VII ,

15 401 3 71 . H err igs Archiv : IV , 7, ; XVII ,

r i chti che B e l i e in W or tern . R ed e sa te . G raup e . B De r r n r u n r n

1 8 . B erl in , 8 0

B eitrae e z u ei e n di tiko d es O de r ch es . Jaenicke , O N eue g n r I o n rb u H i nm s k n In M ittheil u u gen des Vereins fu r e ts u d e i n Frank - 15 17 eft . furt . H

hwé r ter . R de Pl a-ttdeu tsche Spric e sa te au s Knoo O . , u n r n 1 - I n Niederd . a c , 889 . 53 60. figh om m ern . J hrbu h XV , p

te m m er . P se 18 de tsches au s Hin rpo n o n , 90. O . Pl att Knoop , , u - m a tik der m ekl enbu rgisch pom m e sc e s t K . Gram vor r h n N ara , , Lei z i 1 876 ~ M und art . p g , E i i e eachtens e te W or tbedeu tu u gen im M ek W os s idl o R . , g b w r , n 8 W is m ar. 18 6 . l enbu rg er Pl att .

hes au s Hm ter om m ern . Pr o r 0 Pl attd e tsc p g . von Knoop , u 1890. R og asen . itfad e z u r p ettdeu tschen Sp ache m it esonde e Ch . Le n l r b r r t ow , , d er s u dw es tl . om m e sc e M B er ii cks icb tigu n g vorp r h n undart . 1868 A nkl am . k d r l A . A sd c e e e bings chen M da t. Dan z i Schemi onek , , u ru un r g,

1 881 . hes W 6r r i r H Pr eu ss isc te bu ch , 0st 11 . w est reu ssische Fm’ .hb e , p

' n . B e l i 1883 . 1885 Ifiov i nz ial l sm e r n , u . a h . Die d e tsc e c e im G r os sherz . P s B ernd . O , u h Spr h o en . B onn ,

n K N e e B eitrae e z u r de tsc e M d Sal l m an , u g u h n un art in Esthl and .

880. R evel , 1 76 G er m anic Di a l ects .

H u el di ik d r ac e L ef u nd Esthl and . p , A I ot on e deutschen Sp r h in i

R iga , 1795.

z . v . e ac e Li l a ds . G ut t it, W , W orterschatz d er deutsch n Spr h v n z1 a 1 f g , M l Di obe a hl F d aft Ein G edic t i n de tsc a m , J . , e rp sche reun sch , h u h

es thn her M da it l i n u 1 t1 cher E i l eit herrau s e . isc un rt, m g s s n ung g g

Th. Fal k . R e al 1885 von v , ” — Die de tsc e M d a te 133 135 283 . u h n un r n V , ,

. i r h : 379 s . 375 . Z eits chr . f d . W ss ens ch . d . Sp oc e I , , qq III , — h . rr 1893 . 2 11 2 13 . Z eits chrift ( r (1. d Unte . . VII , , p 52 1 2 22 N ied s rd . Korresp ondenz bl . . X, sqq . XIV , , , ; XV ,

1 891 , p . 2 3 . ” 5 1 Am Urquel l : N o . 4 . ” 150 G erm ania : IX , sqq . ” 1 H errigs Archiv : ss q . , 14 , 34 sqq Fris ia n di alects : — i Th Z u r G esc ic te d er e l isc friesichs n ac e. S ebs , . . h h ng h Sp r h

1 889 . Hal l e, ” is c es Ar c i s ine Z eitsc ift fu r f iesisc e G eschichteu Fri es h h v , hr r h .

he h rau s e . ou G Ehr ntrau t. O lde 18 Sprac e g g v H . . s nburg , 47

and 1854 .

Ch Die df iesisc e Am u m ache Ki 18 Johans on , nor r h ( r ) Spr s l , 62 .

s en B . Die ordf iesisc e ac ac d r M or B end , , n r h Spr he n h e inger M un

L ide 1860. d art. e n , r O stiries i h cr rbu h A 85 Stur enbu g, 0 . H sc es W te c . urich , 1 7. ork as t-Kool m ann Wé rterbuch d er o tiri l ten Do , s es schen Sprach e. 1878 84 N orden , .

bin J . e e die M nda G eetsi l in f H ob g , , U b r u rt von r e O st riesl and .

1879 . N ienburg ,

t L. Di de tsc Patron mik R u prech , , e u hen y a nachgewi esen an d er

ir is ch n M da t. Hil d e m 18 os t ies e un r s hei , 64. ” i d 0u tschen M da te 347 s 25 s . 1 1 D un r n IV , qq . ; III , qq V , 4 , g72 “ ‘ " if i 11 r de t c Al te t m k d 50 Zeitschr t u s he r u s un e : VIII, 3 sqq . " ” d nz bl at r : 54 s . 4 Kor resp oa e te III , qq XI , 3 sqq . — “ ” B itra e : 530 . Paul B raune, e eg XIII , sqq “ ” G erm anis : VIII 355 sqq . ” i : 48 1 79 136 2 9 H err igs Arch v II , ; IX , ; X , , 6 XII , 71 . Fr is isk S ro l asre C e a e 1 825 G e m a t a l R ash , p g op nh g n , ; r n r ns ation

B u s . F eib r 1834 b y s r u g, - M . K z e Las t u . Fl e i sl h d r Al H syne. , ur x on e re e tgerm anischen 18 Spr achstaem m e, 74 . Al ri i h é r R ichthoien , tf es sc es W terbuch . G6ttingen , 1840.

H diotico Fri sicu m . Leen ard 187 H attema , . , I n w en , 4 . G l ssa i m der f iesisc e a e ha O u tz en , o r u r h n Spr ch . Cep en gen , 1837 . a Lexicu m Frisicu m A to F r H al b ertm , J ( eeo ) (W est Frisian) . 18 T he Hagu e, 74 .

r u t F iesisc es A c i E ast F isi a . l 5 Ehr ent a , r h r h v ( r n ) O denburg, 18 4 . i s N ordi r i esische ac e M orin er M da t Le De Vr , Spr h ( g un r ) . yden , 6" ’ h G c ic t der friesisch u P ’ Siebs , T es h h e e Sprache, m aul s Grundriss . 52 Strassburg, 1899 . p . 11 sqq . Ger mani c Di a l ects . 77

l l h of Above a t e dialects Highland , M idland , and Low G s h M m erm a n s ta nd t e od ern G er an langu age. It is at least p a rtially s poken and a lm ost exclu s ivel y u sed for literary pur

se i a al l se s o f the G e m a m m po ction r n e pire, no atter wh at the e a a a e s m a v rn cul r di l ct y be. W e s aw t h at Low Germ an was as truly a G erm an dialect as G e m a and h es High r n , t e qu tion presents itself. why was not Low Germ an chosen as the literary idiom ? I f we look b ack to the firs t historical period of the G erm an la nguage we find th at both Low and High G erm an ar e us ed an o in writing, d th at the liter atu re f Low German compares ' of m i a f well with th at High G er an ; act, the l atter had no “ ” literary prod uction equal to that of the Heli and which w as written in Low Germa n . At the s ame time the Low Germa n es h l a nguage gained l arge territori in t e North , almos t entirely he s e e 1 1 00—1 crowding out the Fris ia n. In t cond p riod ( 500) s f me e Sl ave e e a e and o ther territorie , or rly occupi d by w r dd d, “ ” the flourishing comm erce of the H au s a carried the Low

fa Germ an l a nguage even to the r north . H ad Low German at the s am e time been equally s uccessful in literature it per ~ h aps wou ld h ave gained s uprem acy over High G erman or at

