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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-62093-2 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453: Volume 1 Edited by Kate Fleet Index More information

Index

Abaqa Han, Ilkhan ruler (1265–82), 64–73 Agaceri,˘ Mongol commander and emir, 89 death (1282), 73 agriculture, 12, 121 and Karamanid revolt, 70–1 effect of rebellions on, 236–7 and Mesud, 72 effect of Turkoman raids on, 234–7 ‘Abd al-Laif b. ‘Abdallah, mosque in Mardin, means to retain peasants for, 238–9, 258 284 products, 239–40, 370, 372 ‘Abd al-Wajid b. Muhammad, scholar, 300 and Turkish settlement, 370–1 Abdulaziz,¨ Sultan (1861–76), 309 Turkoman view of, 234–40 Abdulhamid¨ II, Sultan (1876–1909), 309 see also pastoralism Abdulkadir¨ b. Gaybi al-Maragi, Maqasid Agrilu, 91 al-Alhan, 321 Ahi Evren, Sufi, 375, 398 Abdullah b. Mahmud, craftsman, 348 and Keramat-i Ahi Evren treatise, 417 ‘A b d ullatif¨ el-Bagd˘ adi,˘ scholar, 414 ahilik, 245, 375, 375n.55 Abdulmecid¨ b. Isma‘il Herevi (d. 1142), 384 ahis (religious artisan brotherhoods), 106, 161, Abdulvahid¨ b. Suleyman,¨ craftsman, 347 187 Abıs¸ga, Mongol commander, 82, 85, 88, 90 beylik of Karaman, 115 Abu al-Fada’il Muhi al-din, poet, 416 and mosque complexes, 297 Abu Ishak al-Thalabi, Qisas al-Ambiya, 410 role in towns, 245 Abu Najb al-Suhrawardi, Sufi mystic, 393 Ahlat, 374 Abu Safi‘id Khudabanda, 272 tomb of Erzen Hatun, 307 Abu Sa‘id, Mongol sultan in Anatolia Ahmad Teguder,¨ Mongol khan (1282–4), 73, (1317–1335), 90, 92, 93, 122, 267 74 Abu Said Bahadur Han, 316 Ahmed III, Ottoman sultan (1703–30), 178 Abusammed b. Abdurrahman (d. 1145), Ahmed b. Sa’d el-Erzincani, Kitab al-Lata’f scholar, 384 al-’Ala’iyya, 421 Abu’l-Fida, Mamluk historian, 328 Ahmed Eflaki, Manakib al-Arifin, 421 Acem, Persia, 343 Ahmed Lakus¸i, vezir, 90, 98 Achaia, principality of, and Byzantium, 39 Ahmed, Fakih, poet, 409 Adana, recaptured by Byzantium, 17 Çarhaname, 418 ‘Adi b. Musafir (d. 1162), ¸eyhs , 387 Kitabu Evsaf-i Mesacidi’s¸-S¸erife, 418 Adorno, Giovanni, Genoese tax farmer, 257 Ahmed-i Dai, poet and scholar, 411, 418–19 Adrianople see Edirne Camasbname, 419 Adrianople, battle near (1205), 24 Çengname, 419 Aegean islands, Turkish raids on, 233 Divan, 419 Afifeddin el-Tilemsani, Sufi, 395 Ahmed-i Yesevi, use of Turkish language, 409 Afyon, 61, 161 Ahmedi, poet, 418 Ak Mescid, 281 ˙Iskendername chronicle, 132, 322, 418 Kubbeli Mescid, 279 Ak Manastır (Deyr-i Eflatun) monastery, 405 aga˘ , head of janissary corps, 207 Ak Viran (Avren, Momino), 152

482

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-62093-2 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453: Volume 1 Edited by Kate Fleet Index More information

Index

Akbal, son of Uruktu Noyan the Aleppo Celayirid, 84 Ayyubid architecture, 286 Akbuga,˘ Celayirid emir, 77, 79, 81 captured (1260), 59 Akcaalan, pottery kilns, 338 Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118), Byzantine Akçe Kazanlık, 162 emperor, 11–15 akın (raid), 192 and First Crusade, 14 akıncıs (raiders), in marcher districts, 205 Alexios II Komnenos (1180–3), Byzantine Akkoyunlu, Turkoman confederation, 97, emperor, 20 268, 273 Alexios III Angelos (1195–1203), Byzantine occupation of Erzurum (1465), 273 emperor, 22, 24, 25, 234 Aksaray, 258 Alexios IV Angelos (1203–4), 22 carpets from, 233, 243, 328 imprisonment of merchants, 260 Geyhatu’s advance to, 76 Alexios V Doukas (1204), 22 Turkoman palace at, 311 Alexios, false, rebellion, 234, 236 Zincirli Medrese, 298 Alexios, ruler of Trebizond, partial rule in Aksaray, battle of (1256), 57 Byzantium, 24 Aks¸ehir, 238, 374, 388 Alexios Axouch, protostrator under Manuel I, cloth manufacture, 243 50 Ferruh S¸ah mosque, 279 Alexios Strategopoulos, capture of medresesat,65 Constantinople (1261), 28 tomb of Seyyid Mahmud Hayrani, 308 Ali b. Hacı Ahmed, craftsman, 342, 350 Aks¸ehir, battle near (1299), 84 Ali b. ˙Ilyas Ali see Nakkas¸Ali Aladag,˘ battle of (1338), 94 Ali b. Muhammed b. Hibetullah el-Buhari, Aladag,˘ Greater Armenia, Ilkhanid summer scholar, 414 court at, 52, 62 Ali b. Omer¨ Karahisari, 148 coronation of Geyhatu at, 79 Ali Bey, son of Kara Timurtas¸Pas¸a, as patron, Alaeddin, son of Feramurz, 72 320 Alaeddin Ali (d.1380), 96 Ali Padis¸ah, administrator, 89, 94 Alaeddin Ali Bey (1366–80), ruler of Eretna, Alincak Noyan, 62 96 supporter of Rukneddin,¨ 59 Alaeddin Bey (d.1331), as patron, 320 Alis¸irogulları,˘ Turkomans from Kutahya,¨ 89 Alaeddin Kas¸ani, scholar, 413 Alp Arslan I, Seljuk sultan (1063–72), 1, 10, Alaeddin Keykubad I, Seljuk sultan (1220–37), 356 26, 53, 260, 358 Alp Arslan II, Seljuk sultan, Manuel I’s poetry, 416 expedition against, 20 and Sufism, 392 alps (warrior leaders), 193 and trade, 373 alum Alaeddin Keykubad III, Seljuk sultan (1284, production and trade, 242 1292–3, 1301–3), 55, 84, 85, 87 taxes on, 257 murdered on mission to Mongke,¨ 56, 57 trade restrictions, 263, 264 Alaeddin Savi, vezir, 88, 89 Amadeo of Savoy, the Green Count, 37 Alans crusade of, 37, 127 defeat by Ottomans (1302), 119 Amastris (Amasra), 25 as mercenaries in Byzantium, 32 Amasya (Amaseia), 268, 373 Alanya (‘Ala’iyya, Alaiye), 79, 374 Bayezid Pas¸a Camii, 348 caravansary, 314 Bimarhane medrese, 298 markets, 249, 250 as centre of beylerbeyilik, 204 Albania illustrated manuscripts, 322 Byzantine campaign against, 144 Ottoman buildings, 274 and Ottomans, 136 Amasyalı Sufi Bayezid, tutor of Mehmed I, 320 destruction of Ottoman monuments, 157 Amid see Diyarbakır Ottoman tax register, 134, 156 ‘Amr b. al-Farid, Qasıde-i Ta’iyya, 421 Turkish expansion into, 41, 128 Anadolu Hisarı complex, Bosphorus, 131

