DOCSLIB.ORG

Inferior Frontal Gyrus Volume Reduction in Chronic Schizophrenia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inferior Frontal Gyrus Volume Reduction in Chronic Schizophrenia Inferior Frontal Gyrus Volume Reduction in Chronic Schizophrenia: An MRI Study Markant, D.(1,2), Levitt, J.J.(1,2), Cohen, A.(1,2), Bouix, S.(1,2), Niznikiewicz, M.(2), McCarley, R.W.(2), Shenton, M.E.(1,2) (1) Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School (2) Clinical Neuroscience Division, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Boston VA HealthCare System, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School Background Manual Tracing The left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is a prefrontal region that includes Broca’s area, which is involved specifically in To confirm the volume difference in the left inferior frontal gyrus found using VBM, the IFG was manually traced in 52 subjects from the same syntactic language expression and verbal memory. The left IFG has been shown to be structurally (Suzuki 2005) sample (27 NC and 25 HC) in both hemispheres. The IFG was then subdivided into three subregions: pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, and pars and functionally (Kubicki 2003, Ragland 2004) abnormal in schizophrenia. opercularis. The ROIs were traced on an automated tissue segmentation to improve the reliability of the volume measurement. Tracing was done using 3D Slicer (www.slicer.org) using boundary definitions adapted from previous volumetric studies of the IFG (Suzuki 2005, Tomaiuolo 1999). The IFG is composed of three subregions separable by sulcal landmarks: pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, and pars opercularis. Though the functional differences of the subregions are not entirely clear, they are ROI Definition Inferior Frontal Sulcus Inferior Frontal Sulcus Precentral Sulcus cytoarchitectonically distinct. Voxel-Based Morphometry is a whole-brain comparison of brain tissue composition between groups. A VBM comparison of healthy controls (HC) and chronic schizophrenic (SZ) patients showed volume reduction of the right thalamus and left inferior frontal gyrus, specifically the pars opercularis subregion, in the SZ group. To confirm the volume reduction in the left inferior frontal gyrus, the ROI was manually traced on a subset of the same sample. The left and right inferior frontal gyri were divided into three subregions, the pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, and pars opercularis, based on sulcal boundaries. Voxel Based Morphometry Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) provides a whole-brain, voxel by voxel comparison of brain tissue Lateral Orbital Sulcus Circular Insular Sulcus Horizontal Ramus Vertical Ramus composition that is rapid and unbiased. After MR images of subject brains are warped to a standard template to correct for global anatomical differences, a voxel-wise comparison is created in the form of a statistical Superior and inferior boundaries: parametric map (SPM) to assess group differences in grey matter density. The inferior frontal sulcus was the superior boundary for the entire IFG. The inferior boundary was the circular insular sulcus in all slices where the insula was visible, and the lateral orbital sulcus in all other slices. In Optimized VBM, the method is improved by the use of: 1) a study-specific template brain for more accurate spatial normalization, 2) study-specific tissue class priors and skull removal for better tissue segmentation, Anterior and posterior boundaries: Pars Opercularis and 3) modulation of voxel intensity by the spatial warping parameters, allowing for a comparison of volume The anterior IFG was traced on coronal slices from the most anterior coronal slice where the inferior frontal sulcus was change between groups. visible to the plane of the vertical ramus. The posterior IFG was drawn on axial slices from the plane of the vertical ramus to the precentral sulcus. An implementation of Optimized VBM was run using MR images of a group of 30 healthy controls and a group of 30 chronic, medicated Pars Triangularis schizophrenics. Scans were