Annals of and Literature Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, PP 9-18 ISSN 2637-5869

The Origins of Catalan, the Valencian: of Catalan or Autonomous Language?

Ana Montaner Bueno, Andrés Montaner Bueno* Department of Language and Literature Didactics, University of , *Corresponding Author: Andrés Montaner Bueno, Department of Language and Literature Didactics, University of Murcia, Spain, Email: andres.montaner@um.

ABSTRACT When we talk about the spread of western Catalan beyond the Principality, we consider Valencian as a dialect of Catalan. This question has been one of the most discussed and controversial has aroused. That is why, we will treat the issue individually. To solve this dilemma, the first that we will consider is to define the concepts of language and dialect, to later consider the origins of the Valencian and from them to see if they really coincide with the characteristics that we have defined for the terms language and dialect. Keywords: Catalan; Valencian; language; dialect; autonomy; (in) dependence.

THE CATALAN AND ITS is divided between the eastern and western dialects. We understand by Catalan the language that for centuries has been spoken as in the Following its expansion to the south, beyond the Principality of (Lérida, , Principality, the western Catalan extends to the Tarragona and Gerona), in the valleys of non-Castilian part of the provinces of Castellón, , in the French department of the and , while the eastern branch Eastern , in the eastern part of , in the . Following this criterion, in most of Valencia, in the Balearic Islands and we can reach a first dialectal division, which in the city of Alguer located on the northwest includes the following regions coast of the island of . ▪ Valles de Andorra In the pre-literary Catalan period the speech of ▪ Zona oriental de Aragón all these territories is of a relative uniformity CATALÁN OCCIDENTAL ▪ Parte occidental de Tarragona ▪ Valencia compared to the that other romances ▪ Lérida present. Only differences were expressed in the spoken language but not in the written one. The criterion commonly used to differentiate the dialectal varieties from Catalan is the geographical one, which distinguishes between Eastern Catalan and Western Catalan. The dividing line starts from the Pyrenees The fundamental criterion for this division, leaving the valleys of Andorra to the left and the taking into account the phonetic and French and the to the right morphological differences, is the treatment of and descending towards the south in a trajectory the a and atonic, which in the western area is clearly determined by the course of the clearly distinguished, while in the eastern one it River and its tributaries. is pronounced with a single neutral sound. This dialectal division coincides in part with the Another criterion that confirms and qualifies administrative limits of the provinces, with this dialectal division is the treatment of the Eastern Catalan being the language of Gerona long unstressed , which the Oriental and Barcelona and the western one of almost the modifies its timbre (generally E), while in the whole province of . Only the province of western it maintains it.

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This linguistic uniformity throughout the Middle Alguerés Dialect Ages and in an increasingly extended area is due It is characterized by having no ending in I, by to the imposition of the chancellery and literary the exchange of / , the step > R in intervoic language. When the chancellery or position and the step E> A in proton and final administrative unity broke in the sixteenth and position. seventeenth centuries, modern began to emerge, which are the following: West Catalan ▪ Barcelonés Leridano Dialect ▪ Salat Central ▪ Campo de Tarrgona The ending ME is "or", sometimes reinforced in ▪ Xipella OK; its articulatory tension is superior to other CATALÁN ▪ Mallorquín ORIENTAL Balear ▪ Menorquín dialects. ▪Ibicenco Rosellonés Capcirés Pallarés: It offers E as a result of A + YOD; Alguerés offers the as a solution for Latin groups whose solution is usually different.