483

Index

Anadolu Huseyin,¨ Bulgaria, 153 tomb of Yur¨ uk¨ Dede, 307 Anadolulu, Bulgaria, 153 Turbe¨ of Hacı Bayram Veli, 348 Anatolia, 1, 354–60 Ankara, battle of (1402), 2, 45, 125, 130 administration, 83–4 Serbian cavalry at, 217 administrative division, 75 Anna Komene, chronicler, 139 beylerbeyilik of, 204 Anna of Savoy, 33, 34 Christianity in, 66, 355, 381 Ansbert, historian, 139 direct Mongol rule (1295–1335), 81–93 Antalya (Attaleia), 25, 109, 112, 373 ethnic structure, 360–5 annexed by Ottomans, 126, 254 mineral resources, 240–2, 254 buildings, 269 Mongol troops in, 62 Hamidid Yivli Minare Camii, 288 Muslim timar-holders, 199 tomb of Tekeogulları˘ (1377), 112 society, 365–7 tomb of Zincirkıran Mehmed Pas¸a, 306 state policy towards non-Muslims, 387–90, markets, 241, 252 403 international market, 249, 373 and Turkoman nomad economy, 230 slave market, 250 Turkoman settlements, 356–8 port, 358 under Byzantium, 355 export of carpets from, 233 under Seljuks, 356–7 shipbuilding, 243 use of term, 354n.3 resettlement of, 258 westernisation, 354 Seljuk attack on, 25 see also Asia Minor; Ilkhanid state silk brocades, 325 Anbarji, son of Mongke¨ Temur,¨ 79 Turkoman siege (1147), 235 ancestor cult, Turkic, 163 Venice and, 26 Anchialos Antioch Byzantine occupation, 37 Byzantine campaign to recover, 16 taken by Bulgars, 33 ﬁrst crusade at, 15 Andronikos, son of Manuel II, ruler of Antonius, archbishop of Larissa (1360), 153, 173 Thessalonike, 46, 47 Apolyont, Lake, Issız Han, 314 Andronikos I Komnenos (1183–5), Byzantine Aqsara’i, chronicler, 65, 83, 88, 98, 228 emperor, 20, 21 Arabs Andronikos II, Byzantine emperor sources, 228 (1282–1328), 31–3 as threat to Byzantium, 6 and Mongol leader Ghazan, 88 see also Islam war with grandson, 33, 144 Arap, son of Samagar,˘ 74, 82, 90 Andronikos III, Byzantine emperor (1328–41), architects, 320 33, 144 architecture and Ottoman threat to ˙Izmit, 121–2 Byzantine cloisonnee´ technique, 161 Andronikos IV (1373–9) decoration as emperor, 38 faience, 317, 339–41 revolts against John V (1373), 38, 39 painted, 322–4 Andronikos Doukas, son of Caesar John hans (caravansarys), 161 Doukas, 10 military, 176 Angelico, Fra, Enthroned Madonna with Saints, Mongol, in Erzurum, 90 332 problems of conservation, 157–8 Anhegger, Robert, 181, 288 Seljuk sultanate, 65 Ani, Byzantine annexation, 7 and town planning, 267–77 Anis al-Kulub, mesnevi, 416 architecture, beylik and early Ottoman, 106, Ankara (Ancyranum), 113, 204, 373 110, 112, 277–320 Arslanhane Camii, 348 Aydın beylik, 111 Kızıl Bey Mescidi, 348 civil and commercial, 311–16 mausoleum of Ahi S¸eraffedin, 348 decoration, 317–18 taken by Ottomans (by 1380s), 122, 125 Germiyan beylik, 113

484

Index

materials, 316–17 painting, 321–4 mosques, 116 Seljuks of Rum, 266 Orhan, 124 textiles, 324–8 palaces, 311–13 Timurid, 266, 343 patronage, 318–20 traditions, 266–7 roofs, 317 woodcarving, 346–51 tombs, 305–11 see also architecture; ceramics; literature Turkoman styles, 277–9 Artuk, beysof,357 vaulting, 318 Artukid state, and Islam, 383 see also medreses; mosques Artukids architecture, Ottoman, 120, 190–1 tolerance of non-Muslims, 388 in the Balkans, 156–91 Turkish language, 407 Bayezid, 131 Artze, commercial centre, 9n.15 destruction after fall of Ottoman Empire, Arvanid, Albania, Christian timar-holders, 199 157 ascetism (zuhdvetakva¨ ), 390 archons, rebellion against Palaeologoi, 40 Asen, emperor of Bulgaria (1187), 21 Arghun, Mongol Ilkhan leader (1284–91), 74, al-Ashraf Khalil, Mamluk sultan, 79 77–8 Asia Minor policy of divide and rule, 74–6 Byzantine fortresses, 31 Arghun Aqa, representative of Mongke,¨ 56 Byzantium in, 6, 7, 21 Argos, city of, 42 Manuel I and, 19 taken by Turks, 43 Ottoman campaign (1390 and 1391), 39 Arık, Olus¸, 278 Seljuk sultanate of Rum, 11, 13 aristocracy, Byzantium, 20 see also Anatolia Armenia As¸ık Ali Pas¸a, poet, 397–8, 408, 408n.128, 418 Byzantine annexation, 9 Fakrname, 418 Greater, 52 Garibname (1330), 194, 397, 418 trade routes through Taurus, 115 As¸ıkpas¸azade, Ottoman chronicler, 105, 113, 117 Armenians, 6 gaps, 120 in Byzantine army, 10 on market taxes, 252 in eastern Anatolia, 361 on Osman, 120, 245 in Erzincan, 243 and Ottoman architecture, 274 and Mongols, 389 on Ottoman deportations, 149, 151 tolerance of, 388 on Ottomans in Thrace, 145 in towns, 376 slave prices, 252 armour on Timurid cultural inﬂuence, 343 coatofmail(cebe or cevs¸en) (timariot), 201 askeri (military class), 216 coatofmail(ton), 194 Aslanapa, Oktay, 278 imported, 219n.119 astronomy, 420 mail-and-plate (bur¨ ume¨ ), 201 Ates¸, A., 420 armourers, 210 Athens Arnavud Belgrad see Berat capture of Acropolis, 42 Arpa Ke’un,¨ Mongol Ilkhan in Anatolia, 94 Catalans in, 32 Arslan Dogmus˘ ¸, Atabekiyye of, 58, 65 Atman see Osman artillery, 49, 218–19, 241n.99 Atramyttion (Edremit), fortiﬁcations, 20, 236 for siege warfare, 222 Attaleia see Antalya artillery corps, 209–10 Attila the Hun, 138 arts, 320–51 avarız defters (registers of Ottoman beyliks, 110 extraordinary revenue levies), 140 carpets, 328–36 Avars, 138 ceramics, 336–46 in Pannonia, 7 Islamic Anatolian, 106 Avnik, siege of (1340), 95 Ottoman, 120, 129 Axouchs family, 50