acquired using an SPGR sequence on a 1.5-T General Electric scanner. All subjects were males between the Subregions: ages of 20 and 54 and matched for IQ and parental socioeconomic status. Gray matter VBM analysis was conducted using SPM2 The pars orbitalis was bounded superiorly by the horizontal ramus of the sylvian fissure. The pars triangularis was framed (Statistical Parametric Mapping, Wellcome Institute, London). The VBM software was adapted from scripts written by Christian Gaser and by the horizontal and vertical rami. The pars opercularis was bounded by the vertical ramus and the precentral sulcus. John Ashburner (2004). Regions of the brain were localized using Pickatlas in SPM2 (Maldjian et. Al 2003). The volumes of the pars orbitalis (pink in figure), pars triangularis (orange), and pars opercularis (green) were recorded Pars Orbitalis VBM Results and corrected for total intracranial volume. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate differences in volume of the subregions of the IFG for both left and right sides. MNI Coordinates Voxel-level p- Cluster-level p- of Cluster value (FDR- value Region Maximum corrected) (corrected) Left inferior frontal -50, 4, 16 0.051 < 0.05 Manual Tracing Results gyrus Right thalamus 4, -22, 4 0.066 < 0.05 Pars Opercularis Pars Triangularis Pars Orbitalis Modulated analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in volume in the right thalamus and left inferior frontal gyrus in * the schizophrenic group compared to normal controls (see table above): Non-modulated analysis did not show a significant decrease (p > The left pars opercularis was significantly smaller in SZ than in HC (p = 0.027). The right side was not significantly different (p = 0.37). SPM showing regions of decreased gray matter 0.4, FDR-corrected) or increase (p = 1.0, FDR-corrected) in gray There were no significant volume differences between diagnostic groups in the pars triangularis (left: p = 0.416; right: p = 0.816) or pars orbitalis (left: p = 0.161; right: p = 0.897). volume in schizophrenia group compared to matter density in schizophrenics compared to normal controls control group There was no significant volume difference in whole IFG volume (left: p = 0.252; right: p = 0.341). after correcting for multiple comparisons. Conclusions References Using two different methods, we found convergent evidence of a volumetric difference in the left pars opercularis of the left inferior Ashburner J., Friston K. Voxel-Based Morphometry--The Methods. NeuroImage, 2000; 11:805-821. frontal gyrus in schizophrenia. Honea, R., Crow T., Passingham D., Mackay C. Regional Deficits in Brain Volume in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis of Voxel-Based Morphometry Previous manual tracing studies of schizophrenia have found a volume reduction of the whole left IFG, but did not measure the three Studies. Am J Psychiatry, 2005; 162:2233-2245. Kubicki M, McCarley RW, Nestor PG, Huh T, Kikinis R, Shenton ME, Wible CG. (2003). “An fMRI study of semantic processing in men with subregions separately. Unlike those reports, in this sample there was no overall difference in whole IFG volume between groups, but a schizophrenia.” NeuroImage 20; 1923—1933. regional reduction confined to the left pars opercularis. Maldjian J.A., Laurienti P.J., Kraft R.A., Burdette J.H. An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of Previous studies of schizophrenia have shown widespread dysfunction in the language network, including structural and functional fMRI data sets. NeuroImage, 2003; 19(3):1233-1239. Ono M, Kubik S, Adernathey CD. (1990). Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci. Thieme, New York. differences in the superior temporal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and inferior frontal cortices. In addition, there is growing evidence of Ragland JD, Gur R, Valdez J, Turetsky B, Elliott M, Kohler C, Siegel S, Kanes S, Gur RE. (2004). “Event-Related fMRI of Frontotemporal Activity impaired connection of these regions via frontotemporal white matter tracts. Measurement of the subregions of the IFG can help to During Word Encoding and Recognition in Schizophrenia.” Am J Psychiatry 161:1004-1015. define more precisely the structural differences in schizophrenia and their relation to the disorganized thought and other cognitive Suzuki M, Zhou SY, Takahashi T, Hagino H, Kawasaki Y, Niu L, Matsui M, Seto H, Kurachi M. (2005). “Differential contributions of prefrontal and impairments found in the disorder. temporolimbic pathology to mechanisms of psychosis.” Brain 128: 2109—2122. Tomaiuolo F, MacDonald JD, Caramanos Z, Posner G, Chiavaras M, Evans AC, Petrides M. (1999). “Morphology, morphometry and probability Future work will include 1) further comparison of VBM and manual tracing results, 2) assessment of sulcal variability in the inferior mapping of the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus: an in vivo MRI analysis.” frontal gyrus, and 3) correlation of the volume reduction with clinical and cognitive measures..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • S1 Table. Anatomical Regions of Individual SPES Contacts in Correspondence to Fig 8
    S1 Table. Anatomical regions of individual SPES contacts in correspondence to Fig 8. Subject Contact Number Anatomical Region 1 Superior frontal gyrus 2 Central sulcus 3 Lateral occipito-temporal gyrus (fusiform gyrus) #1 4 Superior frontal gyrus 5 Inferior frontal sulcus 6 Middle occipital gyrus 1 Subparietal sulcus 2 Posterior-dorsal part of the cingulate gyrus #2 3 Precuneus 4 Middle-anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus 5 Sulcus intermedius primus (of Jensen) 1 Inferior part of the precentral sulcus 2 Subcentral gyrus and sulci 3 Inferior part of the precentral sulcus #3 4 Middle-anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus 5 Middle-anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus 6 Hippocampus 7 Hippocampus 1 Transverse temporal sulcus 2 Posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus 3 Intraparietal sulcus and transverse parietal sulci 4 Intraparietal sulcus and transverse parietal sulci #4 5 Hippocampus 6 Superior occipital sulcus and transverse occipital sulcus 7 Middle-posterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus 8 Posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus 1 Superior frontal gyrus 2 Superior frontal sulcus #5 3 Middle frontal gyrus 4 Parahippocampal part of the medial occipito-temporal gyrus 5 Middle-anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus 1 Superior frontal sulcus 2 Posterior-dorsal part of the cingulate gyrus #6 3 Superior frontal gyrus 4 Middle frontal gyrus 1 Inferior frontal sulcus #7 2 Opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus #8 1 Middle-anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus 1 Superior frontal sulcus 2 Orbital sulci (H-shaped) #9 3 Superior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula 4 Middle-anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus .
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans Ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai
    Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai To cite this version: Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai. Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Frontiers, 2018, 12, pp.93. 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093. hal-01929541 HAL Id: hal-01929541 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01929541 Submitted on 21 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 19 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans J. ten Donkelaar 1*†, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer 2† and Jürgen K. Mai 3† 1 Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2 IMN Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 3 Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925).
    [Show full text]
  • 01 05 Lateral Surface of the Brain-NOTES.Pdf