D a a e an e e lea s t d eveloped , a s the utch l ngu g did , ind pend nt s t at me literary idiom of its own . B u t j u t at h ti High G erma n s a e entered the firs t clas s ica l period . Pos t ros on al l s ides f f ks s minnes on s m a es and the numberles s bea uti ul ol ong , g , ro nc and epics written in High G erman had s uch an overpowering influence in Germ any th at the few posts of North G erm any preferred to write s imilarly in High Germ a n ins tea d of u s ing the ea a t a e s the their own dia lect. W hen two gr t n ion l pic , a ea e M e G e ma N ibelungen and G udrun , pp r d in iddl High r n and the l anguage received the high type of perfection through

A u e W f am . E s e a the works of H artm a nn v . d . , ol r v ch nb ch ,

W a t e . . V e e e and Gott fried von Stras sburg, l h r v d og lw id hun

w as ee e e e fi e for e m dred s of others , it ind d th n b tt r tt d b co ing the l angu age of the lea rned th an the s low unpolis hed Low G er t s me a es the s u em a of m ad dialect . From hi ti d t pr cy High

s the a a e se f e e G erma n . It wa not l ngu g it l which ntitl d High e the s a was e f m G erma n to i ts favored plac , but pirit th t giv n or in it. However became by no mean s the see 78 G er m a ni c Di a l ects .

a e as t abl is hed and everywhere acknowledged G erma n langu g , M m e e f m t re to d ay odern High Ger an is, nor did ntir uni or i y p G e m a fea es a ea vail . Highl and as well as M idl and r n tur pp r

e s and m a a a e a ffe e es es e s id by id e, ny loc l di l ctic l di r nc in th a gain ; nor i s M od ern High G erm an the direct continu ation of t the f e M iddle High G erm an . A gl ance a ollowing will prov “ ” : in din etc. W t the end of the t hi s Du bi s t m , ih bin , i h “ ” dyn as ty of the H oh en s ta ufen the clas sical period in litera

d s nd t i t e s t he e e of M e G er ture en , a wi h b gin d clin iddl High es on e a the m an . Di alectica l d evelop m ent now go v ry r pidly to

ea es en e e of te s s e s a nd ea e s . gr t t inconv i nc wri r , publi h r r d r T he m e a an d t e ts ea z the e es s of a i p ri l o h r cour , r li ing n c ity

l l me a a es tr to s a uniform l angu age in a gov ern nt l br nch , y e t b lis h a fixed ofll c i al l angu age through their ch anceries . So the litera ry idiom s of the diff erent ch a nceries arose a nd served as m s tand ard for a l l form s o f l a ngu age. A ong thes e the im perial “ ” Kau z l eis rache a al l e the m s m e t s t p n tur y h ld o t pro in n po i ion , a nd in a s m uch as its publ ic acts were addressed to read ers of h m e a l l di alects exis ting through t e e pir , it obviou s ly had a ls o

t i n s a m greates t interes calling in to exi tence general idio . T his w as the rea s on th at the lang u age of the imperial ch ancery t o s e the e n of a es I V 1 34 7 a G e m a dia h ugh , inc r ig Ch rl ( r n e a s s ke a B em a a a f ee s e f of al l l ct po n in Pr g, oh i , gr du lly r d it l

l s and a e f at s of dia lect a l pecu iari tie , dopt d e ure other G erma n

an a h di al ects . B es id es the l gu age s u sed in t e imperi al chan

' e t a of the a e of S axon had ake f em s m c ry, h t ch nc ry y t n or o t pro inence a nd w as exten s ively used and recogniz ed throughout

m a t e its l a central G er ny. Condi ion d through oc tion , it n atur a lly formed a compromis e betw een the Highl and and Lowland

a m tu a G erm a n di lects . Through u l concession s these two “ ” a z e s a e e am e m e and m e one a a e n K n l i pr ch n b c or or l ngu g , a d thi s s a m e l angu age w a s mad e popular by M artin L uther through his tra n sl ation of the B ible and hi s num erous other

the a a e wri tings . Concerning l ngu ge sel cted by him be ex

m se f as f s T s e e Dr . W u el k r presses hi l ollow ( i chr d n by c e , ch aps . “ 69 a nd a e ke e e sse s e e Ich h b in g wi , ond rlich , eigene m D s e s n e a e Sprache i eut ch n , o d rn br uch d er gem einen

e s e a e d a s m e e 0 ber= N id er l n D ut ch n Spr ch , ich b id , und e d er ,

e e moe en . e e a d er Sechs ischen Can z verst h n g Ich r d n ch t el ei , a f e a e Fu ersten e s D welcher n ch olg n ll und Ko nig in euts chland . G er m a ni c Di a l ects . 79

e R eichs fu er s ten F u er s teu ho f All , e e s chreiben n ach d er Sechsis

e s e e Fii r s ten Cantz e ch n und un r l ei . Dar u mb i sts a uch die eme s te e ts e a e g in d u ch Spr ch . Keis er M axim ili an und Chur f e s t Frid rich e z z u a s e n u r , H r og S ch n , h aben i m R oemis che R eich d ie deuts ch en Spra ch en a ls o in eine gewisse Spr ache ” ez e g og n . “ O f the cities in which the gemeine Deuts ch w as m os t a t

m e a 1 500 M e s e e z i a nd W e ho bout , r burg, L ip g , H lle a ittenb rg ese e b m d rv to e ention ed . I t a ppea rs th at the M od ern High G erm a n l angu age does not s ho w in i ts form ations a s m uch con s is tency a s eith er H igh

G e m a or Low r n . In i ts m ai n feat ures i t resembles the High G e m a a e s et f r n di l ct , y it would be a s eriou s m is t ake to id enti y

i t t a M s m wi h Highl nd or idland dia lects . In i t vocal is it

s s the Ba a a s ei a u eu l a e of the l how v ri n diphthong , , , in p c old ong

e s i a i n the t e di thon s i e n o a s ar e t a vow l , , ; Sou h rn p g , , con r ct

ed the M a m t s i f e s e i e b u t into idl nd onoph hong , o t n p lt , 17, the l a w s of the High G er m an L autvers chiebung are only p arti

a lly o bserved . Already M iddle H igh G erm a n had given up

the a te es k a nd a nd b ad s s t e the G e m a initi l nu , p , ub ti ut d Low r n

m e ae b an di , d g.

E d G . ki or en P a w n M .H . . ebor en B au m . M i e . p , , G g , ddl High G erm an had f urther repl aced the G othic as pira ted denta l

e s th the m e a d the s am e n a t as t nui by di , con s o n in Low I G er ma n .

