1 Study and Research

Notes

1 . The 1967 riot and later awarding of the term Royal to the HKP helped to take some of the edge off the negative image. Since then the HKP has made a name for itself as one of the most advance and professional services in the world with the attribution of Asia’s Finest. 2 . In historical and cultural terms, what Confucius observed as the struggle between jun zi (৯ᄤ) and xiao ren (ᇣҎ). Wang-Kuo Hwang, Foundations of Chinese Psychology: Confucian Social Relations (Springer 2011), p. 120. 3 . Commissioner Lee Ming-kui (2003–2007) was the first Chinese commissioner with an undergraduate degree. 4 . The author was a member of the steering group. 5 . The author was elected Vice Chair in 1998 and served until 2001. 6 . Hong Kong Society of Criminology, www.crime.hku.hk/hksoccrim.htm 7 . Hong Kong Society of Criminology, AGM Meeting. December 3, 2003, HKU (Minute dated March 9, 2004). 8 . The author was one of the lead tutors. 9 . Karen Fang. “Royal Hong Kong Police.” In Antoinette Burton, After the Imperial Turn: Thinking With and Through the Nation (Duke University Press, May 8, 2003), pp. 293–307, 200. 10 . Disciplinary Forces and Security Studies. In 2013, a number of disciplinary forces studies were being phased out. The Chinese University Of Hong Kong Senate First Meeting (2012–2013) (October 17, 2012) http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ governance/senate/documents/20121017e.pdf. 11 . Bachelor of Social Sciences (Honours) in Criminology. http://www.cityu.edu. hk/ug/201415/Major/BSOCSC_CRIM-0.htm. 12 . Graduates include Ms Lau Chi Wai, Edwina, Deputy Regional Command, HKP, 2001; Mr To Chun Wai, Clarence; Mr Au Chi Kwong, Sonny, ACPs, HKP, MPA 2006. http://www.ppaweb.hku.hk/programmes/tpg/mpa. 13 . Numerous discussions with Andrew Willis, Deputy Director of Scarman Center, University of Leicester, major provider of criminal justice distance learning instructions for Hong Kong from 1998–1999. 14 . Kwan, Kim-fai, Adrian.䮰ࡡ䓱, “Cop culture: police socialization in Hong Kong.” Master of Social Science Thesis, Department of Sociology, HKU (1998). 15 . Albert Cheuk, “Community policing in Hong Kong: an institutional analysis.” DBA dissertation, City University of Hong Kong (1999). 16 . The HKU Department of Extra-Mural Studies was established in 1956 to provide life long education for non-conventional and mature students. Lawrence M. W. Chiu, Peter Cunich, HKU SPACE and Its Alumni: The First Fifty Years (HKU, 2008), pp. 247–248. 17 . She started the Child Guidance Clinic in Hong Kong University, from 1954 to 1960. Cheng Ho-Tung, I., “Some Comments on Mental Health and Child Guidance,” Journal of Education , Vol. 12 (1): 42–43 (1954).

199 200 Notes

18 . “ Expert on problem children ,” The Straits Times, 29 December 1955, p. 4. 19 . “Impressions of Police Course in England,” HKP Magazine (HKPM), Vol. 1 (1): 5–9 (September, 1951). 20 . “Hong Kong Police Officers Win Baton of Honour.” HKPM , Vol. 2(3): 18 (September, 1952). 21 . “Knowledge Management Symposium.” May 20, 2005. Hong Kong. http:// www.psdas.gov.hk/content/doc/2004–2-22/Sym%20Handbook%20–2004– 2-22.pdf. 22 . IMAI, Hiroyuki, “Structural transformation and economic growth in Hong Kong: another look at Young’s ‘a tale of two cities’” (2000). CAPS Working Paper Series. Paper 25.http://commons.ln.edu.hk/capswp/2. 23 . Rymond Li, “Banking problems: Hong Kong’s experience in the 1980s,” pp. 130–143. In BIS Policy Paper No. 6 – August 1999: Bank restructuring in practice (Bank for International Settlements Monetary and Economic Department Basel, Switzerland, 1999). 24 . Cai Murphy, “Hong Kong A Culture of Emigration,” The Atlantic , 1991 http:// www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/91apr/emi491.htm. 25 . John Murray, “Convenient myths about higher education in policing,” Platypus Magazine , December 2000. Australia Federal Police (“I know you have been studying – is this job not good enough for you?”) http://www.afp. gov.au/media-centre/publications/platypus/previous-editions/2000/december-2000/educat.aspx. 26 . CP Mr. Tsang Wai-hung, Deputy Commissioner of Police MBA; DCP (Management), Mr Lo Wai-chung, Stephen, MA (Master Degree in Risk, Crisis & Disaster Management); DPC (Operations) Mr Wong Chi-hung, Tony, Canadian Police College, UK Police Staff College, Harvard Business School, Tsinghua University, and Chinese Academy of Governance; Director of Operations, Mr Lau Yip-shing, Alan, MA (Training and Human Resource Management); Director of Crime and Security, Mr Lo Mung-hung (No degree); Director of Personnel and Training, Mr Chau Kwok-leung, Alfred, MA (International and Public Affairs); Director of Management Services, Ms Chiu Wai-yin, Winnie, MBA, MS (Training and Human Resource Management), Diploma (Public Administration), and a Graduate Certificate in Police Management. HKP – Senior Officers, HKP Web (April 2, 2015), http://www. police.gov.hk/ppp_En/01_about_us/os_sofficers.html. 27 . Ms Lau Chi Wai, Edwina, Former Regional Commander, MPA, HKU, 2001; Mr Cheung Tak Keung, Jacob, Assistant Commissioner of Police (Operations Wing), MPA, HKU, 2005; Mr Au Chi Kwong, Sonny, Assistant Commissioner of Police (Security), MPA, HKU, 2006; Mr Lam Man Wing, Edwin, Assistant Commissioner of Police (Support), MPA, HKU, 2006; Mr To Chun Wai, Clarence, Former Assistant Commissioner of Police, MPA, HKU, 2006. 28 . Mike Brogden, “The Export Of Community Policing – Buyer Beware,” Proceeding Papers, Third AAPS Annual Conference (Hong Kong: AAPS, July 29, 2002), p. 20. 29 . It is now commonly accepted as a truism that economic conditions, social structure, family integrity, and school education has more to do with the cause and prevention of deviance than any police intervention methods. 30 . See Wong and Wong, “Law and Order in cyberspace: A case study of cyberspace governance and Internet regulation in PRC,” Proceeding Papers, Third Notes 201

AAPS Annual Conference (Hong Kong: AAPS, July 29, 2002). For an example of one such approach, see Kam C. Wong, “The Philosophy of Community Policing in China,” Police Quarterly, Vol. 4(2): 186–214 (2001) (“It finds that the Chinese philosophy on community policing differs substantially from that of the US”). 31 . Intellectual Hong Kong police studies have been developed outside the rubric and paradigm Hong Kong studies. Siu-Keung Cheung, “Hong Kong: Geopolitics and intellectual practice,” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Vol. 13(3) (2012). 32 . Kam C. Wong, Police Reform in China (CRC: Taylor and Francis, 2012), Chapter 2: “Obstacles in understanding Chinese policing.” 33 . Michael L. Birzer, “Writing Partnership between Police Practitioners and Researchers,” Police Practice and Research: An International Journal , Vol. 3(2): p. 157 (2002). 34 . This gem of scholarship is exemplified by the pioneer work of Michael Ng-Quinn, Bureaucratic Response to Political Change: Theoretical Use of Atypical Case of the Hong Kong Police (Hong Kong: Occasional Paper No. 2, Hong Kong Institute of Asia Pacific Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong). More recently, Allan Y. Jiao, “Organizational Behaviors and Political Sensitivities: Policing Hong Kong After 1997” Public Administration and Policy, Vol. 11(1): 41–60 (2002). 35 . There is a continuing debate over the relative contribution to police scholarship between insider vs. outsider research (this dichotomy does not do justice to the many other possibilities, e.g., insider-outside, with police officers turned police researchers, or outsider-insider, with scholars turned police officers). The contributions and limitations of insiders to police research, particularly in the Hong Kong context, must be acknowledged. This is a forum issue for another day. In passing, while an insider brings with him/her original data, first hand experience, indigenous, and inside-out perspectives, he/she suffers from (charges of) a lack of objectivity resulting from institutional bias, from conflict of interest, and from a lack of vision. 36 . This gem of scholarship is exemplified by the pioneer work of Douglas Y.K. Tsui, “Problems of a Para-military Police Force in a Changing Society – A Case Study of the Royal Hong Kong Police Force (CUHK, 1979), and “The Promotion System in the Officer Cadre of the Royal Hong Kong Police” (HKU, 1982); more recently, Cheuk Chun-yin, “Community Policing in Hong Kong: An Institutional Analysis.” DBA Thesis. Hong Kong Polytechnic University (1999). 37 . This gem of scholarship is exemplified by the pioneer works of Kam C. Wong, “Beat Patrol Deployment in Hong Kong,” International Journal of Comparative & Applied Criminal Justice , Vol. 25 (2001); “One Officer Beat vs. Two-Officer Beat Patrol for the Hong Kong Police: An Exercise in Policy Analysis,” Journal of Criminology (Official publication of Chinese Society of Criminology, Taiwan, ROC) Vol.7: 127–170 (2001); Chapter “Policing Hong Kong Police,” Policing in Hong Kong (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2012), pp. 51–89. 38 . “Trends in Community Policing and the Option to Innovate as well as Internalize new ideas in People’s Participation in building Safe Societies,” Asian Policing in the 21st Century (Proceedings) (Hong Kong: AAPS, 2002) 39 . “The Export of Community Policing – Buyer Beware” Asian Policing in the 21st Century (Proceedings) (Hong Kong: AAPS, 2002). 202 Notes

40 . ibid., p. 6. 41 . Mike Brogden, Preeti Nijhar, Community Policing (UK: Willan Publishing, 2013). 42 . “The Export of Community Policing – Buyer Beware.” Asian Policing in the 21st Century (Proceedings) (Hong Kong: AAPS, 2002). 43 . See similar observation in Kam C. Wong, “Crime Prevention in China: A Community Policing Approach,” Steven Lab & Dilip Das (eds) Crime Prevention: A Community Policing Approach (Prentice-Hall, 2001). 44 . A review of comparative criminal justice system texts, old and new, does not reveal any sophisticated comparative methodology. See Cole, George F., Stanislaw J. Frankowski, and Marc G. Gertz. Major Criminal Justice Systems: A Comparative Survey (Sage Focus Editions, No 32. Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage, 1981); Fairchild, E. Comparative Criminal Justice Systems (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1993); Harry R. Dammer, Jay S. Albanese, Comparative Criminal Justice Systems (Cengage Learning, 2014). 45 . Numerous discussions with Andrew Willis, Deputy Director of the Scarman Centre, a major provider of criminal justice distance learning instruction in Hong Kong, 1998–1999; Rod Broadhurst, Associate Professor, Center for Criminology, Hong Kong University, 1999–2002; Dr. Garland Liu, Program Coordinator, Police Studies Program, Open University of Hong Kong, 1999– 2000. Professor Raymond Lau, Police Studies Program, Open University of Hong Kong (2002). More recently, discussion with Deputy Commandant, HKP College, 2012. 46 . Kam C. Wong, Policing in Hong Kong (Ashgate, 2012), chapter 7: “One Country Two Systems of Policing”; Jiao , Allan Y. and Eli B. Silverman. “Police Practice in Hong Kong and New York : A Comparative Analysis,” The International Journal of Police Science & Management, Vol. 8(2) 104–118 (2006). CRJU4010 /7010: Comparative Justice Systems Criminal Justice Study in Taiwan and Hong Kong, June 5–19, 2012. Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, College of Arts and Sciences Valdosta State University. 47 . Kam C. Wong, Hong Kong Policing: History and Reform (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press – Taylor and Francis, 2015); Alan Jiao, Police in Hong Kong: A Contemporary View (University Press of America, 2007); and Iain Ward, Sui geng: the Hong Kong marine police 1841–1950 (Hong Kong University Press, 1991). 48 . Sheilah E. Hamilton, Watching Over Hong Kong: Private Policing 1841–1941 (Hong Kong University, 2008). 49 . Kam C. Wong, Hong Kong Policing: History and Reform (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press – Taylor and Francis, 2015), Part I: “Colonial Police with Chinese Characteristics.” 50 . Ibid. chapter 4: “Policing with Hong Kong Characteristics.” 51 . See chapter 5: “Research Method,” infra. 52 . See corruption and its control with HKP. Su Jing, “Corruption by Design? A Comparative Study of Singapore, Hong Kong and Mainland China.” Crawford School of Economics and Government (2007) https://crawford. anu.edu.au/degrees/pogo/discussion_papers/PDP07–01.pdf. 53 . See also Mark Hampton, “British Legal Culture and Colonial Governance: The Attack on Corruption in Hong Kong, 1968–1974,” Britain and the World , Vol. 5: pp. 223–239, DOI 10.3366/brw.2012.0055, ISSN 2043–8567, Available Online September 2012. Notes 203

2 Literature Review

1 . I will be using the terms study of HKP and policing in Hong Kong interchangeably. 2 . James Hayes, “The Pattern of Life in the New Territories in 1898,” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (JHKBRAS ), Vol. 2: 75–103, 75 (1962). 3 . JHKBRAS , Vol. 3: 88–107 (1963). 4 . James Hayes, “Itinerant Hakka Weavers,” JHKBRAS , Vol. 8: 162–165 (1968) and “The Ting Chung Fort,” JHKBRAS, Vol. 8: 165–168 (1968). 5 . James Hayes, “Peng Chau between 1798 and 1899,” JHKBRAS, Vol. 4: 71–98 (1964). 6 . Ibid. 7 . Mills, C. Wright, The Sociological Imagination (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959). 8 . Pek Van Andel, “Anatomy of the unsought finding: serendipity: origin, history, domains, traditions, appearances, patterns and programmability,” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science , Vol. 45 (2): 631–648 (1994). 9 . See James Hayes, note 2, supra. 10 . Ibid. 11 . Ibid. 12 . Kathryn Cronin, Colonial Casualties (Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1986), p. 76. 13 . See James Hayes, note 2, supra, 83 14 . James Hayes, “Cheung Chau 1850–1898: Information from Commemorative Tables,” JHKBRAS , Vol. 3: 88–107, 94–95 (1963). 15 . See Chapter 4, infra. 16 . James Q. Wilson, V arieties of Police Behavior (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968). 17 . Edward A, Ross, Social Control: A Survey of the Foundations of Order (The Macmillan Company, 1901). 18 . Kam C. Wong, Policing in Hong Kong: History and Reform (Fl.: CRC, 2015), chapter 6. 19 . Kam C. Wong, Policing in China: History and Reform (New York: Peter Lang, 2009), chapter 1, p. 5. 20 . Kang Daimin, Discourse on Broad Concept of Public Security (Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 2001). 21 . Kam C. Wong, “Community Policing with Chinese Characteristics” (Cincinnati, Ohio: Division of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,, May, 2008). 22 . T’ung-Tsu Chu, Law and Society in Traditional China (Paris: Mouton & Co., 1965). 23 . Donald J. Munro, The Concept of Man in Early China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969). 24 . Chengkang Fei, The family and Clan Rules in China (Shanghai; Shanghai shehui kexue chubanshe, 1998). 25 . Hsien Chin Hu, The Common Descent Group in China and Its Functions (New York: Johnson, 1964). 204 Notes

26 . Michael R. Dutton, Policing and Punishment in China: From Patriarchy to the People (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Y.Y. Hsu, “ The Pao-Chia System in China ,” Far Eastern Survey , Vol. 12 (24): 236–238 (1943). 27 . Men Juntian, China Bao Jia System (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1936). 28 . B.E. McKnight, Law and Order in Sung (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992). 29 . Robert Dutton, Policing and Punishment in China: From Patriarchy to The People ( Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992). 30 . Victor Tadros, “Between Governance and Discipline: The Law and Michel Foucault,” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies , Vol. 18 (1): 75–103 (1998). 31 . Sheilah Hamilton, “The District Watch Force,” JHKBRAS , Vol. 38: 201–235 (1998). 32 . JHKBRAS , Vol. 11: 117–142 (1971) (Chinese District Watch Force was established with Registration Ordinance of 1866). 33 . Sheilah Hamilton, “The District Watch Force,” JHKBRAS , Vol. 38: 201–235, 220 (1998). 34 . Ibid. 201. 35 . Sheila Hamilton, Watching Over Hong Kong: Private Policing 1841–1941 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009). 36 . “Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing,” NYT April 15, 2014. 37 . Guo-Ming Chen, Ringo Ma, Chinese Conflict Management and Resolution (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002), chapter 1: “The Impact of Harmony in Chinese Conflict Management,” pp. 1–18, 8. 38 . Ken Ing, Wing Chun Warrior (Blacksmith Books, 2010), p. 58–59. 39 . ㄀Ѡゴҕ㕽䘧ᖋಯᄫⱘসҞᛣ㕽 (chapter 2: contemporary meanings of ren, ,(yi, dao, de) in 䥒׿㋡”<㧃໣᭛࣪䕼ᵤ> (Chinese (Hua Xia) culture analyzed Ϟ⍋Ҏ⇥ߎ⠜⼒, 2014. 40 . Asian Profile , Vol. 19 (2): 97–136 (1991). 41 . Ibid. 42 . James, Hayes, “Colonial Administration in British Hong Kong and Chinese Customary Law.” 65–66 in James W. Hayes, and Elizabeth Sinn. 2001. Colonial Administration in British Hong Kong and Chinese Customary Law. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies (HKU, 2001). 43 . Berry Fong-Chung Hsu, The Common Law in Chinese Context (Hong Kong University Press, January 1, 1992), pp. 31–49. See also D.J. Lewis, “A Requiem for Chinese Customary Law in Hong Kong,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly , Vol. 32: (1983). 44 . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , Vol. 18: 296–315 (1991). 45 . The HKP commissioned an academic study of HKP history later. 46 . Ibid. 296. 47 . Kam C. Wong, Policing in Hong Kong: History and Reform (Boca Raton, Fl.: CRC Press, 2015). 48 . International Journal of the Sociology of Law, Vol. 23: 23–43 (1995). See also Mathieu Deflem et al., “Policing the Pearl: Historical Transformations of Law Enforcement in Hong Kong,” International Journal of Police Science and Management , Vol. 10: 349–356 (2008) http://deflem.blogspot.com/2008/08/ policing-pearl-historical.html. 49 . International Journal of the Sociology of Law , Vol. 23: 23–43, 32 (1995). 50. Ibid. 33. Notes 205

51 . Ibid. 36. 52 . Ibid. 23 53 . Ibid. 39. 54 . Ibid. 55 . Lo Ah, Memories of Special Branch (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997). 56 . Ibid. 258. 57 . Ibid. 58 . Ibid, IV. 59 . Ibid, III. 60 . Ibid, 5. 61 . Ibid. 5. 8. 62 . Ibid. 8. 63 . Ibid. 15. 64 . Ibid. 12. 65 . Ibid, 14. 66 . Ibid. 18. 67 . Ibid. “Operations Department in Charge of Anti-terrorisms,” pp. 37–38. 68 . Ibid. 39. 69 . Hualing Fu and Richard Cullen, “Political Policing in Hong Kong,” Hong Kong Law Journal , Vol. 33: 199 (2003). 70 . Sonny, Lo Shiu-hing, “The Politics of Policing the Anti-WTO Protests in Hong Kong,” Asian Journal of Political Science , Vol. 14 (2): 140–162 (2006). 71 . More recent research in public order policing is: Ho, Ka-ki, Lawrence (ԩᆊ俣), “Policing the 1967 riots in Hong Kong: strategies, rationales and implications.” Ph.D. Dissertation, HKU, 2009. 72 . My reading of police “insider” account of police performance is one of guarded skepticism. 73 . See “Discussion Paper – Keynote Forum: Police and Policing in Hong Kong after 1997: Continuity and Change” (AAPS, April 18, 2002). 74 . Kam C. Wong. Notes to AAPS “Keynote Forum” meeting of April 18, 2002. 75 . There, is in fact, a role reversal with the Ministry of Public Security learning from HK, and not the other way around. Sonny Lo Shiu-Hing, “Policing and Policy Transfer: Is Mainland China Learning From Hong Kong?” Centre for Governance and Citizenship, The Hong Kong Institute of Education Working Paper Series No. 2011/007. 76 . Master of Social Science. Public Administration, University of Hong Kong (1982). 77 . Tsui Yiu-kowong (ᕤ㗔ܝ ), “The promotion system in the officer cadre of the Royal Hong Kong Police Force,” Master of Social Science, Public Administration, University of Hong Kong (1982). http://hub.hku.hk/ bitstream/10722/29416/1/FullText.pdf?accept=1. 78 . Target population: 26.8.1961 and 16.9.1973 (1308). Sample size: 437 (p. 33). The independent variables are: (1) age (p. 39); (2) education (p. 39); (3) previous working experience (p. 42); training performance (p. 43); The outcome variable was: promotion performance (p. 35); (4) work experience (p. 44). 79 . The author, Kam C. Wong, was one of his ad doc advisors to his M. Phil dissertation in 1986. 206 Notes