▪ Andorrano Ribagorzano: Palatalizes the L in the groups ▪ Pallarés PL / FL / CL and deadens some sounds, , Z, Leridano ▪ Ribagorzano ▪ Tortosino and Z becomes , S, S, like Apitxat. CATALÁN ▪ Castellonense OCCIDENTAL Valenciano ▪ Apitxat Tortesino: Of transition, and therefore, of ▪ Alicantino difficult classification ▪ Alicantino- Mallorquín Language or Dialect In order to differentiate these modern Catalan Possibly having the ability to define these dialects, we can adopt, as a differentiating basis, concepts and be able to distinguish and clearly a very extended feature: the ending of the ME of establish the differences between language and the indicative present. dialect is one of the great challenges that any linguist can pose, since this way you could Eastern Catalan know if we are facing a language or a dialect. Central Dialect The first difficulty that arises, according to The word I do KNTU, sometimes reinforced in Romaine, is that "these issues are not strictly UT / UK linguistic but social". In this same sense Barcelonés: Deafness of some sounds, lack of and Wilson say "the distinction between yeismo, etc. language and dialect is a matter of degree, and is Salat: coastal strip from the Ter to Blanes: use usually determined by non-linguistic factors; for of the derivative of IPSE example, political or cultural." Tarraconense: Maintains the labiodental From a strictly linguistic perspective, there have of the been different definitions of language, among them we highlight the one made by André Xipella: From Seu de Urgel to Conca do Martinet in 1960 "A language is an instrument Barberá: confused or, u stoned in u; of communication through which the human distinguishes A / E final unstressed, experience is analyzed differently in each pronouncing E as I; the plurals "is" are community, in units equipped with semantic pronounced "is". content and a phonic expression, the . Balear Dialect This phonic expression is articulated in different units, the phonemes, in a given number in each The ending of ME does not exist language, taking into account that their nature Rosellonés Dialect and mutual internal relations differ from one language to another ". As a definition of The person I do "I sang", sometimes reinforced language in terms of system or code of in IK. The extreme opening has disappeared and communication, it serves perfectly, since it only knows the middle opening; convert the refers to the double articulation of language and to U the arbitrary nature of . Capcirés: the U tonic passes to OE. It is an Another definition of language was the one archaic of Roussillon. made by Hammel and Gardy in 1994 when

10 Annals of Language and Literature V3 ● I2 ● 2019 The Origins of Catalan, the Valencian: Dialect of Catalan or Autonomous Language? affirming "A language is a complex thing, during the time of Arab domination, in the which is not limited to a definition or even a Valencian lands, all traces of the Latin language series of simple definitions. If we also take into disappeared, so that the inhabitants of this land account that no language is truly separate from ended up speaking the of the new the others, except special cases very strange at conquerors. Later, the repobladores came from present: all languages, in time and space, Catalonia taking place the substitution of the therefore in society, never end to meet, expand Arab by the Catalan (Theory known as the and, sometimes, face. The relationships superestrato). established between them are never definitively However, in the words of Gómez Bayarri "in established, despite the fact that this mobility general, the small number of new settlers, their obeys rules that can be transformed ". ethnic, cultural and linguistic variety, the Proposals of this type can be found in a large capitulations, their relative tolerance, number of linguists, some more complete than miscegenation, etc. they make impossible a total others, possibly some more accurate than others, absorption and assimilation of Arabic cultural but all of them agreeing that, from a purely linguistic, unique and generalized that linguistic perspective, it is impossible to completely annihilates the autochthonous one ". determine a priori if we do not find in front of a These same statements can be applied to the language. subsequent invasion of Christians in the As regards the concept of dialect, we can quote thirteenth century "Mozarabic was still spoken what Roca Pons (1978) cites in this regard "the around 1230 in the conquest of Valencia, concept of dialect in a pejorative sense is very despite persecution and emigration." popular, since dialect is understood as a Other authors also revoke this theory of the language without literary or scientific culture." , superstrate. In this way Francisco Moreno also affirms "In fact, the languages can be Fernandez says "in the case of migrant groups it considered like old dialects that, due to diverse is very frequent that if they arrive at places circumstances, have been imposed like official where their language is not useful or if there are or of culture on other primitive dialects that large groups of speakers of another language, have been disappearing or they have been substitute their language for the place of who integrated in the dominant language or dialect". come, "he also says" Migrants can impose their Another definition of dialect, much more own language on that of the place of origin expressive for its shocking shortness according when they exercise political control of the to which "a dialect is a language without an community." Because of the knowledge we army" (Chomsky in Joan i Marí, ). It is a very have at the time that the Catalan immigrants suggestive definition since it considers that the came to Valencia, the political, economic, social language is not another thing that a dialect that and cultural power was held by the has triumphed, understanding by triumph the themselves, so it is unthinkable that the Catalan existence of a people willing to fight for its immigrants imposed their own language. language. It is interesting the dissociation of Chomsky's definition regarding the linguistic Taking into account these arguments and structure and the association he makes with highlighting the fact that the respect to the tenacity of a collective in its is an army (the Valencian people) and with a defense. broad and extensive literary culture, there are many authors who defend the autonomy of Taking into account both definitions and Valencian against Catalan. In this sense, Chimo following what Professor Alvar proposes, we Lanuza Ortuño says "Per a deixar-ho mes clar, can affirm that is insufficient in itself to determine the concepts of language and l'orige i la formacio del valenciá tenen de comu dialect, their classifications and the phylogenetic in catala mateix that poden tindre in castella, relationships between them. It is necessary to l'occita, l'aragones, gallec..., is dir, the base resort to other criteria provided by llatina. I, despres, each of these llengües , politics, ethnology, etc. to be romançs have pass per separat per a series of able to establish their concepts and differences. phases and different processes that have ended donant llengües neollatines diferents; unes in The Origin of Valencian month glory that unes altres, unes in month sorte Generally the theory that the Valencian was a that unes atres, but totes elles currently different dialect of Catalan rests on the assumption that and someses to normativisacions distinct ".