485

Index

Aya Yorgi (Saint George), festival of, 402 Bahaeddin Veled, Mevlana, Sufi mystic, 391, Ayas, Cilicia, 91 392 Ayasoluk (Ephesus), 133, 270 Kitab al-Ma‘arif, 420 congregational mosque (1375), 270 Badaeddin Pas¸a b. Hızır, religious ˙Isa Bey Camii (1374), 111, 284, 290, 317, 318, foundations at Serres, 148 319, 340 Baibars, Mamluk sultan, 59, 66, 67 Aydın, beylik of, 27, 111, 267 diplomatic links with Mongol Anatolia, 67 annexed by Bayezid, 43, 223 and Seljuk revolt (1276), 69 architecture, 270 Baibars al-Mansuri, Mamluk historian, 57 arts, 319 Baidu, Mongol Ilkhan in Anatolia (1295), 81 counterfeit Venetian coinage in, candidate for Mongol Han, 78, 81 247 Baiju, Mongol general, 57 fall of (1282), 233 invasion of Rum (1256), 61 and grain trade, 240 at Konya, 58 growing power of, 34 at Koseda¨ g(˘ 1243), 53, 54 independence, 45 move to Anatolia, 57 market taxes, 253 Balaban (Domenico Doria), Genoese mercenaries with Catalans, 143 merchant, 232 port of, 250 Balak Gazi, Artukid ruler, 388 relations with Byzantium, 111 Balat (Miletus) silk production, 325 caravansarys, 314 slave market, 250 ˙Ilyas Bey Camii, 280–1, 283, 317 tax farming, 257 port, 250 trade with Latin states, 261, 262 export of carpets from, 233 weights and measures, 246 metal imports, 242 Aydınoglu˘ dynasty, 170 pottery, 338 Ayntab (Gaziantep), town, 374 Balbi, Domenico, trader, 259 Ays¸e Hatun, wife of Geyhatu, 78 Baldwin, count of Flanders, as emperor in, 23 Ayverdi, Ekrem Hakkı, 278, 288 Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, 19 azabs (militia), 211–12 Baldwin II, Latin emperor, 30 archers, 211 Balik, Despot of Dobrudja, 141 Azerbaijan, 363 Balıkesir (Balıkesri) Aziz b. Ardashir-i Astarabadi, Bazm o Razm, division of beylik of Karası, 109 421 town of, 271 AzizeHatun,wifeof˙Isa Bey, 319 Balkans Azizeddin, beylerbeyi, 76 Byzantine influence, 8 coastal beyliks and, 112 Baba ˙Ilyas-ı Horasani (Baba Resul) contacts with Anatolian Turks, 141–2, 143 cult of, 402 early Ottoman conquest and, 143–56 revolt (1239–40), 64, 359, 368, 398 Miletus ware pottery in, 338 Baba Kemal-i Hocendi, Sufi, 392 Ottoman deportations to settle, 149–52 Baba Tugrai,˘ vezir, 58 Ottoman military advance into, 121, 122–3 debts to Mongols, 60, 71 Ottoman occupation, 37, 126–8, 130, 136, Babai rebellion (1239–40), 64, 359, 368, 398 190 Shi‘i messianism in, 386 settlement patterns, 148 Babinger, Franz, 162, 380 Turkic peoples in, 4, 138–43 Babuq, Mongol commander, 96 Balkasun, Karamanoglu˘ mausoleum, 269 Badieddin al-Tabrizi, Dilsizname, 321 Baltu, son of Nabs¸i, Mongol commander, 62, Badoer, Giacomo, Venetian merchant, 228, 76, 81 248 rebellion, 82–3 Baghdad, Mongol attack on, 58, 59, 61 Bapheus, battle of (1302), 119, 194 Bahadır, son of Husameddin¨ Bicar, 66 Barak Bey, at Yenis¸ehir, 153, 173 Bahaeddin Kani’i, poet, 416 Bara’unkar, Mongol branch, 365

486

Index

Bari, captured by Normans, 11 pressure on Byzantium, 359 Barkan, Omer¨ Lutfi,¨ 380 resources, 107, 109 Barquq, Mamluk sultan, 252 rise of, and towns, 374 barter, 248 and rise of Ottomans, 125–6 Barthold, W., 407 sea power, 108, 110, 112 Bartolo, Domenico di, The Wedding of the sources for, 105, 108, 110, 111 Foundlings, 333, 334 Timur’s policy towards, 109 Basil II, emperor of Byzantium (976–1025), 7, 8 tolerance of Christians, 389 Battalname epic, 364, 403, 405, 410 see also Aydın; Eretna; Germiyan; Hamid; Batu Han, son of Jochi, 54, 55 ˙Isfendiyarogulları;˘ Kadı Burhaneddin; influence of, 56 Karaman; Mentes¸e; Ottoman beylik Bayazid Bistami (d. 874), Sufi, 394 and Empire; Saruhan; Teke Bayezid I, Ottoman sultan (1389–1402), 2, 39, Beys¸ehir 42–3, 129–31 annexed by Ottomans, 126 annexation of Germiyan beylik, 113, 129 bedestan of Suleyman¨ Bey, 313 buildings in Bursa, 276, 288, 294, 302 Es¸refoglu˘ Camii, 286 campaign in western Anatolia, 129 Es¸refoglu˘ capital, 91, 267 campaigns in Balkans, 151 pottery type, 336 defeated by Timur, 109, 130 rug from, 335 and Karaman, 114, 129 town walls, 269 navy, 224 Turkish town, 374 as patron, 319 Bezirgan Bedreddin, merchant, as patron, 320 and resettlement of Verria Turks, 141 Bilad al-Rum, Arab designation of Anatolia, and siege of Constantinople (1390s), 236 354 silk textiles, 327 Bilecik (Bekloma) and trade, 259, 263 market traders, 245 Bayezid II (1481–1512), 168 nomad trade with, 232 bedestan (covered market), 259, 313 Orhan Gazi Camii, 279, 281 Edirne, 172, 313 bills of exchange, for trade, 248 Serres, 157, 164 Birgi Skopje (Usk¨ up),¨ 185 Aydınoglu˘ Gazi Mehmed Bey Turbesi,¨ 317, Bedreddin Murad, leader of Germiyan, 76 340 Bektas¸i tarikat (Sufi order), 384, 387, 394, 397 as capital of Aydın beylik, 111 belles lettres, 421 dynastic tombs, 270 Benefatio de Molendino, Venetian merchant, medrese, 270 alum trade, 242 palace, 311 Benevento, battle of (1266), 30 Ulu Cami, 270, 288, 290, 317, 339, 347 Berat, Albania, mosque, 174 Bithynia Bergama (Pergamon), 25, 109, 271 Byzantine campaign against Turks in, 16 fortifications, 20, 236 Ottoman expansion into, 121 Holbein carpets from, 336 rebellion against Michael Palaeologos, 31 Yıldırım Camii, 288 Turkish raids in, 13 Bero´ e´ (Stara Zagora), Balkan town, 140 Bitlis, town of, 374 Bertha of Sulzbach, wife of Manuel I, 17 Black Death (from 1348), 145 beyliks, 107, 267 Black Sea, trade across, 229, 252 in Anatolia, 27, 103 blockades, 12, 195 architecture, 106, 110, 318 of Constantinople (1453), 224 Byzantine legacy, 116 see also siege warfare coastal, 112–13 Bocanegra, Simon, Doge of Genoa, 263 compared with Seljuk sultanate, 116–17 Bode, Wilhelm von, 331, 333 and dominance of Ottomans, 107, 115 Bogomilism, 382 power-sharing between ruling family Bohemond I, first crusade, 15 members, 108–9, 116 Boniface of Montferrat, 22, 23, 26