80 . Ibid. i. 81 . http://www.aud.gov.hk/pdf_E/e44ch06_summary.pdf. 82 . Ibid. para. 1, p. 1. 83 . Ibid. para. 2. 84 . Ibid. para. 4–6, pp. 1–2. 85 . Ibid. para. 9, p. 2. 86 . Ibid. para. 2, p. 1. 87 . Ibid, para. 3. 88 . Ibid, para. 8, p. 2. 89 . Ibid. para. 10, pp. 2–3. 90 . Ibid. “Delay in completion of the station improvement project” – “Insufficient internal communication,”para. 2, p. 1. 91 . Ibid. “Management of pilot schemes,” para. 3. 92 . Ibid. “Usage of identified spare spaces,” para. 4. 93 . Ibid. 94 . Ibid. “Additional spare space in the Tsing Yi Police Station,” para. 5, p. 2. 95 . Ibid. “Surplus accommodation,” para. 6. 96 . Ibid. “Remodeled report rooms,.” 97 . Ibid. “Need for reception area and deployment of staff to reception are,” para. 7. 98 . Ibid. 99 . Ibid. “Carpet problem in the “back of house” area,” para. 8 100 . Ibid. “Information kiosks in report rooms,” p. 2. 101 . Ibid. “Hardware not in use,” para. 9. 102 . Ibid. “Usage of information kiosks,” para. 10. 103 . Ibid. “Alternative use of information kiosks,” para. 11. 104 . Ibid. “Information kiosks not functioning properly,” para. 12. 105 . Ibid. “Usage of resource centres,” para. 13, p. 3. 106 . Ibid. “Resource centres in close proximity,” para. 14. 107 . Ibid. “Late involvement of stakeholders,” para. 15. 108 . Ibid. “Efficient use of resources,” para, 17, p. 4. 109 . Ibid “Congested accommodation in merged police stations,” para. 16. 110 . International Journal of Police Science & Management , Vol. 6 (2): 97–109 (2004). 111 . Ibid. “Conflict management refers to the application of relevant knowledge and skills in dealing with such dissatisfaction arising from the public, aiming at reducing the negative consequences of the conflict.” 112 . Ibid. The CMT trainers’ training started on February 20 and 22, 26 and 28, 2001. The CMT training was conducted between March and May of 2001. 113 . Ibid. “21 traffic officers, including seven senior inspectors (SIP), six inspectors (IP), two station sergeants (S/SGT), and six Sergeants (SGT). All of them belonged to the same traffic region. The mean age was 43.05, ranging from 33 to 52.” 114 . Ibid. “Participants were 211 traffic officers, including three S/SGTs, 48 SGTs, and 160 senior police constables (SPC) or police constables (PC). There were 194 males and 17 females. Their mean age was 34.73, ranging from 23 to 54.” 115 . Roxco, P.K. Chun, Y.H. Chui, Y.C. Chan, and Howard C.H. Cheng, “Police work with youth -at- risk: what can social work contribute ? ” Hong Kong Journal of Social Work , Vol. 44 (1), Summer 2010, pp. 31–48 (2010). Notes 207

116 . W.I. Nicholson, “Use of discretion and the law: formal and informal perspectives in the Royal Hong Kong Police,” Master of Social Science, HKU (1981). 117 . Ibid. p. 30. 118 . Ibid. p. 33. 119 . Ibid. p. 36. 120 . Ibid. p. 39. 121 . Ibid. p. 41. 122 . Ibid. p. 4. 123 . Ibid. p. 27. 124 . Ibid. p. 22. 125 . Ibid. p. 27. 126 . Ibid. p. 30. 127 . Ibid. 128 . Ibid. p. 31. 129 . Ibid. p. 30. 130 . Ibid. p. 31. 131 . Ibid, 132 . Ibid. p. 31. 133 . Ibid. p. 33 (SDI – Central), p. 34 (SDI – WF). 134 . Ibid. 36. 135 . Ibid. 40. 136 . Ibid. 36. 137 . Ng Chi Wa, “The Establishment and Early Development of Police System in Hong Kong.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Chinese University of Hong Kong (1999). 138 . Albert Cheuk, “ Community Policing in Hong Kong: An Institutional Analysis.” Unpublished DBA Dissertation, Poly University of Hong Kong (1999). The author, Kam C. Wong, was one of its ad hoc reviewer. 139 . Carlos WingϋHung Lo and Albert ChunϋYin Cheuk, “Community policing in Hong Kong Development, performance and constraints,” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 27 (1): 97–128 (2004). 140 . Ibid. 141 . Charles Jefferies, The Colonial Police (London: Max Parrish, 1952) (colonial policing requires the imposing of order against a populist resistance calling forth the adoption of Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) model of policing in organization, operations and style, as distinguished from Peele’s London’s Metropolitan Police (LMP), i.e., civil order maintenance with law and consent. Jefferies also postulates that militaristic RIC policing would in time would be replaced by LMP policing when habitual obedience to British rule is obtained.) 142 . Ibid. chapter 1, esp. 1–6. 143 . Ibid. p. 6. 144 . Ibid. p. 7. Jefferies’ model suggests policing as a planned, organized, and imposed activity. What with there being no organized, but reactive, policing in Hong Kong (1841–1844)? (pp. 61–62). 145 . Kerrigan, p. 9. 146 . Kerrigan, chapter 3. 147 . Kerrigan, p. 90. 208 Notes

148 . “Colonialism” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP). First published Tue May 9, 2006; substantive revision Thursday July 28, 2011. 149 . This serendipitous discovery (Merton) was anticipated by other Hong Kong historians who observed that effective, efficient, and prudential Hong Kong governance requires co-optation of local elites and cooperation of local populace, e.g., by means of indirect rule. Elizabeth Sinn, Power and Charity: The Early History of the Tung Wah Hospital (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1989). 150 . Kerrigan’s work recalls that of Christopher Munn, Anglo-China: Chinese People and British Rule in Hong Kong, 1841–1880 (2006). 151 . Mike Watson was a Chief Superintendent of the HKP. 152 . Colin Crisswell and Mike Watson, The Royal Hong Kong Police (1841–1945) (Hong Kong: MacMillan Publishing, 1982). 153 . Ibid. “Preface” vii. 154 . Frank Weise, A History of Hong Kong (Harper Collins, 2010). 155 . Ernest John Eitel, Europe in China: The History of Hongkong from the Beginning to the Year 1882 (1895). 156 . Mike was also a HKP officer, of a lesser stature and influence in the HKP. 157 . Ibid. Preface. 158 . Allan Y. Jiao, The Police in Hong Kong: A Contemporary View (Maryland: University Press of America, 2007). 159 . Book Review: Allan Y. Jiao (2007). The Police in Hong Kong: A Contemporary View. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, Inc., pp. v, 263. Reviewer: Cliff Akiyama, International Criminal Justice Review, Vol. 19 (3): 353–354 (2009). 160 . Ibid. Preface, p. v. 161 . While I agree that Hong Kong is Westernized and HKP has a British ethos, I am not so sure that Jiao is correct to observe that HKP is fast jettisoning the British way of doing things, especially in high places. My observation is that the HKP and its officers are very much affected by Chinese culture. This affected how HKP, particularly at the JPO level, think, feel, and do policing; it always has and always will. 162 . Meyer, W. and Rowan, B. “Institutional Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 83: 340–346 (1977). 163 . James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 78: 374–349 (1984). 164 . Recent events have proven Professor Jiao wrong. “Colored Revolution” (Gene Sharp) has come to challenge the stability, security and sovereignty of China–HK in the form of the Occupy Central – Umbrella Revolution. Kam C. Wong, “Policing in Hong Kong: A Case Study of Occupy Central (2017),” in progress. 165 . There was no evidence and literature in support this set of assertions. 166 . The discussion of Western vs. Chinese culture was not conducted at length nor supported by pertinent literature. It is clear that the informants were dismissive of Jiao’s question that Confucius matters in HKP. 167 . Policing in Hong Kong Web Page, Ashgate. http://www.ashgate.com/ isbn/9781409410607. Notes 209

168 . ibid. 169 . Wayne Wing Lun Chan, BOOK REVIEW. Review of Kam C. Wong, Policing in Hong Kong. Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2012 (December 2012) ISBN: 978–1– 4094–1060–7, 357 pageshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11417- 012-9157-8#page-1. 170 . Kam C. Wong, Hong Kong Policing: History and Reform (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press – Taylor and Francis, 2015). 171 . Tam, P., “From Enforcement to Service Delivery: A Study of Strategic Change in the Hong Kong Police Force.’ MPA Dissertation, HKU (2012). As a HKP officer, Tam observed the successful transformation of HKP from a law enforcement agency to a service organization with the arrival of New Public Management against the backdrop of 1997. The author did not place HKP reform in a historical context. He used limited contemporary sources, such as Lo and Cheuk on community policing to make his case. 172 . See chapter 8 on the author’s police experience in Hong Kong as a “civilian” Special Branch officer. Tim Hardy, Reluctant Imperialist (Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2009). 173 . “In the Shadow of the Noonday Gun,” Hong Kong: Time Out January 2, 2013. http://www.timeout.com.hk/books/features/55130/in-the-shadow-of-the- noonday-gun.html.See also Kam C. Wong, “Policing in Hong Kong: Voices” (2016), Manuscript under preparation. 174 . Clive Emsley, Lawrence K.K. Ho, Yiu Kong Chu, “Policing Hong Kong 1842–1969: Insiders’ Stories”, Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies online, Vol. 18, n°2|2014. http://chs.revues.org/1508. 175 . Lawrence Ho, Y.K. Chu, Policing Hong Kong, 1842–1969: Insiders’ Stories (Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2011). For example, chapter 2, notes 1, 2, 5, 6. 176 . Ibid. “Big head in green coat whistle” p. 17. 177 . “Outposed – the diary an Australian Federal Police Liaison in Hong Kong,” Platypus Magazine no. 76: September 12–15, 2002. http://www.afp.gov.au/~/ media/afp/pdf/6/6-out-posted.ashx. 178 . Chapter 6: “Meeting the Challenges of a Chinese Community,” pp. 87–114. Steve Tsang, Governing Hong Kong: Administrative Officers from the 19th Century to the Handover to China, 1862–1997 (I.B. Tauris, December 15, 2007). 179 . Austin Coats, Myself a Mandarin: Memoirs of a Special Magistrate (Oxford Paper Back, 1988). 180 . Steve Tsang, Governing Hong Kong: Administrative Officers from the 19th Century to the Handover to China, 1862–1997 (I.B. Tauris, December 15, 2007), p. 97. 181 . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Yu. 182 . Patrick Shuk-siu Yu (Chinese: ԭন䷊) Tales from No. 9 Ice House Street (Hong Kong University Press, 2002), pp. 42–46. 183 . Ibid. p. 44. 184 . Elsie Tu, a self-styled social activist, tirelessly championed for Hong Kong people against police corruption and government wrongdoing. “A tribute to centenarian Elsie Tu,” Lau Nai-keung, China Daily, June 6, 2013 (“During the 1960s and 1970s, Elsie was a fierce opponent of the corruption, then endemic in many areas of Hong Kong life, and the influence of the Triads. She also campaigned for better working and housing conditions for the poor. Though many in ruling circles disliked Elsie ‘rocking the boat’, her 210 Notes

efforts led to the establishment of the Independent Commission Against Corruption in 1974.”) http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2013- 06/04/content_16562675.htm. (Elsie Tu GBM, CBE (née Hume; Chinese: born June 2, 1913), is a social activist, former elected member of the Urban Council of Hong Kong, and former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. She moved to Hong Kong in 1951 following a period as a missionary in China.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie_Tu. 185 . Elsie Elliot, Colonial Hong Kong in the Eyes of Elsie Tu (Hong Kong University Press, 2013), p. 86. 186 . See chapter 12: “Summers of Discontent: 1966 and 1967,” p. 103. 187 . People from outside, depending on their association, relationship, status, role, and engagement, should have different experiences with and perceptions of the police. For example, first respondents to emergencies, from fire fighters to nurses, see police differently than do social workers and court staff. Notwithstanding conventional wisdom, wives (LEO) and children of police know more about police “secrets” than people from the street, or even police themselves. See “The Police Wife Life, Selfish Is Not An Option, by Melissa Littles,” Hub.Pages http://blissinprogress.hubpages.com/ hub/Police-Wife-Life-The-Joys-and-Jitters-of-a-LEO-Wife-by-Melissa-Littles (Visited Febuary 23, 2014). 188 . Gordon Mathews, Ghetto at the Center of the World: Chungking Mansions, Hong Kong (University of Chicago Press, 2012). 189 . In their Own Words, Police Reform Organizing Project, Urban Justice Center (May, 2013) (“When you’re a street vendor in New York, every single day it’s a different fight. Vendors like us, we start out with nothing and work hard for our families. We are committing no crime. We don’t think it’s a crime to work in New York.” Alberto Loera, who sued the city for excessive ticketing of his food truck.) p. 4. http://www.policereformorganizingproject.org/wp-content/ uploads/2013/06/In-Their-Own-Words-Peoples-Edition-Final-Draft.pdf. 190 . 䛻㗐㕸 (Tang Yik-kwan), ↎䄺⁨Ḝũũ佭␃䄺ᆳ⍈㸔䞡Ḝ (Case files of killing cops: HKP Bloody Cases; ᯢฅߎ⠜⼒:᮹䮅ූ, 2012). 191 . Ken Bridgewater, Open Verdict (Trafford Publishing, 2013), chapter 4. 192 . Ibid, chapter 7, in which we learn that Special Branch keep track of the sexual orientation of HKPF officers, juniors or seniors, pp. 23, 28; that the SIU are most serious and aggressive in their investigation, even to fellow police officers, pp. 24–25; how the SIU built up a case with the Divisional Commander and Attorney General for the dismissal of an inspectorate officer for sexual indiscretions, p. 28; and how expatriate officers work with Chinese officers, pp. 35–35. 193 . ǋ݁ಯǌᕠ៥㟛␃㣅䄺ᆳᬓ⊏䚼ⱘϔ↉㎷ӑ (“My destiny, acquaintance with HKP – SB after June 4”; “ϔббƻᑈѠ᳜कܿ᮹ˈ៥೼টҎⱘᅝᥦϟˈ⬅⏅ഇ ࠄ䘨佭␃Ǆǋ佭␃ᬃ㙃᳗ǌ⌒Ҏᡞ៥Ѹ㌺њ␃㣅䄺ᆳܹ๗㰩ˈܹ๗㰩䱼ेᡞ៥䗕㌺␃㣅䄺ᆳᬓ⊏䚼Ǆ⚎Ҕ咐ᡞ៥䗕Ѹ␃㣅䄺ᆳᬓ⊏䚼ਸ਼˛䗭㟛៥᳒᪨ӏⱘᅬᮍ㙋 ࢭ᳝䮰Ǆ”), http://www.chengmingmag.com/t309/select/309sel32.html. 194 . Andy Ajukwu, Hell in Hong Kong: 134 Days of Torture (Outskirts Press, 2012). 195 . Peter Craggs, When Harry Met Vicky – a Fatal Attraction: Growing Up with My Parents (2012), pp. 95, 97. 196 . This book has a wide following within the HKP expatriate officers’ circle. An ACP (retired) informant, December 20, 2014. Notes 211

197 . Peter Craggs, p. 96. 198 . Caroline Knowles, Douglas Harper, Hong Kong: Migrant Lives, Landscapes, and Journeys (University of Chicago Press, December 15, 2009). 199 . Ibid. 218–224. “On Patrol.” 200 . Chi Ming Fung, Reluctant Heroes: Rickshaw Pullers in Hong Kong and Canton, 1874–1954 (HKU, 2005). 201 . Ibid. p. 27 (robbed), p. 29 (traffic accident), p. 30 (police corruption). 202 . Ibid. p. 31. 203 . Ibid. p. 38. 204 . Ibid. p. 25 (snatching, pimping, thugs). 205 . Ibid. p. 30. 206 . Ibid. p. 24 (altercation with customers), p. 25 (fare disputes). 207 . Ibid. p. 43. 208 . T.L. Tsim and Bernard H.Y. Chen (eds) The Other Hong Kong Report [Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong Series, 1989). chapter 3: “People” and chapter 4: “Laws”, “Role of Police” (p. 157). 209 . “䄺䯳ग़৆˖ग़৆-㄀ໍϾໍⱒᑈ.” 佭␃䄺ࡵ໘ http://www.police.gov.hk/ppp_ En/01_about_us/ph_02.html. 210 . OffBeat http://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/996/eng/index.html. 211 . Ling Sir’s Home page http://lingsir.org See also Kam C. Wong, “Policing in Hong Kong: Voices” (2016), manuscript in preparation. 212 . http://www.pcchk.com/forum-28-1.html. 213 . http://gwulo.com/royal-hong-kong-police-force-history. .䄺વ஢” Water ˄pen name) 2009–8–21 08:38 http://www.discussخԴ䘽ড়“ . 214 com.hk/viewthread.php?tid=104211751240. 215 . Kam C. Wong, “Policing in Hong Kong: Inside Voices.” (2016) Research in progress. 216 . Kevin Sinclair, “A fortunate life for a career cop: Kevin Sinclair looks at the life of Roy Henry, the former commissioner of the Royal Hong Kong Police who transformed law enforcement in the territory,” SCMP , May 12, 1998. 217 . CECILIE GAMST BERG (Mui Wo), “Overworked police need more incentive,” SCMP , January 21, 2000, p. 22. 218 . PC Wong Chi-hon (Ah Ho) joined the HKP in 1988. Wong made a name for himself when he worked for Marco Tam Siu-ming and Chief Inspector Tse Yiu-tak, then the Western District Training and Staff Relations Officers, producing the district bulletin and training materials with real-life Police officers in mind. They were fondly called “Filming Trio” (ᢡ᠆ϝҎ㌘) (“The Force is with you ... on the silver screen,” OffBeat , issue 712 September 26 to October 9, 2001. http://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/712/022_c.htm). 219 . “Former police officer involved with indecent assault of female students,” Sun News July 19, 2006. http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20060719/200 60719030232_0000.html. 220 . “Former police officer loitering in female toilet preliminary proven,” Sun News July 6, 2005. http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20050607/2005060 7021707_0001.html. 221 . “He was one of the rare ones:” He fought cancer for 30 years, and in the end journalist Kevin Sinclair told yet another story: his own. John Church and Chris Davis remember a legend,” SCMP , December 29, 2007. 222 . Hedley Thomas, “The force is with Sinclair,” SCMP , March 2, 1997, p. 3. 212 Notes

223 . ‘He was one of the rare ones’: He fought cancer for 30 years, and in the end journalist Kevin Sinclair told yet another story: his own. John Church and Chris Davis remember a legend,” SCMP, December 29, 2007. 224 . “Laws are made to be upheld by all,” The Standard Tuesday, April 24, 2012. 225 . “Appeal to UN planned on mainland detainees,” SCMP , November 7, 1999. 226 . Ibid. 14. 227 . Leonard N. Giles, Wearing Red, Tracking Reds: What a Ride!: Policing and Counter-Espionage from Canada to Hong Kong (Trafford Publishing, April 8, 2011), specifically See “37: Hong Kong Liaison,” pp. 249–314. 228 . Statement of Alan G. Ringgold Deputy Assistant Director Federal Bureau of Investigation Before The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs Hearing on U.S. Law Enforcement Interests in Hong Kong April 10, 1997. https://www.fas.org/ irp/congress/1997_hr/s970410r.htm. 229 . Ibid. See also, “Woman Extradited from Hong Kong,” FBI – Indianapolis Office. December 17, 2013. http://www.fbi.gov/indianapolis/press- releases/2013/woman-extradited-from-hong-kong. 230 . Alice M. Hoffman and Howard S. Hoffman, “Reliability and Validity in Oral History: The Case for Memory,” pp. 107–135 in Jaclyn Jeffrey and Glenace E. Edwall (eds), Memory and History: essays on recalling and interpreting experience (University Press of America, May 1, 1994). 231 . William Muir, Street Corner Politicians (University of Chicago, 1977). 232 . Michael Lipset, Street-Level Bureaucracy (Sage, 2010, Original 1980). 233 . Ng Chin Hung, Secretary General of Ng Shing Tat Tso, Nga Tsin Wai, 52, DOB 1960. Garment Merchant. In “Chin Hung’s father’s early background and blooming police career.” Hong Kong Memory. 10/06/12. http://www. hkmemory.hk/collections/oral_history/All_Items_OH/oha_106/records/ index.html#p67792. 234 . Chan Kwong Yiu. Owner of Tai On Coffee & Tea Shop. DOB. 1945. Age: 66. “Queen of Temple Street took refuge in Man San Lung Grocery Store.” (21/4/2011) Hong Kong Memory. http://www.hkmemory.hk/collections/ oral_history/All_Items_OH/oha_04/records/index.html#p48299. 235 . Beyond public opinion survey. 236 . Such as oral history. 237 . Gu Siu-fai, “A Study of ethical policing in public order events,” MPA. Department of Government and Public Administration, University of Hong Kong 2012.