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POSITION OF THE CATALAN BEFORE THE The struggle against the had led to the ROMANIAN LANGUAGES; ORIGINS OF founding of this county by the Frankish rulers; CATALAN the county was left as a vassal state of and Roussillon, which was easily linked to it by The origin of Catalan, that is to say, the the Cerdanya and the Coll del Pertús, happened historical factors that determined the formation to belong to it already at a very early time. In of this language, has been the subject of century XII the of Barcelona, like king of important investigations and strong Aragon, became independent of France and then controversies. the Rosellón was separated politically from this The obvious resemblance of Catalan with one during five centuries. As it also formed a Provencal had made most scholars consider it a separate diocese, its independence from France dialect of the latter, a thesis that was justified by was complete, so that at present the Catalan the fact that Provençal was used as the language localities are separated from the languadocianas of in Catalonia until the fifteenth century. in the plain by a very marked linguistic frontier. Subsequently, the thesis of Catalan appeared as A disciple of Schädel, professor . Salow a iberorromance language. contributed new data to the study of the border The controversy has been intense over the years, between the lenguadociano and the Catalan highlighting the following approaches: from Roussillon. . Von Wartburg affirms, following the  The original identity of Catalan with approaches of Professors Krüger and SaloW, Provençal was admitted by Milá and that Catalan can not be considered as a Fontanals, Antoni María Alcocer, W. Meyer Provencal dialect, but that it can not be Lübke, O. Schultz-Gora, E. Bourciez and A. considered linked to Spanish either, so it must Morel-Fatio. This last author in his be considered as a special language. Grundriss der rom. Philologie states that Catalan belongs to the Gallo-Romanesque  A. Griera considers Catalan as a family and not to the family. It is, galorromance and as a territorial extension of according to the opinion of the mentioned the Provencal language, although he admits author, a mere variant of Provencal. that there is "a quantitative of respectable At the publication of the second edition of the that separates català from provencal, Grundiss, a disciple of Morel-Fatio, . which has a typical physiognomy to català, Saroïhandy reformulates this approach stating that tea totes characteristic of a language , as that the language spoken in Catalonia can not be it has been, for a long time, the external excluded from the group of Hispanic languages. expression of a political power, i, fins avui d'an ecclesiastical hierarchy, and, at the end,  There are other authors who claim that the external and synthesizing manifestation Catalan is galorromance because of its of a cultural nucli, totally independent of origins, but it can not be classified as a Franca, segle XIII encá, i, també, amb Provencal dialect; it is iberromance because vitalitat pròpia, fins avui, independent of the of its geographical position, but its peculiar Castilian culture ". characters and for historical reasons can not He explains his independent formation of the be counted among the iberorromances other Hispanic languages by a double cultural languages. current: the African origin, exerted on the B. Schädel states that the Catalan formed in central and western regions of the Iberian mainland Spain, was transported to the Peninsula and the one of Gallo-Roman origin, (now Roussillon) by Hispanic exerted on the eastern region. fugitive emigrants who, to escape the oppression of the Saracen invaders, crossed the Pyrenees  In 1925, the master W. Meyer-Lübke wrote and settled in that extremely unpopulated the book Das Katalanische, in which he region, why they make their own language examined the position of Catalan with prevail. respect to Spanish and Provençal, accentuating the similarities of Catalan with On the other hand, . Morf affirms that Catalan Provençal and its divergences with respect to has its roots in Spain, where it gradually passes Spanish. He states that the phonetic system to Aragon. With of the East it had to of Catalan is completely Gallo-Roman, not cross the Pyrenees by the way of the Cerdanya. Ibero-Islamic.