487

Index

Bonifacio da Sori, Genoese agent to Orhan, Bursa (Prousa, Prusa), 41, 119, 376 261 architecture, 267, 274–7 book illustration, 320 At Pazarı quarter, 276 Boris/Michael, tsar of the Bulgars, 138 Bey Sarayı, 276, 311 Borkl¨ uce¨ Mustafa, dervish rebel, 134, 406 bridges, 277 Bosnia, and Ottomans, 128 complexes: Bayezid ˙Imareti, 131, 294; Bosnia-Hercegovina, destruction of Ottoman Murad I’s complex and tomb, 163, 276; monuments, 157 Murad II’s complex, 276–7, 303–5; Boucicaut, Jean le Meingre, Marechal,´ 44 Yes¸il Cami/complex, 169, 274, 276, bows, and arrows (yay and ok), 194, 201 295–7, 314, 317, 318, 324, 340–3, 350; broad arrow-heads (bilek/bilik), 201 Yıldırım complex, 276, 302, 317 Branicevo,ˇ Serbian principality, 140 hamams, 276 brass utensils, 243 hans: Bey Han (Emir Han), 314; Bezir brick Hanı of Lala S¸ahin Pas¸a, 276; Emir for building, 316, 317 Hanı (Eski Bezzazistan), 276, 314; decorative, 317 Geyve Han, 314; ˙Ipek Han, 314;Kapan glazed, 340–1 Hanı of Murad I, 276 Brindisi, battle of (1156), 18 medreses, 302, 303–5:LalaS¸ahin Pas¸a Broquiere,` Bertrandon de la, 147, 217, 225, Medresesi 228 mosques: Alaeddin Bey Camii (1332–3), on Bursa, 277, 326 276;Hudavendigar¨ Camii (1385), 129, on palace at Konya, 311 294; ˙Il Eri Oglu˘ Ahmed Bey Mescidi, on Turkish carpets, 328 274; Koca Naib Camii, 276; Muradiye on Turkish merchants, 260 Camii, 294, 343;OrhanGaziCamii on Turkish nomads, 231, 231n.18 (1337–39), 124, 160, 276, 317;S¸ehadet Buddhism, 364 Cami, 168, 171, 276, 317; Ulu Cami, 171, buffalo, as draught animals, 231 276, 288, 290, 317, 318, 348 Buka, vezir in Rum, 77 tombs: of Ç elebi Mehmed (Yes¸il Turbe),¨ Bulgaria, 21, 139 310–11; of Cem Sultan, 345;ofÇ oban aspirations towards Constantinople, 27, 30 Bey, 309;ofGulc¨ ¸içek Hatun, 310; Byzantine conquest, 7, 8, 139 Hatuniye Turbesi,¨ 324; mausoleum of Cuman dynasties in, 140 Murad I, 163; of Murad II, 310;of destruction of Ottoman monuments, 157 Orhan Gazi, 309; of Osman Gazi, 276, and John V, 37 309;ofS¸ehzade Ahmed, 324;of Saruhan invasion, 34 Yıldırım Bayezid, 310 subjugated by Bayezid, 43 fall of (1404), 45 toponomy, 152–3 fall to Orhan (1326), 236 Turkish advance on, 37, 127, 144 as sancak of Murad (1331), 198 Turkish colonists in, 152, 155 markets (bedestans), 242, 249n.160, 313 and ‘Varna crisis’ (1444), 190 bezzazistan (drapers’ market), 276, 326 voynuks, 215 commercial district, 276 Bulgars, 7, 8, 138 international market, 248 and Byzantium, 6, 31 slave market, 250 treaty with Byzantium (1307), 33 under Ottomans, 121, 132 Buonacorso, Niccolo di, Marriage of the Virgin, silk production, 243, 326 331 Byzantine army bureaucrats, in towns, 376 defeat at Malazgirt (Manzikert) (1071), 1, 6 Burglu˘ (Uluborlu), 56, 91 and theme system, 7 Melik’s revolt in, 80 weakening of, 8, 9, 119 Burhaneddin Muhakkık-ı Tirmizi, Sufi Byzantine Empire, 6–11, 355 mystic, 391, 393, 420 architectural influence, 279, 317 burial practices, 163 art, 266 interments, 306 end of (1453), 1

488

Index

frontiers, 15 Candarogulları˘ see ˙Isfendiyarogulları˘ coastal territories, 12 caravansarys (han), 109, 148 control over Bulgaria, 139 Antalya, 112 pressure on, 8–9, 359 establishment of, 258n.235, 258–9, 373 influence over Christians in Anatolia, 389, Ilıca, 161 404 at ˙Ishkali, 65 instability in, 8, 11, 31 Seljuk, 314 civil war (1321–8), 33, 144 vakıfs for, 377 civil war (1341–7/1341–54), 33–5, 39, 144 Caria, beylik of Mentes¸e in, 111 civil war (1380s), 128 carpets and kilims, 328–36, 351 palace revolution (1181), 20 Anatolian animal type, 331–5 reforms, 12, 20 Berlin Rug, 333 restoration under Michael VIII in European paintings, 331 Palaeologos, 29–31 exports, 328 Komnenoi dynasty, 11–21 Konya-type, 329–31 and Latin rule in Constantinople (1204–61), Marby Rug, 334 22–8 nomad trade in, 231, 233 ninth-century expansion, 7–8 cash as Ottoman vassal state, 43, 45, 128, 217 replacement of labour services, 255 perception of Turks, 227, 362 for trade, 248 and relations with Mongols in Anatolia, 63, Catalan Grand Company of mercenaries, 32, 103 33 relations with Ottoman, 45, 49–50, 120, 122, in Gallipoli, 143 126, 132, 136 principality in Greece, 32, 41, 42 treaty (1403) in Thrace, 143–4 rural life, 370 Ca’unkar, Mongol branch, 365 and Seljuk sultanate of Rum, 11 cavalry (timar eri/sipahis), 197 see also Constantinople battle tactics, 221 Byzantine navy commanders, 203 rebuilding of, 14, 35 numbers, 209 thirteenth–fourteenth century, 30, 31 salaried, 208–9 under Vatatzes, 26 Serbian, 217 and Venice, 19 weapons, 217 weakening of, 16, 35 Ç avul, Emir, 358 cebeci (armourer), 210 Caffa, Genoese trading settlement, 252 Ç ekirge, Hudavendigar¨ ˙Imareti, 294, 302 Cahen, Claude, 229, 230, 363, 373, 383 Celaleddin Eye Bey b. Felekeddin, architect, Cairo 314 mosques, 290 Celaleddin Hoca, official in Anatolia, 90 see also Fustat Celaleddin Karatay, Seljuk official, 65 Ç aka (Tzachas), Turkish emir, 13 Celaleddin Muhammed Rumi, Sufi mystic Ç aldıran, battle of (1514), 137 and poet, 58, 63, 65, 84, 359, 390, 392, Ç alı Bey, Admiral, 224, 251 393, 405, 417 Callipolis see Gelibolu and divine, 396–7 Camalı, alum production, 242 Fihi ma fihi, 397, 421 camels, for transport, 220 Majalis-i Sab‘a, 421 Ç andarlı Ali Pas¸a, as patron, 320 Mektubat, 421 Ç andarlı family, as patrons, 320 poetry, 416 Ç andarlı Halil Hayreddin Pas¸a, Ottoman Celayirids, 78 grand vezir (d. 1387), 128, 150, 164, 281, as threat to Mongols, 93 320 Ç elebi ˙Ishak b. ˙Ilyas, Saruhanid ruler, 347 Ç andarlı ˙Ibrahim Pas¸a, mosque in Serres, 164, Ç elebi Mehmed, ruler in Bursa, 276, 295, 313, 320 319