3 A-theoretical Policing

1 . Yang Shang, “Corruption control in Hong Kong.” Chapter 6 in Nicholas Tarling Corruption and Good Governance in Asia (Routledge, 2005), pp. 121–142. 2 . Leo F. Goodstadt, “Government without Statistics: Policy - making in Hong Kong 1925–1985, with special reference to Economic and Financial Management”. Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research. Working Papers #062006 (2008). Notes 213

3 . Kam C. Wong, Police Reform in China (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2012), Chapter 2. 4 . J. Xu, “Hong Kong: the state of criminology.” In pp. 411–418 Cindy J. Smith, Sheldon X. Zhang, Rosemary Barberet (eds) Routledge Handbook of International Criminology (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011). 5 . For an attempt to theorize Chinese policing, see chapter 8 in Policing in China: History and Reform (Peter Lang, 2009). 6 . See Chapter 4, “Theory” in this book, infra. 7 . “Review of the Top Management Structure of the Royal Hong Kong Police: Final Report,” (London: Coopers & Lybrand, 1993). 8 . Jimmy Leung, “New post as police force sees big revamp,” SCMP , June 7, 2012. Renwick McCormick & Maule Limited (1997), “Report on Internal Communication of Force Values in the Hong Kong Police, Phase One – Internal Communications Research,” pp. 30–31. 9 . Tam, Pak-fai. (䄮ᶣ䓱), “From enforcement to service delivery: a study of strategic change in the Hong Kong Police Force.” MPA Thesis, Department of Politics and Public Administration, HKU (2012) (In 1997, HKP reform tracked HKSAR Public Sector reform in three areas: (1) Organizational culture change to service the public; (2) Change in efficient human resource management; (3) Change in efficiency and effectiveness administration with technology.) 10 . “Introduction: Why Police?” British Journal of Criminology , Vol. 27 (1): 1–27 (1987). While Reiner and Shapand’s observation is certainly correct, I surmise the problem with a-theoretical police research is a much more complicated one. 11 . Jean-Paul Brodeur, The Policing Web (Oxford Scholarship Online: January 2011); Les Johnson, The Rebirth of Private Policing (London: Routledge, 1992), Chapter 9: “New directions in the sociology of policing,” pp. 183–204. 12 . Michael S. Scott, “Progress in American Policing? Reviewing the National Reviews,” Law & Social Inquiry , Vol. 34 (1): 171–185 (2008). 13 . In Comte’s term, current police theoretical development, if any, borders on being theological and metaphysical. See generally, George Simpson, August Comte: Sire of Sociology (NY: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1834), esp. chapter 12: “Research Methods in Sociology,” pp. 99–115. 14 . Charles Edwards, Changing Police Theories: For 21st Century Societies, 3rd Edition (Federation Press, 2011); Douglas Sharpe, “Who Needs Theories in Policing? An Introduction to a Special Issue on Policing,” Howard Journal of Criminal Justice , Vol. 44 (5): 449–459 (2005). 15 . Paul Ponsaers, Layla Skinns, Jack Greene, Antoinette Verhage, Elke Devroe, Lieselot Bisschop, Lodewijk Gunther Moor, Matthew Bacon (eds) Tides and Currents in Police Theories (Makulu Publisher, 2012). 16 . See Charles Reith, The Blind Eye of History: A Study of the Origins of Present Police Era (Montclair, NJ: 1974), Chapter X: “British Police To-day,” p. 154, esp. n. 1. See also discussion to chapter 12 to W.L. Melville Lee, A History of Police in England (London: Methuen, 1901). 17 . Robert Trojanowica and Bonnie Bucqueroux, Community Policing: A Contemporary Perspective (Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson, 1990), p. 71. 18 . Dennis P. Rosenbaum (ed.) The Challenger of Community Policing (CA: Sage, 1994), xi. 19 . John E. Eck and Dennis P. Rosenbaum, “The New Police Order,” Ibid. pp. 3–23. 214 Notes

20 . Chris Braiden, “Community Policing: Nothing New Under the Sun,” in Community Oriented Policing and Problem Solving (Sacramento, California: California Department of Justice, November 1992), pp. 17–22. 21 . Dennis P. Rosenbaum (ed.) The Challenges of CP (CA: Sage, 1994), xii. 22 . Police Foundation, The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment (Washington, DDC: Police Foundation, 1981). 23 . George L. Kelling et al., The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: A Summary Report (Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 1974); Pauline Morris and Kevin Heal, Crime Control and the Police: A Review of Literature (London: Home Office, research Study 67). 24 . David Bayley, Police for the Future (Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 10. 25 . Dennis P. Rosenbaum (ed.) The Challenges of Community Policing (CA: Sage, 1994). 26 . Todd R. Clear and David R. Karp, “The Community Justice Movement.” In David R. Karp (ed.) Community Justice (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998), p. 1. 27 . Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP retired) Cheuk led the HKP CP reform, using his DBA study into CP in HKP. See Carlos WingϋHung Lo and Albert ChunϋYin Cheuk (2004) “Community policing in Hong Kong: Development, performance and constraints,” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management , Vol. 27 (1): 97–127 (2004). 28 . Paper on “Legislative Council Panel on Security Review of the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force (HKAPF)” (Security Bureau, June 1999) http://www. legco.gov.hk/yr98–99/english/panels/se/papers/se1006_5.htm. 29 . Sir Robert Peel, Principles of Policing #7. 30 . “Engaging the Community.” HKPF’s 2008–2010 Strategic Directions. 31 . To the HKP, the likes of Commissioner of Police Tsang Yam-pui, the question is who can do professional policing better? 32 . Chan, Yee-lai.䱇㎎呫, “Community policing in Hong Kong: an implementation in Kwai Tsing district.” MPA, Department of Politics and Public Administration, HKU (2008) (A qualitative study of community policing in Kwai Tsing District by interviewing eight police officers from PC to SSP.) 33 . Howard Becker and Harry Elmer Barnes, Social Thought From Lore to Science , Vol. 3, Third Edition (NY: Dower Publications, Inc., 1961), p. 793. 34 . Ibid, p. 795. 35 . While the UK gave us the modern police, the US gave us the professional police. 36 . Johnson Les Johnson, The Rebirth of Private Policing (London: Routledge, 1992), Chapter 9: “New directions in the sociology of policing,” pp. 183–204. 37 . Lawrence Sherman & National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police Officers, The Quality of Police Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1978), p. 58. 38 . Lawrence Sherman, “Evidence Based Policing,” Ideas in American Policing , Police Foundation (1996). http://www.policefoundation.org/content/ evidence-based-policing. 39 . Community-Engaged Scholarship https://www.seattleu.edu/csce/inner. aspx?id=36826. 40 . David Weisburd and Peter Neyroud, “Police Science: Toward a New Paradigm.” New Perspectives in Policing. NIJ 2011. Notes 215

41 . Lum, C. Translating Police Research into Practice. Ideas in American Policing Series (Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2009). 42 . The author was an expert consultant, course designer, and external examiner for the Police Studies program at the Open University of Hong Kong in its formative years, 1997 to 2002. 43 . This author is familiar with both projects as advisor and consultant. 44 . Lawrence Sherman & National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police Officers, The Quality of Police Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1978), p. 66. 45 . Marilyn B. Peterson, “Practical Analytical Techniques: A Necessary Addition to Police Education,” Journal of Criminal Justice Education , Vol. 8 (1): 34–35 (Spring, 1997). 46 . Lawrence Sherman & National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police Officers, The Quality of Police Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1978), p. 61. 47 . Ho Sai Leung, “A Critical Study of the Professionalization Process of the Royal Hong Kong Police,” Dissertation, Master of Social Science in Criminology (HKU, August, 1988), p. 28. 48 . Academic police scholars are being marginalized by mainstream practice oriented ones, e.g., how best to relieve police stress or conduct better recruit- ment exercise. 49 . Lawrence Sherman & National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police Officers, The Quality of Police Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1978), p. 48. 50 . According to Reiner, police studies started to blossom at around the same time in the UK and US, i.e., in the 1960s. Reiner, “Policing and the Police.” In Mike Maguire, Rod Morgan, and Robert Reiner (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology , Second Edition (Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 997–103. See also Daivd H. Bayley, Patterns of Policing (NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1985). See also Peter Manning, “Researcher: An Alien in the Police World,” in Arthur Niederhoffer and Abraham S. Blumberg (eds) The Ambivalent Force (Hinsdale, Illinois: The Dryden Press, 1976), pp. 103–121. 51 . D.L. Carter and A.P. Sapp, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum) (“institutions of higher learning have not kept criminal justice curricula consistent with the evolving needs of police”), p. 118. 52 . R.F. Rich Social Science Information and Public Policy Making (San Francisco: Josey-Bass, 1981). With an “instrumental” approach, criminal justice research is of use if there is a study, analysis, recommendations, and solving of a defined problem. 53 . Carole Weiss and M.J. Buchuvalas, “Trust Tests and Utility Tests: Decision- Makers’ Frame of Reference for Social Science Research.” American Sociological Research , Vol. 45: 302–313 (1980). 54 . Including Joan Petersilia (1990), six members of the American Society of Criminology called for making ASC more relevant to national and state policy makers. Joan Petersilia, “Policy Relevance and the Future of Criminology: The American Society of Criminology 1990 Presidential Address.” Reprinted in Barry W. Hancock, Public Policy: Crime and Criminal Justice (NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996), pp. 373–385, 376. 216 Notes

55 . Joan Petersilia, “Policy Relevance and the Future of Criminology: The American Society of Criminology 1990 Presidential Address.” Reprinted in Barry W. Hancock, Public Policy: Crime and Criminal Justice (NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996), pp. 373–385, 374. 56 . Ibid. 57 . T. Carroll, Statement presented to the National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Peace Officers, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York City, June 20, 1977. (Better education will lead to less contempt and superiority by judges, district attorneys and lawyers. It will lessen the hate by pressure groups, civil rights and political groups.) 58 . John Ruscio refers to this as “me-search.” Matthew Woessner, “Rethinking the Plight of Conservatives in Higher Education Findings that run against the grain of assumptions,” America Association of University Professors, Jan–Feb 2012. http://www.aaup.org/article/rethinking-plight-conservatives-higher- education #.Uf-IsoISlZw. 59 . Lawrence W. Sherman, “The Sociology and the Social Reform of the American Police: 1950–1973” in Arthur Niderhoffer and Abraham S. Blumberg, The Ambivalent Force (Hinsdale, Ill.: The Dryden Press, 1976), pp. 237–244. 60 . This author has been advised by leading US journal reviewers in a submission to change the use of he to she to demonstrate sexual neutrality, and to delete complimentary statements about communist social control practices, to show political correctness. 61 . John S. Rosenberg, “The Hunt for Conservative and Liberal Genes,” Minding the Campus – Reforming Our Universities, June 24, 2012. 62 . Nachman Ben-Yehuda, “Deviance in Science,” British Journal of Criminology , Vol. 26 (1): 1–27 (1986) Publically spirited, high-mindedness must also be viewed in the context of an established professional tradition of the discipline to perpetrate “organized skepticism” of each others’ work, e.g., peer review. 63 . J. Young, “The role of police as amplifiers of deviance,” in S. Cohen (ed.) Images of Deviance (Harmondswoth: Penguin, 1971); E. Lemert Human Deviance, Social Problems and Social Control (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1967); S. Cohen Images of Deviance (Harmondswoth: Penguin, 1971); H. Becker Outsiders (New York: Press, 1961). 64 . R. Lilly, F. Cullen, and J.R. Ball, Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences (London: Sage, 1995), p. 114. 65 . H. Becker Outsiders (New York: Press, 1961), p. 9. 66 . The police infringe on the rights of people, they cannot even fight crime. R. Morgan and T. Newburn, Future of Policing (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). 67 . Laura Nader, Law in Culture and Society (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996), p. v. 68 . Carolyn J. Lukensmeyer. Joe Goldman. David Stern. AmericaSpeaks. Assessing Public Participation in an Open Government Era. A Review of Federal Agency (2011). 69 . Howard Becker and Harry Elmer Barnes, Social Thought from Lore to Science , Vol. 3, Third Edition (NY: Dower Publications, Inc., 1961), p. 795. 70 . Goffman has long observed that effective reformers need to engage strategi- cally and accommodate diplomatically various stakeholders with different Notes 217

ideological persuasions, political agendas, and personal interests to bring about revolutionary changes to major social policy. A process he aptly described as a marriage of conscience and convenience. E. Goffman, Asylums (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961). 71 . Michael G. Bead, “What Motivates Officers to Continue Their College Education,” Journal of Criminal Justice Education, Vol. 8 (1): 51–61 (1997) When a sample 441 (out of 915) Minnesota police officers who had taken college classes were asked why they were interested in taking higher education courses, the reasons were: personal fulfillment 232 (53%); advancement 213 (48%); department incentives 76 (17%); new career outside law enforcement 32 (7%); others 53 (13%). 72 . This is as much an image problem as it is a real concern for self-styled policing experts. In an early study (1978) on the quality of police education, Gene Carte at University of Cincinnati observed that there were conflicts over “agency vs. academic control, conflicting ideas about the nature of the subject matter”; James B. Jacobs from Cornell University observed that most community colleges and some university based programs “consciously avoid theoretical issues in order to concentrate on ‘nuts and bolts’; and Donald H. Riddle, president emeritus of John Jay College of Criminal Justice observed that police education still suffers from “vocational courses taught from the narrowest possible perspective.” Twenty-two years later, the police studies field has improved by leaps and bounds, but concerns about policing as a fully fledged academic program worth its salt still remains. Lawrence Sherman & National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police Officers, The Quality of Police Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1978), pp. 225 to 230. William J. Mathias, “Higher Education and the Police,” in Arthur Niderhoffer and Abraham S. Blumberg, The Ambivalent Force (Hinsdale, Ill.: The Dryden Press, 1976), pp. 377–384. 73 . As a seasoned ex-divorce lawyer, it is my understanding that police accountability disputes, like marriage acrimony, is never a one-sided affair. I call this the “it takes two to tango” thesis of police vs. public engagement/relationship. Police (mis)conduct is never one-sided. In any police vs. public encounter, the police officer is never entirely responsible and the public is not always right. That being the case a civil law “contributory negligence” doctrine holds much more promise than an absolute guilty vs. innocent in police accountability assessments. 74 . Though it has long been conceded that; “The prevention of criminality, there- fore, cannot be the exclusive task of one community agency.” O.W. Wilson, Roy Clinton McLaren, Police Administration, Fourth Edition (McGraw-Hill Company, 1977), p. 4. 75 . Donald J. Newman, “Sociologists and the administration of justice.” In Arthuer B. Shostak (ed.) Sociology in Action (Homewood, Ill.: Dorset Press, 1966) as cited in John F. Galliher, “Explanations of Police Behavior: A Critical Review and Analysis,” The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 12: 308–318, 311 (1971). 76 . Sykes proceeded to propose a theory conceptualizing policing as a community regulation. Richard E. Sykes, “A Regulatory Theory of Policing – A Preliminary Statement.” In David H. Bayley, Police and Society (CA: Sage Publication, 1977), pp. 237–250. 218 Notes

77 . Ellen Hochstedler, “Police Types – Facts or Fiction.” In W. Clinton Terry III, Policing and Society (NY: John Wiley & Son, 1985), pp. 105–112. Hochstedler typologizes police into super cop, mature officer, social worker and misfit officer. The central tendency of this typology is that they seek to solve people’s problems as their rightful duty and self-identity, e.g., super cop wants to fight crime, mature cop seeks to provide temporary remedies, social worker officer likes offering services to people, and misfit tries to avoid police work. 78 . Author’s recollection. 79 . George L. Kirham, “A Professor’s Street Lessons,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin , March (1974): pp. 14–22. 80 . Ibid. 81 . “Research and Organizational Control,” In Punch (editor) Control in the Police Organization (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1983), pp. 60–74. 82 . The closest to this gem of scholarship are the policy analysis papers. Even then, policy analysis papers are not without a general theoretical framework, if only taken for granted as basic assumptions. 83 . For an informative discussion on the relative utility of criminal justice research, see Stephen C. Light and Theresa Kemble Newman, “Awareness and Use of Social Science Research Among Executive Staff Members of State Correctional Agencies,” Justice Quarterly, Vol. 9(2): 299–319 (Persons working in both research and non-research areas perceived the utility of social science research as relatively low. Researchers however view social science as basic knowledge.) 84 . See Muir, Street Corner Politician (Chicago University Press, 1970). (A good “professional” police officer must achieve a mature understanding of human nature and coercive power.) 85 . Looking down from 10,000 feet up in a jet, LA streets look surprisingly neat and orderly, with A Street crossing 23rd Avenue. However, at ground zero and up close, the cross section looks anything but neat and orderly, with potholes, people, and cars fighting for space in an urban jungle. 86 . See Michael Foucault, The Order of Things (NY: Vintage Book, 1970). 87 . “Police Research in United Kingdom,” M. Tonry and N. Morris (ed.) Modern Policing (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 420. 88 . Maurice Punch, Conduct Unbecoming: The Social Construction of Police Deviance and Control (London: Travistock, 1989) (Police researchers must be dishonest – hide true intent and real attitudes – in order to access necessary information from the police. See Methodological Appendix.) 89 . Peter Manning, “The Researcher: An Alien in the Police World.” In Arthur Niederhiffer abd Abraham S. Blumberg, The Ambivalent Force, Second Edition (Hinsdale, Ill.: The Dryden Press, 1976), pp. 103–121. 90 . Jennifer Brown, “Police research: some critical issues,” Frank Leishman, Barry Loveday and Stephen P. Savage, Core Issues in Policing (London & New York: Longman, 1996), pp. 177–190, 180). 91 . The Policy Studies Institute (PSI), in a major study of the Metropolitan Police, concluded that legal rules have a variable influence on police behavior. D.J. Smith and J. Gray Police and People in London (1985) (Within the police legal rules are treated as working rules – internalized, effective –, as presentation rules – non-internalized, after the fact justification –, and inhibitory rules – non-internalized, taken into account.) Notes 219

92 . Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure, Cm2263 (London: HMSO 1993). 93 . In education, there is a constant debate over whether value can and should be taught in school. Recognizing that education involves the transfer of values (Dewey), experts have advocate for value clarification as a way of addressing this divisive issue.

4 Expectation Policing

1 . “Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing,” NY Times, April 15, 2014. 2 . David L. Carter, Reflections on the Move to Community Policing , Policy Paper, Regional Community Policing Institute at Wichita State University (2000). 3 . Lawrence W. Sherman, “8. Policing for Crime Prevention,” Lawrence W. Sherman, Denise Gottfredson, Doris MacKenzie, John Eck, Peter Reuter and Shawn Bushway, Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising: A Report To The United States Congress. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice University of Maryland, 2002. 4 . http://www.impsec.org/~jhardin/gunstuff/writings/Peels_Principles_Of_ Law_Enforcement.pdf. 5 . “Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing,” NY Times, April 15, 2014. 6 . Ibid. 7 . Ibid. 8 . Ibid. 9 . There are other more marginalized accounts. David E. Barlow and Melissa Hickman Barlow, “A Political Economy of Community Policing,” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, Vol. 22: 642–647 (1999) (“Community policing is image-management policing.”) See also David Bayley, Police for the Future (New York, NY: Oxford University Press 1994) (“police must not be allowed to make performance a ‘con game’ of appearance management.”) p. 100. See more generally, Jack Greene and Stephen Mastrofski (ed.) Community Policing: Rhetoric or Reality (New York, NY: Praeger, 1001). 10 . R. Trojanowicz and B. Bucqueroux, Community Policing: A Contemporary Perspective (Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing 1990), p. 5. 11 . National Ministry of Safety and Security: Draft policy document on the philosophy of community policing, 1996. 12 . The police have always engaged in aspects of CP activities, from reaching out to the community to engaging in problem solving. The change that is radical is that they have shifted focus, redefined mission, reorganized structure, and changed culture to become more community oriented. 13 . See Gary W. Cordner, “Community Policing: Elements and Effects.” Chapter 22, Critical Issues in Policing, Fifth Edition, Roger G. Dunham and Geoffrey P. Alpert (eds) (Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, 2005), pp. 401–419, 401–402. (It is extremely difficult to demonstrate the effectiveness of community because of its “programmatic complexity,” “multiple effects,” “variation in program scope” and “research design limitations.”) 14 . When citizens cannot do police work, e.g., at work (day), at rest (night), or ineffective (capacity issue), they pay others, including but not limited to 220 Notes

public police. But when citizens do not want to do it out of choice, that raises an issue of inefficiency, an economic issue. Peel’s principles do not make it clear whether citizens are allowed to pay others to do their duties when it is a matter of choice, i.e., opportunity costs. 15 . “Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing,” NY Times, April 15, 2014. 16 . Alternatively, state police power as social resource theory. 17 . For the purpose of PEP, in cases when people are unwilling to spare personal resources to deal with a problem, the people really do not have a problem. This remains the most controversial aspect of PEP: should police/social resources be made available to deal with people’s non-problem/problem. 18 . The idea that police are problem solving is traceable to Goldstein. This is misconceived because long before Goldstein, and certainly in other cultures, police have been observed to be 24/7 problem solvers, from helping old ladies across the street to repairing broken tires. There is nothing unique in this observation. What is new and refreshing, however, about Goldstein’s insight is that he liberated the police from the mantle of the law, which Goldstein insightfully and rightfully observed to be constricting police imagination and constraining police (re)actions. Goldstein preached that police should see and react to the public call for help not as a legal problem but as a social one. This allows the police to venture beyond the confines of the legal definition of a problem reported to them – rape, murder, burglary – to attend to the roots of the problem – urban plight, social disintegration, moral bankruptcy – they were first enlisted to help with. Once liberated from law, as a defining and empowering device, the police are free to look at the problem in different ways and with boundless possibilities. While liberating, Goldstein provided no clue as to how far the police should go, and where they should stop, in solving (root causes) problems. This issue has perplexed scholars and confused practitioners. Lawyers have long understood the pitfalls of trying to find the causes of events: proximate, contrib- uting, ultimate, ad infinitum. 19 . Depending on context and discipline, there are many definitions of the term resource. Some common ones are: “a source of aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed; the local library is a valuable resource” wordnet. princeton.edu/perl/webwn; “A person, thing, or action needed for living or to improve the quality of life.” www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/info/gloss/e_gloss.htm; “An aspect of the physical environment that people value and use to meet a need for fuel, food, industrial product or something else of value.” www. wasd.k12.pa.us/district/curriculum/geography/geography_glossary.htm; “Something which is required to complete a task. Resources are characterized by the fact that they have a limited time availability (e.g., an employee that works 8 hours a day, 5 days a week)” www.koffice.org/kplato/docs/glossary. html. 20 . A resource has three innate properties. First, a resource is a necessary thing , as in: a student said: “I need a pen to write.” That is to say, people cannot do without it in a certain set of circumstances. Second, a resource is an instrumental thing , as in a general said: “I need a battalion to secure the battle zone.” That is to say, a resource is needed to get things done. Third, a resource is a goal oriented thing, as in: “I cannot live without money.” This is to say, that resource is of use in solving a problem. Notes 221

21 . Conflict theorists have long observed that it is impossible to have all the people agreed upon a uniform understanding of the social order. Radical theorists have challenged consensus theorists’ understanding of law and order from the perspective of the dominant class, while totally ignoring the contribution of the dominated class. This is a major oversight; people’s mentality and sensitivity matters. The nature and distribution of police power takes a different shape whether viewed from above or from below. 22 . Cyril D. Robinson and Richard Scaglion, “The Origin and Evolution of the Police Function in Society: Notes Toward A Theory,” Law & Society, Vol. 21 (1): 109–151 (1987). 23 . Austin, John, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, W. Rumble (ed.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) (first published, 1832). 24 . Peter K. Manning, “Organizational Constrains and Semiotics.” In Punch (editor) Control in the Police Organization (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1983), pp. 169–194, p. 176. 25 . This theory offers a rebuttal to Marx’s theory of policing. Put simply, Marx observed that the police is a political agent of the state, PEP argues that the police, depending on mission, is variously a political or social agent. In using the police to put down a riot the state is using them as a political resource to maintain control. In calling the police to put down a riot the public is using them as a social resource to solve a disorderly problem. This is what I called in my paper the duality of police power concept. Finally, the bifurca- tion of police as a political or social resource might be too rigid a framework in applying PEP, in that there are more resource agents or agencies than the police (legal agent), including moral police (parents) or spiritual police (religious agent). When a person requests help with a problem, he/she is subject to policing by the personal or agency providing the resource. 26 . Immanuel Kant, “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?” (1784). 27 . Lisa L. Miller, “Rethinking Bureaucrats in the Policy Process: Criminal Justice Agents and the National Crime Agenda,” Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 32: (2004) (“Using the national crime agenda, this study analyzes the role of federal, state, and local criminal justice bureaucrats, in contrast to traditional interest groups, community organizations, and crime victims, and hypothesizes that criminal justice agents dominate the criminal justice policy process at the national level.”) The domination of crime (prevention, deterrence, detec- tion, and punishment in the hands of CJ experts, as noted by Mao, is not harmless. It creates dependence on the police and, in time, alienation of the people from crime as a personal and community problem. John Braithwaite Crime, Shame and Reintegration (Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 7. 28 . Communalization of crime recognizes that crime is given meaning by the community, in the context of culture, custom, and morality. Crime as a problem cannot be solved without attending to a normative (expectation) deficit of the people. 29 . Socialization of crime recognizes that crime is a product of society. Crime results from social resource deficits, e.g., poor schooling or a dysfunctional family, and cannot be solved without investment in social resources. 30 . Personalization of crime recognizes that crime creates different problems for different victims, i.e., there are differences in expectation deficits. 222 Notes