T he B a v aria n orthogra phy of c h and lack in pl ace of k

wa s not ad opted by Luther . M od ern High G erm a n K r a nk

hr a n h k ei t B av . C c hei t. I f we a dd to this th a t h w a s not a ffect

ed the s e a e s i e and onl a s a e e by cond L utv r ch bung f y fin l l tt r, w e s ee th at the con s on a ntis m o f M od ern High G erma n s how s almos t as m any features in com m on with Low G erma n as with

G m a a fa e a s the a s of the Ger High er n , ct which xpl in why l w

” l r - m a i ih f r ic Lo m a d I dg . t ch anged in U G er n c to o wh h w G er n d th as i ated t cha ed t s eco d Lau tv ers chie s u bstitute , e p r ng hrough n E id e tl t i and Low G erm an eac b diffe ent bung to d . v n y bo h H gh r h y r h m m ethod s t e s a e l etter d . B u t as High G erm an had two diff erent ki ds of so has Low G e m a two diffe e t ki ds of d one differ ent n f r n r n n ,

i I d . dh h I d . t : kt . tr i a s G ot . thr i a L. G . repres ent ng g , t e other g S j , h j

G d rei I d . ka ldhar G ot . ha l de L. G ka l d . a lt . are, H . . ; g , h , , . H. G k 80 Ger m ani c Di al ects . man Lautverschiebung h ave not been dis covered until the hi s torical development of the G erm an l angu age w as s tudied in a s e th ci ntific way during e present century . During the fourteenth and fifteen th centuries M idland G e m nd as rm any had become the literary center of Ger any , a ’ s as and me w as bu t thi country w Luther s birthplace ho , it natura l th at his vocabula ry s hould m ainly be the sa me as w as u sed in M iddle G erm any . I ins ert a table s howing the va rious ch anges which the mute cons ona nts h ave s uffered from their firs t a ppearance in Indo

G ermanic till their transform ation in High and Low G erm an .

i I ndo Germ.

Ur Germ .

Gothic

i nt. kch Stri ct H . 0 . i nt. ch or hh

tni . z m adame. d i nt. 1 My) flm z u)

ch M od . H . G. d z , sz . ss , s t(th) n(a) k,

’ Luther s l angu age has by no m ea ns become at once the T h undis puted idiom of literary intercourse in G erm any. e

a es e the a e of the em e e e C tholic countri , th n l rg r portion pir , w r e m a the es peci ally s low to adopt i t. In North G r ny Low G erm an l angu age w as for s ome time afterwa rd s s poken in the

r ni t n B e a e s m and school oo , pulpi a d courtroom ; ibl , c t chi ’ hymn als were tra n sl ated from Luther s l a ngu age into the m e s loca l di alects . For a tim e three literary idio s wer triving ’ for s ema the s s the G e ma and e s upr cy, Swi , South r n , Luth r

n of the ee e the es language, but a t the e d sixt nth c ntury qu tion et s m e m ay be cons idered a s d ecid ed in favor of the l as t . Y o

8 2 G er m a ni c Di a l ects .

s e s a e em f indi p n bl to th or com mercia l a nd s oci al intercours e. They w ill feel al s o th a t their dialect s tand s belo w t he l an

a e of the ea e and e a n e m e gu g l rn d r fined , d con sequently will b co to s me e e a s am e o o xt nt h d of it . W e find th a t the country pe pl e of North G erm any in intercourse with strangers inv aria bly tr s eak M e G y to p od rn High erm a n , but in their f a m il v circle and t e ea es f e s t e s eak G e ma e wi h th ir n r t ri nd h y p Low r n , whil on the other h and even the bes t educated South G erm an will not exchange in convers ation his n ative dialect for M odern

G e m a as are t s m High r n , both qui e i il ar. This i s one reas on why foreigners who wis h to learn G erman vi sit rath er North

a h e m B ' th n Sout G r any . u t while in North G erm any w ell educ ated people and in general the better cl ass es s peak M odern High G erm a n t he idea is bu t n atural th at dialecta l s e h p ec only belong s to the lower cl a s ses . T he well -to -do farm er s end s his s on s and d a ughter s to the

a t e e a e s W city to t nd high r gr d chools . hen they return , th ey e k s p a nothing but M od ern High G erma n . T he poorer cla s ses s eek employment in the cities a nd one of their first aec om pl is hments is to be able to s peak conversantl v M odern High G erm a n . During the obligatory m ilitary service every G er man is at leas t for two s ucces s ive encouraged to s peak M nothing but odern High G erm an . R eading of al l kind can be done M e G e m a n th e only in od rn High r n , a d though e poor r clas s es m ay not be much vers ed in li tera ture they take or have

es t o e s a s a n m acc s n w p per d agaz in es . In s chool the child is obliged to u s e M od ern High G er m an exclu s ivel y and consequently lea rn s from youth to l ook

his a e as ec . e t s o f the B e s upon di l ct incorr t Subj c ibl , hi tory ,

e a s t a l l f m s of k e e a re l ea e g ogr phy , in hor or nowl dg rn d only in

h M d e G e ma l a a e a nd a l a if t e o rn High r n ngu g , chi d will r rely ever try t o tra n s l ate these new n am es int o hi s own di alect . T he id ea g ra du ally win s ground th at the dialect can only be

or m m es s s o f e e d a fe l e for al l u s ed f co on expr ion v ry y li , whi expres s ion s of culture and knowl edge only M od ern High G er h i m an i s a ppli able. Hence t e voc abula ry s extended in the

n a l e t he s e e of t he t e e m es a a o e l angu ge, whi p h r o h r b co gr du lly

m d i s ema k a e at e e M e m ore li ite . It r r bl to wh xt nt od rn High

G erm a n has a s s umed undis puted s uprem a cy in G ermany . M any otherwis e f airly well educated Germ an s now look u pon G er m ani c Di a l ec ts . 8 3 di alects o f any d escription only as M odern High G erm a n in a m f h corrupt for , while o ten t e revers e would be m ore appropri e ate. Thes people are not con s cious th at there w as a tim e when Low G erm a n w as the only la ngu age throughout North

G e m a s ke em e s k s es and r ny , po n by p ror , ing , princ , people k M a li e. odern High Germ an now i s the favored l angu age es es th b id which e di alects s truggle at unfa ir odd s . T he con st ant expos ure of the di alects to the m ost v arious infl uences has m ad e it es peci ally difficult to a s certa in the true

a a e of ea and f en ea a e es of s ee an ch r ct r ch , o t gr t v ri ti p ch c be found within the limit of a vill age conta ining only a few hun dred inh abitants ; often even between the l angu age of the

e and e mem s of h m f m old r young r ber t e s a e a ily . There is even in M od ern High G erm an no s ta nd ard of ex

es s a e h ta T he pr ion or pronunci tion , xcept perh aps on t e s ge. s a m e se e e i s e es se i ffe e t s e e e nt nc xpr d w th di r n word , wh n utt r d by a North or South G er m angor by a highly educated m an or a comm on l aborer living in the s am e district . Even wh en the s en tence i s written it often s ou nds differently wh en read by a e m a mem e s of ffe e as ses of North or South G r n , or by b r di r nt cl