489

Index

censuses, Ottoman, 139, 142 in early Ottoman beylik, 120 of Suleyman¨ I (the Magnificent) (1528–30), as irregular cerehor soldiers, 214 148–9 relations with Muslims, 400 ceramics, 336–46, 351 taxation of, 238, 255 cuerda seca, 341–2, 344, 345 in Thrace, 146 cut tile mosaic, 342, 344 as timar-holder sipahis, 199 faience, 317, 339–41 tolerance towards, 388 frit wares, 338, 343, 344 Turks as, 140, 364 glazed, 340–1 see also devs¸irme glazed tiles, 297, 340–3 chronicles ‘Miletus ware’ glazed common, 336–8 Anonymous Chronicles, 105, 135 underglaze painted tiles, 344 Anonymous-Giese, 150, 151, 163 cerehors (irregular soldiers), 214–15 for beylik history, 105 Cesarini, Cardinal Giuliano, leader of Byzantine, 104 Christian forces, 48 Short Chronicles, 104, 145 Ç etintas¸, Sedat, 297 ‘Historia Peregrinorum’ (1190), 140 Chalkokondyles, Laonikos, Ottoman of Kantakouzenos, 121 chronicler, 149, 150 of Karamanogulları,˘ 105 on copper mines, 240 Ottoman, 105, 108, 117, 152 Charalambos, Saint, 402 Iskendername˙ (Ahmedi), 132, 322, Charles II, king of Naples, 33 418 Charles III of Durazzo, overthrow of Queen Selçukname chronicle, 141 Joanna, 40 Seljuk, 134 Charles of Anjou (1265–85), king, 29, 30 see also As¸ıkpas¸azade; Chalkokondyles; Charles of Valois, 33 Choniates; Dusturname¨ ; Ibn Battuta; China, influence on pottery, 338, 345 Ibn Bibi Chinggis Han, successors of, 53–7 churches, Christian, converted to mosques, Chioggia War, 38 159, 167 Chios, island, 13, 19 Ç ifte Minare Medresesi Maona family of, 261 in Erzurum, 76 monks of, 406 in Sivas, 71 recaptured by Genoa, 35 Cilicia, Armenians in, 89 Turkish merchants in, 259 see also Lesser Armenia Chliara (Kırkagac˘ ¸), fortifications, 20 Cimri, and Turkoman revolt (1277–8), 70–1, Chliat (Ahlat), siege of (1068), 10 386 Chonai (Honas), Seljuks at, 25 Ç irmen, battle of (1371), 38, 127, 159 Choniates, Niketas, Greek chronicler, 15, 20, Clavijo, chronicler, on Erzincan, 273 25, 49, 227, 228 Clement IV,Pope, 30 on nomad economy, 230, 236 Clement V,Pope, 33 on resettlement of captives, 238 Clement VI, Pope, 34 Chormaghun, Mongol general, 53, 54, 58 Clermont, Council of (1095), 14 Christianity cloth see silk industry; silk trade; textiles in Anatolia, 66, 355, 381 Ç oban, Emir, 68, 84, 90 missionary activity, 359, 381 fall of, 92 in Roman Empire, 355 Ç oban Bey, brother of Orhan Gazi, theological debates with Islam, 405–18 320 and transition to Islam, 401 Ç oban Suldus, senior emir, 89 see also Orthodox Church; Rome, Church Ç obanids of Eretna and, 95 Christians as threat to Mongols, 93 in Anatolia, 66, 361 coinage in Balkans, 140, 141 Antalya, 60 and conversion to Islam, 403 beyliks, 110, 112

490

Index

Germiyan, 113 Ottoman siege (1394–1402), 1, 130, 218, ˙Isfendiyarogulları,˘ 116 236 Karası, 110 Ottoman siege (1422), 2, 218 copper, 113, 247 recaptured by John V (1379), 39 mangır (Turkish), 247 repopulation by Mehmed II, 244, 258 counterfeit, 247 siege and fall of (1453), 1, 49, 219, 222 gold, 247 naval blockade, 224 hyperpyron (Byzantine), 247 taken by John VII (1390), 39 issues taken by Michael VIII Palaeologos, 28 Demirtas¸, 91 trade, 252, 254 Eretnid, 94, 95, 97 slave market, 251 Ghazan Han, 85 Turkish merchants in, 259 Mesud, 86 Turkish kadı (judge) in, 259 Orhan, 121, 124 Turkish siege (1383–87), 39 Osman, 124 under Latin rule (1204–61), 22–8, 359 Rukneddin,¨ 58–60 copper Konya, 60 exports, 241 Lu’lu’a (Lulon), 60 mines, 240 moneyers (1299–1300), 102 Corfu (Kerkyra) Ottoman, 121, 124 taken by Roger of Sicily, 18, 21 silver, 247 Venetian attacks on, 16 akçe (Turkish), 247 Corinth debasement of akçe (1449), 137 besieged by Turks, 44 dirhem, 247 taken by Roger of Sicily, 18 Ilkhanid dirhems, 102, 119 wall of Hexamillion, 46, 47, 48 Seljuk dirhems, 102 Cornaro of Crete, subject of Venice, 33 Trebizond(ine), 116 Corner, Daniel, Venetian ambassador, 262 variations and exchange rates, 229, Coron (Korone), Venetian rule over, 23, 41 246–8 Ç orum, Ulu Cami, 348 Venetian ducat, 247 cotton textiles, 326 see also mints Crete Conrad III, king of Germany, 17, 18 insurrection, 14 Constance, Council of (1414), 48 recaptured by Byzantium, 7 Constance of Antioch, 17 Venetian possession, 43 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, emperor Venetian trade in Turkoman horses, 232 (905–59), 8 Crimea, trading settlements, 252 Constantine IX Monomachos, emperor Croatia, Hungarian occupation, 21 (1042–55), 8, 9 Croats, 6 Constantine IX Palaeologos, emperor (1449), crusade of Varna (1444), 136, 152, 190 47, 48 crusades see Amadeo of Savoy; crusade of appeals to west, 49 Varna; Europe; first crusade; fourth Constantine X Doukas, emperor (1059–67), 10 crusade; second crusade; third Constantine of Kostenets, Bulgarian scholar, crusade 176 Culpan, Despot of Dobrudja, 141 Constantine the Great, emperor (311–37), cults, pre-Christian, 401 355 culture Constantino de Groto, merchant, 246 assimilation, 403 Constantinople, 2, 48 fusion of Byzantine and Ottoman, 2–3 architecture, 351 intellectual life, 406–21 Fatih Mosque, 180, 345, 352 Seljuk sultanate, 65 New Palace (Seraglio), 352 sources for, 353–4 captured by crusaders (1204), 22 Turkish, 400–5, 422 Genoese siege of (1348), 35 see also arts; language; literature

491

Index

Cumans (Kıpçak), Turkic nomads, 13, 24, 139, abandoned, 374 364 cloth manufacture, 243, 326 in Balkans, 140 Geyhatu’s attack on, 78 as Byzantine mercenaries, 362 Seljuks at, 25 Des¸ti-Kıpçak, 54, 63 Turkish town, 374 in Meander valley, 28 Derman, Cuman nobleman, 140 Cuneyd¨ Bey, ruler of Aydın, 133, 135, 170, 259 dervishes, 376, 391 currency see cash; coinage in Anatolia, 66, 100 customs, pre-Christian, 401 grants of land for cultivation, 239 Cyprus hospice at Mekece, 120 captured by Richard Lionheart, 21 Mevlevi, 90, 180, 188 Genoese trade in Turkoman horses, 232 see also Sufism; zaviyes insurrection, 14 Destan chronicle see Dusturname¨ recaptured by Byzantium, 7 Des¸ti-Kıpçak Mongols, 54, 63 Devlet Hatun, wife of Bayezid I, 320 Dalmatia, Hungarian occupation, 21 Devol, treaty of (1108), 15 Damalis, Turkish raids in, 13 devs¸ırme (levy of Christian children), 404 Damascus establishment of, 137, 206 Great Mosque, 286, 318 origins of, 124, 126 Umayyad Mosque, 181 Didymoteichon (Dimetoka) Damsa Koy¨ u¨ (near Urg¨ up)¨ architecture, 168–70 Tas¸kın Pas¸a mosque complex, 272, 348 Ç elebi Sultan Mehmed Camii, 295 Tas¸kın Pas¸a palace, 311–13 Fısıltı Hamamı, 169 turbe¨ of Hızır Bey, 307 medrese of UruçPas¸a, 170 Dandanakan, battle of (1040), 356 Ottoman buildings, 274 Dandolo, Enrico, doge of Venice, 22 turbe¨ of UruçPas¸a, 170 Danis¸mend bey, Turkoman leader, 357 Yıldırım Bayezid mosque, 168 Danis¸mend region, 59, 65 captured by Ottomans (1361), 37 coins, 247 Turkic peoples of, 140 Danis¸mend state, 16 Turkish occupation of, 123 and Islam, 383 Dilsizname, 321 Seljuks and, 358 Dımıs¸k Hoca, brother of Demirtas¸, 91 tolerance of Christians, 388 diplomacy Danis¸mendname epic, 357, 364, 403, 405 books of, 421 Danube, Ottoman river fleet on, 225 Byzantine use of, 7, 12 Dastgirdani, Cemaleddin, sahib-i divan, 83 Turkish language for, 409 David Komnenos, partial rule in Byzantium, Divan-ı Kebir (Divan-i Kabir), 397, 416 24 Divrigi˘ Davud II el-Muzaffer, Artukid ruler, 284 Turan Melik hospital, 298 Davud b. Abdullah, craftsman, 348 Ulu Cami, 286 defter-i mufassal, 238 Diyarbakır, 374 defters see tahrir-defters Akkoyunlu centre, 273 Dehhani, poet, 409, 417 independence of, 52 Dejanovic,´ Constantin, of Velbuzd,˘ 154 Ulu Cami, 283 Deli Orman, Muslim Turks in, 142 dizdar (fortress captain), 210 Demerode, Filippo, agent to Orhan, 261, Dobrotic,´ Despot of Dobrudja, 141 263 Dobruca (Dobrudja), Seljuk Turks settled in, Demerode, Giovanni, agent to Murad I, 261 141, 143, 368 Demirtas¸, son of Ç oban, 90–2, 100 DokusHatun,wifeofHuleg¨ u,¨ 59 claims to independence, 91 Dorylaion see Eskis¸ehir and father, 91 Doukas, Byzantine historian, 224, 227, 228 Denizli (Ladik), battle of (1289), 76 on Timur, 230n.11 Denizli (Laodikeia, Ladik, Donuzlu), 19, 235 Drama, Macedonia, Ottoman control, 151

