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Tra Quattro Paradisi Esperienze, Ideologie E Riti TRA QUA Hilâl. Studi turchi e ottomani 1 tt — RO PARADISI Tra quattro paradisi Esperienze, ideologie FABRIS e riti relativi alla morte tra Oriente e Occidente a cura di Antonio Fabris Edizioni Ca’Foscari 1 Hilâl Studi turchi e ottomani Hilâl Studi turchi e ottomani Direttori / General editors Maria Pia Pedani (Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia) Elisabetta Ragagnin (Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen) Comitato Scientifico / Scientific board Bülent Arı (TBMM Milli Saraylar, Müzecilik ve Tanıtım Başkanı, İstanbul) Önder Bayır (tc Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı, Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı, İstanbul) Dejanirah Couto (École Pratique des Hautes Études «ephe», Paris) Mehmet Yavuz Erler (Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun) Fabio Grassi (Università La Sapienza, Roma) Figen Güner Dilek (Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara) Stefan Hanß (Freie Universität, Berlin) Baiarma Khabtagaeva (Szegedi Tudományegyetem) Nicola Melis (Università degli Studi di Cagliari) Melek Özyetgin (Ankara Üniversitesi) Cristina Tonghini (Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia) Tra quattro paradisi Esperienze, ideologie e riti relativi alla morte tra Oriente e Occidente a cura di Antonio Fabris © 2013 Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Dorsoduro 1686 30123 Venezia edizionicafoscari.unive.it Stampato nel mese di febbraio del 2013 da text Stampa digitale di Vigorovea (pd) isbn 978-88-97735-10-7 Finanziato con fondi miur, progetto prin 2008, «Le domande degli angeli. L’idea della morte nell’islam, nello sciamanesimo turco-mongolo e nel cristianesimo: una migrazione di riti, simboli e credenze» (nell’ambito del progetto nazionale: «I tesori della morte: esperienze, ideologie, rituali e memoria. La morte nelle religioni del Libro nell’età moderna e contem- poranea»). 1 Introduzione Maria Pia Pedani 16 Hells in Central Asian Turkic Buddhism and Early Turkic Islam Jens Peter Laut 36 «Ogni anima gusterà la morte»: tanatologia musulmana Paolo Branca 49 The Concept of Death in Turco-Mongolic Shamanism: «To die» in Ancient Turkic and Mongolic Sources and their Reflexes in Modern Turkic Languages of Mongolia Elisabetta Ragagnin 60 Is «vampire» a Turkic word? Elisabetta Ragagnin 71 Death and the Foreigner: Western Travellers in Asia during the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries Angeliki Tzavara 85 Turkish Tombs up to Mehmed ii M. Fatih Demirhan 107 L’idea della morte nel mondo ottomano Maria Pia Pedani 129 The Art of Eternal Rest: Ottoman Mausoleums and Tombstones Aygül Ağır e Tarkan Okçuoğlu 148 Gli ottomani e la morte nelle fonti veneziane Antonio Fabris 165 La tomba di Kanunî Süleyman a Szigetvár Antonio Fabris 170 From the Steppes of Central Asia: some Remarks on Death and Funeral Practices in Persia from the Safavids to the Qājārs Giorgio Rota 182 Funeral Rites and Cultural Change in post-Soviet Tatarstan Matteo Benussi 199 Sepolture islamiche in Italia: dal passato al presente. Il caso del cimitero turco-ottomano di Trieste Michela De Giacometti Introduzione Maria Pia Pedani «La ricostruzione delle abitudini connesse al lutto, alle pratiche e ai rituali di accompagnamento della morte non è certo una novità, ma l’intenzione di analizzare questo aspetto della vita sociale attraverso la prospettiva comparata di storie culturali e spirituali diverse appare di grande suggestione». Con queste parole è stato valutato positivamente il progetto I tesori della morte: esperienze, ideologie, rituali e memoria. La morte nelle Religioni del Libro in età moderna e contemporanea, coordinato dal prof. Pier Cesare Ioly Zorattini, e presentato assieme a colleghi delle Università di Bologna, Roma «Tor Vergata» e Ca’ Foscari al Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca per parteci- pare al bando del 2008 per i progetti di ricerca scientifica di rilevante interesse nazionale. L’unità veneziana, oggi espressione del nuovo Dipartimento di Studi sull’Asia e sull’A frica Mediterranea, aveva presentato, nell’ambito di questo ampio progetto, una proposta di ricerca intitolata Le domande degli angeli. L’idea della morte nell’islam, nello sciamanesimo turco- mongolo e nel cristianesimo: una storia di migrazione di riti, simboli e credenze (The angels’ questions. The idea of death in Islam, Turkish- Mongolian shamanism and Christianity: a history of the passage of rites, symbols, and beliefs). Il punto di partenza era quello di rintracciare e studiare credenze, riti e simboli legati alla morte nel mondo islamico e nel mondo turco-mongolo in modo da capire quali elementi provenienti dall’Asia Centrale e di antica origine sciamanica e quali più propria- mente islamici furono compresi, fraintesi o assorbiti in ambito europeo e cristiano. Del