] ff e e m ake em se es k m s s ociety . Dialects d i er nc s th lv nown in o t “ ” m a be ed a s E r r d e A er d e of these cases . Erd e y pronounc or , “ ” “ u n n s hoens te as choen ns t e s choenns chte. nun as n , c s or “ ” H e as eben. tl n en as G eben is pronounced in a nnov r g , in G 5t g

n G u es t hal i a a s cheben. T he es t e a e G e m a j ebe , in p b d uc t d r n d es pis es the convention a l and ultra form al l angu age of the

ks e the l a e s ees his a ef m erch ant and his cler , whil tt r in c r ully of e ess he so e learned word s an d sentences polit n , which lib r

he es t m ea s of s t n s n mse f as a lly m akes u se of, t b n di i gui hi g hi l s tanding a bove the pl ainly s peaking com m on working m an .

Notwiths ta nding al l this the l angu age of the mos t re

fined s ociety is quite s imi lar in al l s ection s of G erm any and

m a be s e e a s es a s e certain l a ws of pronunciat ion y con id r d t bli h d .

A foreigner s hould observe the followin g rules : initi al 8 is pro t and s a s E s ki n s h p ounced as English z ; initi al s p nglish a d p ; t se e w as E nglis h v as Englis h he two lett rs were origi

‘ u el l en an r ol l a n a lly id entical as the word s j d prove. Un c

the e m a s cl and en . H a nd el cented e i s dropped in t r in tion , b n nehmen ar i n b tten ha ben l i e e , e n e as f Lipp e , i , , pro ounc d 8 4 G er ma ni c Di a l ects .

e H a nd l Li n ha bn h a bm l i ebn l i ebm é m writt n , pp , or , or m , (with e e l ngth ned m ) . T he e a s e a vow l hould b pronounced as a brigh t a , as in

a ther the a k a f , d r pronunci tion , inclined to o, is con s idered as

a an a h D ordin ry d vulga r : Th l er and not T ol er or even ol r . T he vowel i s hou ld be distingui s h ed i n pronunciation from u e e f m oe I t is s e a s , ro . con id red s howing a la ck of educa

e s s c tion , wh n thi di tinction i s neglected . Just so i s hould be e as i l i ke s e a pronounc d in . Le s duc ted peopl e are liable to e i t an e s giv ound as is done in Low G erm an .

C R k t H . e p . uec er , , Die d utsche Schriftsp rache d er G egenwart u nd ” d ie Di al ekte in Deu ts c e ier t l hr hrif 1 64 . . h V e j a sc t, 8 , Vol VI ,

. 90 . III , p s qq ’

O sthofi S hr il t r h . l ksm B l i 188 , c s p ac e u Vo undart er n , 3 . ‘ “ Kau fim ann P. Dial ektf sc in A l it z ur de tsc e , . or hung n e ung u h n ” " La d e u ol k f h n r r u r n s . V s orsc u g he a s gegeben by A . Ki chofl .

. 3 . a 1 . p 83 sqq Stuttg rt , 889

Frank . i ei . i d r r r s . G , R e nh t u R e chtum e Sch rifts praohe geioe de t

d M d a . L z i 1 . urch d . un rten eip g . 890

a de Z u r er ied nh r der ss che n N d . S n rs , D. , V s ch e e t Au p ra i or u “ " S u edd eutschl a nd in Z eitsc ift {fi r de tsche ac e . , hr u S pr h , VII

1894 .

Vi or W . W is i t di A ss e im D tsc e z u l hren ? ct , , s e u prach eu h n e

M a 3 . rburg , 189

ms . B ahd r K . G r dl a e des e hochde tsche Lau ts ste v . e . , un g n n u u n y

Strassburg . 1890. t n d r h hde t c e Di hth n e Wrede, F Di e Ents ehu g e neu oc u s h n p o g

ar s Z hr . f r d . A l t r thu m sku nd 1895 m it K t . eitsc u t e e XXXIX , . - 1 p p . 257 30 .

e . e l n 8 u nd Z in d en de tsc e M da te ? Kru ger , K , W chse u h n un r n

. r h 18 1 . 2 . 84 Z eitschr . f d . dt . U nte rict t, V . 9 , p 79 sq 9 .

B ha h l . c ift ac e u nd M da te . Giesse 1 896. e g e , O , S hr sp r h un r n n ,

R ck H . G es chi c te d er eu chd e tsc e ch ifts rache. ue ert . , h n ho u h n S r p

Leipsz ig. 1875.

S i A . if s ac e u nd M da t . eil 1888 . oc n, , S chr t pr h un r H brunn , ‘ h r Denkm a l r d h P ie . P a . M u el l enhofi u . Sc e er , e e eutsc er oes u ros

Ei l eit . B e l i 1 873 . n ung r n ,

r . M u d t . hr ifts ra e B a e ns . B am e B renne , O , n ar en u Sc p ch y r b rg,

1890.

l H . a s i e m i t l o hd sc e ch ifts ache ? al l e Pau . , G b e e n t e h c eut h S r pr H ,

1 872 .

B ha hel O Z u r Fr a s eine m i ttel hochd c ifts ac e . e g , g r S hr pr h

B l 1 al Pau l . B a e B ei tr . 534. ase , 886 ; so in u r un , XVIII .

B . Ein Ka itel a u s der G amm a tik der de tsc e U r renner , O , p r u h n E l an e 1 s i l l kunden . r g n , 890 ( e p ec a y p . - R . Di L z e n e Kanz l eis a 1 25 1 in B rands tetter , , e u r r pr che . 0 600 “ ” hi ht ireu nd 1 892 L 22 . G esc c s , , X VII , 7

Pi h k Z u r F a e ac der E iste z ei m ittel hochd . ch ift sc e , r g n h x n ner S r

i d ahrh T c en 1892 . s p rache m au sgehen en XIII J . es h , Ger ma ni c Di al ects . 8 5

Di Enstehu n der ku r echsischen Ka z l r W uel cker , E . e g sa n eisp ache.

i s f e k s . G s ic . 349 . Z é itschr . d es Vere n u r ur e ch hte IX ,

. M a ti L t e u nd die Pietsch . P , r n u h r neuhochdeutsche Schrift

B l a 1883 . s prache. res u , B dac K Die E i i der neu hochd S rif r ur h . n gung . c tsp . Einl eitung . 1 Hal l e, 883 . Kl e F Die E tste se e c ifts ac 1 ug . n hung un r r S hr pr he. Jena . 886. L t e bis Lea in a 1 Von u h r s g . Str ssburg, 888 .

G essl er . Al b B eitr . z u r G eschichte d er Entwickel ung der neu

c d e tsc e c ifts ac e in B asel . B a l 1 ho h u h n S hr pr h se , 88 .

