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“VALENCIAN LANGUAGE, METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATION” by Professor J ACCIO BIBLIOGRAFICA VALENCIANA “VALENCIAN LANGUAGE, METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATION” by Professor J. ÁNGELES CASTELLO Original title: ”Fundamentacio Metodologica de la Llengua Valenciana”. Author: J. Ángeles Castello Editor: Accio Bibliografica Valenciana. Translation: Mª. Olga Sierra Díaz Professor J. Ángeles Castello was born in Valencia (Spain) in 1930 and doctorate on the University of Valencia with extraordinary prize the year 1960. Dedicated from always to the teaching, he practised in a beginning in the same University of Valencia, passing afterwards to the USA, in the Alverno College (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) and in the University of the State of Florida, where maxim reached academic category, being Chief of the Division of Hispanic Studies. In 1977 he reincorporates to the teaching in Valencia where he has practised as Professor of Language and Spanish Literature. He has published some books, for example the "Spanish Literature" (McGraw-Hill, 1970). He has collaborated with numerous articles and works of research in scientific magazines of his speciality, both of Europe and America. For a few years he devotes himself to the study of the Valencian language. “Valencian language, Methodological foundation” INDEX I. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES A. POINTS OF THE ARGUMENT B. LINGUISTIC CONTIGUITY C. RELIABLE CONTRASTS: CASES OF CONTIGUITY D. IMPRECISION OF THE CONCEPT OF DIALECT. THE CATALAN AND THE VALENCIAN CASE. E. LANGUAGE F. OTHER CRITERIA G. LINGUISTIC AWARENESS II. CONNECTED ISSUES OF DIACHRONIC AND EXTERNAL LINGUISTICS A. VALENCIAN ROMANCE EXISTING BEFORE JAMES´ I ARRIVAL B. LINGUISTIC EVOLUTION C. EXTINCTION OF THE LANGUAGES D. LANGUAGE AND CULTURE III. CODA I. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES A. POINTS OF THE ARGUMENT A problem which has not been appropriately set cannot be solved, mainly when it is related to intimate feelings, since it cannot be dealt with in an objective way. Such is the case of the Valencian language. To relate it with the Catalan in an absolute and antithetical way, as it often happens, means to move away from the topic we are interested in. The answer to the categorical and emphatic assessment that the Valencian language is the same as the Catalan is that it is not indeed. In order to get a clearer view of the matter, a less simplistic reflection should be done, taking into consideration a methodology that leads to objective conclusions and deprives the topic of any other questions that are not the strictly linguistic one. Consequently, the following considerations will focus mainly on what Saussure has called “internal linguistics”, leaving aside the so-called “external aspects” such as history, the relationship between language and culture and other aspects whose subjective nature complicate the methodological understanding of the concept that we are trying to define, the Valencian language. This does not mean that we will ignore such external aspects since they could be helpful to clarify some points of the matter at issue, but we will keep them aside and retake them after defining the most essential points of our argument. And it is necessary to point out the distinction between the diachronic and synchronic dimensions of the language, since its omission is in a large part the cause of the confusion concerning the relation between the two languages. As the very terms express, diachronic linguistics studies the historical evolution of languages while synchronic linguistics studies the language at any moment of that evolution. And it is this latter what we are taking into consideration in the topic under discussion. The former, the diachronic dimension of the language, just distorts the statements which are valid nowadays and it just proves, when it does, the coincidence of specific aspects of both languages at some point in their past. It is generally accepted that the distinction between the two linguistic tendencies is established and accepted after Ferdinand de Saussure´s book was first published in 1915. From then onwards, the bibliography is scarce, as much for the methodological basis as for its applications. It has, however, been systematically ignored when laying the scientifical basis about the dialectalism of the Valencian language, which is still methodologically undefined. Thus, the confusion emerging from the controversy is just the result of the study of the relations between the Valencian and the Catalan languages from an exclusively diachronic perspective. It is, then, clear: the problem to solve is that of synchronic and “internal linguistics”. Just later, diachronic and “external” aspects of the matter will be, or not, taken into consideration. It is worth noticing that the reason for good part of the acrimony that sometimes results from the controversy is due to the vagueness attributed to the concept of “science”. The criterion of authority is not scientific. Furthermore, it is absolutely antiscientific, and the most brilliant pages of the History of