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Grupo Romance Proyecto de Organización Filogenética de las Lenguas del Mundo Grupo Romance Índice de contenido 1Descripción..................................................................................................................2 2Lenguas....................................................................................................................13 2.1Continental.........................................................................................................13 2.1.1Occidental....................................................................................................13 Subgrupo Iberorromance...................................................................................13 Noroccidental...............................................................................................13 Galaico-Portugués.....................................................................................13 Gallego................................................................................................13 Portugués............................................................................................28 Asturleonés..............................................................................................38 Español - Castellano..................................................................................52 Judeoespañol - Sefardí..............................................................................70 Meridional....................................................................................................77 Mozárabe.................................................................................................77 Subgrupo Occitanoromance...............................................................................83 Aragonés.....................................................................................................83 Catalán........................................................................................................94 Occitano....................................................................................................105 Galorréticas....................................................................................................113 Subgrupo Galorromance..............................................................................113 Francés..................................................................................................113 Franco-Provenzal....................................................................................128 Subgrupo Retorromance..............................................................................134 Romanche..............................................................................................134 Friulana.................................................................................................139 Ladino-dolomita......................................................................................145 Galoitalianas..................................................................................................150 Emiliano-Romañolo.....................................................................................150 Ligur.........................................................................................................153 Lombardo..................................................................................................160 Piamontés..................................................................................................166 Véneto.......................................................................................................170 2.1.2Oriental......................................................................................................177 Subgrupo Italo-Dálmata..................................................................................177 Italorromance.............................................................................................177 Italiano..................................................................................................177 Napolitano-Calabrés................................................................................190 Siciliano-Calabrés....................................................................................195 Istriota......................................................................................................201 Dálmata.....................................................................................................204 Panónica........................................................................................................208 Subgrupo Balcorrumanas.................................................................................210 Istrorrumano..............................................................................................211 Dacorrumano.............................................................................................215 Aromúnica.................................................................................................227 Meglenorrumano.........................................................................................233 2.2Insular..............................................................................................................235 2.2.1Sardo.........................................................................................................235 2.2.2Romance Africano........................................................................................242 Giusseppe Domínguez 1/245 Proyecto de Organización Filogenética de las Lenguas del Mundo 1 Descripción ● Referencias ○ Viva ○ Bibliografía específica ■ http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/indoeuro/italico/romance ■ https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_romances ■ https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_judeorromances ■ http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/latingriego/Palladium/cclasica/esc333ca5.php ■ http://multitree.org/codes/ital ■ http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/romance ● Introducción ○ Descripción ■ Las lenguas romances (también denominadas lenguas románicas o lenguas neolatinas) son una rama indoeuropea de lenguas estrechamente relacionadas entre sí y que históricamente aparecieron como evolución del latín vulgar entendido en su sentido etimológico de 'habla cotidiana del vulgo o común de la gente' y opuesto al latín clásico forma estandarizada que a partir de cierto momento era una lengua aprendida como segunda lengua y no como lengua materna. ■ Estas lenguas constituyen un grupo de idiomas genéticamente afines y representan, por lo menos en su patrimonio principal, la continuación del latín sin que haya solución de continuidad entre uno y los otros. Esta continuidad entre la raíz y los vástagos es un caso especial pues es algo que no se produce, por ejemplo, entre las lenguas neoarias de la India con el sánscrito al no ser fraccionamientos de esta lengua. ■ El número de lenguas romances conocidas supera la veintena, aunque en la actualidad muchas variedades regionales están severamente amenazadas y sólo media docena de ellas tienen un uso general y tienen varios millones de hablantes. ○ Denominación ■ El término "romance" viene del adverbio latino "romanice" dervado de "romanicus". Por ejemplo, en la expresión "hablar en romano" (es decir, el latín vernicular), contrastado con "hablar en latín" (refiriéndose al latín medieval, versión conservadora del lenguaje usado en los textos escritos y contextos formales como lengua franca. ■ A partir de este adverbio, se originó el nombre "romance" el cual era aplicado inicialmente a cualquier cosa escrita en románico o "en el romano vernáculo". ○ Estudio ■ Existen diversas teorías sobre el origen de las lenguas romances: ● La teoría tradicional que conjetura que las lenguas romances proceden del llamado latín vulgar que sería evolución natural continua del latín clásico, cuyos rasgos aparecen definidos solo a partir de los siglos IV o V d. C. Se discute cual es la relación entre este latín vulgar y el latín clásico tanto en lo relativo al tiempo como a la extensión del fenómeno. Para algunos lingüistas, como Jud, Straka y Hall, se debe situar la fecha de la fragmentación en torno a los siglos II y III como consecuencia de un proceso evolutivo natural del latín, mientras que otros autores como Meillet, Schiaffini, Tragliavini y Vidos señalan que la fragmentación lingüística vendría asociada a la decadencia del poder político romano y en consecuencia en un momento más tardío. Por su parte Muller en 1929, basándose en un estudio lingüístico de los diplomas merovingios, reflejo —según él— de una auténtica lengua natural libre de artificios, llegó a la conclusión de que, efectivamente, el latín vulgar era una lengua uniforme hablada en toda la Romania hasta el siglo VIII, y que dicha Giusseppe Domínguez 2/245 Proyecto de Organización Filogenética de las Lenguas del Mundo unidad se mantuvo gracias a las relaciones interprovinciales hasta la caída del Imperio y a la institución de la Iglesia a partir de la invasión germánica, pues solo a raíz de la reforma carolingia y del triunfo del sistema feudal dejaron de actuar los influjos de las fuerzas unitivas de dicha lengua. Otros autores Gröber, Mohl, Pisani, Tovar, Lausberg y Krepinski sostienen que la diversificación se encontraría ya en los mismos orígenes del latín. Los argumentos de estos autores están en la base de las teorías de diglosia absoluta que luego analizaremos. El principal problema de la teoría tradicional es la dificultad de explicar la evolución tan rápida de la lengua desde el latín clásico
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