B dstette R . Die R ece ti der neu h chd hr ran r, p on o . Sc iftspr . in Stadt f u nd La dsc af L z e . G e hich fr u n 8 n h t u rn sc ts e d , 1 92

Fasci a O . Die ac e des a ta i z M a 1 2 . , Spr h Joh nn von S up t . rburg, 89 . “ B dac K . esc ic te der n uhochd . S h ur h . G h h e c riftspr . in For ” hu n n z u r d P i l ie 189 . s c ge eutschen h lo og , 4

' c l z Fr . G esc ic te der d e tsc e c ifts ac e 1n A S ho , , h h u h n S hr pr h ugsburg.

B l i 1895. er n , Z u r Au s rache d es c iftd t h Fel sberg, O . , p S hr eu sc en , m it besond .

ez a m e au i die C e Lau tver hael tni . ugn h oburg r sse Coburg,

B894 .

a d R . Z ur G esc ic te d er de ts che A s Hil debr n , , h h u n us prache ans ' “ ” n e t Z eit 1n Z eits chr . f e d de tsche i eu s er u r u n Unterr cht VII , - — 1 1 53 165 449 451 . A l s . 757 . a d 893 , p . , o VII , p sq n 786.

in e G . Z u r G eschic te d er A ss ac e i n Z eit hr He , , h u p r h sc . f . d . d . ” — 93 . 451 455. U nterr , VII , 18 . p M isch e von c ifts ac e M d R eiss , H . , ung n S hr p r h u . un art in R hein - i X . 2 4 hessen . G erm an a , X XVII , p 4 3 35. - s e h c de tsche a M ey er M arkau , W . , Un re o h u Spr che in ihrem Duis

n . D is 1893 . burger Al tagsgewa de u burg , T he Englis h l angu age w as not found in G reat B ritain at T he ea es e a e e s the d awn of history . rli t r li bl r cord mention a ta s and m e f m t he Celts as exclus ive inh bi nt , od rn or s of the Celtic bra nch of the Indo-G er m ani e langua ge s till s urvive in and the s a is ola ted pl aces in W Scotti h Highl nd s, in I re ho the u an land in l ocal ties scattered throug ut co ntry, d in the l

n e one e a e ,i a a e I s le of M a , whil C ltic di l ct Cornw ll di d out only within the l as t century . Prob ably the ea rly s peech of the n atives ga ve way cons id e ce of a h erabl y to the overpowering influ n L tin d uring t e long B a the R m a s 49—409 D occupation of South rit in by o n ( A . .) G ea B a and a l l indications are th a t r t rit in would have n ever had ee e e given up R ome if Rom e not b n oblig d to giv up G reat he R m a em e s ee a e se B rita in . H ad t o n p ror Honoriu b n bl to nd me s to his fa f B t s s e s uffi cient reinforce nt ith ul ri i h ubj cts a nd o effe ve e e the G e ma a e s s o en abled them t cti ly r p l r n inv d r , the a b l angu age of G reat Britain would prob bly e tod ay Romanic

- his a v e e themsel es as es t e or N eo Latin, but d ic to h lp y b th y u se of e cou ld did not turn aside the co r vents. 8 6 Ger mani c Di a l ects .

f the s a Sa xons , Fris ians and Frank s s et firs t oot on i l nd , s bs l f 4 0— 0 A es a s and but u equent y rom 5 55 ma inly ngl , S xon

Jutes followed and brought the is l and under their control . a m s ex T he Celtic popul ation was not only s ubdued , but l o t

e m T - a e s a ea e e e t r inated . he C eltic Latin l angu g di pp r d ntir ly, e s e e e a nd the G erma n s developed their own di al ct ind p nd ntly , but in s uch a way th at a certain uniformity preva iled and

a al l m a be a on a a e the —a n and th t y c lled e l ngu g , Anglo S xo ; this beca m e the found a tion of the Engli s h l angu age of l ater a nd tod ay .

h s s e of W and T e Jute settled in Ken t, t he I l ight, the s e a of am s e the a s the e a ks outh rn p rt H p hir , S xon on low r b n of Th ames R iver and in the rem a ining s outh ern p art of B W ritai n ; the occupied the res t. e h ave no s peci m ens of the l anguage of these tribes for nearly three centuries after their first a ppea ra nce in G rea t B ritain and we cannot tell to wh a t extent their dialects agreed with or differed from each other . A s the Angles s eem to h ave represented the

of e m a s B r ta and as m aj ority G r n in i in , in the di s trict occu

m a t s fi r pied by the liter ry cul ure fir t ou ished , the la ngu age of al l e e e ea t he a me s i n a ma s s r c iv d rly n Anglicu L tin nu cript , while

a a m for e ame En l l n the popul r n e it b c g sc a d l ater Englis h .

s a me a e e the W es a Thi n did not ch ng , wh n t S xon di alect of a m he te a m e th Alfred bec e t li r ry idio , nor wh n e North ern and

for m E M idla nd dialects contend ed s upre acy . nglish has been from firs t to l as t the genera l term for al l forms of ver nacu l ar langu age of Englis h as opposed to Latin and French a or any other langu ge. T he y ariou s s tages through which this Englis h langu age

s s e a s l M has p assed are generally di tingui h d O d , iddle and N ew or M od ern E nglis h ; or the s a me s tages differently

- a em - a and s th n am ed A nglo S xon , S i S xon Engli h , e firs t period 1 1 00 the se the a s t e reaching to , cond , tr n i ion p riod from Old M s 1 1 00—1 61 1 and th Englis h to odern Engli h , , e thir d period T h ee ea a e s of E s s ince. e thr l ding di l ct ngli h during thes e e M a and t s tages ar e the North rn, idl nd Sou hern Englis h . Old

- a w as a m e e s a Englis h or Anglo S xon ho og n ou l ngu age, h aving very few foreign elem ents and forming its s and m i ts es es d erivatives entirely fro own r ourc . Very few Celtic word s were received by the in vad ers into th eir l a nguage 8 7 Ger mani c Di a l ects . exce t p a few a ppellation s relating to the employment of field and se h e e a u e of the hou hold meni al s , showing t e s rvil ttit d few B ta s T he s a ri in left living a mong the newcomers . c nty u n mber of Latin word s found in old Anglo-S axon m ay h ave e en 1m or p ted f m m are the same s a ro G er any , a s they word th t m0 “ G e rmans had e n learned from the R oman s . T h Co ti nents l me O f — ho the Anglo Saxon s had not been far from the lower R e hin district which w as at that time a center of R m o a n u e cult r . Here for centuries G erm an s had enlis ted in the R m o an a m and r y, it is not impo s sible tha t even some of the G erman conquerors of B ritain had served in former years as R m a s e s o n oldi r . W the t ith in roduction of Chri s ti anity B ritain was opened e m e onc or to the L atin a a e l ngu g and R om an refinem ent . T he R m a a o n C tholics founded e s church s , s chool s and monasterie 0 11 B r iti Sh S O il a nd , a large series of La tin word s connected the new t with doc rine and its in s titution s w as t aken into the s a a e f m the se e Engli h l ngu g ro v nth to the tenth centuries .