31 . There is an urgent need to draw a clear distinction between the community and the people. They are conceptually different categories for analytical and operational purposes, with COP and POP. Analytically, a community is a collective (group of people) sharing certain identifiable characteristics and relationships, i.e., “a group of people who share certain demographic and socio-economic traits and fellowship.” Donald R Fessler, Facilitating Community Change: A Basic Guide (San Diego University Associate, 1976). The people are an unbounded group of individuals with few things in common other than a universal social nature (humanity) and particular political character (nationality). Operationally, COP means that “The police designate a community in which they will engage in problem solving, develop relationships (that hopefully become partnerships) with the population, collabo- rate with them to diagnose problems that have some generalized impact, prescribe and implement interventions to solve the problems, and continu- ously monitor the results.” Daniel W. Flynn, “Defining the Community in Community Policing” (July, 1998) (www search for community). In the case of people’s policing it is the people’s problem, individually or as a group, that should be the dominant concern. 32 . Crime is never more than a breach of human trust, destruction of social relationship and infringement personal rights. Breach of trust as failed expectation of predictability generates fear (of crime). Destruction of relationship as failed expectation of intimacy results in alienation (from others). Infringement of personal rights as failed expectation of entitlement causes loss (of property) or injury (to body). A reintegration strategy is much better than a punishment strategy in renewing faith, building relationships and repairing harm. In this way, my theory echoes Braithwaite’s concerns with traditional punishment. John Braithwaite Crime, Shame and Reintegration (Cambridge University Press, 1989). 33 . At its heart all policing is a policing of relationship. 34 . Laura Nader, Law in Culture and Society (CA: University of California Press, 1969), pp. 337–348. (Laws of the state are built upon the customs of the people but are never able to reproduce their richness or replicate their nuance.) 35 . James L. Gibbs, “Law and Personality: Signpost for a New Direction.” Laura Nader, Law in Culture and Society (CA: University of California Press, 1969), pp. 337–348. 36 . Richard Madsen, “The Public Sphere, Civil Society and Moral Community: A Research Agenda for Contemporary China Studies,” Modern China, Vol. 19 (2): 183–198 (1993). 37 . Elizabeth E. Joh, “The Paradox of Private Policing,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 95 (1): (2004). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/ abstract=643184; Dennis O’Leary, “Reflections on police privatization,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (1994). 38 . J Gross, “Introduction to Alternative Dispute Resolution,” 34 Alberta Law Review 1, 1–33 (1995). http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=info :C28lAGzFGPUJ:scholar.google.com/&output=viewport. 39 . “A Matter of Life and Death: A Very Personal Discourse,” Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy , Vol. 1 (2): 339– 61 (2003). 40 . “A Preliminary Assessment of Hong Kong Interception of Communications and Surveillance Ordinance: For Whom the Bell Tolls.” Hong Kong’s Basic Law: The Notes 223

First Ten Years and its Future Conference. City University of Hong Kong, School of Law. June 25–27, 2007. (Chinese jurisprudence considered Qing-Li-Fa before coming to judgment of liability.) A daughter who killed an official to avenge the death of her father at the hand of an official executing a legal duty was executed for murder but lauded by the emperor for filial piety to the father. 41 . See Andrea J.F. Kobben, “Law at the Village Level: The Cottica Djuka of Surinam,” Laura Nader, Law in Culture and Society (CA: University of California Press, 1969), pp. 117–146, 127. 42 . Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1781). 43 . The American jury system originated with the firm belief that community justice shall prevail over the letter of the law. Jeffrey Abramson, We, The Jury (Basic Books, 1994), pp. 22–33. This has led inevitably to the nullification of the law based on “conscience of the community” in modern times. Michael Granberry, “Abortion Protest Juries Told to Ignore Nullification Ad,” LA Times (San Diego County edition), January 27, 1990, p. B1. See Jon M. Van Dyke, “Merciful Juries: The Resilience of Jury Nullification.” Washington and Lee Law Review, Vol. 48 (1991): 165–183. In the case of ‘Camden 28’ the judge allowed the draft card burning defendants to argue for nullification based on the fact that the FBI informants had supplied the antiwar protesters with the tools to carry out their draft raids. Donald Jackson, “Judge Instructs ‘Camden 28’ Jury,” New York Times , May 18, 1973, p. 13. The defense lawyer in the case argued to the jury that the term nullification means: “power of a jury to acquit if they believe that a particular law is oppressive, or if they believe that a law is fair, but to apply it in certain circumstances would be oppressive,” We, The Jury , p. 59. The jury nullification doctrine clearly allows the jury to rise above the confines of the law in search of higher justice. In so doing, they imbue the legal process with moral and ethical considerations. 44 . See how the concept of reasonable man is made to accommodate local differences and give vent to emotional sentiments. Max Gluckman, “Concepts in the Comparative Study of Tribal Law.” In Laura Nader, Law in Culture and Society (CA: University of California Press, 1969), pp. 349–373, 367–371. 45 . Peter K. Manning, “Organizational Constrains and Semiotics.” In Punch (ed.) Control in the Police Organization (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1983), pp. 169–194. p. 176. 46 . Birthe Jorgensen, “Transferring Trouble – The Initiation of Reactive Policing” Canadian Journal of Criminology , Vol. 20: 257–279, p. 276 (1980). 47 . Daniel Klerman, “Settlement and the Decline of Private Prosecution in Thirteenth-Century England,” Independent Institute Working Paper #19, January 2000. (“Although modern societies generally entrust enforcement of the criminal law to public prosecutors, most crimes in pre-modern societies were prosecuted privately by the victim or a relative.”). 48 . See “Crime Victims’ Rights” in Minnesota. http://www.letswrap.com/legal/ victrts.htm. 49 . “The self-policing society,” 19–24. In Charles Leadbeater, The Self-policing Society (Demos, 1995); Neal Katyal, “Community Self-help,” 1 J.L. Econ. & Pol’y 33 (2005). 50 . Donald Black, The Social Structure of Right and Wrong. Revised edition. (San Diego: Academic Press. 1968). 224 Notes

51 . To the extent that private ordering as self-help involves police resources, self-help is mediated by the police in legal and bureaucratic considerations. “Within very broad limits, citizens must generally avail themselves of police services rather than resort to ‘self-help’ in dealing with problems or property.” Albert J. Reiss, Jr. and David Bordua, “Environment and Organization: A Perspective on the Police.” In David J. Bordua (ed.) The Police: Six Sociological Essays (NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1967), pp. 25–55, 28. 52 . I use empowering to mean giving the people the necessary social resource and helping them to use the resource in a proper, efficient, effective, and responsible manner. 53 . Elaine Cumming, Ian Cumming, Laura Edell, “Policeman as Philosopher, Guide and Friend,” Social Problems , Vol. 12 (3): 276–286 (1965). 54 . Herman Goldstein Problem-Oriented Policing (McGraw-Hill 1990). 55 . Herman Goldsten, “The New Policing” Research in Brief (Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Dec. 1993). 56 . Ibid. 57 . Ibid. 58 . E. Bittner, The Functions of Police in Modern Society (National Institute of Mental Health, 1970), pp. 36–47. Reprinted in Richard J. Lundman, Police Behavior (Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 28–41, at p. 38. 59 . Ibid. P. 41. 60 . The Functions of Police in Modern Society (National Institute of Mental Health, 1970), pp. 36–47. Reprinted in Richard J. Lundman, Police Behavior (Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 28–41, at p. 32–43. 61 . Id. 62 . Dominique Wisler, Ihekwoaba D. Onwudiwe, Community Policing (CRC: 2009), 242. 63 . Donald Black, The Social Structure of Right and Wrong. (San Diego: Academic Press, 1998). 64 . The author was an experienced divorce lawyer. 65 . In time, the police has come to be looked upon as the government in action. 66 . Robert Graftstein, “The Failure of Weber’s Conception of Legitimacy: Its Causes and Implications” The Journal of Politics , Vol. 43 (2) (May, 1981), pp. 456–472 (article consists of 17 pages). 67 . Dao De Jing (䘧ᖋ㍧). 68 . “This is the history of the heavens and of the earth when they were created. In the day that the Lord God made the earth and the heavens” (Genesis 2:4). “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was void and darkness covered the face of the very great deep. The Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters ... (verse 6) God said, ‘Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters, and let it separate the waters that are below from the waters that are above.’ God made the expanse and separated the waters which were under the expanse, from the waters which were above the expanse. God called the expanse Heavens ... God said, ‘Let the waters under the heavens be gathered into one place (the oceans), and let the dry land appear.’ And it was so ... (verse 14) God said, ‘Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate the day from the night, and let them be signs for seasons, days and years, and let them be lights in the Notes 225

expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.’ God made the two great lights; the greater light (the sun) to rule the day, and the lesser light (the moon) to rule the night. He also made the stars. God set them in the expanse of the heavens to give light to the earth, to rule over the day and over the night, and to separate the light from the darkness, and God saw that it was good (Genesis 1:1 to 18) ... Thus the heavens and the earth were finished” (Genesis 2:1). 69 . Cosmological Theories Through History. http://www.physicsoftheuniverse. com/cosmological.html. 70 . This is not the same as trying to tell people what color red is, when the person has no experience with color. This is a communication problem, i.e., finding the right representation for something knowable. Red is not white. 71 . “Laozi” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (First published Sat December 15, 2001; substantive revision Thu May 2, 2013) http://plato.stanford.edu/ entries/laozi/; Laozi’s personal name is LiEr (ᴢ㘇), his courtesy name is Boyang (ԃ䱑). His posthumous name was LiDan (ᴢ㘗), Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of the Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE). According to grand historian Sima Qian, Shiji (Records of the Historian), Laozi was first referenced by Confucius on ritual issues. “Laozi cultivated Dao and virtue ... his learning was devoted to self-effacement and not having fame. He lived in Zhou for a long time; witnessing the decline of Zhou, he departed.” Ibid. 72 . Laozi (Chinese Daoist philosopher) – Encyclopedia Britannica http://www. britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/330163/Laozi. 73 . Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching , D.C. Lau, trans. (London, Penguin, 1963), pp. vii–xlv. 74 . Ibid. 75 . For interpretative and translation issues, see Kile Jones, “Philosophy of the Daodejing,” The International Journal of the Asian Philosophical Association , Vol. 1 (1): 20 (2008). 76 . Damian J. Bebell & Shannon M. Fera, “Comparison and Analysis of Selected English Interpretations of the Tao Te Ching,” Asian Philosophy: An International Journal of the Philosophical Traditions of the East, Vol 10 (2): 133–147 (2000). By 2000, there were over 100 translation of DDJ. The authors compared eight selected scholarly translations of DDJ and found: “In conclusion, the current study revealed many differences and similarities amongst the selected chap- ters and translations of the Tao Te Ching .” p. 144. 77 . “The Entire Philosophy of Laozi’s Daodejing Explained in Common Sense.” http://www.daoism.net/introductory-remarks/. 78 . Thoreau also said: “That government is best which governs least” in “Civil Disobedience – Part 1 of 3.” The Thoreau Reader: Annotated works of Henry David Thoreau http://thoreau.eserver.org/default.html. But Thoreau’s observation was not that of Dao . Dao asked people and government to act according to dao and consistent with de . It expects people and government to act appropriately (spontaneously), meaning naturally. Acting naturally/spontaneously is when we act not from reason or logic, but by following the Dao . Thoreau’s idea of government acting minimally is based on the idea that the people know best how to take care of themselves. “The character inherent in the American people has done all that has been accomplished; and it would have done somewhat more, if the government had not sometimes got in its way. 226 Notes

For government is an expedient by which men would fain succeed in letting one another alone; and, as has been said, when it is most expedient, the governed are most let alone by it.” Ibid. 79 . Erica Brindley, Individualism in Early China: Human Agency and the Self in Thought and Politics (University of Hawaii Press, 2010). See chapter 3: “Decentralizing Control and Naturalizing Cosmic Agency,” pp. 54–77. 80 . Kile Jones, “Philosophy of the Daodejing,” The International Journal of the Asian Philosophical Association , Vol. 1 (1): 20 (2008). 81 . An issue presents itself. Can a government agency be an animated object with feelings, after all, a government agency is made up of and operated by humans? This issue should not detain us for too long. First, organization has no soul. It cannot feel hurt like people do. Second, while organization functions through people, the people are not the organization. This being the case, three observations can be made: (1) individuals are not the whole of an organization; (2) individuals are agents of the organization; (3) individuals must abide by the rules of the organization. The issue of whether a modern organization is a person has been raised in cases of corporate crime and punishment. J.C. Coffee, No Soul To Damn – No Body To Kick – An Unscandalized Inquiry Into the Problem of Corporate Punishment.” Michigan Law Review Volume , Vol. 79 (3): 386–459 (1981). Roland Marchand, Creating the Corporate Soul (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999). 82 . David P. Gauthier, Morals by Agreement (Oxford University Press, Feb 13, 1986), p. 327. 83 . DDJ intimated but did not make this point clear. The attribution of rationality can be achieved by postulating how dao would prefer to have problems resolved by the individuals involved. Dao calls for spontaneity instead of rational decision making. Once rule based structures and processes get involved, agencies turn into rational beings. By definition, rule bound and structured organized activities of any sort cannot afford to be spontaneous. 84 . Richard Swedberg; Ola Agevall (2005). The Max Weber Dictionary: Key Words and Central Concepts . (Stanford University Press, 2005), pp. 18–21. 85 . http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bureaucracy.asp#axzz2938hwENQ. 86 . For a comprehensive treatment (law and theory) of localism in the US see Richard Briffault. “Our Localism: Part I – The Structure of Local Government Law.” 90 Columbia Law Review 1–115 (1990); Richard Briffault. “Our Localism: Part II – Localism and Legal Theory.” 90 Columbia Law Review 346–456 (1990). For a brief history on the development of localism, see “The Right to Local Self-Government’ in 13 Harvard Law Review 441–454 (1900). 87 . 390 US 474, 481 (1961) (Challenge to the apportionment of the Midland County Commissioners Court – the county legislature – which gave a tiny rural minority a majority of legislative seats. The apportionment was pursuant to a Texas Constitution which did not require districts to have equal populations.) 88 . Id . (Local inhabitants have personal stake in local government. Their self- determination is not to be interfered with by the state). 89 . Id . p. 52. 90 . Rob Gurwit, “Communitarianism: You Can Try It at Home,” Governing 6 (August 1933): 33–39. Notes 227

91 . James Q. Wilson, Varieties of Police Behavior (The sense of justice of a police officer is necessarily informed by the community he works in.) (Harvard, 1968). P. 287 92 . This is the famous “Theory Y.” Douglas McMcGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise (NY: McGraw-Hill, 1960), p. 48. Theory Y. calls for involving the employee in making and implementing decisions. 93 . Malcolm K. Sparrow, “Information Systems and the Development of Policing” (US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Perspectives on Policing (Washington, DC: Author, March 1993), p. 4. 94 . Ralph Weisheit and David Falcome, Rural Crime and Rural Policing (NIJ, 1994). 95 . The rural people do not trust the police and rarely call on them, preferring to solve problems in their own ways. Id.

5 Research Method

1 . Kam C. Wong, inauguration speech as President, Asian Association of Police Studies, 2002. Open University of Hong Kong. 2 . Rebecca Skloot, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (Broadway Paperbacks, 2010), p. xiii. 3 . George J. Annas and Michael A. Grodin. The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation, Human Rights in Human Experimentation (Oxford University Press, 1992), p1x. 4 . Robert Bickers, Ray Yep, May Days in Hong Kong: Riot and Emergency in 1967 (HKU, 2009). 5 . Ronaldo Munck, Lorraine McIlrath, Budd Hall and Rajesh Tandon, Higher Education and Community-Based Research: Creating a Global Vision (Palgrave Macmillan, October 23, 2014). 6 . See Kam C. Wong, Policing in Hong Kong: Voices from Within (2017). Manuscript in draft with author. 7 . Meltzer, Julie, “In Their Own Words: Using Retrospective Narratives to Explore the Influence of Socio-Cultural and Contextual Factors on Discourses About Identity of Self-As-Principal,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1997). 8 . Chun-hei Tam (䄮ᤃ❭), “An analysis towards the misdeed committed by police officer in Hong Kong from ethical perspective.” MPA Dissertation, Hong Kong University, 2010. 9 . Chan, Yee-lai (䱇㎎呫), “Community policing in Hong Kong: an implementation in Kwai Tsing district.” MPA, Department of Politics and Public Administration, HKU (2008). (A qualitative study of community policing in Kwai Tsing District by interviewing eight police officers, from PC to SSP.) 10 . Cheung, Wing-kan (ᔉ∌ࢸ.) “The changing role of women police officers in the Royal Hong Kong Police during the past ten years.” MPA Thesis, Department of Politics and Public Administration, HKU (1997). 11 . Leung, Chung-man (ṕӆ᭛), “Evaluation of the promotion system of the Hong Kong Police Force,” MPA Thesis, Department of Politics and Public Administration, HKU (2010). 228 Notes

12 . Leung, Chung-man; (ṕӆ᭛), “Evaluation of the promotion system of the Hong Kong Police Force.” MPA Dissertation, Department of Government and Politics, Hong Kong University. 2010. 13 . Ibid. Leung, “5.1.1: Internal Labor Markets in the Hong Kong Police” (p. 81). Paul Milgrom and John Roberts, Economics, Organization and Management (Prentice Hall, 1992), p. 359. 14 . Leung, MPA.1.2: “JPO Labor Market,” p. 85. Only 0.5% moved up to inspector. 15 . Ibid. p, 85. 16 . Annual Report Form for PC/SGT/SSGT, Pol 638A (Rev. 2010). Hong Kong Police. p. 85. 17 . Leung, p. 89. 18 . Leung, p. 91. 19 . Ibid. 20 . “5.1.3 Officer Labor Market” (p. 91) 21 . Jeff Ferrell, “Kill Method: A Provocation,” Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology , Volume 1 (1) January, 2009. 22 . “Centenarian Ken dies.” Police Beat, Issue 676, April 5 to April 18, 2000. http://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/676/013_E.htm. 23 . Kenneth W. Andrew, Diary of an Ex-Hong Kong Cop (HK: United Writers Publication, 1979). Kenneth W. Andrew, Bent Coppers (United Writers, Cornwall, 1992). 24 . Diary of An Ex-Hong Kong Cop, p. 17. 25 . Ibid., p. 16. 26 . Ibid., p. 32. 27 . “Hong Kong’s oldest surviving cop,” Police Beat, Issue October 8 to October 21, 1997. 28 . Ibid. 29 . Diary of An Ex-Hong Kong Cop, p. 36. 30 . Ibid., p. 31. 31 . Ibid., p. 32. 32 . “Hong Kong’s oldest surviving cop,” Police Beat, Issue October 8 to October 21, 1997. 33 . Diary of An Ex-Hong Kong Cop, p. 18. 34 . Ibid., p. 25. 35 . Ibid., p. 26. 36 . Otwin Marenin, “Policing African States: Toward a Critique,” Comparative Politics Vol. 14 (4): 379–396 (1982). 37 . http://www.lingsir.org/. 38 . We do have HKP officers writing books on their work experience after their retirement. But they are rarely, if ever, analyzed to understand what they are telling us about HKP or policing in Hong Kong. 39 . S. Lawler, Identity: Sociological Perspectives (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008). 40 . “Narrative identity (trans D Wood).” In Wood, D. (ed.) On Paul Ricoeur: Narrative and Interpretation (London: Routledge, 1991). 41 . Pauline Leonard, “Social Politics: International Studies in Gender,” State and Society , Vol. 17 (4): 507–535, 521 (2010). 42 . The bobby is an older police officer who sees his work mainly in traditional terms, i.e., being a peace-keeper. R. Reiner, “Six Police Types” Police Review , Vol. 85 (4483): 1874–1876, 1878–1884 (1978), 1874. Notes 229

43 . Ibid. The uniform carrier is one who works to live. He is not interested in his work and is negative about the police force, police work, and the public generally. 44 . Ibid. New centurions are devoted to crime fighting. They like high drama and quick action. 45 . The social worker joins the police to help people. Thus they see unionism as incompatible with real police work. 46 . Ibid. The professionals are the whizz kids who think that the police should be run like a well-oiled machine, commanded and controlled at each level by dedicated and well-trained officers. 47 . Ibid. The federal activist is drawn to the union movemen and holds reac- tionary views on social and political issues. 48 . SIP Ling Face Book https://www.facebook.com/pages/Lingsir-King-Kong-%E 5%87%8C%E5%8A%8D%E5%89%9B/215881905129933. 49 . With HKP officers, pledge of office matters. Dareen Goodsir, “Concern raised at pledge by police,” SCMP June 27, 2012. 50 . In our quest to understand HKP culture, a matter of considerable importance for policy makers and police scholars, we need to understand how HKP culture was understood and practiced by frontline officers at the grassroots, with a Chinese-Hong Kong or alternatively Hong Kong-Chinese orientation. SIP Ling’s articulation of what a real police officer stands for allows us to investigate the core values of HKP from the police officers’ perspective. 51 . This is consistent with “The Force Vision and Statement of Common Purpose.” 52 . SIP Ling identifies and embraces HKP core values, adopting them as his own, but he still wants to change HKP in his own way, and to his expectations, from inside out (starting with individuals, from the heart) and bottom up (starting with frontline and operations) and not from outside in (expert driven) and top down (HQ directed). 53 . SIP Ling was interviewed by RTHK over eight of his writings on HKP in the press, The eight articles summed up some of the problems, issues, and chal- (ၦڇlenges faced by the HKP post-1997. See “Police and Media” (䄺ᆳ㟛 (April 22, 2001) http://lingsir.org/pol63.htm ᛎᛎⳌᚰ (䄺䱞⚎丠ᴤⱘ䳏㽪⠛䲚䦫䦬䲚Пǋ෋⊩㗙ǌ) http://lingsir.org/pol98.htm. 54 . Meltzer, Julie, “In Their Own Words: Using Retrospective Narratives to Explore the Influence of Socio-Cultural and Contextual Factors on Discourses About Identity of Self-As-Principal,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1997). 55 . Between Febuary 20 and June 1, 2000, Ling walked 2,214 km from Hong Kong to Beijing to raise money for deprived school kids in China. 56 . ࡽᅌ䄺ᆳ. Novel of the Walkathon from Hong Kong to Peking 1997. http:// lingsir.org/w97book.htm. 57 . This author is the first to draw the distinction between two types of police researchers: inside (police) turned outside (scholar), outside (scholar) turned inside (police). This was followed by Brown, J. (1996) ‘Police Research – Some Critical Issues’, in Leishman, F., Loveday. B., and Savage, S. (eds) Core Issues in Policing (London: Longman, 1996), pp. 177–190. 58 . S.C. Richards and J.I. Ross, “Introducing the New School of Convict Criminology,” Social Justice , Vol. 28 (1): 177–190 (2001). 230 Notes

59 . Ibid. 60 . Dr. Das was a police commissioner in India before coming to the United States to take up Ph.D. study and teach. 61 . Dr. Kam C. Wong was a police inspector from Hong Kong who came to the United States to study and practice law, and ended up obtaining his Ph.D. in sociology of law and comparative policing from SUNY (Albany). http:// works.bepress.com/kam_wong/. 62 . Dr. James Fyfe, now deceased, was Lieutenant with NYPD before he obtained his Ph.D. from SUNY (Albany). He taught and researched for a number of years before he returned to be a commissioner with the NYPD. 63 . Professor, associate dean and director of graduate studies in criminal justice, John Eterno has served as a sworn officer with the New York City police department (NYPD) from 1983 to 2004 and retired as a captain. He obtained his Ph.D. from SUNY (Albany). 64 . Dr. Hilton Chan was the first cybercrime expert from the Hong Kong Police who obtained his Ph.D. from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and returned to teach there as an adjunct professor whilst still serving as a police officer. 65 . Ibid. 66 . “A New History from Below” in Historyonic (2010) http://historyonics.blogspot.com/2010/04/new-history-from-below.html. 67 . Heather Shore, “Cross Coves and Buzzers and General Sorts of Prigs,” British Journal of Criminology , Vol. 38 (1): 10–24, 11 (1999). 68 . A. Hawkins, “Economic Crime and Class Law: Poaching and the Game Laws 1840–1880.” S.E. Burman and B.H. Bond (eds) The Imposition of Law (New York, 1979). 69 . John E. Archer, “Poaching Gangs and Violence” British Journal of Criminology , Vol. 38 (1), pp. 25–38 (1999). 70 . Hoard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (London; New York: Longman, 1980).