gruppo di ricerca hanno fatto parte, oltre a Maria Pia Pedani, Elisabetta Ragagnin, Giorgio Rota e Antonio Fabris, cui si sono poi aggiunti due promettenti studenti, Matteo Benussi e Michela De Giacometti. Le competenze diverse dei membri del gruppo di ricerca, che spaziano dalla storia alla filologia e all’antropologia, oltre alle loro conoscenze di lingue desuete in ambito europeo (dal turco al persiano, 7 TRA QUattRO PARADISI dal tataro al mongolo), hanno permesso di attuare una vera sinergia in- terdisciplinare, che ha portato a risultati interessanti. A novembre 2011 si è svolto un workshop a Venezia sull’argomento della ricerca, sia per presentare quanto era stato nel frattempo elaborato sia per confrontarsi con esperti internazionali in modo da avere un riscontro scientifico di alto livello. Questo volume è il frutto di questo workshop, di cui porta il nome. I «quattro paradisi» cui si fa riferimento sono quello buddista, cri- stiano, musulmano e sciamanico, intendendo così sottolineare gli apporti nella cultura e nel folklore di queste quattro religioni che nell’Eurasia hanno trovato modo di venire a contatto e, in qualche caso, influenzarsi reciprocamente. I saggi qui presentati sono caratterizzati da interessi diversi: culturali e religiosi (Branca e Laut), linguistici (Ragagnin), storici (Fabris, Pedani, Rota e Tzavara), artistici (Ağır, Okçuoğlu e Demirhan) e antropologici (Benussi e De Giacometti) e spaziano geograficamente dall’Asia Cen- trale al Vicino Oriente e all’Italia e, in campo religioso, dal buddismo all’islam e alle influenze sciamaniche. Se Paolo Branca ha presentato l’idea della morte nell’islam, Jens Peter Laut si è invece concentrato sul buddismo e soprattutto sui suoi inferni. Angeliki Tzavara ha fornito una panoramica sul medioevo turco-mongolo, visto attraverso gli occhi dei viaggiatori europei. Aygül Ağır e Tarkan Okçuoğlu hanno parlato, da un punto di vista architettonico e artistico, dei cimiteri e delle tombe di epoca ottomana concentrandosi su Edirne, Bursa e Istanbul. Fatih De- mirhan, assente al workshop per motivi di salute, ha contribuito con una serie di fotografie di tombe antico turche esistenti nell’Anatolia orientale, che ancora risentono di elementi sciamanici, seguite da una panoramica sui luoghi di sepoltura dei primi sovrani ottomani, da Gündüz Alp, l’avo di Osman, l’eroe eponimo della dinastia, fino a Mehmed ii (1451-1481). A questo punto, è importante sottolineare soprattutto il lavoro del gruppo di ricerca veneziano. Per quanto riguarda l’ambito strettamente linguistico Elisabetta Ragagnin ha trovato finalmente qual è l’etimologia della parola «vampiro», così diffusa tra le lingue europee, e ha studiato i termini relativi alla morte nelle lingue turco-mongole. Antonio Fabris ha indagato soprattutto le fonti veneziane, conservate presso l’Archivio di Stato di Venezia, riuscendo a individuare elementi nuovi nella perce- zione che gli ottomani avevano della morte in generale e di quella dei sultani in particolare. Maria Pia Pedani ha passato in rassegna quanto testimoniano gli storici ottomani su questo argomento ritrovando in quell’impero, fino alla fine del Cinquecento, vari elementi che rinviano alle antiche credenze sciamaniche, poi superate e assorbite dall’islam. Giorgio Rota ha studiato l’atteggiamento di fronte alla morte del mondo persiano dal xvi all’inizio del xx secolo, concentrandosi anche sull’ulti- 8 MARIA PIA PEDANI TRA QUattRO PARADISI mo sovrano Qājār, Moḥammad-ʿAli Šāh (1907-1909), che morì in esilio a Sanremo nel 1925. Nella medesima località, l’anno seguente, morì anche l’ultimo sultano ottomano, Mehmed vi Vahīdeddīn (1918-1922). Ecco quindi il problema, che si presenta oggi sempre più pressante anche in Italia, dei funerali e delle sepolture di musulmani. Michela De Giaco- metti ha affrontato dunque questo tema, studiando il cimitero islamico di Trieste, l’unico del genere che può vantare in Italia un’antica origine. Infine Matteo Benussi ha lavorato nel Tatarstan post-sovietico, annotan- do le commistioni e le sovrapposizioni che hanno luogo in quest’area a proposito di riti funebri. Appare importante riassumere qui i primi risultati ottenuti dall’unità veneziana, partendo da quanto già anticipato in un articolo presenta- to da Maria Pia Pedani e Antonio Fabris nella rivista «Mediterranean World» dell’Università Hitotsubashi di Tokyo e intitolato The Angels’ Questions. Symbols and Ideas about Death between East and West. Si tratta di una ricerca che ha preso in considerazione anche altre fonti, ol- tre quelle riportate nei saggi presenti in questo volume, che non è ancora compiutamente terminata e che potrà presentare ulteriori novità in un campo come quello dei rapporti interculturali su cui il gruppo di lavoro che si è formato con questa occasione intende continuare a lavorare. In Europa già nell’Alto Medioevo si riscontra l’influsso
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