    Lateral Surface of the Brain Medical Neuroscience | Tutorial Notes Lateral Surface of the Brain 1 MAP TO NEUROSCIENCE CORE CONCEPTS NCC1. The brain is the body's most complex organ. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After study of the assigned learning materials, the student will: 1. Demonstrate the four paired lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe the boundaries of each. 2. Sketch the major features of each cerebral lobe, as seen from the lateral view, identifying major gyri and sulci that characterize each lobe. NARRATIVE by Leonard E. WHITE and Nell B. CANT Duke Institute for Brain Sciences Department of Neurobiology Duke University School of Medicine Overview When you view the lateral aspect of a human brain specimen (see Figures A3A and A102), three structures are usually visible: the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum, and part of the brainstem (although the brainstem is not visible in the specimen photographed in lateral view for Fig. 1 below). The spinal cord has usually been severed (but we’ll consider the spinal cord later), and the rest of the subdivisions are hidden from lateral view by the hemispheres. The diencephalon and the rest of the brainstem are visible on the medial surface of a brain that has been cut in the midsagittal plane. Parts of all of the subdivisions are also visible from the ventral surface of the whole brain. Over the next several tutorials, you will find video demonstrations (from the brain anatomy lab) and photographs (in the tutorial notes) of these brain surfaces, and sufficient detail in the narrative to appreciate the overall organization of the parts of the brain that are visible from each perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/200480 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-05 and may be subject to change. REVIEW published: 19 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans J. ten Donkelaar 1*†, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer 2† and Jürgen K. Mai 3† 1 Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2 IMN Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 3 Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925). Extensive discussions of the cerebral sulci and their variations were presented by Ono et al. (1990), Duvernoy (1992), Tamraz and Comair (2000), and Rhoton (2007). An anatomical parcellation of the spatially normalized single high resolution T1 volume provided by the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI; Collins, 1994; Collins et al., 1998) was used for the macroscopical labeling of functional studies (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002; Rolls et al., 2015). In the standard atlas of the human brain by Mai et al. (2016), the terminology from Mai and Paxinos (2012) is used. It contains an extensively analyzed individual brain hemisphere in the MNI- space.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Tables
    Supplementary Tables: ROI Atlas Significant table grey matter Test ROI # Brainetome area beta volume EG pre vs post IT 8 'superior frontal gyrus, part 4 (dorsolateral area 6), right', 0.773 17388 11 'superior frontal gyrus, part 6 (medial area 9), left', 0.793 18630 12 'superior frontal gyrus, part 6 (medial area 9), right', 0.806 24543 17 'middle frontal gyrus, part 2 (inferior frontal junction), left', 0.819 22140 35 'inferior frontal gyrus, part 4 (rostral area 45), left', 1.3 10665 67 'paracentral lobule, part 2 (area 4 lower limb), left', 0.86 13662 EG pre vs post ET 20 'middle frontal gyrus, part 3 (area 46), right', 0.934 28188 21 'middle frontal gyrus, part 4 (ventral area 9/46 ), left' 0.812 27864 31 'inferior frontal gyrus, part 2 (inferior frontal sulcus), left', 0.864 11124 35 'inferior frontal gyrus, part 4 (rostral area 45), left', 1 10665 50 'orbital gyrus, part 5 (area 13), right', -1.7 22626 67 'paracentral lobule, part 2 (area 4 lower limb), left', 1.1 13662 180 'cingulate gyrus, part 3 (pregenual area 32), right', 0.9 10665 261 'Cerebellar lobule VIIb, vermis', -1.5 729 IG pre vs post IT 16 middle frontal gyrus, part 1 (dorsal area 9/46), right', -0.8 27567 24 'middle frontal gyrus, part 5 (ventrolateral area 8), right', -0.8 22437 40 'inferior frontal gyrus, part 6 (ventral area 44), right', -0.9 8262 54 'precentral gyrus, part 1 (area 4 head and face), right', -0.9 14175 64 'precentral gyrus, part 2 (caudal dorsolateral area 6), left', -1.3 18819 81 'middle temporal gyrus, part 1 (caudal area 21), left', -1.4 14472