6 HKP Culture and Practice

1 . John Crank, Understanding Police Culture (Routledge, September 25, 2014), esp. chapter 2: “Issues in the Study of Police Culture.”; Tom Cockcroft, Police Culture: Themes and Concepts (Routledge, 2012), esp. chapter 5: “Researching Police Culture,” pp. 104–118. 2 . Robert Reiner, The Politics of the Police (3rd ed.), (London: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 85. 3 . Tim Newburn and Elizabeth Anne Stanko, Just Boys Doing Business?: Men, Masculinities and Crime (Routledge, 2013), chapter 3: Nigel Fielding, “Cop’s Canteen Culture,” p. 47. (“The stereotypical cultural values of the police canteen may be read as an almost pure form of ‘hegemonic masculinity’. They highlight (1) aggressive, physical action; (2) a strong sense of competitiveness and preoccupation with the imagery of conflict; (3) exaggerated heterosexual orientations, often articulated in terms of misogynistic and patriarchal attitudes towards women; and (4) the operation of rigid in-group/ out-group distinctions whose consequences are strongly exclusionary in the Notes 231

case of out-groups and strongly assertive of loyalty and affinity in the case of in-groups.”) p. 47–63. PAJ Waddington, “Police (Canteen) Sub-Culture. An Appreciation,” British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 39 (2): 287–309 (1999) (Police canteen talk registers a police sub-culture. It “is expressive talk designed to give purpose and meaning to inherently problematic occupa- tional experience.”); B. Kingshott and J. Prinsloo, Acta Criminologica Vol. 17 (1): 1–16 (2004) (Police canteen culture can be positive or negative. Negative canteen culture promotes an antisocial atmosphere within the ranks, from racism to social prejudice, to religious bigotry, to discrimination. Positive canteen culture offers moral support, team spirit, and solidarity in improving morale.) 4 . Chapter 7, infra. 5 . Sanjay Sanhoee, “Why We Should Respect Law Enforcement,” Huntington Press , 12/12/2014. (Deteriorating relationship between community and police.) 6 . Liqun Cao, Lanying Huang, Ivan Y. Sun, Policing in Taiwan: From authoritarianism to democracy (Routledge, May 9, 2014), chapter 10: Confidence in the Police. 7 . Officer FI: 001-08-05 at 10:37 to 2001-08-21 at 03:04. 8 . The final round of “27th Annual Sing Tao Hong Kong School Debate” debated the pros and cons of “Contempt of Police” legislation. May 4, 2012. 9 . Officer EY: 2001-05-22 at 14:21 to 2001-07-22 at 20:52. 10 . Cheuk, Chun-yin Albert, “Community policing in Hong Kong: an institutional analysis.” DBA Thesis, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Management (1999). 11 . Alan Jiao, The Police in Hong Kong: A Contemporary View (University Press of America, 2007). 12 . Lawrence Ho, “Policing the 1967 Riots in Hong Kong: Strategies, Rationales and Implications.” PhD Thesis. Department of Sociology. HKU, 2009. (Ho observed the need for interviewing insiders after a review of literature: “The literature is often inclined to neglect the perspectives of the Chinese rank and file.” (p. 24) (citing Wong). 13 . Cheung Koon Fu (joined HKP at 25-years-old in 1947) http://www. hkmemory.hk/collections/oral_history/All_Items_OH/oha_112/records/ index.html#p73022. 14 . See HKU Scholars Hub, search for “police.” See Chan, Yee-lai.䱇㎎呫, “Community policing in Hong Kong: an implementation in Kwai Tsing district.” MPA, Department of Politics and Public Administration, HKU (2008). (A qualitative study of community policing in Kwai Tsing District by interviewing eight police officers from PC to SSP and 571 residents.) 15 . Lee, Kelvin Hing-ah. “Diagnosing the organizational culture of Hong Kong Police: a case study of the front-line uniformed police officers [Hong Kong]. Dept. of Public and Social Administration, City University of Hong Kong, 2000. 16 . Adrian Kim-fair Kwan (䮰ࡡ䓱), Cop culture: police socialization in Hong Kong.” Master of Social Science, Department of Sociology, HKU, 1996. http:// hub.hku.hk/advanced-search?location=thesis 232 Notes

17 . Pauline Leonard, “Old Colonial or New Cosmopolitan? Changing White Identities in the Hong Kong Police,” Social Politics, Vol. 17 (4): 507–535 (2010). 18 . Ibid., p. 510. 19 . M. Baker, Cops: their lives in their own words (New York: Fawcett, 1985) (“I wanted them to relax, to feel safe to talk frankly with me, as thought I were a trusted partner ... a sort of neutral ... confidential, off-the-record approach.” (p. 4); Connie Fletcher, What Cops Know (NY: Simon and Schuster, January 1, 1992). 20 . Author served as an Inspector with the HKP in the 1960s. 21 . On 2001-04-15 at 19:25, “hecker” started a chat topic: “Unconscionable police officer abuse authority”: “Although this writer has limited seniority, and worked for very few formations, I have seen officers abusing their official powers ... ” This invitation to chat was immediately suspected by Officer TA who challenged “hecker” as a journalist. (2001-04-15 at 19:56) It took CIP Liu Kit-ming, Chair of Local Inspector Association to intervene: “It is OK to gather information, but cannot make up information. Writing something that is not true!” (2001-04-15 at 21:40). Officer YM made it clear that if “hecker” (as a journalist) had asked for information openly, not under police cover, in the chatroom, more likely than not, police colleagues would see fit to answer appropriately, and with discretion. To surreptitiously inquire under the guise of being a HKP officer is not ethical, and would not be treated kindly (2001-04-18 at 02:00). 22 . “Police (canteen) sub-culture. An appreciation,” Br J Criminol, Vol. 39 (2): 287–309 (1999) (Police sub-culture characterized by: conservatism, authoritarianism, skepticism, action, excitement, violence, suspicion, us vs. them, isolation, solidarity, and frowning on law, process/politics (287 citing Reiner (1992). 23 . CIP Tony Liu was Chairman of the Local Inspector’s Association. An upstanding officer and well-liked Chairman, as a knowledgeable person he was often asked for an opinion on force policy. “Golden years shine for former inspector,” The Standard Monday, May 20, 2013 . 24 . WZ, 2001-05-05 at 15:13. XI 2001-05-05 at 23:00 faulting M, 2001-05-05 at 11:34 for being long-winded and making repeated postings. See “Views how EU work.” The chat starts on 2001-05-03 at 19.13. 25 . WZ defending M for repeated posting @, M, 2001-05-05 at 11:34: “M is new around here. He has only four posting. If he offended anyone. Please be big hearted and accommodate him.” WZ, 2001-05-05 at 15:13. 26 . 2002-02-08 at 14:42. 27 . 2002-02-08 at 02:49. 28 . 2002-02-08 at 02:07. 29 . 2002-02-08 at 00:45. 30 . 2002-02-07 at 12:44. 31 . 2002-02-06 at 18:32. 32 . 2002-02-05 at 23:39. 33 . 2002-02-05 at 12:21. 34 . 2002-02-04 at 22:03. 35 . 2002-02-01 at 04:30. 36 . 2002-01-31 at 20:21. Notes 233

37 . 2002-01-29 at 21:24. 38 . 2002-01-29 at 03:21. 39 . The EU CAR 26 chat stream by Officer CH lasted from 2001-08-21 at 03:19 to 2002-02-27 at 22:13, about 6 months. It has 62 entries with 30 participants. 40 . CO, 2001-08-21 at 11:31. 41 . AK, 2001-08-21 at 16:54. 42 . M, 2001-08-21 at 10:01. “I am not angry at EU. I am proud to be able to snatch case from EU, notwithstanding Sgt.” 43 . CO, 2001-08-21 at 22:51. With sarcasm “I also dislike EU man. They are in the same agency as I, sharing the same uniform, and on the same line fighting off young and desperate ... the worse part is that many people have been to EU, that means I have to hate a lot of people? Terrible, terrible, if one day I am transferred to EU, then I need to hate myself? EU man I hate you ... ” 44 . BE, 2001-08-22 at 19:02. “One person misbehaved, this contaminated the whole department. It should be issue based. It has now turned personal.” (Note: BE is a supervisor (NCO?). 45 . BL, 2001-08-21 at 20:51. “Nowadays EU man always think that they are superior! When they go back to formation unit, they think they are bigger brother. Know nothing. Aggravating as hell.” 46 . BEC, 2001-08-21 at 23:49. “Not all EU officers are unprofessional, lazy and power complex like Sgt you mentioned above, besides, we do not know the facts as we were not there. It would be fair to say that this particular Sgt was at fault, rather than labeling all the EU officers.” (Note: BEC is an inspector of HKP.) 47 . TX, 2001-08-22 at 22:28 “Fuck! I hate Q EU.” (TX is a traffic officer). 48 . In response to Traffic Officer TX swearing at EU (2001-08-22 at 22:28 “Fuck! I hate Q EU”) AZ (a senior Police Club member with 412 responses since April 10, 2001) remarked: “I hate traffic most, but I would not use ‘fuck’ and ‘Q’ words” 49 . “A Change of Heart for One Hong Kong Police Officer,” WSJ Nov. 25, 2014. (“But 21-year-old Joe Yeung quit his job as a part-time auxiliary officer, disgruntled by the firing of tear gas and pepper spray during the first weekend of the protests.”) 50 . Paul Drew and John Heritage, Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings (Cambridge University Press, 1993), Linda A. Wood and Rolf Kroger, Doing Discourse Analysis: Methods for Studying Action in Talk and Text (Sage, 2000). 51 . Barry A. Turner “Some practical aspects of qualitative data analysis: One way of organising the cognitive processes associated with the generation of grounded theory,” Quality and Quantity , Vol.15 (3): 225–247 (June, 1981). 52 . The use of a Chinese saying is telling of the officers’ cultural orientation and personal feeling. ⳳᰃҎᖗϡৠˈ৘བ݊䴶ʽ䇈Ϫ亢᮹ϟˈህᰃϪ亢᮹ϟʽ ˄⃻䰇ቅǉ㢺᭫ǊѨѠ http://chengyu.itlearner.com/cy8/8906.html. 53 . Chat leader Officer FI; Date 2001-08-05 at 10.37 to 2001-08-21 at 03:04; Reaction 22 items. 54 . Alternatively and more appropriately “law enforcement environment,” ෋⊩⪄๗˅. Law enforcement environment as used here means: the totality of social, political, legal, cultural, and organizational forces that inform and impinge on police performance of their duty, including but not limited to 234 Notes

political philosophy, leadership vision, organizational culture, officers’ dispo- sition, public sentiments, and criminal attitudes. 55 . Niall Fraser and Clifford Lo, “Morale of junior police officers could not be lower: union leader,” SCMP October 15, 2014. (“We start to be unable to distinguish right and wrong ... Police did not follow the law and assist in the removal of road obstacles, but guarded the illegal obstructions and assisted those gathered illegally to carry out their illegal behaviour.” 56 . Officer FI, 2001-08-05 at 10.37. 57 . Officer RU, 2001-08-05 at 11:35. 58 . Officer MA: 2001-08-07 at 22:19. 59 . Officer HD: 2001-08-05 at 14.35. 60 . Officer GL, 2001-08-05 at 15:14. 61 . Names of triads and secret societies. 62 . Officer OV: 2001-08-05 at 16:37. 63 . Officer BE: 2001-08-06 at 11:10. 64 . Officer MA: 2001-08-07 at 22:19. 65 . Officer BR: 2001-08-05 at 19:38. 66 . Officer LT: 2001-08-06 at 02:30. 67 . http://baike.baidu.com/view/190980.htm. 68 . Officer LT: 2001-08-06 at 02:30. 69 . Officer JO: 2001-08-08 at 03:40. 70 . Officer OV: 2001-08-05 at 16:37. 71 . Officer JO: 2001-08-08 at 03:40. 72 . Robert Merton, “Social Structure and Anomie,” American Sociological Review , Vol. 3 (5): 672–682 (1938). 73 . A high school teacher was found swearing at police officers in Mongkok. Kelly Ip, “CY demands report on swearing teacher,” The Standard Monday, August 12, 2013; LegCo member “Mad Dog” Wong Yuk-man was arrested for throwing glasses at CE Leung. Kahon Chan “Legislator arrested for throwing glass in LegCo,” The Standard, Saturday, July 5, 2014, 11:29. 74 . Hot topic: Mongkok (MK) kid, deliberately insulted the HKP when an HKP officer conducted an ID check) (➅䭔_MKҨ⭊จІ⟚-佭␃䄺ᆳᶹIDᰖ᩽䲏ᢑ?) (Youtube: Uploaded on April 5, 2011 (Video shooter: “I was ID checked two streets away and felt terrible. But when I turned around I got ID’d again by a WPC. I told her I was ID checked earlier and now again!? At that moment PC33089 came over and insulted me! I thus started my cam! He immediately shut up.” (ᢡ᫱㗙䁾ǋ៥ᮽ2ṱ㸫୅୅↨ҎᶹᅠIDˈᖗᚙᏆ㍧૨དˈ咲ⶹϔ䔝丁 জ↨᏿ྤᶹ៥䑿ӑ䄝ˈ៥(entity1)୅୅ᶹᅠজᶹʽ˛䃯Ꮊਸ਼ϔহПᕠPC33089㸠 ඟ咢᩽៥䲏ᢑ៥ेࠏ䭟CAMʽԶेヴ∈ʽ). https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=qj1zsIwljEo. 75 . Yang Sheng, ‘Occupy Central’ tramples the rule of law, will destroy HK luster,” China Daily, Wednesday, May 29, 2013, 07:58 http://www.chinadail- yasia.com/opinion/2013-05/29/content_15075060.html. 76 . Frannie Guan, “Parents worry about impact of school boycotts,” China Daily Wednesday, September 24, 2014, 08:50. 77 . “HK business leaders: Occupy Movement damages economy, social order,” Xinhua October 25, 2014. 78 . Tony Cartalucci, “US-backed Mobs Back in Hong Kong’s Streets,” Land Destroyer, February 1, 2015 (Putative father of Occupy Central, Benny Tai is Notes 235

conducting a scorched earth political campaign with the support and behest of the US Department of State to disrupt Hong Kong in order to destabilize China.) 79 . Chris Lau and Shirley Zhao, “Hong Kong families split over support for Occupy Central protest,” SCMP , November 7, 2014. (Occupy Central students picked democracy, i.e., street protests, over Chinese philosophy, i.e., respect for parents and pursuing education.) 80 . Benny Tai, “Reflection on Rule of Law and Civil Disobedience” (ডᗱ݀⇥ᡫ ੑ㟛⊩⊏), Ming Bao. November 12, 2014.(Rule of law does not mean only having and following the law (᳝⊩ৃձঞ᳝⊩ᖙձ), it also means using law to limit power and in search of social justice (ҹ⊩䰤⃞ঞҹ⊩䘨㕽). 81 . Hong Kong Autonomy Movement was built upon by Professor Chin Wan of Ling Nam University’s “Hong Kong City-State Theory.” 䱇䳆, ǉ佭␃ජ䙺䁲 IǊ(Hong Kong City-State Theory) (໽にߎ⠜⼒᳝䰤݀ৌ, 2010) (Chin did not advocate independence. Chapter Six: “佭␃া㽕㞾⊏ϡᖙ⤼ゟ” (Hong Kong wants autonomous rule, not independence.) Rather, he promotes the idea that Hong Kong, as a modern city state, should defend its own interests against encroachment from all quarters, including China. For example, Hong Kong is socially different and politically more advanced than China (PRC), it should not be subject to China’s socio-economic policy and be constrained by her (lack of) political development as a one-party state. The basic premise of the book is that communism, as a political ideology, is doomed, and that China will fall flat. For self-survival, Hong Kong should be disassociated and protected from China, politically, socially, economically, and, arguably, culturally.) See also䱇䳆,ǉ佭␃ජ䙺䁲(II)ũũܝᕽᴀೳǊ(Hong Kong City- State Theory II – Liberating Localism) (໽にߎ⠜⼒᳝䰤݀ৌ, 2010) (Defend against PRC encroachment on and destruction of local values and interests, such as harmful immigration quota and destructive parallel trade. Returning Hong Kong to the Hong Kong people.) 82 . Diana Chan and Kinling Lo, “Hong Kong school children join student protest demanding democracy,” Reuters , September 26, 2014. 83 . “The Occupiers: Out of the Classroom and Into the Streets,” Huffington , November 15, 2014. 84 . HKP has composed a song – “Belief Without Complaint” (to the tune of “You Raise me Up”) – telling the public how they feel about being insulted and attacked for maintaining law and order during the 79-day Umbrella Revolution. See/hear HK police adapt Westlife song to boost morale (Published October 20, 2014) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8u9iGrZ5g0. 85 . ଲҨৗ咗㫂,᳝㢺㞾Ꮕⶹ (As with dumb people, they have to suffer in silence when swallowing a bitter herb (Coptis chinensis Franch). 86 . Officer MA: 2001-08-07 at 22:19. 87 . Officer XS, 2001-08-05 at 15:24. 88 . Michael Guo, “These HKP officers are useless. No authority. No dignity. Acting competent with chicken hand and duck feet.” (ਸ਼⧁佭␃䄺ᆳℷϔ佁ṊǄ᮴ᴗ࿕ˈ .᮴ᇞϹˈݐ݋叵᠟吁㛮) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkegOvzyMHAsic 89 . Lord Guan stands for honesty, integrity and justice. 90 . Lau, Shu-chung. ࡝‍ᖴ, “Worshipping KuanTi: a study of subculture in Hong Kong police force and the triad.” Master of Social Science (Criminology) Thesis, Department of Sociology, HKU (2000). 236 Notes