492

Index

Draperio, Francesco, Genoese tax farmer, Alaca Hamam, 182 257 (double), 175 merchant partnership, 242 Tahtakale Hamamı, 182 Duladay, Mongol emir and yarghuchi, 75, 77 Yeniçeri Hamamı, 183 Dulgadırogulları,˘ 95, 96, 97, 268, 273 markets, 241, 250 Dulgerzade,¨ Ottoman scholar, 170 Mihaloglu˘ ˙Imareti, 188 Dunaysir, Ulu Cami, 283 mosques Dundi Hatun, daughter of Akbuga,˘ 78 Beylerbey Camii, 179–80, 324 Dusan,ˇ Stefan, king of Serbia (1331–55), 33, 35, Fatih Camii, 159 36, 37, 144 Gazi Hoca mosque, 179 Dusturname¨ chronicle (Enveri), 105, 111 Great Mosque (Eski Cami), 159, 171–2, Dyrrachium (Durazzo) 288, 318 battle of (1108), 15 Hızır Aga˘ mosque, 179 Norman blockade of, 12 Kilise Cami, 159 taken by Philip of Tarentum, 33 Kirazlı mosque, 179 Kus¸cu Dogan˘ mosque, 179 earthquakes Muradiye Cami, 180–1, 188, 318, 324, 343 (1327), 121 S¸ahmelek mosque, 179, 343 (1353), 145 Saruca Pas¸a mescid, 179 (1354), 123 Selimiye Camii, 294, 324 Skopje (1963), 158 Uc¨ ¸S¸erefeli Great Mosque (Yeni Cami), Thessalonike (1978), 158 165, 166, 179, 181–2, 292–4, 317, 318, 324, Ebu Abdullah Efdaleddin el-Huneci, 414 343, 345 Ebu Said el-Herevi, scholar, 413 Yes¸ilce Cami (˙Imaret of Mezid Bey), 190 Ebubekr b. Muallim, craftsman, 348 Yıldırım Bayezid mosque (˙Imaret), Ebubekr b. el-Zeki, Rawdat al-Kuttab wa 167–8, 274 Hadiqat al-Albab, 421 Muradiye Zaviyesi, 295 Ebumuslimname¨ epic, 405, 410 and Nicaea, 27 Ecil, son of Samagar,˘ 90 Orta ˙Imaret (Gazi Mihal Cami), 168, 174–5 economy as Ottoman court, 128 avoidance of disruption, 255–6 painters at court, 321 beylik of Germiyan, 113 Yeni ˙Imaret, 168 beylik of Karaman, 115 Edirne province, Muslim Turks (nineteenth changes, 229–30 century), 142 and control of resources, 254–5 education, 411–14 crisis in Byzantium, 31 see also intellectual life; medreses devastation by Turkic tribes, 49 Eflaki (chronicler), 58, 63, 66, 228 early Ottoman, 119–20 Manakib al-Arifin, 393, 397, 404, 421 nomad, 230–4 Egridir,˘ 109, 269 Ottoman expansion, 121 Hamidid Dundar¨ Bey Medresesi, 298 sources for, 104, 228–9 Egridirli˘ Hacı Kemaleddin, Cami’ el-Neza’ir, Turkish approaches to, 3, 265 417 see also agriculture; markets; trade Egypt Edessa, captured by Muslims (1144), 17 Seljuks and, 63 Edirne (Adrianople) and Turkomans in Anatolia, 92 architecture, 267, 274 see also Fustat; Mamluks bedestan (covered market), 172, 313 Ejei (Ajai) brother of Abaqa, Mongol prince, bridges, 175 62, 67, 76, 78 Cisr-i Ergene bridge, 182 Elbistan, battle of (1277), 67, 69 buildings of Murad II, 179–83 Elbistan, Dulkadıroglu˘ capital, 273 captured by Ottomans, 37, 126 Elezovic,´ Glisa,ˇ 184 fall of, 127 Eljigidei, Mongol envoy to west, 55 hamams, 182–3 Eltemir, Cuman prince, 140

493

Index

Elvan Ç elebi, Sufi, 408 nomad encampment (1175), 231 Eminuddin¨ Mikail, Seljuk naibus-saltana¨ in nomad trade with, 232 Konya, 65, 70 Orhan Gazi Camii, 165, 279, 281 Emir Saltuk, 357, 388 Es¸refoglu,˘ 267 Enveri, Dusturname¨ chronicle, 105, 111 building programmes, 269 Ephesus see Ayasoluk Geyhatu’s attack on, 78 epigraphy and Mongols, 89 and evidence of Ilkhanid rebellions against Mongols, 73, 76, 79 architecture/building, 268 Es¸refogulları,˘ 114 and Ottoman architecture, 274 military resources, 107 Epirus Ettinghausen, Richard, 328 Ottomans and, 41 Euboea (Negroponte) under Michael I Angelos, 26 Byzantine capture, 30 Erbil, linen cloth, 243 Venetian possession, 43 Erdmann, Kurt, 331, 335 Eudocia, empress, 10 Eregli˘ (Herakleia), 25 Europe Geyhatu’s attack on, 78 alum trade, 242 Eretna crusade against Bayezid (1396), 130 as governor in Anatolia, 94–6 and crusade against Ottomans (1440s), 136 lieutenant of Demirtas¸, 91, 92 exports of cloth to Anatolia, 249–50 ruler of beylik, 93, 96, 97, 267, 272–3 paintings of Anatolian rugs, 331 Eretnids towns, 367 in Ankara, 125 Turkish presence in, 4 and Karamanids, 114 see also France; Italy Ermenek (Ermenak) Evhadeddin Kirmani, Sufism of, 391 Karamanid mosque, 269 evkaf defters(vakıf registers), 367 Karamanids at, 114 Evliya Ç elebi, traveller, 164, 166, 168, 169, Tol Medrese, 298 188 Ulu Cami (1302–3), 283 Evrenos, Ottoman commander, 42, 127, 128, Erran, 363 135, 150, 153 Ertugrul,˘ earliest Ottoman leader in Anatolia, buildings by, 166 118 conquest of Gum¨ ulcine,¨ 146, 159 Ertugrul,˘ son of Bayezid I hamam in Yenice-i Vardar, 166 as patron, 320 hans, 161 and settlements in Balkans, 149 mosques, 159, 160–1 Erzincan, 272, 374 turbe¨ (mausoleum), 166 luxury textiles, 243 Evrenos family, uc status, 205 Mengucek¨ Turks in, 357 exports Mongol troops at, 62 banned, 263 Erzurum, 273, 357, 374 carpets, 328 Ahmediye Medrese, 298 grain, 239 Ç ifte Minare Medresesi, 76, 300 of nomad goods, 233 as Mongol capital, 90, 99 of silk and textiles, 243 occupation (1340), 95, 273 slaves, 251 Yakutiye Medresesi (1310), 268, 268n.2, 298, taxes, 253 316, 340 wine and grapes, 239 Esireddin el-Ebheri, scholar, 413 Eyice, Semavi, 294, 297 Eski Bilecik, mosque of Orhan Bey, 165 Eskis¸ehir (Dorylaion), 122, 373 Fahr al-din al-Razi school, 414 early Ottoman settlement of, 118 Fahreddin Ali, of Konya, 297, 407 Manuel’s rebuilding, 235 as army commander, 76 market, 245 building works, 65 market traders, 245 Seljuk emir-dad (chief of justice), 57, 61