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 Amado Alonso makes a critique of the works correspond already to a distinction of races, of professors Griera and Meyer-Lübke. For since as the Valencian linguist observes, the this purpose, he analyzes in detail the zone of the western Catalan coincides very arguments of both authors, making an approximately with the regions occupied before exhaustive phonetic, morphological, the romanization by Iberian tribes, while the syntactic and lexical analysis of both region where the Eastern dialect is spoken was languages. The conclusion reached by inhabited by non-Iberian people. The same Professor Alonso is to reject Professor influence of the pre-Roman substratum would Meyer's conclusions, stating that Catalan is a explain, according to this author, the phonetic iberorromance language. coincidences of the Valencian with the western Catalan, since the current  More recently Professor García de Diego was occupied by Iberian tribes, that is, related to affirms that Catalan has a peculiar those of Western Catalonia. physiognomy, whose historical reality is that it has not been imported, but has been born On the other hand, the Balearic Islands, whose by the influence of the Latin germs repopulation constituted an empty occupation, sedimented in the Romanization of are grouped with the Eastern Catalan because Catalonia. they come from the part of Gerona and Barcelona the basic nucleus of their It is not lawful, when speaking of a possible repobladores. It should be noted that the leading Gallo-Roman entanquement of Catalan, to exaggerate the French cultural influence to the magnates who participated in the conquest and point of admitting the supplanting of a Catalan benefited from the distribution of the islands speech by the Provencal come from France. were the Count of Ampurias, the of Provencal has influenced Catalan, but the Barcelona, the lords of Moncada, the Paborde de reasons for the lexical composition and structure Tarragona, etc., all of them from the area. East of Catalan can not be found in the elements of of Catalonia. the Gallic culture, which also flowed through Therefore, the geographical criterion and the other Pyrenean passages to and to influence of the superstrate were already Castile itself. present, the differentiation obeys the substrate HISTORICAL FACTORS OF THE CATALAN [Substrate Theory] DIALECTAL DIVISION FIRST MANIFESTATIONS OF CATALAN Professor Moll in dividing the When studying , we can into two large dialects (Eastern and Western) observe two very differentiated phases, the first states that the geographical criterion is not one being until the reign of James I (1213- sufficient for dialectal differentiation, resorting 1276), in which the Catalan poets wrote in to complete it to historical factors. Provencal and the subsequent to that date in According to this author, the separation due to which Catalan it was affirmed as the official phonetic characteristics between eastern and language of the State. western Catalan is due, at least in part, to the During the first period, the territorial proximity place of origin of the settlers who occupied the and political motives (such as the marriage of country as it was recovered against the Muslims. Berenguer III, , with Dolcía, If the repobladores came from the counties of heiress of the county of ), helped to Urgel, or , they propagated the strengthen Catalan-Provencal contacts. There western Catalan and if they came from the are numerous Catalan (Guerau de counties of Gerona or Ausona they spread the Cabrera, Guillem Viscount of Bergueda, Uc Eastern dialect. marques de Monteplana, etc.) to Vidal We can consider, therefore, that the distribution of Besalú who, with his Rasos de trobar, gave a in dialects in the southern lands was a grammatical introduction to the consequence of the . [Applies the poetry and exalted the . influence of the superstrate] As in the other Western Neo-Latin territories, in On the other hand the historian Manuel Sanchis Catalonia, both in public and private documents, Guarner affirms that the differentiation between written in Latin, vulgar elements appear (words the Eastern and Western dialects would be due and sometimes phrases) that are the first to phonetic tendencies whose diversity would testimonies of Catalan (11th-13th centuries)