’The closing words “I’m POLICE!!!” (៥֖䄺ᆳ) is telling of the HKP officers . 91 mindset, what they stand for and aspire towards; in identity and role. ៥ 䄺ᆳ as both an ascribed cultural identity and adopted institutional role֖ for HKP was first made famous in the movie Internal Affairs I (⛵䭧䘧, 2002; US adaptation The Departed, 2006) ⛵䭧䘧is a story about two HKP officers struggling to do the right thing by themselves and having difficulty negoti- ating their existence between good and evil, with Lau Kin Ming (undercover for triads within HKP) who wants to come clean as a triad member vs. Chan Wing Yan (undercover HKP in the triads) who wants to become a normal cop, but both were denied the opportunity to do so due to force of circum- stance and organizational needs. Lau Kin Ming: “I had no choice before, but now I want to turn over a new leaf.” Chan Wing Yan (undercover in the triads): “Good. Try telling that to the judge; see what he has to say.” Lau Kin Ming: “You want me dead?” Chan Wing Yan: “Sorry, I’m a cop” Lau Kin Ming: “Who knows that?” ǉ⛵ᗼⱘֵᗉǊ℠䀲 (“Belief Without Complaint” Lyrics) (“ᝥ≎ᖗৃᡞֵᗉ . 92 ೬㌤བ䗶䗚๗ҡৃҹ৥㽥ࠡ䂄䗶㌩㰩䛑ৃᡒࠄԴ䷖ԣॅᗹ⭊Ё䄺ᮍ䛑᳗ 䛑া಴៥キࠡ ܡ೼㎮䘞㸠য䅞ⱘ㸱᪞া⭊㌳倫ᐌሜ䖅ԴݐϨᇛℾ⧚㎼䲷䙓 (”!!!㎮䗭ֵᗉ䄺ᮍ㌖お᳾䅞 ... ෙᅜֵᗉ 䔝″㌖᳗䘛㽟, ⛵ᙨ䗭⫳ I’m POLICE http://paper.wenweipo.com/2014/10/18/HK1410180004.htm. 93 . Piotr Sztompka, “The Ambivalence of Social Change in Post-Communist Societies. The Case of Poland.” In Hans-Georg Soeffner (ed.) Unsichere Zeiten 2010, pp. 265–286. .ǉ⛵ᗼⱘֵᗉǊ℠䀲 . 94 95 . The Charge of the Light Brigade: “Forward, the Light Brigade! / Was there a man dismay’d? / Not tho’ the soldier knew / Someone had blunder’d: / Theirs not to make reply, / Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die.” 96 . http://chengyu.xpcha.com/541g528zyhj.html. 97 . Hot topic: MK kid, deliberately insult HKP when HKP officer conducted ID check) (➅䭔_MKҨ⭊จІ⟚ -佭␃䄺ᆳᶹIDᰖ᩽䲏ᢑ?) (Youtube: Uploaded on Apr 5, 2011). 98 . The final round of the “27th Annual Sing Tao Hong Kong School Debate” debated the pros and cons of contempt of police legislation. May 4, 2012. 99 . Video: “ᬃᣕゟ⊩”䖅䄺㔾”ʽ Sun Survey (໾䱑⇥ᛣ), police in fear of acting, withdrawn tortoise affects image, “Contempt of Police Charge” can dampen taunts and provocations! (䄺ᗩџ啰㐂᧡ᔶ䈵ˈǋ䖅䄺㔾ǌৃ䘣ᣥ䞕ʽ) http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERHp3942AHs; http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20050330/20050330014121_0001.html. 100 . Video, “䴶ᇡ▔䘆ᣥ䞕佭␃䄺ᆳᇜὁܟࠊ,” (3.54 minutes) August 24, 2012 HKNTTV (Anti-protesters met with protesters over residency for imported domestic workers issue. The HKP handled them with professionalism. (1.40– 2.28, 2.55–3.13). The public wanted HKP to be more forceful in enforcing the law (3.30). 101 . Video: “Hong Kong troublesome citizens more aggressive than a dog! WOW! WOW! WOW!“佭␃ߕ⇥Հӆᚵ䘢⢫∾!∾!∾!” (1 minute) (Police wanted to check citizen’s ID. Citizen repeatedly said “fuck your mother” to the officer.) March 4, 2011 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52BxECEBIwE. ᢝҎ! (back up - wide screen٭Video: “ߕ⇥⟚㉫, ᏂҎ䁾: ǋ෋⊩ህᰃ䗭ῷǌ, ⑪ . 102 version)” (2.18 minutes) (Citizens repeatedly insulted and defied police Notes 237

officers, provoking the police officers with “fuck your mother”.) June 15, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11degG9OHPQ. 103 . “Scholar proposes ‘Contempt of Police Charge’ to stamp unhealthy trend”) .ᅌ㗙׵㿖ǋ䖅䄺㔾ǌ 䘣 ℾ乼” Sing Tao July 8, 2011. http://www“ singtao.com/yesterday/loc/0708ao14.html. 䄺ᆳ”) (4.27 minutes) AprilخI will not be a cop in my next life” (“ϟ䓽ᄤϡ“ . 104 15, 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvIvpUTalJ4&feature=endscre en&NR=1. 105 . “Vigilantes return ... whenever citizens come to believe that the law enforcement agencies don’t work ... The police fail because the lawyers won’t let them succeed. The lawyers prevail because liberal jurists, cheered on by columnists and editorial writers intent on expanding their notions of civil rights ... subjected police conduct to extensive second-guessing, and elimi- nated nearly all discretion from the cop on the beat” Edwin J. Delattre, Characters and Cops , AEI Press; 5th edition (April 5, 2006), chapter 3: “Mission of Police,” p. 20. 106 . Edwin J. Delattre, Characters and Cops AEI Press; 5th edition (April 5, 2006). 107 . Ibid, p. 120. James E. Fleming and Linda C. McClain, Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues (Harvard University Press, 2013). 108 . Richard Lundman, “Demeanor or Crime? The Midwest City Police Citizen Encounters Study,” Criminology , Vol. 34 (4): 631–656 (1994); John Van Maanen, “The asshole.” In P.K. Manning and J. Van Maanen (eds) Policing: A View from the Streets (New York: Random House, 1978), 221–238. 109 . “Sun Survey” (໾䱑⇥ᛣ), “Police in fear of acting, withdrawn tortoise affects image, ‘Contempt of Police Charge’, can dampen taunts and provocations! (䄺ᗩџ啰㐂᧡ᔶ䈵ˈǋ䖅䄺㔾ǌৃ䘣ᣥ䞕ʽ) http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/n ews/20050330/20050330014121_0001.html. 110 . Well Done !䗔ӥ䄺ᗦᦦҎ⃞ⲷᆳ㕙≗ଳ Пᕠⱐᚵ) (3.47 minutes) You Tube July 10, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kacduavlu1w 111 . Fuld, Stanley H. (1970) “The Right to Dissent: Protest in the Courtroom,” St. John’s Law Review: Vol. 44: Iss. 4, Article 1. Available at: http://scholarship. law.stjohns.edu/lawreview/vol44/iss4/1). 112 . Edwin J. Delattre, Characters and Cops AEI Press; 5th edition (April 5, 2006). 113 . ᥠᖗ䳋: 5/27/2001 at 04˖24 (Should we not have COC legislation, other countries have it?); 䨉㸔健䄺: 5/27/2001 at 10:39 (Colleagues would support, but would big boss propose?); no. 4: 5/27/2001 at 13:53 (Best to use summons for COC); ૤㗕勼 (Donald Duck) 5/28/2001 at 14:03 (“I support legislation.”) 114 . ᱈໽ (Sunny day) 5/28/2001 at 23:29. 115 . 䛑Ꮦ੠ᇮ (City monk) 5/27/2001 at 11:01 116 . ⾟໽ⱘス(entity1) (Winter fairy tale) 5/27/2001 at 11:18 (“Also, when we enforce the law we represent the government ... yelling at us is the same as insulting the government.”) 117 . ⛵ৡ II (Nameless II) 5/28/2001 at 01:31. 118 . 㗕Ꮒ偼 ˄Old police) 5/27/2001 at 19:02. 119 . ᄳ⊶ 5/27/2001 at 13:30. 120 . bearbear 5/28/2001 at 02:26. 121 . Chat leader: Officer EY; Date: 2001-05-22 at 14:21 to 2001-07-22 at 20:52; Exchange: 74; Title: “Do you feel the morale is down? Please vote?” 238 Notes

122 . Officer EY, 2001-05-22 at 14:21. 123 . Some of the problems result from implementation of “Experience sharing: HKPF” “EPP: minimum pain–optimal gain The experience of the Police Force in enhancing productivity” http://www.fstb.gov.hk/tb/epp/newsletter/newsletter2/english/p26.htm 124 . Officer BE, 2001-05-22 at 15:05. (Inspector). 125 . Officer BEE, 2001-05-30 at 17:30. (CIP). 126 . Officer CX, 2001-05-28 at 01:37 (I do not know I have any morale.) 127 . Officer SE, 2001-05-24 at 12:23 (Senior officers would not know about our morale, they are paper pushers.) 128 . Officer AZ, 2001-05-23 at 12:48 (Talk is cheap. Let us have an independent survey by HKU or CUHK). 129 . Officer CL, 2001-05-27 at 23:12 (Better be optimistic and complaining.) 130 . Officer XS, 2001-05-22 at 19:11 (low morale, especially HKI, at bottom). 131 . Officer ER, 2001-05-22 at 21:02 (morale on edge). 132 . Officer OX, 2001-05-24 at 05:49 (No self-respect, how can there be morale). 133 . Officer TE, 2001-05-23 at 13:55 (Morale? Is there any). 134 . Officer FF, 2001-05-24 at 12:45 (One year worse than the last, one generation worse than the last, one officer worse than the last.) 135 . Officer MM, 2001-05-27 at 23:56 (Absolutely none.) 136 . Officer SB, 2001-05-22 at 17:47 (at bottom). 137 . Officer ER, 2001-05-22 at 21:02 (The morale is not of a low standard but it should be at the edge.) 138 . Officer FF, 2001-05-24 at 12:45 (One year worse than the last, one generation worse than the last, one officer worse than the last.) 139 . Officer PP, 2001-05-23 at 23:23 (I think the morale in the Police Force is in the low level) 140 . Officer NO, 2001-05-22 at 21:52 (I will vote for extremely low). 141 . Officer SL, 2001-05-27 at 23:15 (The morale is at bottom.) 142 . Officer PG, 2001-05-28 at 10:45 (Absolutely not.) 143 . Officer MM, 2001-05-27 at 23:56 (Absolutely none.) 144 . Officer FL, 2001-05-23 at 13:02 (CP Lee talked about a minority having a morale problem. Best to have a survey to ascertain the degree and level of dissatisfaction with HKP). 145 . Officer EY, 2001-05-23 at 16:58 (I started this chat because I was annoyed and concerned with what I heard a senior officer say about HKP morale being high on TV. This is painting a false picture.) 146 . Officer TE, 2001-05-23 at 13:55 (We work hard every day on the beat, giving tickets and checking ID, but cannot do anything else – feeling jilted.) 147 . Officer DY, 2001-05-22 at 18:16 (cold heart). 148 . Officer WA, 2001-05-27 at 20:48 (I do not observe high or low, it has always been the same. If anything, people have been less lazy.) 149 . Officer EY, 2001-05-23 at 16:58. 150 . ᵫࡉ៤,“➅ᐊ䁲ᵫ˖␃䄺᥽仒᳾ࠄᆊ”(Hot news: HKP cover-up not successful) Sun-Oriental August 2, 2012. (Three HKP officers were arrested for prosti- tuting in Shenzhen, China. HKP Commander wanted to cover it up by paying HK$30,000 to PRC officers without avail.) http://www.the-sun. oriental.com.hk/cnt/news/20110802/00418_005.html. Notes 239

151 . Officer ER, 2001-05-22 at 21:02. 152 . Officer AX, 2001-05-23 at 00:47. 153 . Officer TA, 2001-05-22 at 18:37. 154 . Officer KU, 2001-05-24 at 00:45. 155 . Officer ST, 2001-05-24 at 12:33. 156 . Officer MB, 2001-07-18 at 10:58. 157 . Officer FB, 2001-05-31 at 22:51. 158 . Officer NO, 2001-05-28 at 19:37. 159 . Officer YC, 2001-05-23 at 00:56. 160 . Officer TR, 2001-05-23 at 13:02. 161 . Officer TX, 2001-05-22 at 18:32. 162 . Officer WA, 2001-05-31 at 22:15. 163 . Officer TO, 2001-05-31 at 23:15. 164 . Officer FB, 2001-06-01 at 19:56. 165 . Officer OX, 2001-05-24 at 05:49. 166 . Officer MT, 2001-05-24 at 12:04. This means senior officers are keen on finding fault with subordinates but do not protect them from the public. 167 . Officer CI, 2001-05-31 at 23:46. 168 . Officer RO, 2001-07-23 at 19:21. 169 . All about looking good, not doing a good job. 170 . Officer KW, 2001-07-16 at 23:04. In essence, HKP leaders care little about promoting morale, but are more interested in making HKP look good in the eyes of the public, and less interested in how police officers think and feel. Failing to get officer support for HKP reform, they try to re-educate (brain- wash) the police in line with HKP policy. 171 . Officer BEE, 2001-07-18 at 23:23. This is a very philosophical stance. Police officer himself or herself creating morale by devotion to duty. The HKP cannot create anything. However, this is a chicken and egg issue. What the JPOs are saying is that if the HKP treats them well, they have more incentive to work hard and be professional, failing that they might not be inclined to work up to the highest standards and expectations. 172 . Officer BEE, 2001-05-30 at 17:30. 173 . Officer CL, 2001-05-27 at 23:12. Officer CL is a stoic and optimist. To him, life goes on happy or sad. Work needs to be done whether one likes it or not. 174 . Officer KI, 2001-05-22 at 18:03 175 . Officer BT, 2001-07-19 at 09;10. 176 . Officer FL, 2001-05-28 at 00:44 (“Morale is a collective feeling, same as playing soccer. If there is good morale, everyone one runs more. If morale is bad, you just kick the ball away. Now the leaders do not want to win the ball game. Why should we, the ball players, be worried.”) 177 . Officer MT, 2001-05-28 at 20:25. 178 . Officer TX, 2001-07-19 at 09:20. 179 . Officer GO, 2001-06-01 at 21:17. 180 . Officer RO, 2001-07-20 at 13:09. 181 . Michael Davis, “Which side is undermining the rule of law: protestors or the government?” Hong Kong Umbrella Movement, October 25, 2014. https:// victoriatbhui.wordpress.com/michael-davis-on-hk/. 182 . See Chapter 7 “Future of Policing in Hong Kong,” infra. 240 Notes

183 . See also Confession Statements and their Admissibility in Criminal Proceedings(HKLRC Report). (“The central recommendation of the report is that a mechanism should be established to provide an accused person with an early opportunity to raise any complaint of ill treatment by the law enforcement agencies with an independent party.”) http://www.hkreform. gov.hk/en/publications/radmissibility.htm. 184 . The Review of the Top Management Structure of the Royal Hong Kong Police: Final Report. London: Coopers & Lybrand. (1993). 185 . Date: 5/11/01 at 13:19 to 5/27/01 at 13:21 (21 responses. 15 members) Topic: 䂟ⳟⳟ᳗વ᭛仼ⱘ໾“䘢ӑњ”(Please read members’ club posting (is) “too much”). 186 . ᒪᓎᯢ (Liao Jiangming): 5/12/2001 at 05:27 (We apologize when doing something wrong. Police perform duties according to law, why apologize. The most that needs to be said is “Thank you for your cooperation.”) 187 . 㸠ᖙ ˄Walking the beat): 5/11/2001 at 20:31 ˄From the perspective of a citizen, when I ask/call for police assistance it is only because I think police can solve problems, not to be treated to a carpet and air conditioning service.) 188 . “Approval for station revamps,” OffBeat ISSUE 659 July 14 to July 27, 1999. 189 . Ibid. 190 . ഄ䨉ᅜ㸯˄MTR guard): 5/13/2001 at 01:41 “Simply ... HKP “sorry” policy ... a failure). If theসᚥҨ˄young and dangerous or punks), ᮄ⿏⇥ (new immigrants from China) and shitheads (trouble makers) find out, we are in big trouble. When we check license at disco and search the undesirables, there will be a lot of trouble. Are we to say sorry to hundreds on patrol. Simply, idiotic.” 191 . Date: 5/26/2001 at 02:53 5/29/2001 at 10:54 (9 responses, 7 members) Topic: Դ᳝⛵䀺䘢 (“Have you tried this ... ”) Context: The topic asked colleagues to talk about their attitude towards policing as a job. 192 . Police work is stressful. Police the world over experience burnout at different rate/intensity and for different reasons. Police officers also deal with burnout in a variety of ways: “Symptoms Of Burnout: Burnout appears as symptoms in several areas including job performance, health and emotional stability. Job performance is often affected by lessened productivity, carelessness, and absenteeism ... A person might drink more, sleep less, and eat errati- cally ... On the physical side, the body begins to give out under the distress. People have indigestion, ulcers, and body aches ... At an emotional level people become depressed and despair of continuing to try. They are often lethargic, apathetic, and tired. They become anxious and irritable. Their very demeanor is a bright, flashing sign showing the problems within.” Ronald Terry Constant, “Burned Out,” Real Police 1992. http://www.realpo- lice.net/articles/police-stress/burned-out.html. 193 . Burnout with police work is a motivation and attitude problem. Dean Scoville, “How to Avoid Burnout,” Police patrol: The Law Enforcement Magazine December 1, 2006 (“Dr. James T. Reese, a former federal agent cum psychologist, characterizes burnout as a ‘self-inflicted attitudinal injury’ that most often occurs when demands exceed resources. Burnout is often the case of an over-commitment to your job, which ironically results in an under-commitment to it.”) http://www.policemag.com/channel/patrol/ articles/2006/12/how-to-avoid-burnout.aspx There are many reasons why Notes 241

police experienced mid-career burnout. Beverley Porter, Overcoming Job Burnout: How to Renew Enthusiasm for Work (Ronin Publishing; 3rd edition (May 15, 2005) “When they suffer what they see as a loss of control, their motivation is destroyed ... When it comes right down to it, we are all control freaks. Unfortunately, cops have enough problems just doing the day-to-day job without having to worry about the likes of the ACLU or some other clowns looking over their shoulders, looking to get their defendants off, and getting the cops in trouble ... Everyone loves to rag on cops, and it’s a one-sided dynamic: Cops are not allowed to lash back ... the tight reins imposed upon them by policy and procedure creates the perceived or actual loss of control, which leads to burnout ... There’s a cultural war on maleness and, when you combine that with a feminization of police culture, you’re creating a powder keg.” 194 . Dk901: 5/26/2001 at 02:53. 195 . Beck: 5/28/2001 at 01:01. 196 . Elizabeth Reuss-Ianni, Two Cultures of Policing: Street Cops and Management Cops (N.J.: Transaction Publisher, 1983) (Management cops are recruited, trained, socialized and tasked differently than street cops. Thus, they see things differently.) 197 . Beck: 5/28/2001 at 01:01. Inspector Beck’s approach, emphasizing the posi- tives of policing (high sounding ideals) and appealing to good sense in the officer (keeping faith with the pledge) with more (strategy of coping) might in fact be a counterproductive hurt, making things worse for the officer. In as much as burnout results in not being able to reconcile high ideals and low reality, admonishing officers to focus on the idealistic aspects of policing and the importance of a personal pledge tends to make the officer feel more inadequate, desperate for a way out. Dean Scoville, “How to Avoid Burnout,” Police patrol: The Law Enforcement Magazine December 1, 2006. For a strategy of dealing with burnout, see Beverley Porter, Overcoming Job Burnout: How to Renew Enthusiasm for Work (Ronin Publishing; 3rd edition (May 15, 2005) (“Stress is not synonymous with burnout; it is a symptom. You can bring down the fever and still not have an impact on the illness. You have to treat the root cause for it ... ”) 198 . Cherry tortoise: 5/27/2001 at 23:05. “If you eat salted fishes, you need to bear the thirst. (亳ᕫઌ剐ᢉᕫ␈) You need to put up the work before you deserve the pay.” 199 . 4/9 members. 200 . “Police Scholarship in China.” Pp. 93–111 in Les Johnston, Clifford Shearing (ed.), Innovative Possibilities: Global Policing Research and Practice (Routledge, December 16, 2013). 201 . Kam C. Wong, Policing in Hong Kong: History and Reform (Florida: CRC, 2015). 202 . Ibid., chapter 4.

7 Future of Policing in Hong Kong

1 . Michael Martin, “Hong Kong: Ten Years After the Handover,” CRE Report to Congress, June 29, 2007. 242 Notes

2 . Deflem, Mathieu, Richard Featherstone, Yunqing Li, and Suzanne Sutphin. “Policing the Pearl: Historical Transformations of Law Enforcement in Hong Kong.” International Journal of Police Science and Management, Vol. 10 (3): 349–356 (2008). 3 . Kam C. Wong, “Chinese Jurisprudence and Hong Kong Law,” China Report , Vol. 45 (3): 213–239 (2009). 4 . Sin Wai Man, “Whose Rule of Law? Rethinking Post – Colonial Legal Culture in Hong Kong,” Social Legal Studies , Vol. 7 (2): 147–169 (1998). 5 . Ibid., Abstract. 6 . “Challenge Hong Kong Police,” published on June 8, 2013 (A person was shown screaming at a composed HKP officer (0.14 to 1.00 minute) http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkegOvzyMHA. 7 . Hong, Kaylene, “Niece of top judge on double cop assault rap,” The Standard , April 8, 2010. 8 . Lam Wai-man, Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization (M.E. Sharpe, 2004). 9 . Francis L.F. Lee and Joseph M. Chan, Media, Social Mobilisation and Mass Protests in Post-colonial Hong Kong: The Power of a Critical Event (Routledge, 2010), p. 219. 10 . Thomas Chan, “Political radicalization will be a nightmare for HK’s future,” China Daily , September, 2012. ࡯℺఼ (Civil disobedience’sڋProfessor Benny Tai Yiu-ting, ݀⇥ᡫੑⱘ᳔໻↎ . 11 mass destruction weapon), Hong Kong Economic Journal , January 16, 2013. 12 . Kam C. Wong, A public seminar: Occupying Central vs. Securing Hong Kong: A Dialogue, December 23, 2013 @ HKU. 13 . Simon Denyer, “Hong Kong activists test China’s red lines over election with Occupy Central campaign,” Washington Post, November 28, 2013. 14 . HKU – Public Opinion Poll, Ming Bao sponsored Chief Executive Election and Occupy Central Public Survey (ᯢฅ䋞ࡽ⡍佪䙌㟝ঞԨ䷬Ё⪄⇥ᛣ䂓ᶹ): The five survey returns were: 15–18/4/2013, 3–5/7/2013, 2–4/10/2013, 21–24/1/2014, 14–20/5/2014. http://hkupop.hku.hk/english/report/mpCEn- OCCw5/index.html. 15 . Anthony B.L. Cheung, “Public governance reform in Hong Kong: rebuilding trust and governability,” International Journal of Public Sector Management , Vol. 26 (5): 421–436 (2013). 16 . Kam C. Wong, Policing in Hong Kong (Ashgate, 2012), chapter 7. 17 . Ibid. Opinion Survey on the Quality of Police Services: A Report (Hong Kong: The Company, 1998). 18 . Kam C. Wong, Policing in Hong Kong: History and Reform (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 2015), chapter 9. 19 . Deflem, Mathieu, “Law Enforcement in British Colonial Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Imperial Policing in Nyasaland, the Gold Coast, and Kenya.” Police Studies , Vol. 17 (1): 45–68 (1994). 20 . Allan Y. Jiao and Eli B. Silverman, “Police Practice in Hong Kong and New York: A Comparative Analysis,” International Journal of Police Science & Management , Vol. 8 (2): 104–118 (2006). 21 . Kam C. Wong, “A Preliminary Assessment of Hong Kong Interception of Communications and Surveillance Ordinance.” Commonwealth Law Bulletin , Vol. 34 (3): 607–621 (2008). Notes 243