    [Show full text]
  • Fig. S1: Behavioral Results for the High (HP) and Low Probability (LP) Condition
    Fig. S1: Behavioral results for the high (HP) and low probability (LP) condition. A) Average number of reversal errors per reversal. B) Total number of switches between the two response alternatives during the experiment. * p<0.05. Fig. S2: Computational parameters for the two conditions. Both the learning rate (A) and the average decision certainty (C) were higher in the HP as compared to the LP condition. Inverse temperature (B) did not differ between conditions. * p<0.05 high probability (HP) vs. low probability (LP) condition. Fig. S3: Signal change in response to negative feedback (ALLNEG – ALLPOS) superimposed on the MNI template brain. In both conditions (HP: top row, LP: bottom row), there was increased activity in the RCZ (left) and in the lateral prefrontal cortex (right). The color bar indicates z-scores. Tab. S1: Brain regions and MNI coordinates (x,y,z) of brain regions significantly activated in negative feedback trials that were followed by a behavioral adaptation after task rule reversal (FINREVERR – ALLPOS). Only clusters of at least 5 contiguous voxels are reported. L, left; R, right; BA, Brodmann area; RCZ, rostral cingulate zone. MNI coordinates Brain region z-score mm3 x y z HP condition L/R RCZ 4.79 7216 1 33 29 L inferior parietal lobule 4.58 7533 -52 -37 35 R inferior parietal lobule 4.6 8489 46 -51 35 R inferior/middle frontal gyrus 4.53 6346 34 18 28 L inferior frontal gyrus 4.1 318 -55 6 28 L pregenual BA 32 4.37 2080 -12 50 6 L middle frontal gyrus 4.49 1515 -41 42 27 R dorsal postcentral sulcus 4.46 1142 24 -40 59 L parieto-occipital transition cortex 4.09 146 -13 -70 33 L/R posterior cingulate cortex 4.1 1506 8 -17 30 paracentral lobule 3.57 323 -5 -39 63 LP condition L/R RCZ 4.48 3277 -2 36 28 R middle frontal gyrus 4.42 5057 46 38 26 L inferior frontal sulcus 4.16 613 -37 33 24 L/R ventral posterior cingulate cortex 4.38 770 -1 -24 27 L inferior frontal gyrus 3.93 371 -39 4 24 R inferior parietal lobule 4.02 362 43 -42 29 Tab.
    [Show full text]
  • Cortical Parcellation Protocol
    CORTICAL PARCELLATION PROTOCOL APRIL 5, 2010 © 2010 NEUROMORPHOMETRICS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PRINCIPAL AUTHORS: Jason Tourville, Ph.D. Research Assistant Professor Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems Boston University Ruth Carper, Ph.D. Assistant Research Scientist Center for Human Development University of California, San Diego Georges Salamon, M.D. Research Dept., Radiology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM MANY OTHERS Neuromorphometrics, Inc. 22 Westminster Street Somerville MA, 02144-1630 Phone/Fax (617) 776-7844 neuromorphometrics.com OVERVIEW The cerebral cortex is divided into 49 macro-anatomically defined regions in each hemisphere that are of broad interest to the neuroimaging community. Region of interest (ROI) boundary definitions were derived from a number of cortical labeling methods currently in use. Protocols from the Laboratory of Neuroimaging at UCLA (LONI; Shattuck et al., 2008), the University of Iowa Mental Health Clinical Research Center (IOWA; Crespo-Facorro et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2000), the Center for Morphometric Analysis at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH-CMA; Caviness et al., 1996), a collaboration between the Freesurfer group at MGH and Boston University School of Medicine (MGH-Desikan; Desikan et al., 2006), and UC San Diego (Carper & Courchesne, 2000; Carper & Courchesne, 2005; Carper et al., 2002) are specifically referenced in the protocol below. Methods developed at Boston University (Tourville & Guenther, 2003), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (McCarley & Shenton, 2008), Stanford (Allan Reiss lab), the University of Maryland (Buchanan et al., 2004), and the University of Toyoma (Zhou et al., 2007) were also consulted. The development of the protocol was also guided by the Ono, Kubik, and Abernathy (1990), Duvernoy (1999), and Mai, Paxinos, and Voss (Mai et al., 2008) neuroanatomical atlases.