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Although at this stage Tagliavini only names While in Barcelona, Miret wrote to the priest of Organya's homilies, there are other texts that are Organya, sent him the photographs he made, already being written in Catalan. These texts can some of his publications and a little money so be grouped into religious and lay people. that he could do with him what he considered Among the religious texts, apart from the appropriate in the parish. The priest replied: "... aforementioned Organya homilies (which we receive both you and your illustrious will study later), we can cite a series of religious Carrera i Candí my most cordial poems from the 12th and 13th centuries in congratulations. When I come to Barcelona I Catalan that were compiled by Milá and will try to remember to bring you the notebook Fontanals and . Torrens. They also presented you want. "From that moment, Miret i Sans has the epistle of San Esteban and San Juan. Serra the Homilies of Organya, and from that year he Baldó compiled hundreds of joys and popular publishes them. poems that sang to the Virgin, all written in Miret i Sans observed that the text was Catalan. important, and for that reason he soon went to Along with these compositions, the medieval the great art specialist, one of the most powerful authors of the turn of the century presented men of the Catalan nineteenth, Pijoan, and virolai (dance songs that were sung to the convinced him to get the Barcelona City Virgin), ballads (which were also sung to the Council to acquire the manuscript (paying 85 Virgin), the Mystery of the Columela (sacred pesetas for the). He took the Library of the representation of the Holy Spirit, " columela Citadel and from there, in exchange for some "means" dove "), they presented representations furniture, went to the blue room of the National of the bisbettó (on December 28 in Monserrat, . the singers are dressed as monks, except one who dresses as a bishop.) On that day the bishop Organya's homilies are a set of homilies, all of and the children govern the day in the abbey. them inspired by a Provençal homily in Tolosa. There are also profane texts, for example, In the eight straight and back parchments they Guillem de Berguedam, a Provencal troubadour look like Lenten homilies. The homilies are but Catalan by birth, speaks of a profane poem seventieth, sixtieth, fiftieth, Ash Wednesday, that he dedicated, in the twelfth century, to the first, second and third Sunday of and Palm bell tower of Vich. de (Guillén Sunday. Then two more homilies are added, de Cervera) talks about old compositions and dedicated to San Agustín and they are located tells us that he writes in imitation of them and between the first Sunday of Septuagint and the gives us the name of some, but none of them has sixtieth. In the , Lent began on arrived. He talks about the "gelosesca" (we do Sundays before Ash Wednesday. not know what it was, but because of the The chosen themes of the Homage of Tolosa of the word we can think it was a are; the conversion, the temptations of Jesus song of jealousy), of the "espingadura" (the Christ in the desert, the charity, the parable of closest word is "espringer", "espigar", by what the sower, the siege of Jericho, the miraculous probably was a song of mowing), of the healing of the daughter of the Canaanite, etc. "pegüesca", of "" (a song of road that made the pilgrims) To find a poetry in the Catalan language we The first text in prose entirely in Catalan is a have to get to Ramón Lluch (1235-1315), to fragment of a book of homilies of the church of whom we owe not only the first independent Organya (Diocese of Urgel). It is a very Catalan poems of the Provençal troubadour important document that is currently kept in the poetry, but also the first Catalan doctrinal and of Catalonia, occupying a narrative prose, as it was "the first in the neo- preferred place, the blue room. Latin world that brought the spoken language to the heights of speculative thought, and with the It was discovered by Joaquim Miret i Sans and his friend Francisco Carreras i Candí, who made soul of a dreaming prophet, for whom love is a history of the , in 1905 they the mediator between the intellect and God visited the parish priest of Organya, they (Llibre de contemplació, 1272), encloses it in a checked the parchments of the parish archives, halo of poetry in his great narrative taking photographs of some documents as well compositions (Blanquerna, 1283, Felix de les as some of them the streets of the town and its Meravelles del Món, 1288) and doctrinal (Llibre people. del orde de Cavayleria, 1276).

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During the reign of Jaime I (1213-1276), the highlight, following the explanations of king who extended his dominion to the Balearic Professor Hernández Serna, the following Islands (1230), Valencia (1238) and Murcia authors: (1268), the Catalan language was also affirmed  Amanieu de Sescars as the of the State; The of law and local customs, written in Latin, are  Berenguer D'anoya translated into Catalan. Catalan was the official  Berenguer de Palazol language of the and the  Cerverí de Girona (or Guillén de Cervera) Aragonese sovereigns used this language in  Guerau de Cabrera diplomatic correspondence.  Guillen de Cabestany Next to the , an official administrative language was established and  Guillén Raimon de Gironella Pedro IV de Aragón stipulated in 1344, in the  Guillén de Berguedá Ordination .... sobra regiment of tots the  Huguet de Mataplana Officials of the sua cort, the menra com de  Pere el Gran scriure a diverses personas, segons Grau de cascun. Catalan literature, which has achieved a  Ponç de la Guardia high degree of perfection in both prose and  Ramón Vidal from Besalú poetry, could not but resent the effect of the  Trovators to the Cort of union of the with that of Castile (1479). The penetration of Spanish was  Roselloneses trobadors in continuous increase, with which the Catalan Among all of them we will cite in detail the was on the verge of reducing itself to the dialect following: condition, until with the Romanticism and the separatist movement it acquired new life that, Berenguer De Palazol for the rest, after the of 1936 Berenguer de Palou (or according to other and the establishment in Spain of an sources Berenguer de Palol or de Palazol) was a authoritarian regime, finds difficult obstacles. Catalan troubadour of the county of Roussillon. The Catalan Troubadours Only some superficial details of its life can be obtained from the surviving records, since it is Although it seems strange to begin a literature with a reference to the poetry difficult to identify it from other documents, written in Provencal, it is necessary to because during the XII and XIII centuries there remember that, before 1260, there was no other are many Catalans who bear these names. vernacular literature in Catalonia and that at this According to them he was a poor gentleman, but time the great similarity between Catalan and well trained and skilled in weapons. Provencal it was accentuated by the deliberately His nine compositions are preserved, all of them restricted language of troubadour poetry. with a love theme, singing to d'Ermesén More important is the fact that we can point to d'Avinyó, wife of Arnau d'Avinyó, son of María the continuity of a tradition that remained de Peralada. All of them are accompanied by virtually unchallenged until the fifteenth musical notes. Due to this circumstance is one century. Although later poets often write a very of the few Catalan troubadours of which the poor Provençal, it is obvious that they did not melody of his songs is conserved. intend to use their own language. On the other hand, we can not understand well Ausias The works of Berenguer can not be ordered (1397-1459), the first important poet who writes chronologically with complete confidence, but in Catalan, without knowledge of the previous they have been ordered taking into account the tradition, to which his work is strongly linked, theme they develop. These topics can not be albeit indirectly. connected to the events of your life, but they can be grouped taking into account the different In quantitative terms, the Catalan contribution to stages of a lover's life. the Provencal poetry corpus is quite limited: 197 poems, out of a total of more than 2,500 that we  Aital Doña cum ieu Sai preserve. In this work Berenguer praises the perfection of Of the texts, in poetry and prose, in Provencal his lady. She is proud and has many suitors. language produced in Catalonia, we can She, however, will listen to you.