22 . Kam C. Wong, Police Reform in China (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 2012), chapter 2. 23 . Liqun Cao, Lanying Huang and Ivan Y. Sun, Policing in Taiwan: From Authoritarianism to Democracy (NY: Routledge, 2014). 24 . Press Conference on Hong Kong Crime Situation in 2013, HKP (compared with other international cities such as Singapore, Tokyo, New York, London and Paris.) http://www.police.gov.hk/ppp_En/01_about_us/cp_ye.html; SU Jing, “Corruption by design? A comparative study of Singapore, Hong Kong and mainland China.” Discussion Paper. CRAWFORD SCHOOL of Economics and Government THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY (2007). 25 . Eberle, Edward J., “The Method and Role of Comparative Law,” Global Studies Law Review, Vol. 8 (3): 451–486 (2009), 454. http://law.wustl.edu/WUGSLR/ Issues/Volume8_3/Eberle.pdf. 26 . Kam C. Wong, One Country Two Systems: A Case Study of Cross-Border Crime Between Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and People’s Republic of China (Brunswick, NJ: Transactions Publications, 2012), chapter 7: “Policy Analysis.” 27 . Choi Kin Shing, “Hong Kong: Too political, or not political enough,” (“佭 ␃˖໾ᬓ⊏࣪ˈ䙘ᰃϡ໴ᬓ⊏࣪”ǉܜ偅Ǌ㄀43ᳳˈ 1997ᑈ4᳜ ) 997 http:// www.franklenchoi.org/commentary/toopolitical.htm. 28 . “Politicization does no good.” China Daily November 5, 2011. 29 . “Politicization of Hong Kong Residents” in Michael F. Martin, “Hong Kong: Ten Years After the Handover,” CSR Report for Congress (June 29, 2007), pp. 14–15. 30 . Ibid. CE Tung, upon taking over Hong Kong in 1997 had the foresight to launch the “project of depoliticization” in order to forestall and reduce political conflict in Hong Kong between government and people on political reform issues. (p. 2) 31 . June Ng, “Protest City,” HK Magazine, June 5, 2008. http://hk-magazine.com/ city-living/article/protest-city. 32 . HK Staff, “Protesters Unmasked,” HK Magazine , September 22, 2011. 33 . Jun Ng., “The Post-80s Boom,” HK Magazine , June 28, 2010. http://hk-magazine.com/city-living/article/post-80s-boom. 34 . Ibid. 35 . Hong Kong has had its fair share of community unrest and civil disturbance in the past, from boycotts, to protests, to riots. Jung-Fang Tsai, Hong Kong in Chinese History: Community and Social Unrest in the British Colony, 1842–1913 (NY: Columbia University Press, 1995). 36 . Yiu Chi-shing, “HK lags behind Singapore due to political obstruction,” China Daily September 7, 2012. 37 . “Politicization does no good.” China Daily November 5, 2011. 38 . June Ng, “Protest City: HK’s Protest Prizes,” HK Magazine, June 26, 2008. http://hk-magazine.com/city-living/article/protest-city-0. 39 . “The number of public meetings including notified public meetings, public processions approved, notified public processions, non-notifiable public meetings and non-notifiable public processions. Figures for non-notifiable public meetings and non-notifiable public processions are first maintained since December 1997.” http://www.socialindicators.org.hk/en/indicators/ political_participation/2.5. 244 Notes

40 . For HKP data see Larry Au, “Counting Protests,” Protests and Publics in Post- Colonial Hong Kong, December 4, 2013. http://protests.hk/2013/12/04/ counting-protests/. 41 . http://www.socialindicators.org.hk/en/indicators/political_participation/2.5. 42 . “Hong Kong Police refuses to reason with woman,” 5.31 minutes, not dated but possibly 2013. 43 . This earned many favorable comments from readers: (1) “EspritIsland – 1 week ago (edited): “God bless Hong Kong police andhaving thepatience to deal with this worthless piece of sh*t.sic”; (2) Mredwardtypes – 3 months ago: “What a bitch! They are only trying to do there job and this bitch goes stupid on them. They should have arrested her just for her stupid mouth. Dammm I want to smack her!!sic; (3) LEE KP –1 month ago: “Hong Kong has one of the most tolerant & professional Police Force in the world. So what’s the matter with this channel and the title? Refuses to reason with woman? These officers had been too NICE to this bitch.HK people should be thankful they have such well-trained police!sic” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWhhVcuIfNE. 44 . In another era, the 1967 riots, RHKP Chinese officers were called “yellow running dogs” (咗Ⲃ⢫) and European officers, “white skin pig” (ⱑⲂ䉀). In both of these cases, as with Ё೟݀ᅝ in text, they suggest a lack of legitimacy. Chinese police should work for Chinese people is the claim. 45 . Esther Y. Y. Lau, Eddie K. W. Li, Christine W. Y. Mak and Indie C. P. Chung, “Effectiveness of conflict management training for traffic police officers in Hong Kong,” International Journal of Police Science and Management, Vol. 6 (2), 87–109 (2004). 46 . This is called: “佭␃䄺ᆳᠧϡ䙘᠟㕉ϡ䙘ষ”(“HKP will not trade blows with hits. Will not yell back when yelled at.”) See Hong Kong Scholar: Oppositions are ‘Fascists” (␃ᅌ㗙˖ডᇡࢶ࡯ᰃǋ⊩㽓ᮃЏ㕽㗙ǌ) Tai Kung Pao August 14, 2013. http://news.takungpao.com.hk/hkol/politics/2013-08/1828259.html. 47 . As in “Hong Kong Police refuses to reason with woman” (Published on July 15, 2013) (5.31 minutes) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWhhVcuIfNE 48 . “Police probe handbill and whistle protest incidents,” SCMP , June 11, 2012. 49 . “Background brief prepared by the Legislative Council Secretariat for special meeting on 30 September 2013: Police’s handling of public meetings and public processions.” LC Paper No. CB(2)1813/12-13(02) 50 . “Why do people protest?” Democracy and Society September 2, 2009; Siu Kai Lau, The First Tung Chee-hwa Administration: The First Five Years of the HKSAR (Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002) 51 . Jessica Dodick Fields, “The Umbrella Movement and Trends of Modern Protest,” The Choices Blog October 23, 2014 https://blogs.brown.edu/ choices/2014/10/23/umbrella-movement/. 52 . “Why do people protest?” Democracy and Society September 2, 2009; Siu Kai Lau, The First Tung Chee-hwa Administration: The First Five Years of the HKSAR (Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002). 53 . Interstices: A Journal Of Architecture And Related Arts , Vol 8 (2007) Introduction, 4–9. Francis L. F. Lee and Joseph M. Chan, “Making Sense of Participation: The Political Culture of Pro-democracy Demonstrators in Hong Kong,” The China Quarterly, Vol. 193: 84–101 (2008) Hui, Kin-kan (䀅ᓎ㢍), “A comparative study of the political culture of postcolonial Hong Kong and Macao,” MA Thesis, Comparative Asian Studies, HKU (2005). Notes 245

54 . Mark van Vugt, “Why We Protest: The Psychology Behind the Occupy Movement,” Psychology Today , October 21, 2011. 55 . Le Bon, Gustave. The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (NY: The Macmillan Co., 1896). 56 . Clifford Stott, “Crowd Psychology & Public Order Policing: An Overview of Scientific Theory and Evidence.” Submission to HMIC. Policing of Public Protest Review Team. 57 . Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton University Press, 1970). 58 . Roger V. Gould, “Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society,” American Sociological Review , Vol. 64 (3): 356–480 (1991). 59 . Ibid. 60 . Angela K.P. Chan and Vanessa M.S. Chan, “Public Perception of Crime and Attitudes toward Police: Examining the Effects of Media News,” Discovery – SS Student E-Journal, Vol. 1: 215–237 (2012). http://ssweb.cityu.edu.hk/down- load/RS/E-Journal/journal10.pdf 61 . Yang Sheng, “HK police merit full respect,” China Daily, May 16, 2013. (“It has recently come to our attention that the Hong Kong Police Force has been increasingly accused by some politically minded pundits of ‘heavy-handed responses towards protesters’.”) 62 . Kam C. Wong, “The Politicization of HKP: A Case Study.” (June 1, 2014) (On file with author.) 63 . Ngok Ma, Political Development in Hong Kong: State, Political Society, and Civil Society (HK: Hong Kong University Press, 2007); Robert Bickers and Ray Yep (Editors), May Days in Hong Kong: Riot and Emergency in 1967 (HK: Hong Kong University Press, 2009); Gary Ka-wai Cheung, Hong Kong’s Watershed: The 1967 Riots (HK: Hong Kong University Press, 2010). 64 . “Motivation behind opposition’s politicization of police security,” China Daily, August 20, 1212. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011- 08/20/content_13154782.htm. 65 . Robert Reiner, The Politics of Police (Oxford University Press, 2000). 66 . Chinese Policing: History and Reform (NY: Peter Lang, 2009), p. 46. 67 . Professor Kam C. Wong, “The Politicization of Policing in Hong Kong: A Case Study.” Seminar: Center for Criminology. HKU November 2012. http://www. crime.hku.hk/web/event.html#c. 68 . Francis L.F. Lee, Joseph M. Chan, Media, Social Mobilisation and Mass Protests in Post-colonial Hong Kong: The Power of a Critical Event (Routledge, December 23, 2010). 69 . Oscar Ho Hing-kay, “CHINA: THE PROCESS OF DECOLONIZATION IN THE CASE OF HONG KONG” Bulletin Supplement 6 (2000). 70 . Chris Patten, East and West: The Last Governor of Hong Kong on Power Freedom and the Future, (Pan Macmillan, 1998). 71 . Huoyan Shyu, “Psychological Resources of Political Participation: Comparing Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Mainland China.” International Conference on the Transformation Citizen Politics and Civic Attitudes in Three Chinese Societies, Taipei, Taiwan, November 19–20, 2004. 72 . Mary Magista, “Hong Kong Protests to Express Dissatisfaction with Authorities,” The World July 2, 2012. http://www.theworld.org/2012/07/hong-kong-protests/. 73 . David Eimer, “Hong Kong rails against invasion of Chinese ‘locusts’,” Telegraph Feburay 2, 2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ 246 Notes

asia/hongkong/9056268/Hong-Kong-rails-against-invasion-of-Chinese- locusts.html. 74 . “Thomas Chan, “Dangerous Political Trend,” China Daily, October 10, 2012; “Social movements getting more politically motivated,” China Daily, October 4, 2012. 75 . Verna Yu, “The Value of an Old Coin,” NYT , December 13, 2012; Ho Chi-ping, “Nostalgia for British colonial rule ignores ongoing progress,” China Daily, February 29, 2012. Nostalgia for the British past and the new found Hong Kong identity in the present, led people to call for independence for Hong Kong. Grace Tsoi, “Hong Kong Independence: Is it a Thing?” HK-Magazine November 22, 2012. 76 . Peter Simpson, “China slams survey that shows rising Hong Kong resentment,” Telegraph January 12, 2012. 77 . “Citizenship, economy and social exclusion of mainland Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong,” Journal of Contemporary Asia , Vol. 26 (2): 217–242 (2002); Certificate of Entitlement – The Government of the Hong Kong . 78 . Tai-lok Lui, “Under Fire” Hong Kong’s Middle Class After 1997”, in J.Y.S. Cheng (ed.), The July 1 Protest Rally: Interpreting a Historic Event (Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2005), pp. 277– 301, 277. 79 . Bo Fulin ˄㭘໿ᵫ˅“Politicized Society is not a normal condition” (⼒Ӯᬓ⊏࣪ ሲ䴲ℷᐌᔶᗕ) Wenhui Bao 2010. (Hong Kong has now become the “capital of protests” and a part of daily life. According to Hong Kong Government official records, from July 1997 to December of 2005, Hong Kong had 18,534 protests and demonstrations. That is 6 per day.); “Politicization does no good,” China Daily November 5, 2011 at 11:57am (Foreigners use politicization of Hong Kong to achieve their political objectives of undermining China’s stability and legitimacy. It also debases and destroys Hong Kong’s value to the core); Joseph C.K. Yeung, “Motivation behind opposition’s politicization of police security,” China Daily , August 20, 2011. (“Opposition activists in Hong Kong deliberately politicized the security work for Vice-Premier Li’s visit.”) 80 . SCMP April 21, 2000. 81 . Jeffrey Broadbent and Vicky Brockman, East Asian Social Movements: Power, Protest, and Change in a Dynamic Region(Springer, 2011), p. 369 (There were five protests on June 25, 2000 on a variety of issues, from medical grading structure (1,000 doctors), to social service NGO subsidies (1,300 social workers), to urban renewal policy (300 residents), to public housing policy (2,000 political activists), and finally to right of abode decisions (1,200 main- landers and students). 82 . “Written Submissions to UNCHR: Freedom of Assembly, the Public Order Ordinance and Academic Freedom in the Hong Kong SAR” (April 7, 2001) http://www.hrsolidarity.net/mainfile.php/2001vol11no3/39/. 83 . John Chan, “Huge rally in Hong Kong against anti-subversion laws,” Wall Street Journal , July 8, 2002. 84 . Tai-lok Lui, “Under Fire” Hong Kong’s Middle Class After 1997.” Pp. 277 in Joseph Cheng (ed.), The July 1 Protest Rally – Interpreting a Historic Event (City University of Hong Kong Press, 2005). 85 . Ibid. 280. 86 . Joseph Cheng (ed.), The July 1 Protest Rally – Interpreting a Historic Event (HK: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2005). Notes 247

87 . Ivan Broadhead, “Anti-Japan Protests Spread to Hong Kong,” Voice Of America September 18, 2012. 88 . Chan, Joseph Man and Francis L. F. Lee, “Who Can Mobilize Hong Kong People to Protest? A Survey-based Study of Three Large-Scale Rallies,” In Ming Sing (ed.) Political Crisis, Mobilization and Confrontation in China’s Hong Kong (London: Routledge, 2008). 89 . Sarah Kliff, “How abortion became a political litmus test,” Washington Post , October 24, 2011. 90 . Joseph M. Chan and Francis L.F. Lee, “The primacy of local interests and press freedom in Hong Kong: A survey study of professional journalists,” Journalism , Vol. 12 (1): 89–105 (2011); “Media and Large-scale Demonstrations: The Pro-democracy Movement in Post-handover Hong Kong,” Asian Journal of Communication , Vol. 17 (2): 215–228 (2007). 91 . Keith Bradsher, “Occupy Hong Kong Protesters Forcibly Removed,” New York Times September 10, 1012. 92 . Julian Liu, “Mass protests as Hong Kong marks 15 years under China,” BBC July 1, 2012. 93 . Rikkie Yeung, “The Emergence of New Media in Hong Kong Politics,” HK Journal , Vol. 8 (2007) (Hong Kong offers one of the most advanced IT infra- structures in the world, with a penetration rate of 69% and broadband rate of 66%. The politicians are learning how to use the Internet in their favor.) 94 . “Protests in Hong Kong: Hong Kong too-y,” The Economist March 7, 2011 95 . Kent Ewing, “SPEAKING FREELY: Of Hong Kong clowns and puppet regimes,” Asia Time , October 15, 2004. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/ China/FJ15Ad05.html. 96 . “Letters from Hong Kong” RTHK March 10, 2012 http://chinaelectionsblog. net/hkfocus/?cat=3&paged=4. 97 . For a contrary view, see Wai-man Lam, Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization (M.E. Sharpe, 2012) (Hong Kong people were not politically inactive, as evidenced by many past vocal protests and violent demonstrations: campaigns for rent control; change of marriage laws; tramway workers’ labor disputes (1952); marriage ban in Tung Wah Hospitals; telephone rate increase (1964); Star Ferry riots (1966); Chinese as official language; equal pay for nurses, Diaoyutai Islands dispute (1970); Godber case (1974), campaign against telephone rate increases (1975); reopen Precious Blood Golden Jubliee Secondary School) p. 203. See particularly: chapter 5: “Rediscovering Politics: Hong Kong between 1949 and 1959”; chapter 6: “Rediscovering Politics: Hong Kong in the 1960s” and chapter 7: “Rediscovering Politics: Hong Kong in the 1970s.” 98 . Krishnan, Arun, A Concise Interpretation of Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law (December 10, 2009). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1521569 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1521569. 99 . G.A. Almond and S. Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations, Princeton (New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1963), p. 17. 100 . G.A. Almond and S. Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (New Jersey: Princeton University Press1963), pp. 13. 101 . Robert Bickers and Ray Yep (eds) May Days in Hong Kong: Riot and Emergency in 1967 (HK: Hong Kong University Press, 2009), p. 3. 248 Notes

102 . Janel Salaff, Working Daughters of Hong Kong (NY: Columbia University Press, 1995). 103 . In 1979 about 440,000 (one tenth) of Hong Kong people were eligible to vote. In 1981 only 35,000 registered and 6,195 voted. 104 . “A Critique of the Claims of Political Indifference,” in Wai Man Lam, Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization (Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe, 2004). 105 . Richard Cullen, “HONG KONG: THE MAKING OF A MODERN CITY-STATE” eLaw Journal: Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law , Vol. 13 (1): 2006. 106 . Wai-man Lam, “Revisiting Political Legitimacy in Hong Kong,” Paper presented at the 61st Political Studies Association Annual Conference (2011). 107 . J. Stephen Hoadley “Lifeboat thesis,” Norman Miners’ “refugee mentality” and Siu-kai Lau’s “unitary familism.” 108 . Pamela Owen, “Inside the Kowloon Walled City where 50,000 residents eked out a grimy living in the most densely populated place on earth,” Daily Mail , May 5, 2001. 109 . Wai-Man Lam and Ming K. Chan, Understanding the political culture of Hong Kong: the paradox of activism (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), p. 2. 110 . Jung-Fang Tsai, Hong Kong in Chinese History: Community and Social Unrest in the British Colony: 1842–1913 (NY: Columbia University Press, 1995). 111 . Ibid. xix–xx, esp. chapter 1: “A Critique of the Claims on Political Indifference.” 112 . Elizabeth Sinn, “The Strike and Riot of 1884 – A Hong Kong Perspective,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, Vol. 22: 66–90 (1982). 113 . Ngok Ma, Political Development in Hong Kong: State, Political Society, and Civil Society (HK: Hong Kong University Press, 2007), p. 98. 114 . Lau Sui Kai called this a “minimally-integrated socio-political system” (Lau 1984). 115 . Ibid. 98. Agnes S. KU, “Immigration Policies, Discourses, and the Politics of Local Belonging in Hong Kong (1950–1980),” Modern China, Vol. 30 (3): 326–360 (2004), 339. 116 . Carole Jones, “Politics Postponed: Law as substitute for politics in Hong Kong and China.” pp. 38–58, in K. Jayasuriya (ed.) Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia: The Rule of Law and Legal Institutions (Psychology Press, January 7, 1999). 117 . Christopher Munn, Anglo-China: Chinese People and British Rule in Hong Kong, 1841–1880 (HK: Hong Kong University Press, 2008/12). 118 . Broad based consultation happened after 1966–1967 riot. 119 . W.M. Lam, Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticisation (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004). 120 . “The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The_Goose_That_Laid_the_Golden_Eggs. 121 . Robert Bickers and Ray Yep (eds) May Days in Hong Kong: Riot and Emergency in 1967 (HK: Hong Kong University Press, 2009), p. 14. 122 . Still, given the right situation and opportunity, Hong Kong people were not shy in making their concerns known. For example, between 1972 and 1983, the Urban Council received 10,000 complaints a year. Notes 249

123 . What is Hong Kong Spirit (佭␃㊒⼲)? It is best to revisit Hong Kong’s theme song: “㕙᭛⤙ᄤቅϟ” (Lo Man: Under Lion Rock Hill), which, according to all, captures the essence of佭␃㊒⼲: Life is full of sadness and happiness in equal measure. We meet under ⤙ᄤቅϟ is more a blessing than curse. Life is not without challenges and still less without worries. In as much as we are in the same boat under Lion Rock, we should forget our differences and support each other in our quest for a common dream. We should promise each other that we do and wherever we are, we should join hands to negotiate the life course together. We will work hard to leave a legacy that is worthy of Hong Kong.Ҏ⫳Ё᳝ℵ୰ 䲷ܡѺᐌ᳝⎮ ៥ഄ໻ᆊ೼⤙ᄤቅϟⳌ 䘛Ϟ㐑ㅫᰃℵュ໮ᮐૣధҎ⫳ϡܡዢ፛䲷ҹ㌩⛵᥯ᝂ᮶ᰃৠ㟳೼⤙ᄤቅϟ Ϩ݅△ᢟẘऔߚ∖݅ᇡᬒ䭟ᕐℸᖗЁ⶯Ⳓ⧚ᛇϔ䍋এ䗑ৠ㟳Ҏ䁧Ⳍ䱼⛵ ⬣᳈⛵័ৠ㰩⍋㾦໽䙞᫰᠟䏣ᑇዢ፛៥ഄ໻ᆊ⫼㡅䕯ࡾ࡯ᆿϟ䙷ϡᴑ佭∳ ৡহ # ԰䀲˖咗䳥԰᳆˖主௝✛. 124 . “Introduction” Hong Kong Spirit web page. http://www.hkspirit.org/eng/ introduction-objectives.html. 125 . Lau Siu-kai (ed.) Social Development and Political Change in Hong Kong (HK: The Chinese University of Hong Kong , 2000). 126 . Alfred Ko-wei Hu, “Attitudes toward Democracy Between Mass Publics and Elites in Taiwan and Hong Kong.” Working Paper Series: No. 9. Asian Barometer Project Office National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei (2003) http://www.asianbarometer.org/newenglish/publications/ workingpapers/no.9.pdf. 127 . Simon Parry, “Ruffling feathers,” China Daily , Friday, March 7, 2014, 09:23. 128 . Rebecca L.H. Chiu, “Social equity in housing in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: a social sustainability perspective,” Sustainable Development , 10 (3): 155–162 (2002). 129 . “The misery of Hong Kong wealth gap,” SCMP , March 30, 2013. 130 . Michael Davis, Constitutionalism in Hong Kong: Politics versus Economics, 18 J. Int’l L. 157 (2014). Available at: http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/ vol18/iss1/10. 131 . Chen Zuoer, former Deputy Director of State Council’s Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office, coined the phrase “crashing car, killing people” (䒞↔ Ҏѵ) to remind Hong Kong people of the danger in over spending and the perils of an unsustainable welfare state. This was later used by Chief Secretary Henry Tang in a speech admonishing the post-1980s to think less of self (idealistic) and more of others (survival): “He then went on to remark that if youngsters choose to stubbornly charge ahead with their ideals, they may be heading for self-destruction like in a car crash (this expression was once used by mainland official Chen Zuoer during the Sino-British dispute in 1995).” “To Communicate or To Alienate?” Asian Sentinel January 19, 2011. 132 . Khun Eng Kuah-Pearce and Gilles Guiheux (Editors) Social Movements in China and Hong Kong: The Expansion of Protest Space (© ICAS / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2009). 133 . ឝ䄺ᚩ੠ᢉࠊডᇡ⌒ⱘᑆ᫒. 134 . Lo Wenrui, “Various professionals/associations robustly discussed Chinese central government supporting Hong Kong: Seized new development opportunities, continued to write new legacy” (৘⬠ᱶ䂛Ё༂ᤎ␃ᡧԣⱐሩ″ .༛) Wenhuipo September 1, 2012ڇ䘛㑠ᆿᮄⱘ 250 Notes