494

Index

as vezir, 65, 68, 70, 74, 75 Frederick I Barbarossa, German king, 18, 19, Fahreddin Behrams¸ah, 415 21, 363 Fahreddin Iraki, Sufi mystic and poet, 391 Fulk, king of Jerusalem, 17 Lema‘at, 421 Fustat (Old Cairo) Us¸s¸akname, 416 carpet fragments, 335 Fahreddin Kazvini, vezir in Rum, 75, 76–7, Konya carpet in, 329 98 fut¨ uvvet¨ (futuwwa) movement, in towns, 106, Fahreddin Mesud, Mongol commander, 78 115 faience, 317, 339–41 Fakhr al-Din Qazwini see Fahreddin Kazvini Gabriel, Albert, 277 Fallmerayer, J. P., 153 Gagauz people, Seljuk origins of, 141, 142 Farid al-Din ‘Attar, Mantiq al-Tayr, 410, 417 Galamboc´ (Golubac/Gu¨gercinlik),˘ siege of Fars, Ilkhan province of, 52 (1428), 225 Ferecik (Ferai, Pherrai), 146–8 Galata, Constantinople, Genoese commercial monastery, 147 base, 29 mosque, 147 Galatia, Byzantine campaign against Turks Suleyman¨ Pas¸a Cami, 159 in, 16 Ferrara-Florence, Council of (1439), 136 Gallipoli see Gelibolu festivals, shared, 402 Gangra (Ç ankırı), siege (1136), 235 Fethiye, port, export of wine, 239 Gascony, mercenaries, 40 Fihi ma fihi, 397, 421 Gattilusio family, Genoese merchants, 242 Filibe see Philippopolis gazi (fighter), 104, 192 Filov, Bogdan, Prime Minister of Bulgaria, ideology of, 360 157 Gaznevids, and Seljuks, 356 finance, Ilkhan practices, 4 Gebze, Orhan Camii, 348 Firdowsi, Shahname, 417 Gedik Ahmed Pas¸a, 164 first crusade (1095–9), 14–15, 235, 358 Gelibolu (Callipolis, Gallipoli) Firuz Aga,˘ commander of Rumeli Hisarı, 254 Catalan mercenary base in, 143 Firuz Bey, Mihaloglu˘ sultan, 178 fortifications, 224 Flisco, Ettore di, Genoese merchant, 260 Ottoman buildings, 274 Florence Ottoman naval base, 224 paintings of Anatolian rugs, 331, 336 slave market, 250 proclamation of Union of the Churches wine imports, 239 (1439), 48, 136 Gelibolu, naval battle (1416), 46 Florent de Hainault, prince of Achaia, 33n.136 Gelibolu, treaty of (1403), 45, 132 folk tradition, in Ottoman chronicles, 117 Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali, Ottoman chronicler, fortresses, 31, 32 147 garrisons, 210–11 Gelibolu (Callipolis, Gallipoli) peninsula Rumeli Hasarı, 48, 254 Byzantine control of, 126, 127 waterside, 210 earthquake (1354), 123 Foss, Clive, 124 Greek Christian villages on, 145 fourth crusade (1202–04), 22, 24, 147, 358 Ottoman occupation (1354), 36, 123, 145 France taken by Amadeo of Savoy, 37, 127 and Ottomans, 130 Gennadios (Scholarios), 406 and Sigismund’s crusade, 43 Genoa support for Manuel II Palaeologos, 44 alliance with Orhan, 123 see also Normans attacks on Constantinople, 35 Frankish empire, collective military service, and beyliks of Saruhan, 110 216 Byzantium and, 19, 31 Franks and Chioggia War, 38 attack on Turkish merchants, 260 conflict with Venice, 35 in Byzantine army, 10 naval aid to Byzantium, 28, 29 Frederic II of Sicily, 28 and Ottoman navy, 224

495

Index

Genoa (cont.) Giresun (Kerasunt) recapture of Chios, 35 market, 252 sources for Turkish economy, 228 wine exports, 239 and Tenedos, 38 Giustiniano, Francesco, 261 trade, 246 Giustiniano, Giovanni, 261 bills of exchange, 248 Giustiniano, Ottobono, 260 grain trade, 240 Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev¨ I, Seljuk sultan metal trade, 241 and Byzantine rebels, 24 with Turks, 261–2, 263 conquest of Antalya (1207), 254 wine trade, 239 and non-Muslims, 388 treaty with (1261), 28 poet, 416 treaty with Ottomans (1387), 253, 261, 263 resettlement of Byzantine captives in treaty with Venice (1232), 27 Philomilon, 238 view of Turks as economic partners, 227 and Venice, 26 Genoese Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev¨ II, Seljuk sultan as agents to sultans, 261 (1237–43), 53 as tax farmers, 257 death, 54 George, Saint, 402 as governor under Mongols, 54 Georgi Terter, tsar in Bulgaria, 140 and Seljuk state, 359 Georgia, Mongols in, 53 Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev¨ III, Seljuk sultan Georgians, as mercenaries in Mongol armies, (1265–83), 63, 64, 68, 73 389 conﬁrmed in sultanate of Rum (1282), 73 Georgios Amirutzes, 406 execution (1283), 267 Georgios Trapezuntios, 406 Gıyaseddin Mesud II, Seljuk sultan in Konya, Georgius de Hungaria, chronicler, 203 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 86, 111 on janissary training, 207, 222 and Beys¸ehir, 269 Geraki, fortress, 32 and rebellion of Baltu, 83 Germiyan, beylik of, 113 gold alliance with Aydın, 111 coins, 247 alum mine, 242 trade, 241 annexed by Ottomans, 113, 126, 129 Golden Horde, 63 architecture, 270 and control over Anatolia, 54 relations with Ottomans, 113, 118, 122 migration into Mamluk territory (1262), 61 relationship to Seljuks, 113, 267 relations with Byzantium, 30 and Turkish language, 411 relations with Ilkhanate, 52 Turkish nomads in, 231 Gordlevsky, V., 354 Turkoman horses, 232 Gorgorum (Ararim), Es¸refoglu˘ from, 89 Germiyan Turks, 70, 89 Goyn¨ uk,¨ taken by Ottomans, 122 revolt against Mesud, 76 grain Germiyanlu, Bulgaria, 153 production, 372 Gevas, tomb of Halime Hatun, 307 taxes on, 252 Geyhatu, Mongol Ilkhan (1291–95), 81 trade and production, 239 Mongol governor in Rum, 75, 76 Greater Armenia see Armenia; Lesser as Mongol Han, 77–81 Armenia return to Rum, 78–9, 100 Greece Ghazan Han, Ilkhan (1295–1304) and challenge to Byzantine emperor, 24 and Byzantine emperor Andronikos II, 88 fragmentation of, 144 conversion to Sunniism (1296), 390 invasion by Bayezid I, 43, 130 death, 88 partial Byzantine reconquest, 30 direct rule in Anatolia, 81–8 relations with Nicaea, 27 and insurrection of Sulemis¨ ¸, 84–5, 119 sources, 228 issue of coinage, 85, 118 Turkish colonisation, 156 Gibbons, Herbert, 403 Turkish invasion, 43