In the ninth century t he Scandinavi a n expeditions the B s Is l a s mme to riti h nd co nced . In 855 settled N ordhu mbrien and s in , oon becam e m as ters of the wh ole coun

of the ames . e try north Th Subdu d by King Alfred , they s e e e a s a s h cur d qu l oci l right with t e older G erm an settlements . In view of the very close rel a tion s hip of the Scandinavian and Anglo—S axon langu ag es it is h ard to tell how far one l an a e e f m gu g borrow d ro the oth er . In the North , Scandinavi an e a f R influ nce w s o course the stronges t . M any unic i nscrip s a e ee f u f he tion h v b n o nd th ere, but in the twel th century t

Sca ndin avi a n l anguage began to die out in . T he Norsem en at th at ti m e a lrea dy u sed the Engli s h langu age for

s ne eas a a i e i s in cription s . O r on why Sc ndin v an influ nce not m ore noticea ble in the Engli s h l a ngu age is th at literatu re mos tly flouris hed in the s outh , where the Sca ndin avian el e ment w as leas t repres ented . m m e m a e was the O f uch or i port nc French influence. T he

a es t es a s e a a f e Norm n conqu t bli h d in Engl nd or ign court, a a s t a and a f e e and the e l a foreign ri ocr cy or ign cl rgy, Fr nch n i ts m an a e e am e the gu age, in Nor di l ct, b c only polite m edi u m se e the e a a E s h of intercour ; whil v rn cul r ngli h , t e now d es pis ed e of a s j e a e e am e m e and m e l angu ag ub ct r c , b c or or confined to 8 8 G e ma c Di a l ects r ni .

the cou ntr s s . w h fa s an a y di trict French as t e hion able l gu ge, and h a a e o f h D m Latin t e l ngu g t e learned . ocu ents were

t h a W e u wri ten in t e l tter . h n the ed c a ted generation th at

m s witnessed the arriva l of the Nor an had died out, Englis h w as ea te and se e tl d nei ther r d nor writ n , con qu n y wor s relating

r a nd e t e e e s f to science, a t high r cul ur w r oon orgotten . T he s phere of the E ngli s h la ngu age no longer went beyond every d a fe and ef e it l a a e m e a t n me y li , b or cou d g in b co fit i g dium for i e a e se E s had to e a e the l t r ry int rcour , ngli h r pl c los s in i ts vocabulary by s ubstituting word s from the French of the

e e asses of m a e art s e e l aw and privil g d cl , who lon ci nc , theol ogy had been for generation s the 1 nher itance. So we find

a r s e a me t a m s a c th t wo d r l ting to govern n , d ini tr tion, ons titu t es ar t s and te a t e are tion , court, ti l , , cience li r ur , mostly of

re a a te l e t s at o a F nch ch r c r, whi ho e rel ing t ordin ry life, n ature, a e and a at are e m an as are a s gricultur n vig ion G r , l o auxiliary

e s a t es s e s s me a s a n v rb , r icl , pronoun , pr po ition , nu r l d conj u nc m s M s s m t tion s . J a e A . H . urray thu u s up he ch anges from “ Old to M id dle Englis h : Los s o f a l arge p art of the n ative

a and a of e s to voc bul ary, doption Fr nch word s upply the blank ; not infrequent adoption of French word s as synonym s of exis ting n ative on es ; m oderni z ation o f the Englis h word s

v preserved , by owel change in a d efinite direction from back

n m o e a m o to front, a d fro open t clos , beco ing , o tending to ' ' 00 a to ca ea e e to ee cc and a a e of , , to , , to i , by dv nc con s on ants from g u ttur al to pal atal ; ob s curation of vowels af e the a e and es e a of a a o u cons t r cc nt, p ci lly fin l , , to 5; e e f s and ss of de s and e e a qu nt con u ion lo old in xion , th ir r pl ce m e e s s a a e s and es of s nt by pr po ition , uxili ry v rb , rul po ition ; abandonm ent of of rhym e ; and great d evelopment of a e s se e e of t e e e s a a r di l ct , in con qu nc h r b ing no t nd rd or ec ” o n En l g iz ed type of g i s h. French w a s the langu age of the R oy al Court for s evera l

s D a s centurie . Lord unb ar pologi z e , in a letter written 0 .

1 400 and a es s e to e I V for not s t e ddr d H nry , u ing he Fr nch

a a a e b u t the E s . R e a s of or L tin l ngu g , ngli h gul tion the Uni

e s t of O f f m the ea s 1 3 22- 2 1 3 29 an 1 3 40 v r i y x ord ro y r 5, d s tate that s tudents are requested to u se in th eir convers ations the Latin or French la ngu age exclu s i vely . In the year 1 3 62 was opened for the first time in the Englis h l an

90 G er mani c Di al ects .

T he di alect which has now b ecome the Engl is h l angu age se i s a es e u sed alike i n verbal and literary intercour , not d c nd ’ f e s ant of th a t used by cultured Engli s hmen of King Al r d f su r e s e. T at of e time, bu t a s is ter dia lect, th n ob cur h Al r d vives only in the neglected and ru stic s peech of W ilts hire and w as so the l a a e of Som ersets hire. Whil e French long ngu g the higher clas s es and Latin the vehicle of s ci entific inter

s e E s had te a t e of i ts w a e cour , ngli h no li r ur own by hich fix d and the a e s of the h l angu age could be es tablis hed , di l ct Nort , B u t M idla nd a nd South developed very rapidly . j ust a s in G ermany the M idland dia lect formed the n atura l connecting

s M a E s wa link between the two extrem e . idl nd ngli h s intel ligible to both the people of the North and the South even when the a e s of t ese e e e e ea t e di l ct h w r unint lligibl to ch o h r . N atur a lly this M idla nd dia lect pres ented itself as the m os t des ir a ble langu age for writers and s peakers who expected to be

e s th m a o En und r tood by e j ority f gli s h men . And every “ ” eas s e mak s a E r r on con pir d to e thi di lect nglis h pa excellence. w a s th E It e nglis h of London , wh ere the supreme l aw courts

e e the e e of a and m m e a fe w s w r , c nt r politic l co rci l li , it a the l a nguage in which the Wycl ifii te vers ions h ad given the Holy

u e to the e e th l a a e a Script r s p opl , e ngu g in which Ch u cer had r ais ed Englis h poetry to a height of excellence adm ired and

m a e em a es and f s i it t d by cont por ri ollower . ’ According to M or s bach s res ea rch es t his literary l an ' gu age as es tabli s hed by Ch a ucer and furth er d ev e10ped in the

' next centuries is on the whole t he s ame l angu age as us ed in 0 1 43 0 the documents of London from 1 3 8 to . T he s a m e a uthor i ty b elieves th a t the di a lect of London ha s b een origin ally South rn has a e a al to a M a e , but ch ng d gr du ly idl nd di alect . Accord ’ P u ttenham s es t m the es E ing to t i ony, b t ngli s h w as spoken in London and v icin itv in the s econd h a lf of the s ixteenth century .