Science show, almost systematically, that this, in its advances, has to put aside the dogmatic resistance of the established criteria. Professional linguists´ opinions -some of them worth respecting, others not so much- are not science, just opinions. They will be science when they have a methodological basis, but not before. Before that happens, they will be a hypothesis. This hypothesis will be operative when it becomes a matter of methodologically valid treatment. If a hypothesis, without the adequate methodological basis, is accepted as the unquestionable and changeless truth, then, we are speaking about a dogma, that is, antiscience. Because the sun has never spinned around the earth. And this is the case, and no other, of the supposed “dialectalism” of the Valencian language. It has not been proved yet, it has just been assumed. B. LINGUISTIC CONTIGUITY The duty of determining the original relationship between the Catalan and the Valencian languages would correspond to the diachronic linguistics or philology. Here, as we are following the synchronic line, it is not taken into account, firstly, because it is unnecessary, secondly because it would distort the methodological principle on which we focus our interest. Starting from a position of linguistic homogeneity, there are the following possibilities, all of them widely documented in the linguistic world map: 1. Division of a community, whose language, because of its historical circumstances and its own nature, does not develop substantially, it does not reach a literary standard, it does not establish distinctive features with a full entity and, in consequence, it does not acquire an awareness of differentiated individuality: a dialect originates. 2. Opposite to the previous case is when a well-defined individualization develops, a new literature comes into existence, people becomes aware of a language of their own, which even becomes the official language of a political entity. Then, we can speak about a linguistic variety. 3. A step beyond, given the same defining elements, we can speak, simply, about language. The concept of linguistic variety has been coined by the American linguists and accepted by others, mainly the Brasilian. It is certain that the American English comes directly from the British English. However, the cultivated American speaker will smile ironically if he is said to be speaking a dialect. He knows that the language he speaks fulfils all the conditions that a language must possess and as such he considers it, without breaking its historical links. Thus, it is a language to all practical effects. And it is the language which is taught at school and not the British one. The differences between these two variants of the English language are fewer than the differences that exist between the Valencian and the Catalan languages. The phonological differences are remarkable, and the lexical ones are not so numerous as it is thought; however, when it comes to choose between two words for the same concept, the American English speakers will always make use of their own: they will say, for instance, elevator, never lift, which is used in other sense; as for the orthography, they will keep its differentiating spelling and they will write color and not colour and they will use a wide range of idioms of their own and not the English ones; as regards the syntax the differences are minimal. The case of the Brasilian language is very similar. Just in a few cultivated circles people will say that they speak “portugués do Brasil”, never just “portugués”, but the generalized term which will doubtlessly prevail is “brasileiro”. How could it be otherwise if people living there is aware of their own linguistic identity?. As can be seen, we are dealing with a language, not a dialect. The last step in the evolution is the change of the name of the language, as in the case of the Portuguese in relation to the Galician language and the Icelandic in relation to the Norwegian. In all these cases the original relationship between the languages is admitted, but the final relations diverge substantially on the basis of the intensity of differentiation of one or the two systems during their evolution. Certainly, such differentiation should be established at the end of the process, and that is why a synchronic approach should be applied. Never a diachronic one. Then, the linguistic variety comes from a developed language at a late stage of its evolution, while the languages of a family have a common ancestral origin, from which they develop in a parallel way. In both cases the final result can be a differentiated linguistic system. That is the reason for the interest of clearing out in which of these approaches, how and to what extent, the relationship Catalan-Valencian fits. But this is not what matters now. The phenomenon of coincidence, sometimes intense, of those languages with the same origin is denominated linguistic contiguity. And that is what explains that close languages are up to a certain extent (just up to a certain extent) mutually understandable, such is the case of the Croatian and the Serbian, the Czech and the Slovakian or the Catalan and the Valencian.
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