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 Donate, if totz temps lived for five years, because when Alfonso gave a Berenguer agrees not to look for any other lover, donation to a gentleman, he could sell the even though his lady seems to be out of reach. possession the next day and disappear from Murcia, but when Jaime the Conqueror made his  Donate, the genser qu'om veya repartimiento, he made it a condition that Berenguer resolves to be patient. everything he owed having it for five years,  Aissi quon hom que senhor ochaizona after which Guillén de Cervera sold it and went Berenguer is the lady of mercy and yet she is to tour the courts. not faithful to him as he is to her. His work is the most extensive of all the  S'eu ANC by fola entendensa Provencal and Catalan troubadours. We can group it as follows: Berenguer wishes that his mistress will spare him from this torment.  Popular works. Write 131 recognized  S'ieu Sabi 'aver guiardo compositions and signed by him, which he titled: Cancionero de Cervera de Girona, also Berenguer has failed, but expresses his hope that called Cancionero de Urgel. this song can still get his attention. There are very important compositions in his  Tante m'abelis alegrías et amors and chans songbook, for example, a viadera, a song of Finally, Berenguer is rewarded for his roads composed of stanzas and chorus through a perseverance in having his lady give him his system of alliteration, of repetition: the verses attention. In his absence she gives him strength change position or change a word. It has been and in the cold heat, she encourages his cante. said that it is inspired by the Cantigas de amigo gallego-portuguesas: they are written by a man  Mais de Negocios interino de talan que no and sung by a woman, yes, but unlike these, suelh nature is not named and its structure is not Berenguer is happy. He just wants to be able to totally parallel. see his lady every moment. Another composition is the styling. It could be  Bona dona, cuy ricx pretz fai valer (although it is not safe) a mowing song. For Martín Riquer the word "espingadura" comes The lady has to retire from Berenguer. He must from an that means to jump, to get out of it, but he can not stand, nor find a dance: it can be a composition of dance and better woman. dance.  From the gensor qu'om vey ", to meiu He wrote a composition in six languages semblan (Galician-Portuguese-Castilian-Provencal- The dilemma: remain faithful or leave home. French-Gascon-Italian), which inevitably recalls the Contrast and the .  Totz temoros e doptans  Love works: From a to songs that Berenguer blames himself for his loss and, can be divided into different cycles according nevertheless, renews his promise to his lady. to the lady or the theme.  Ab La Fresca clardat  Moral works: On the conduct of the knights, Summertime incites this song and Berenguer the contrasts between the life of different takes the determination to seek favor with his social classes, etc. lady again.  Religious works: A religious dawn, Cerverí De Girona or Guillém De Cervera compositions of praise to the Virgin, etc. In a document it is verified that Guillermo de  Narrative works: Five works of diverse Cervera, born in Cervera de la , was themes: Prayer for the whole day, Damn called from Girona because he received from well-finger, Testament, the fable of the James I the Conqueror a series of donations in roncal, Sermon. the diocese of Girona.  Proverbs: It consists of 1197 quartets. They He came to Murcia with D. Pedro, son of Jaime are often called Proverbial Verses the Conqueror, to conquer, and to entertain and be a good soldier he received a series of He is a writer who plays with words. Playing donations. We know that he stayed in Murcia with his name makes a composition about the