A ch a ra cteris tic fea t ure in whic h t he Engli s h literary idiom differs from the M od ern G erm an l angu age i s th at the has ke a e et c orthogra phy not pt p c with phon i ch anges which h E has d e e es e al t e nglis h n ation un rgon p ci ly in the fi fteenth I n the G e m a e a a a e th century . r n lit r ry l ngu g e orthogr aphy w a s as a l e a e s o a s to a wa s m s aka i ru ch ng d l y un i t bly nd ica te the s e ese e b . I t is e se E s ound r pr nt d y it oth rwi in ngli h . T he G er mani c Di a l ebts . 9 1

a is m h a p ronunci tion odern , while t e is s till th t of h M t e iddle Ages . In fact there ha s never been wh a t m ight be called a reform atory rupture with the traditional s pelling in Englis h . T he orthogr aphy of the dialects furnis hes to s ome extent a criterion by which we m ay decid e where the li tera ry l angu age of E n be consid ngl and origin ated . Kent a d Su s sex c annot

e e as we e e d i s d a t d os e d u m b d or n etc. for t s r d , find h r , , , , , hi ,

a se m t etc. See E s E . D a e s . th t , tho , thu b , horn , ( lli , ngl i l ct ) a m e s e s e and D vou r c i ne vi s h Cornw ll , So r t hir evon s hire s how , , , “ c ox z ea z et z a i l or z i n s ea of f fi ve fis h s ea , , , g in t d our, , , , , ” s et s a l s . n D s e a e s l , i or , ing W es t Cornw all a d evon hir h v til

M e s 6 : d a i l m a i t ba i t cl a i n is e s a s tea of iddl Engli h , , , , a , y in d “ ea m ea eat c ea a s he te e i s e e s t l d l , t, b , l n , e se, ea ; t let r h r i l

a e a i s ee E a e l of he . e c ll d ( rl , Phi ology t Engl Tongu , s heen In W est Cornw all the old i s ound i s retained : to , “ ” cheem keen l cheel d for o s e m e. k . , y , t hin , chi indly, child E k e d eck 0 E . d i e m eece . E . m s heeve . . f In K nt . ) , ( O y ) , (O g ) “ . s heer O . E . s ci r i s sed s tea o f ke m e e s e ( ) u in d dy , ic , hiv , hir E a as Nor can M od ern Englis h h ave origin ated in N orth ngl nd , E a st Y k there long a w a s not d iph thonged . W e find in or

W and f t e n : d oon W . s e it s hire, N . Lincoln hir , h by ur h r orth , “ n coo r onoon ce no o r oond d oot for n cow , goo , , p , , , , dow , gown , ” new a s a m an s a n s ta n s for pronounce, , round doubt, l o g, g , g “ m s s s . a ong, ong , tong In Scotl a nd t he north ern dialect attained a dis tinct d evelopm ent and a high literary culture d uring the fifteenth ’ e the a a m e s e ee of and s ixteenth cent uries , but wh n p rli nt d cr

a to i the N ew estam e M a rch 1 9th, 1 542 , ccording wh ch T nt “ ” n l i s vu l ar e tou n w as e a ed w as to be tran s la ted into i g g g, r c ll , E s and the B ible was publis hed in Scotl a nd only in the ngli h nd he vers ion free from al l Scotti s h di alect a l influences a w n , ’ 23 1 579 a B e and a ccording to Pa rli ament s of Oct . , ibl

- - fam of t a Ps almbook had to be in every well to do ily Sco l nd , s a then the Northern di a lect could not long hold its own a

and the end of the s ee e u literary l angu a ge, with ixt nth c nt ry e s e M odern Engli s h wa s the only medium of literary int rcour e es as it be to in al l s ec tion s of Engla nd . Int r ting would f the s a a e treat of the different living di alects o Engli h l ngu g 9 2 a D Germ ni c i a l ects . w ant of s pace and time prevents u s from fol lowing t his s u b ect f j urther.

C . F l e W . C The E l i L N w k 18 2 . p ow r, ng sh anguage. e Yor , 7

Pa l i R . Die P l itik W l 1 i h l m E . G t a 876 u , , o e s des roberers o h , . F r eem ann E . A . Th e t of E n . , e History of the N or m an Conqu s g

t Vol . T he Eff ts o f the N m a C es t . O f d . igpg, V , ec or n onqu x or

F eem a E . A a . y of E n l a d . nd a . R is t r n , G rdiner , L , H or g n In

E c cl ed i a B rita i a . N Y r k 1880 . 263 s . n y op nn c ew o , , VIII , p qq

M a s G . P . i l La a e. Lon r h . . O rig n and His tory of the Eng ish ngu g

d on , 1862 .

Lect es th E l u a . Lo d 1862 . ur on e ng ish Lang ge n on , K c F ac e o h , C . H istoris che G ram matik der Engl isch en Spr h . W eim a 1863 . r , E a l e Th l x d 1 r , J e Phil ol ogy of the Eng ish Tongue. O for , 866. — M a A . m x an rch . F . . Co p arative G ramm ar of the Angl o S a on L

a e. N ew Y k 1 gu g or , 870.

M i s R . E l m m a . orr , , em entary Less ons in His torica l Engl ish G ra r L d 1 on on . 874 . wee il S t. H O n Dial ects and Prehis tor ic Form s of Engl ish . Ph o l o ical ci 1 g So ety , 877. W m d e ou th R . L . O n E ar l En l is P ciat . Lo yi , , y g h ronun ion n on , 874 .

W ri i t . h E l nd i n its S ubbs . , T e Cons titutional His tory of ng a O g n - and is t I I II . xf d 1 8 4 . H ory , O or , 7

G ei t R . i B i 1882 . n s , , Engl isch e Ver fa ss u ngs gesch ehte. erl n ,

P tz H ta s hic t d A dl a d B d . B erl i ru , . , S atenge c h e es ben n es . II , n ,

1 . D E t n l i taats . 887. p . 63 sqq is n s tehu g des eng sch en S i n En c ei e . di s r f f z . a e S h bn r , O , Ueber Her scha t der ran Spr ch g

l a d . A a 1 . n nn berg , 880

H in es ton F . O . R al and histor l ett r . L d 1860. g , , oy , e s on on ,

C ett Pa l iam tar Hi t 858 8 0 . orb . r en y s ory , VIII , . 6 sqq

B u dins k A . Di ni v r at Pa i u di F m d e an d er sel e y , , e U e sii r s nd e re n b n

im M ittel al te . B e l i 1876 . r r n ,

. LXX . A ste M onu m ents Academ ica . Lo do 868 . n y , n n , 1 I , p “ ’ Kl e F . K . G es c ichte d er e l is c a he in Pa l s ug , , h ng h en S pr c , u ” G d is s . tra ss 1 . 928 run r S burg . 898 , p s qq . L te i f h 18 6 y , H s tory o t e University of Oxford . London . 8 .