    [Show full text]
  • Not for Reprintlaboratory INVESTIGATION Anterior Peri-Insular Quadrantotomy: a Cadaveric White Matter Dissection Study
    Authors: Please review all authors’ names, academicLow-resolution degrees, affiliations, and PDF contributions, as well as the Disclosure, MS# 19-472, read before authors for spelling and accuracy. Not for reprintLABORATORY INVESTIGATION Anterior peri-insular quadrantotomy: a cadaveric white matter dissection study *Pablo Gonzalez-Lopez, MD, PhD,1 Giulia Cossu, MD,2 Etienne Pralong, MD,2 Matias Baldoncini, MD,3 Mahmoud Messerer, MD, MSc,2,4 and Roy Thomas Daniel, MD, MCh2,4 1Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital General Universitario Alicante, Spain; 2Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland; 3Department of Neurological Surgery, San Fernando Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and 4Faculty of Medicine and Biology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland OBJECTIVE Anterior quadrant disconnection represents a safe surgical option in well-selected pediatric patients with a large frontal lobe lesion anterior to the motor cortex. The understanding of the anatomy of the white matter tracts con- necting the frontal lobe with the rest of the cerebrum forms the basis of a safe and successful disconnective surgery. The authors explored and illustrated the relevant white matter tracts sectioned during each surgical step using fiber dissection techniques. METHODS Five human cadaveric hemispheres were dissected to illustrate the frontal connections in the 3 planes. The dissections were performed from lateral to medial, medial to lateral, and ventral to dorsal to describe the various tracts sectioned during the 4 steps of this surgery, namely the anterior suprainsular window, intrafrontal disconnection, anterior callosotomy, and frontobasal disconnection. RESULTS At the beginning of each surgical step, the U fibers were cut. During the anterior suprainsular window, the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), the uncinate fasciculus, and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) were vi- sualized and sectioned, followed by sectioning of the anterior limb of the internal capsule.
    [Show full text]
  • Normal Cortical Anatomy
    Normal Cortical Anatomy MGH Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School NORMAL CORTICAL ANATOMY • Sagittal • Axial • Coronal • The Central Sulcus NP/MGH Sagittal Neuroanatomy NP/MGH Cingulate sulcus Superior frontal gyrus Marginal ramus of Cingulate sulcus Cingulate gyrus Paracentral lobule Superior parietal lobule Parietooccipital sulcus Cuneus Calcarine sulcus Lingual gyrus Subcallosal gyrus Gyrus rectus Fastigium, fourth ventricle NP/MGH Superior frontal gyrus Cingulate sulcus Precentral gyrus Marginal ramus of Cingulate gyrus Central sulcus Cingulate sulcus Superior parietal lobule Precuneus Parietooccipital sulcus Cuneus Calcarine sulcus Frontomarginal gyrus Lingual gyrus Caudothallamic groove Gyrus rectus NP/MGH Precentral sulcus Central sulcus Superior frontal gyrus Marginal ramus of Corona radiata Cingulate sulcus Superior parietal lobule Precuneus Parietooccipital sulcus Calcarine sulcus Inferior occipital gyrus Lingual gyrus NP/MGH Central sulcus Superior parietal lobule Parietooccipital sulcus Frontopolar gyrus Frontomarginal gyrus Superior occipital gyrus Middle occipital gyrus Medial orbital gyrus Lingual gyrus Posterior orbital gyrus Inferior occipital gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Temporal horn, lateral ventricle NP/MGH Central sulcus Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus NP/MGH Central sulcus Superior parietal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus Frontomarginal gyrus Anterior orbital gyrus Superior occipital gyrus Middle occipital Posterior orbital gyrus gyrus Superior Temporal gyrus Inferior
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Mapping of Human Cortical Development During Childhood Through Early Adulthood
    Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood Nitin Gogtay*†, Jay N. Giedd*, Leslie Lusk*, Kiralee M. Hayashi‡, Deanna Greenstein*, A. Catherine Vaituzis*, Tom F. Nugent III*, David H. Herman*, Liv S. Clasen*, Arthur W. Toga‡, Judith L. Rapoport*, and Paul M. Thompson‡ *Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institutes of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and ‡Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769 Communicated by Leslie G. Ungerleider, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, April 15, 2004 (received for review January 7, 2004) We report the dynamic anatomical sequence of human cortical temporal cortex, which contains association areas that integrate gray matter development between the age of 4–21 years using information from several sensory modalities, matured last. Fur- quantitative four-dimensional maps and time-lapse sequences. thermore, the maturation of the cortex also appeared to follow Thirteen healthy children for whom anatomic brain MRI scans were the evolutionary sequence in which these regions were created. obtained every 2 years, for 8–10 years, were studied. By using models of the cortical surface and sulcal landmarks and a statistical Methods model for gray matter density, human cortical development could Subjects. Sample demographics are shown in Table 1. All subjects be visualized across the age range in a spatiotemporally detailed were recruited from the community for an ongoing National time-lapse sequence. The resulting time-lapse ‘‘movies’’ reveal that Institute of Mental Health study of human brain development (i) higher-order association cortices mature only after lower-order (20).