16 Annals of Language and Literature V3 ● I2 ● 2019 The Origins of Catalan, the Valencian: Dialect of Catalan or Autonomous Language? deer; when he talks about children, he uses , to Rossellon, and made Ramon de children's gibberish. Rosselló present himself before him; He made him take and took all his castles and had He is a forerunner of Romanticism: he made a them destroyed, and took from him all that he composition by finishing the verses in two had, and sent him to prison. And then he had and in a single the last two Guillem de Cabestany and the lady picked up, verses. and had them brought to Perpignan and put on a He liked to have fun with poetry and played monument outside the church door; and ordered with letters: in a composition he uses the entire to draw on the monument how they had died; Latin alphabet. Follow the rules of the trovar, and ordered that throughout the county of the laws of love. Rossellón, all the knights and ladies celebrate the anniversary every year. And Ramon de Guillén De Cabestany Castell Rosselló died in the king's prison. Guillem de Cabestany was a gentleman of the region of Roussillon, which borders Catalonia Of this troubadour there are seven songs whose and . He was a man of pleasant figure, authorship is sure, one of which is one of the and very famous in arms, courtesy and service. most beautiful and repeated of troubadour And there was in his district a lady named literature: Lo dous cossire (La dulce tristeza). Saurimonda, wife of Ramon de Castell Rosselló, Guillén De Berguedá who was very noble and rich, bad, brave, fierce He was a Catalan troubadour who composed his and proud. And Guillem de Cabestany loved the poems in Occitan and lived in the thirteenth lady for love, and over her he sang and century. composed his songs. And the lady, who was He was a gentle baron of Catalonia, Vizconde young, gentle, cheerful and beautiful, loved him de Berguedá and Señor de Madrona and Puig- more than anything in the world. And this was Reig. He was abandoned and disinherited by his said to Ramon de Castell Rosselló; and he, as an relatives and friends. He had many adventures angry and jealous man, investigated the fact and and misadventures with weapons and with knew that it was true, and had the wife kept. ladies and I kill him a pawn. And one day, Ramon de Castell Rosselló found Guillem de Cabestany walking with little He lived from 1138 to 1191. He was the son of company, and he killed him; it made him take the Viscount of Berguedá. He was single and his heart out of his body and cut off his head; had no children. In 1175 he killed Ramón Folc and he had the heart brought to his house, and de Cardona. He was a very powerful man of also the head; and he grilled his heart with Catalonia, with many lands and five castles, and pepper, and fed it to his wife. And when the had at his disposal a series of knights. lady had eaten it, Ramón de Castell Rosselló He was one of the courtly troubadours, said: "Do you know what this is that you have courtiers. He toured, among others, the court of eaten?" And she said: "No, it was a very good Castile. He was rejected everywhere and was and tasty meal." And he told her that it was the only accepted by Arnau de Castellbó, who heart of Guillem de Cabestany that he had eaten; protected him. and, for him to believe it, he had his head brought before her. And when the woman saw He was a visceral writer who hated all those and felt this, she lost sight and hearing. And around him: his neighbors, his nobles, the when he came to himself he said: "Lord, you bishop of Urgel, etc. and it is distinguished from have given me such good flesh that I will never the other troubadours by its extremely simple eat another." And when he heard this, he ran . with his sword and wanted to hit her on the 31 of his poems are known, of which most head; and she ran to a balcony and threw belong to the genre of the servant, satirical herself, and so she died. And through Roussillon poems dedicated to his numerous enemies, and all over Catalonia the news that Guillem de which he accuses of murder, rape, Cabestany and the woman had died so homosexuality, etc. He even threatens to traitorously and that Ramon de Castell Rosselló castrate the bishop of Seo de Urgel. He is also had given Guillem's heart as food to the woman. the author of a or elegiac poem to Ponç de The sadness was great for all the regions; and Mataplana, which in a previous servant had the complaint reached the King of Aragon, who covered with insults. He also cultivated the was Lord of Ramon de Castell Rosselló and amorous tiredness, accurately transferring the Guillem de Cabestany. And he came to feudal to the passionate love.

Annals of Language and Literature V3 ● I2 ● 2019 17 The Origins of Catalan, the Valencian: Dialect of Catalan or Autonomous Language?