P ats h r A . Z r La l r . . u nd om an og c e , , u ut eh e der griech . l atein r

i sc L w o im A n 1 888 . hen ehn rte l te gl ischen . Strassburg , ’ ten B i k Cha ce s ac e u nd e s k ns . Lei z i 1 884 r n , u r Spr h V r u t p g , “ For i l io r a dial t e i E n l M en b b g phy on ec s s e Wr ght, g is ch e undart .

i n G u d is s d er erm a i P il l i . t a 18 1 . r n r g n schen h o og e S r ssburg , 9

B . H i . . 9 . I . t 5 , p 75 sqq Du tch i s the las t m emb er o f t he Low G erm an f amily of

a a es be s e e f u d -d a th l ngu g to con id r d , o n to y in e Kingdom of the Neth er la nd s and in t he north ern h alf o f the Kingdo m of

m as a h D t es of B elgiu , ls o in t e u ch coloni South A frica a nd n E T h is a a the W es t a d ast Indies . e Fr i n di lect was formerly Ger mani c Di a l ects . 9 8

h t e predominent form of s peech in al l section s along the sea h u the es G t ro ghout provinc of roeningen . and North a B Holl nd . u t the Fris ian s had neither s uperiority of culture nor poli tica l preponder ance enou gh to secure the ass imil ation of the a a t s djoining popul ion , who in the eas t spoke Low a a nd the s S xon , in outh Low Franki s h . On the other hand . the long intercou rs e with the R om an s had elevated the Franks a e a e of to high r pl n culture. and as to politica l ambition and

‘ a es s e es s e ggr iv n , no oth r G erma n t ribe or con federation could m a e t co p r wi h them . T he F ranki s h dialect was consid erably

e te e the t m e of a m a e a nd f x nd d in i Ch rle gn , i Latin had not

been used in al l officia l docum ents ema n ating from the author ‘

es e ha F iti , p r ps ranki s h m ight h ave become at th at time the

e e of al l e a e s . A s w v hicl lit r ry int rcour e it as , the dialects hel d

t s a a nd m t e at e a a heir w y ul ipli d r h r th n ttained uniformity. B u t Low Fra nkis h w as d es tined to g ain s upremacy over F s a n L ri i n a d o w S a xon . T he inh a bitants of Fl a nders and other pa rts of Sou th ern Netherl a nd had always continued in

l se e s e t e e e a e an h c o int rcour wi h th ir br thr n in Fr nc , d t e litera ry production s put forth in during and after the ' Crusades were diligently tran sl a ted into the Low Fra nkis h or

- t he ao a e D e s a e . a Zea a and e c ll d i t ch di l ct Holl nd , l nd Utr cht e e l e in t heir turn w r c os ly connected with Southern Netherla nd ,

a nd a s t h s a a a nd Low a k s s e Fri i n , S xon Fr n is h di alect till showed s ufficient s i m ila rity to be con s idered for al l practical

on a u a e the D ets e s of purposes e l ng g , i ch r prod uction French

k e f w a litera ry wor s r adily ound their y northwa rd s . T he tota l s ubj ugation o f the North ern provinces by the of Hol l and and the B i s hops of Utrech t m ad e Diets ch the langu age

m F s i a and a the m s of t he of the do in ant, ri n S xon idio con

s a a e of the a s a a n was quered r ace. Thi l ngu g ri tocr cy d clergy m ad e popul a r through the em inent literary works of s u ch m en a s J acob v a n M aerl a nt Jan van B es ud ele ( 1 280 “ J an d e W eert a nd M elis S toke ( hi s R hym ed ” Chronicle w as com po sed in and has s ince been the pred om inent di alect for litera ry a nd verb al intercourse through ou t the Netherl a nd s . T he cons on atis m of the Dutch l angu age is s imilar to that

m a a a es s h o f o ther Low G er n l ngu g . In tead of the Englis h t

as M e and e m a cl s s e . we find, in od rn High Low G r n , ub titut d — ’ 94 G er nm rmr w m .

In its vocalism Du tch s hows a complete rela tion s hip to Low

a k s a n ame . A s the Fr n i h , S xon a d Frisian in the order n d to “ dial ects of Dutch I refer to the excellent work of I an T e ” W ke es e r l a n s chen a e. T he in l , G chicht de N ieder e di Spr ch su bj ect has been treated by hi m in s uch an exten sive and m as terly way t h a t a further con s id era tion in this s hort

eat s m s a e th : t a al l tr i e see s s uperfluou s . I m ight t t , ugh , h t dialects belong to one or t he other of the three wr ll defined

s k and F s a . T he rs is s ke group , Low Fran is h , Saxon ri i n fi t po n f Z e e in G uelderla nd excepting the country o utph n , Utr cht, and t Z ea a t B a a and Lim North Sou h Holl and , l nd , Nor h r b nt h en D e e e s se and burg, t e S axon di alect in G roning , r nth , Ov ry l

Z e h . utph n , t e Fris ia n in Fries land

i k l r i as O p . W n e . J G eschichte der niede l aend schen Sprache. Str s 1898 burg , .

F a k M itt l nied rl aendis che G am m a i . L i sz i 1883 . r n , J e e r t k e p g, l t He en . W . L. von . M iddel nederl andsche S praakku ns t. Gron 188 ingen , 6. ’ B eha h l i i l d k E il 1882 . g e . O . , He nr ch s von Ve e e neide. He bronn ,

V rd a l d r ds W n . a l i . e m , J M idde ne e l an ch oorde boek G r ve ngen i 8 2 -M l i d In cours e of p ubl ication s nce 1 8 . A has been pub she .

Stal l aert K . F G l ssa i m van v erou d r d R e hts term en . , o r u e e c In 8 cours e of publ ication since 18 6. P i et t, L. D B ibl iographic d er m iddel l . Taal en Letterkunde. L 8 eiden . 188 .

G . d T h a f D h r bl n 1475 Schueren , van er , eu t onis t o uy tsc l ende . C ,

1 77. N ew e i s ed editi o b . Verd am Leid e 1886. 4 r v n y J , n ,

F a k Et l i N T l . a el i r n , J ym o og sch Woor denbos k der ed . aa Gr v n

gen , 1892 .

ies M . d W i k l A . . k d r N ede Vr , e, n e . L. to etc , Woordenboe e r a 1 A and l ndecho Taal . I n cours e of p ubl ica tion since 864 .

G are m l B and l i l . co p ete. , O H on y p art al y A brief review of our treatis e s hows th at the E astern divis ion of G erm anic langu ages is div id ed into two principa l

s the a a a a nd the G the a e an group , Sc ndin vi n othic, l tt r not y m a e h f m e ore living langu ag , t e or r tod ay living in four dre t a a es e a we a inct l ngu g , Ic l ndic, Nor gi n , Swedis h and Da nish ; a the W es G e m a s i s th t t r nic divi ion divided into two groups , the and e m a n the f me High Low G r , or r living tod ay a s the ao “ ” a l e De t s c e a e e a s e c l d u h Spr ch , b ing l o r presented in variou s f m s the m a a e s of and M a e m or by ny di l ct South idl nd G r a ny , the l a tter represented by the Dutch a nd E nglis h l a ngu a ges a nd the m a ny dialects as s poken i n the country dis tricts of

North G ermany .