135 . Ibid. 136 . Ibid. Readers’ Comments: Houshu March 9, 2011, 02:45. 137 . Coleen Lee, “Post 80s rebels with a cause,” The Standard, Coleen Lee, January 15, 2010. 138 . Eddie Luk and Nectar Gan, “Keep away, kids,” The Standard, Tuesday, July 09, 2013. 139 . Ibid. Readers’ comments: k8ubcYw4Gj June 15, 2011, 12:19. 140 . Martin Lee sought help from US Congress in promoting Hong Kong democracy. “HK democrats seek US support,” BBC March 5, 2004. http://news. bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3531741.stm This was objected to by many local organizations, “HK legislator condemned by local organizations,” People Daily , March 6, 2004). 141 . Both Martin Lee and Benny did not protest British colonial rule when there was no democracy at all. 142 . Veblen, Thorstein, The Theory of the Leisure Class . introd. John Kenneth Galbraith (Boston: Houghton Mifflin (1973). 143 . Hong Kong Transition Project, Baptist University, Hong Kong. The project was funded by the US State Department by and through the National Endowment for Democracy to promote democracy in Hong Kong, otherwise to keep China in check. Tony Cartalucci, “Hong Kong’s “Occupy Central” is US-backed Sedition,” NEO 01.10.14, http://journal-neo.org/2014/10/01/ hong-kong-s-occupy-central-is-us-backed-sedition/. 144 . Hong Kong Transition Project, Baptist University http://www.hktp.org/list/ constitutional-reform-brief.pdf. 145 . Ibid. p. 11. 146 . Questions addressed in this briefing: Ibid, p. 1: “Do you currently support or oppose the possible Occupy Central protest?” The respondents were also asked whether they would change their mind contingent on five factors, e.g., “5. Beijing government warns against joining Occupy Central.” 147 . Ibid. “How worried are you about violence and damage to Hong Kong’s economy from an Occupy Central Demonstration?” 148 . Ibid. “How fairly do you think Chief Secretary for Administration Carrie Lam will conduct a constitutional reform consultation process?” 149 . Ibid. “Table 1: Which of these do you consider the most important to you personally to see protected and promoted?” 150 . Ibid. “Table 2 Preference of Identity to Protect & Promote BY Age.” 151 . Ibid. ‘Table 3 Preference of Identity to Protect & Promote BY Occupation.” 152 . Ibid. “Table 4 Preference of Identity to Protect & Promote BY Income. 153 . In the case of Professor Tai, time taken to promote Occupy Central is time taken from research and teaching. Since political advocacy and scholarly research do not mix, in mindset and conduct, Professor Tai has to give up scholarship to do politicking. 154 . Francis Fukuyama , “Confucianism and Democracy,” Journal of Democracy 6.2: 20–33 (1995). (“Are Confucianism and Western-style democracy fundamentally incompatible? Will Asia formulate a new kind of political- economic order that is different in principle from Western capitalist democracy?” (20–21). 155 . ⇥Џ vs. ৯Џˈ⇥⃞ vs. ৯⃞ˈ⇥⫳ vs. ೟ᆊ߽Ⲟ (2008-07-28 13:38:57) Ҏᗻᴀ ⾕ blog˄Democratic Rule vs. Emperor’s Rule, People’s power vs. Emperor’s Notes 251

power, People’s livelihood vs. Nation’s Welfare). In essence how we frame the debateˈ conceptualize the ideas, and define the relationship between state and the people matters. Thus far, the West has been successful in setting the agenda, focus, narrative, process, and outcome of the debate, such as favoring politics over social, or conflating democracy (means) with morality (end). http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5563a64d0100a327.html. 156 . Chris Yeung, “Political Changes Cloud the Future,” Hong Kong Journal January 2012. http://www.hkjournal.org/archive/2011_spring/2.htm. 157 . Russell J. Dalton, “Citizenship Norms and Political Participation in America: The Good News Is ... the Bad News Is Wrong,” Center for the Study of Democracy University of California, Irvine [email protected]. CDACS Occasional Paper 2006-01 October 2006. 158 . Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster, 1986), p. 1,755. 159 . Nicholas Almendares, “Politicization of Bureaucracy” In SAGE International Encyclopedia of Political Science (2011). 160 . Richard K. Betts, “Politicization of Intelligence: Cost and Benefits.” In Paradoxes of strategic intelligence: essays in honor of Michael I. Handel (Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2003 ). https://bc.sas.upenn.edu/system/files/Betts_09.25.03. pdf. 161 . “The Hong Kong 818 incident (佭␃818џӊ)” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hong_Kong_818_incident. 162 . This proposal only addresses issues at HKU, and the conduct of HKP vs. HKU students. There were other complaints against the police in another part of Hong Kong. Grace Tsoi, “The Fight for Free Speech,” HK Magazine, August 25, 2011. http://hk-magazine.com/city-living/article/fight-free-speech. 163 . THE REPORT OF THE REVIEW PANEL ON THE CENTENARY CEREMONY HELD ON AUGUST 18. HKU 8.18 Review Panel (September 17, 2011) http:// www.gs.hku.hk/rpanel/Report.pdf 164 . Kent Ewing, “Battle for Hong Kong University’s soul,” Asia Time, November 1, 2011. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MK01Ad01.html. 165 . To: Mr Tsang Wai-hung, Commissioner of Police, Hong Kong Special Administration Region. From: The Hong Kong University Students’ Union. August 29, 2011. http://www.hkusu.org/news/Letter_to_Hong_Kong_Police. pdf. 166 . The University of Hong Kong’s paper on the security arrangements during visits of political dignitaries to Hong Kong (power-point presentation materials) (English version only), CB(2)1411/11-12(01), March 15, 2012; Paper on Police’s crowd control arrangements in relation to public meetings and public processions prepared by the Legislative Council Secretariat (Background brief). CB(2)2452/11-12(07). 4 July 2012. 167 . Jianhong Liu, Lening Zhang, and Steven F. Messner, Crime and Social Control in a Changing China (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001). (Research into PRC criminal justice system is handicapped by: (1) language barrier; (2) political considerations – secrecy; (3) cultural misunderstanding (p. vii). 168 . Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Arthaeology of the Human Sciences (translated by Les Mosts et les choses) (NY: Vintage Books, 1966). http:// faculty.georgetown.edu/irvinem/theory/Foucault-Order_of_things-text. html. 252 Notes

169 . “Cultural Imperialism” https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/ wiki100k/docs/Cultural_imperialism.html. 170 . Dr. Harold L. Arnold, Jr., “Ten Tips for Protecting Your Cross-Cultural Marriage From Outside Influences,” Focus on the Family Prioritize your spiritual identity as a Christ follower over your cultural identity. Prioritize understanding over judging. Do not minimize what your spouse maximizes. (If your spouse thinks it is important, it is!) Everything important to you should be explained to your spouse rather than assumed. Honor and value your spouse’s parents and extended family. Negotiate boundaries with your extended families that are acceptable to each of you. (Caution: In a healthy marriage, parental loyalty should never exceed spousal loyalty.) Give your spouse the benefit of the doubt. (Grace asks that you assume the best of your spouse rather than the worst.) Embrace your identity as a cross-cultural person. (Value the fact that you represent the fusion of two cultures that enhances your perspective.) Integrate elements of your respective cultures in your daily living (e.g., food, language). Pray daily for the wisdom, grace and patience necessary to treat your spouse with trust and respect. 171 . Jianhong Liu, Lening Zhang, and Steven F. Messner, Crime and Social Control in a Changing China (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001). (Research into PRC criminal justice system is handicapped by: (1) Language barrier; (2) Political considerations – secrecy; (3) Cultural misunderstanding (p. vii). 172 . Philip C.C. Huang “Theory and the Study of Modern Chinese History: Four Traps and A Question,” Modern China , Vol. 24 (2): 183–208 (1998).

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Index

academicians’ column, 57 Chan, Y.C., 35 administrative science, 17–18 Chan Kwong Yiu, 59–60 adversarial politics, 176 Cheng, Howard C.H., 35 Ah, Lo, 25–6 Cheuk, Albert, 38–9, 137 alienation, 138 Cheung Chau, 19 American Society of Criminology, China studies field, 21 70 Chinese agents, 24–5 Andrew, Kenneth W., 119–24 Chinese culture, 189–90 Archer, John E., 132 Chinese institutions, 21–3 Asia, policing research in, 9–13 Chinese norms, 23–4 Asian Association of Police Studies Chinese policing, 22–3 (AAPS), 9–10, 70–1 Chinese University of Hong Kong Asia’s Finest (Sinclair), 50 (CUHK), 69 a-theoretical policing, 61–80 Chiu Kai-ting, Michael, 35 case study, 63–5 Chui, Y.H., 35, 50 reasons for, 67–73 Chun, Roxco P.K., 35 Australian federal agent, 57 Chung, Indie C.P., 33 Avery v. Midland County, 109 City University of Hong Kong, 5 Coats, Austin, 50–1 Bailey, Andrew, 52 coercive force, 95–7 Barned, Harry Elmer, 6, 71–2, 73 collaboration, 10–11 Becker, Howard, 68, 71–2, 73 Colonial Hong Kong in the Eyes of Elsie Betts, Richard K., 192 Tu (Tu), 51–2 Bittner, E., 95–7 colonial policing, 17–29, 40–1, 60, blogs, 54–5 122–4 books, 42–54 colonial rule, 60, 122–4, 183–5 on history of HKP, 42–3 Chinese agents, 24–5 on HKP reform, 48–9 Chinese control, 17–21 on marine police, 43 Chinese institutions, 21–3 popular, 49–54 Chinese norms, 23–4 on private policing, 43–8 end of era, 25 retired officers’ remembrances, HKP and, 65–7 49–54 commissioners, educational brain drain, 8 qualifications of, 9 Bridgewater, Ken, 52 communitarianism, 109 Brogden, Mike, 12–13 community, 68 community-based participatory cadet officers, 50–1 research, 113 Canadian RCMP, 57 community oriented policing (COP), “can do” discipline, 70–1 81 Center of Criminology, 69 community-police partnership, Chan, Hilton, 129 11–12

271 272 Index community policing (CP), 11–13, Democratic Alliance for the 38–9, 81, 110–11 Betterment and Progress of Hong contribution of, 84 Kong, 191 development of, 63 Diary of an Ex-Hong Kong Cop philosophy of, 83 (Andrew), 119–24 principles of, 82–3 Dickens, Charles, 131 strategies for, 83 discrimination, 30, 31 theory of, 63–5 distance learning, 4–5 comparative policing, 175–6 District Anti-triad Squad (DATS), 146, comparative study, 11–13 148 competitiveness, 8 District Watch Force (DWF), 21–2 conflict management training (CMT), DWF, see District Watch Force (DWF) 33–5 Confucian ethics, 18, 20, 23 Eberle, Edward J., 175–6 contempt of cops (COC), 157–60 education, see police education continuing education, 4–5 818 incident, 192–5 cooperation, 10–11 elites, 190, 191 cop culture, 135 empiricism, 74 Craggs, Peter, 52–3 Eterno, John, 129 credentials, 9 European culture, 121 crime fighting, 120 European officers, 121 criminal justice, 74–5 evidence based studies, 29–37, 74 criminal law, 88–9 independent assessments of HKP, criminal underworld, 131 31–3 Crisswell, Colin, 42–3 internal assessment of HKP Critical Legal Studies Movement, 72 promotion, 29–31 cross-cultural policing, 197–8 scholarly assessment of HKP, 33–7 crowds, 180 Cullen, Richard, 26–7 flashpoint model, 27 cultural identity, 190 Flower, Kylie, 57 cultural imperialism, 196–7 foreign police officers, 50–1 cultural labeling, 101 foreign police testimonials, 57–8 culture, 102, 121, 135–72, 189–90 freedom of speech, 188 Cumming, Elaine, 90–1 Friday, Paul C., 47 CUSCE, see School of Continuing Fu, Hualing, 26–7 Education at Chinese University Fyfe, James, 129 of Hong Kong (CUSCE) customary law, 23–4 Gaylord, M.S., 25 Ghetto at the Center of the World Dalton, Russell, 179, 191 (Mathews), 52 danger, perceptions of, 138 Giles, Leonard N., 57 Dao, 101–9 Goldstein, Herman, 92–5 Dao De Jing (DDJ), 102–9 government, public participation in, 72 Das, Dilip K., 47, 128 graduate education, 5 data analysis, 142 Greedwood, James, 131 data collection, 140–2 grounded theory, 142 data structure, 137–40 guanxi, 121, 122 degree programs, 5, 68–9 democracy, 188, 190–1 Hamilton, Sheilah, 21, 22, 43 Index 273 hawker policy, 35–7 reform, 25, 48–9, 174–5, 196 Hayes, J.W., 17–21, 23–4 scholarly assessment of, 33–7 Hays, D., 131 senior posts, 9 Heath, H.W.E., 6 study of, 3–6 Hell in Hong Kong (Bailey), 52 website, 54 higher education Hong Kong Special Administrative degree programs, 5 Region (HKSAR), 173 HKP and, 6–9 Hong Kong Spirit, 185–6 history from below movement, 131–2 Hong Kong Transition Project (HKTP), HKAP, see Hong Kong Auxiliary Police 188–90 Force (HKAP) Hong Kong University, 5 HKU, see University of Hong Kong Hull University, 5 (HKU) Ho, Lawrence, 50 inside out-bottom up (IO-BU) Hong Kong approach, 18, 112–32, 135 colonial administration, 14, 17–29, insiders’ approach, 11 40–1, 122–4, 183–5 institutional maladjustment, 8 decline in social climate of, 143–57, instructional materials, 5–6 169 instrumental goods, 188 economy, 8, 186 intellectual elites, 190, 191 Hong Kong Audit Commission, 31–3 intellectualism, 74–5 Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force internal hawker policy, 35–7 (HKAP), 65–7 In the Shadow of the Noonday Gun Hong Kong Police (HKP), 3, 6–8 (Smith), 50 changes in, 27–9 investigative reporting, 55–6 colonial rule, 17–29, 40–1, 60 Irish Constabulary, 24, 40 community policing and, 65–7 conflict management training, 33–5 Jefferies, Charles, 40 culture and practice, 135–72 Jiao, Allan Y., 43–7, 137 development, 27–9 Jones, Carole, 184–5 early development of, 38 Jorgensen, Birthe, 89–90 future of, 173–98 junior police officer (JPO) labor hawker policy, 35–7 market, 115–17 higher education and, 6–9 history of, 39–41, 42–3, 54 Karp, David R., 64–5 image of, 3 Kerrigan, Austin, 39–41 independent assessment of, 31–3 Kim-fair Kwan, Adrian, 138 managerial practices, 31–3 Kirkman, 76 morale, 160–8, 170–2 Kobben, Andrea J.E., 88–9 officers as researchers/sources, Kowloon Walled City case, 184 113–28 Krishnamurthy, Dr., 11–12, 13 overview of, 43–7 personal and professional identity, labor market, 115–17 124 labor relations, 115–17 as political instrument, 28, 60 Lai Kai Fat, 49–50 politicalization, 191–5 language ability, 121 promotion, internal assessment of, Laozi, 102 29–31 Lau, Esther Y.Y., 33 promotion process, 116 law and society movement, 72 274 Index

Law Enforcement Assistance New Territories (NT), 18–19 Administration (LEAA), 69 Ng Chin Hung, 58–9 law enforcement climate, 143–57, 169 NGO programs, 35 Lawler, S., 124 Nicholas, W.I., 35 leading journalist, 56 nongovernmental organizations Le Bon, Gustav, 179–80 (NGOs), 35 Lee, Dick, 27, 29 nuisance abeyance, 120 Lee, Martin, 188 legal culture, 174 Occupy Central (OC) movement, legal discourse, 174 150–1, 188, 190 legalism, 67–8 OffBeat, 54–5 legitimacy, 85 officer labor market, 116–17 Leicester University, 5 Oliver Twist (Dickens), 131 Leonard, Pauline, 139 Open University of Hong Kong Lethbridge, H.J., 21, 22 (OUHK), 4, 68 Leung Chung-man, 115–17 Open Verdict (Bridgewater), 52 Li, Eddie K.W., 33 oral history, 58–60 Linebaugh, P., 131 Ling, SIP, 124–8, 130–1 participatory research, 113 literature review, 17–60 Peel, Robert, 62, 66, 83, 197 colonial rule, 17–27 people expectation policing (PEP), 21, evidence based studies, 29–37 197 HKP books, 42–54 A People’s History of the United States oral history, 58–60 (Zinn), 132 PhD dissertations, 37–41 performance management program, popular reading, 54–60 35 local context, 10–11 personal expectation policing (PEP), localism, 189 81–2, 99–100, 109–11 Lockhart, James Stewart, 18–19 definitions, 85 London Metropolitan Police (LMP), personal problems as legal 40, 72 violations in, 87–90 Lo Shiu-hing, Sonny, 27 police as coercive resource in, 95–7 police power in, 98–9 MacDonnell, Richard, 21 policing in Hong Kong and, 100–9 Mak, Christine W.Y., 33 as problem solving, 92–5 Manning, Peter, 89 resource deprivation and, 99 marine police, 43 as self-help, 90–1 Master in Criminology, 5, 68–9 as social services, 91 Mathews, Gordon, 52 theoretical framework, 85–7 media, 72 theoretical postulates, 84–5 Miner, Norman, 24 personal problems, as legal violations, morale issues, 160–8, 170–2 87–90 morality, decline of, 143–57 personal transformation, 8 motives, 88–9 PhD dissertations, 37–41 poachers, 132 National Commission on Law police, 85 Observance and Enforcement, 65 see also police officers; policing New Public Management (NPM), 61 as coercive resource, 95–7 newspaper accounts, 55–60 police alienation, 138 Index 275 police authority, 138, 178 private, 22–3, 43–8 Police Club, 137, 140–2, 169 problem oriented, 21, 65, 74, 81, police education, 76 92–5 continuing education, 4–5 as problem solving, 92–5 degree programs, 5, 68–9 public, 22 distance learning, 4–5 public order, 27 graduate education, 5 as self-help, 90–1 HKP and, 6–9 as social services, 91 instructional materials, 5–6 team, 81 lack of interest in, 3 Western practices, 21, 169–70 opportunities and, 8 what works vs. what matters in, 74 study abroad, 6–7 Policing Hong Kong (Ho and Chu), 50 The Police in Hong Kong (Jiao), 43–7 policing in Hong Kong police officers colonial, 17–27 attitudes of, 121 future of, 173–98 authority of, 167 literature review, 17–60 contempt for, 157–60 PEP and, 100–9 discipline of, 145 research method, 112–32 identity of, 138–9, 167 study of, 3–6 morale of, 160–8, 170–2 theoretically informed, 61–80 as researchers/sources, 113–28 Policing in Hong Kong (Wong), 47–9 support for frontline, 145 policing research police officers’ blogs, 54–5 approaches, 10–13 police power, as legitimacy resource, in Asia, 9–13 98–9 local context and, 10–11 police practitioners, 77 needs, 9–10 police role/function, 120 policing theory, 61–80 police solidarity, 138 Policy Study Diploma, 5 police studies, 67–8, 73–80, 174–6 political activism, 174, 177–8, 181–3, Police Study Diploma, 69 190–1 police theorists, 77, 78 political correctness, 73 police theory, 61–3, 75–80 political corruption, 65 police training, 119 political economy, 28 police uniform, 121 politicalization, 173–98 police work, attitudes toward, 138–9 political policing, 25–7 policing political sensitivity, 8 a-theoretical, 61–80 politics Chinese, 22–3 adversarial, 176 colonial, 17–29, 40–1, 60, 122–4 of discontent, 181–95 community, 11–13, 38–9, 63–5, 81, Portsmouth University, 5 82–4, 110–11 Pottinger, Henry, 40 comparative, 175–6 practioner/insider research, 128–30 cross-cultural, 197–8 pragmatism, 68–70 guanxi and, 121 pressure cooker syndrome, 170–1 people expectation, 197 privacy rights, 188 from people’s perspective, 86–7 private policing, 22–3, 43–8 personal expectation, 81–2, 109–11 problem oriented policing (POP), 21, political, 25–7 65, 74, 81, 92–5 politicization of, 173–98 problems, 85 276 Index problem solving, 92–5 senior posts, credentials for, 9 promotion process, 29–31, 116 sensational cases, 52 prostitution, 120 The Seven Curses of London public meetings, 178 (Greedwood), 131 public order policing, 27 Shapland, 61 public policing, 22 Sherman, Lawrence, 68, 69–70 public protest, 178–83 Shuk-siu Yu, Patrick, 51 punishment, 147–8 Sinclair, K., 50, 56 Sino-British Joint Declaration, 173 racial discrimination, 30, 31 Smith, Mike, 50 racial tension, 65 social climate, 143–57, 169 Regional Anti-triad Unit (RATU), 146, social construction, 142 148 social control, 19 Reiner, E., 125 social psychology, 179 Reiner, R., 61 social reform, 72 relative deprivation syndrome, 180 social scientific research, 118–19 Reluctant Heroes, 54 social services, 91 research data, 136 Society of Criminology, 4 researchers sociology, 74–5 lack of, 195–6 solidarity, 138 police officers as, 113–28 sovereignty, 28, 29 as source database, 117–19 Special Branch (SB), 25–6 research focus, 136 status, 8 research foundation, 136–42 Storch, R.D., 131 research method, 112–32 study abroad, 6–7 resource deprivation, 99 substantive justice, 154 resources, 85 Sui Geng (Ward), 43 retired officers’ remembrances, Sykes, Richard E., 75 49–54 Ricoeur, Paul, 125 Tai, Benny, 188 Rosenbaum, Dennis P., 64 Tales from No. 9 Ice House Street The Royal Hong Kong Police (Crisswell (Shuk-siu Yu), 51 and Watson), 42–3 team policing, 81 Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), 24, 40 theoretical understanding of policing, rule of law, 20 61–80 runaway crimes, 65 Thompson, E.P., 131 Traver, H., 25 Scholarship Hub, 118 triads, 144–9 School of Continuing Education at Tsang, Steve, 50–1 Chinese University of Hong Kong Tsui Yiu Kwong, Douglas, 29–31 (CUSCE), 4–5 Tu, Elsie, 51–2 scientism, 67–8 Turks, Austin, 71 Scotland Yard, 7 Scott, Michael S., 61–2 United Kingdom, 6–7 secrecy, 78–9 universal values, 197 self-directed research agent (SDRG), universities, 5, 6–8, 68 113–28 University of Hong Kong (HKU), 4, self-help, 90–1 6–8, 68–9 Senior Inspector of Police (SIP), 124–8 US FBI, 57–8, 72 Index 277 utilitarianism, 89 When Harry Met Vicky - A Fatal utopianism, 71–3 Attraction (Craggs), 52–3 Wilson, James Q., 71 victims’ rights movement, 90 Wong, Charles, 7 Vollmer, August, 70 Wong, Georgiana, 10 Wong, Kam C., 10, 27, 47–9, 57, 93, Wa, Ng Chi, 38 128 Waddington, David, 27 Wong Chi-ho, 55–6 Ward, Iain, 43 Wong Wing-sing, Joseph, 181 Watching Over Hong Kong (Hamilton), Wright, Beryl, 6 43 Watson, Mike, 42–3 Yip, Regina, 181 The Way (Dao), 101–9 youth-at-risk, 35 websites, 54 youth population, 186–7 Western practices, of policing, 21, 169–70 Zinn, Howard, 132