His writings can be grouped into a series of [11] Hammel, e. y Gard, Y.P.: L’occitan en cycles: -Rousillon, Perpiñan. [12] Joan i Mari, B.: Llengua estándar en  Cycle against his bishop: the bishop of Urgel, l’ensenyament, Barcelona, 1978. Arnau de , accused him of [13] Lanuza Ortuño, Chimo: Socioobstaculs de la homosexual, incestuous and thief. llengua valenciana, Ed. Accio Bibliografica  Cycle against his neighbors: Perez de Berga, Valenciana, Valencia, 2001. whom he called "my father-in-law", accuses [14] Martinet, A.: Elementos de lingüística general, him of homosexuality and of cheating on him Ed. Gredos, , 1978. with his wife (whom he called "my mother- [15] Meyer-Lübke, W. : Einfurung in das studium in-law") and with his daughter; Ramón Folc der rom. Sprachwiss. de Cardona, whom he murdered with [16] ------: Das Katalanische. Seiene Stallúng treachery (because he did not want to give zum Spanischen und Provenzalischen, his English daughter's hand, which did not Heidelberg, 1925. correspond to his love). [17] Milá y Fontanals: Los trovadores en España, Edit. CSIC, Madrid, 1966.  Cycle against his Mr. Uc de Mataplan, who [18] Moral-Fatio, A.: Grundiss der rom. Philologie. was also lord of some mines: Berguedá would be interested in seizing them. He [19] Moll, Frances de B.: Gramática histórica accused him of homosexuality. catalana, Ed. Gredos, Madrid, 1952. [20] Moreno Fernández, Francisco: Principios de BIBLIORAPHICAL REFERENCES sociolingüística y sociología del lenguaje, Edit. Ariel, Madrid, 1998. [1] Alcocer, Antoni María: Questions de llengua y literatura catalana. [21] Morf, H.: “Mundart Cheng und Geschichte anfrorominischen Gebiet” en Bulletin de [2] Alonso, Amado: “La subrogación románica del Dialectologie Romane, Vol. I, 1901. catalán”, RFE, 1926, reproducido en Estudios Lingüísticos. Temas Españoles, Ed. Gredos, [22] Roca Pons, José: El lenguaje, Ed. Teide, Madrid, 1967. Barcelona, 1978. [3] Alvar, Manuel: El aragonés: identidad y [23] Romaine, S.: El lenguaje en la sociedad: una problemática de una lengua, Librería General, introducción a la sociolingüística, Ed. Ariel, , 1982. Madrid, 1996. [4] Bourciez, E.: Elements de linguistique romane. [24] Salow: “Sprachgeographise unbtersuchungen ubre deu ostlichen teil de [5] García de Diego, Vicente: “El catalán habla Katalanischlanguedokischen Grenzgebiertes”, hispánica pirenaica”, en estudios en honor de Halle, 1912. Francisco Adolpho Coelho, 1950. [25] Sanchís Guarner, Manuel: Arpoximació a la [6] Gómez Bayarri, J.V.: La transición del mundo llengua catalana, Edit. Salvat, Barcelona, 1980. musulmán al cristiano en el reino de Valencia, vol I: Aspectos socioculturales y [26] Schädel, B.: “Revue de Dialectologie Romane sociolingüísiticos, R.A..V., serie histórica nº I: Die Katalanischen Pyrena dialekte”, 1909. 8, Valencia, 1991. [27] Schultz-Gora, O.: Altprovenzalisches [7] Griera, A.: Boletín de dialectología catalana, Elementarbuch. volumen VIII. [28] Smith, Neil y Wilson, Deirdre: La lingüística [8] ------: Gramática histórica del catalá antic, moderna (los resultados de la revolución de Edit. Poligrafa, Barcelona, 1931. Chomsky), Ed. Anagrama, Barcelona, 1983. [9] ----- : “Castellá-catalá provenzal”, ZRPH, 1925. [29] Tagliavini, Carlo: Orígenes de las lenguas neolatinas, Ed. Fondo de Cultura Económica, [10] ------: “Afro-romanic o ibero-románic”, BDC, Méjico, 1973. 1922.

Citation: Ana Montaner Bueno, Andrés Montaner Bueno, “The Origins of Catalan, the Valencian: Dialect of Catalan or Autonomous Language?”, Annals of Language and Literature, 3(2), 2019, pp. 9-18. Copyright: © 2019 Andrés Montaner Bueno. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

18 Annals of Language and Literature V3 ● I2 ● 2019