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Materials
    Supplementary Materials. Holt et al. 2009. Schizophrenia Bulletin Supplementary Table 1: Example stimuli. Table S1. Example Stimuli. First sentence Second sentence Neutral Positive Negative (without the critical word) critical word critical word critical word Nancy’s son ended up just He was already a ____ by husband millionaire criminal like his father. age 25. Stephen owned a lot of Everyone knew that he ____ bought loved forged nineteenth century art. paintings of old masters. An unfamiliar man rang He had come to _____ her. register congratulate arrest Lenora's doorbell one day. Mr. Jenners planned to The reason for this was obvious reassuring hidden move his family to New _____ to the children. York. Cheryl's baby cried when She quieted him with pacifier lullaby drug she took him to bed. a ____ that night. Two-sentence descriptions of social situations for each of three experimental conditions (neutral, positive and negative), were constructed. For each pair of sentences, the first sentence was neutral and ambiguous in content. The emotional meaning of the sentence- pair was conferred by a positively-valenced, negatively-valenced or neutral word (the critical word) in the second sentence. Thus, other than one valence-associated or neutral word in the second sentence, the three conditions were identical in word content. The critical words of each condition were matched with respect to mean number of letters, frequency, and abstractness, but differed according to their affective valence and arousal. Norming studies in participants who did not participate in the fMRI study confirmed that the three conditions systematically differed according to their emotional valence (ratings on a 1-7 Likert scale: positive sentence pairs: mean valence rating > 5; negative sentence pairs: mean valence rating < 3; neutral sentence pairs: mean valence rating >3 and < 5) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Reorganization of the Neurobiology of Language After Sentence Overlearning
    Sentence overlearning 1 Reorganization of the neurobiology of language after sentence overlearning 1* 1,2 3 1 4 Jeremy I Skipper ,​ Sarah Aliko ,​ Stephen Brown ,​ Yoon Ju Jo ,​ Serena Lo ,​ Emilia 5 ​ ​ 1,6 ​ ​ ​ Molimpakis ​ and Daniel R Lametti ​ ​ 1 E​ xperimental Psychology, University College London, UK 2 L​ ondon Interdisciplinary Biosciences Consortium, University College London, UK 3 N​ atural Sciences, University College London, UK 4 S​ peech and Language Sciences, University College London, UK 5 W​ ellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, UK 6 D​ epartment of Psychology, Acadia University, Nova Scotia, Canada * C​ orresponding author, [email protected] ​ Supplementary Material Figure Captions Figure S1. Additional novel listening linear mixed-effects model results. General linear test ​ contrasting novel sentences from session one (blues) and two (reds) in the left (LH) and right hemispheres (RH) presented on lateral (top) and medial (bottom) surface views. The colour bar represents z-scores and the images are thresholded at an alpha (α) level of p < .01, corrected for multiple comparisons. Figure S2. Additional overlearned sentence listening linear mixed-effects model results. A) ​ Session one general linear test (GLT) for sentence; B) Session two GLT for sentence; C) Direct contrast of session one sentences (blues) with session two sentences (reds). The top two rows are the left hemisphere (LH) while the bottom two are the right hemispheres (RH) lateral and medial surface views. The colour bar represents z-scores and the images are thresholded at an alpha (α) level of p < .01, corrected for multiple comparisons. Figure S3. Additional overlearned minus novel sentence listening linear mixed-effects model ​ results.
    [Show full text]