496

Index

Uzes penetration of, 9 Halil, son of Orhan, 123 Greeks Halil Bahadır, Turkoman chief, sack of in Anatolia, 361 Konya, 78 in towns, 376 Halil Pas¸a, emir of Gum¨ us¨¸ Madeni, 302 Gregoras, Greek chronicler, 228 as patron, 320 Gregory VII, Pope, 12 Halvetiye tarikat, 393 Gregory X, Pope, 30 Hamadan, 58 Guiscard, Robert, Norman commander, 11 hamams (public baths), 245 blockade of Dyrrachium, 12 Bursa, 276 Gulc¨ ¸içekHatun,wifeofMuradI,320 Dimetoka, 169 Guls¨ ¸ehri, Sufi poet, 417 Edirne, 175, 182–3 Gum¨ ulcine,¨ 146 Gum¨ ulcine,¨ 159 Eski Cami, 159, 161, 164 ˙Ihtiman, 167 Gazi Evrenos ˙Imareti, 159, 160–1, 188 Philippopolis, 185 hamam, 159 Thessalonike, 158, 188 Ottoman population registers, 146, 149 Tirnovo, 178 Gum¨ us¨¸ vakıfs for, 377 Hacı Halil Pas¸a (Haliliye Medresesi), 302 Yenice-i Vardar, 166 silver mines, 91 Hamd Allah Mustaufi Qazvini, chronicler, 93, Gum¨ us¨¸ Madeni, 302 228 Gum¨ us¨¸tekin Ahmed Gazi (d. 1104), ruler of on Erzincan, 273 Danis¸mend, 247, 388 on textiles, 326 gunpowder technology, 137, 218 on tribute to Mongols, 229 artillery, 218–19 Hamid, beylik of, 109, 113–14, 267 firearms, 219 annexed by Ottomans, 126 Gurci¨ Melek, as patron, 319 Hamid family, and beylik of Teke, 112 Guy¨ uk,¨ son of Ogedei,¨ Great Qa’an (from Hamidoglu˘ Dundar¨ Bey, 91 1246), 54, 56 Hamidoglu˘ Felekuddin¨ Dundar,¨ Turkoman election as Great Qa’an, 55 leader of Uluborlu, 89 Hamidoglu˘ ˙Ishak Bey, 93 Hacı Alaeddin of Konya, architect, 171 Hamza Bey, mosque at Zagra˘ Eskihisar, 170–1 Hacı Ali b. Ahmed al-Tabrizi, craftsman, 342, Hamzaname epic, 410 350 Hancın, castle of, 251 Hacı b. Musa, architect, 281 Hanefi mezheb, 385, 413n.137 Hacı Bayram Veli, tomb in Ankara, 348 hans, 314–16 Hacı Bektas¸-ı Veli, Turkoman ¸eyhs , 394, 397–8, see also caravansary 402, 404 Hanzade Hatun, as patron, 319 Hacı ˙Ilbegi,˘ Turkoman marcher lord, 127 Harezms¸ah Celaleddin Mingbarni, Seljuk Hacı ˙Ivaz b. Ahi Bayezid, architect, 169, 295, leader, 53 320, 350 Harput, Artukid Turks in, 357 Hacı Muhammed b. Abdulaziz¨ al-Daki, Hasan b. ‘Abd el-Mumin,¨ Gunyat al-Katib wa craftsman, 347 Munyat al-Talib, 421 Hacı S¸ihabeddin, as patron, 320 Hasan Bey, Skopje, 184 Hacı Turhan, caravansary, 148 Hasan Bey, son of Tuqu, 80, 81 Hacsar, alum mine, 242 Hasluck, F. W., 401, 403 Hadidi, poet-historian, Tevarih-i Al-i Osman, Hatib el-Kazvini, scholar, 413 147 Hatir, sons of, 68 Hadrian IV,Pope, 18 Hayderiye, tarikat, 384, 392 Hafsa Hatun, wife of Bayezid I, 319 Hayrabolu (near Tekirdag),˘ Guzelce¨ Hasan Hafsa Sultan, as patron, 320 Bey Camii, 292 Hafuzeddin Mehmed Efendi (d. 1424), jurist, Helena, daughter of John Kantakouzenos, 34 320 Henry of Flanders, 24, 25, 26 Hakim Senayi, 417 Herakleia (Eregli),˘ 25, 78

497

Index

Heraklios, emperor (610–41), 355 Hunyadi, Janos,ˇ Crusade of Varna (1444), 190 Herat, 266 Hurufi, shi‘i–Ismaili teaching, 387 Heywood, Colin, 118 Husameddin¨ Bicar, subas¸ı of Harput, 66 Hibri Efendi, historian of Edirne, 162, 169, Husamzada Sunullah, painter, 321 176, 179 hisar eri (fortress guard), 210 Iacopo de Promontorio, Genoese merchant, Hısn-i Keyf (Hasankeyf), tomb of Zeynel 227 Mirza, 308 Ibn Battuta, Arab chronicler, 92, 120, 228 Historia Peregrinorum (1190), 140 on ahilik, 245, 375 historiography, 4–5 on buildings in Peçin, 270 history, writings on, 421 in Dobrudja, 141 see also chronicles on economy of Anatolia, 264 Hızır Bey, 96 on Eretna towns, 272 in Kırkkilise, 164 on Erzurum, 273 Hoca Ahmad b. Nufiman, architect, 298 freedom of travel, 109 Hoca Dehhani, poet, 409, 417 on ˙Iznik, 122 Hoca Sinan, merchant, as patron, 320 on low prices, 229 Hodgson, Marshall G., 383 on Ottoman expansion, 122 Homs, battle of (1281), 72 on textiles, 326 Horasani, Sufi group, 390 traveller’s account (Rihle), 106, 367 horse drovers (at çeken), 115 on Turkish rugs, 243, 328 horses on Turkoman palaces, 311 breeding pedigrees, 232 on ulema in towns, 376 draught, 220 Ibn Bibi, historian/chronicler, 59, 63, 68, 70, for Turkish cavalry, 217 72 Turkoman trade in, 231–2 al’Awamir al-’Ala’iyya, 421 hospices on languages, 407 for dervishes in Mekece, 120 on patronage of poets, 415 Sivas, 272 Selçukname, 141 see also zaviyes as source, 228 Hospitallers of Rhodes, 39, 47 translation of chronicle of, 410 and Achaia, 40 ˙Ibn Sa‘id (d. 1274), 328 purchase of grain, 240 ˙Ibni Melek, jurist, 313, 319 support for Theodore I Palaeologos, 44 ˙Ibrahim Pas¸a, 45 trade in Turkoman horses, 232 Ibtidaname˙ poem, 416 trade restrictions, 264 ˙Ihtiman, Bulgaria, 166–7 Huguet, Jaume, Madonna and Child with hamam, 167 Saints, 333 han, 167 Huleg¨ u,¨ first Ilkhan (1253–65), 56, 63 imaret/zaviye, 167 and Baiju, 58 ilahi as¸k (divine love), 396 formation of Ilkhanate under, 57–64, 75 ilchi (envoys), Mongol, tribute to, 54 and Seljuk sultans, 59 Ildar, son of Ejei, 82 Syrian campaign, 59, 61, 63 Ildei, son of Kongurtay, 82 Hungarians (Magyars), 8 Ilge Noyan, Celayirid family of, 78 Danube river fleet, 225 Ilıca (Trajanopolis), Ottoman han, 161 and Ottoman artillery, 218 ˙Ilisu, Mahmud Bey Camii, 348 Turkic origins of, 138 Ilkhanid state, in Anatolia, 4, 97, 267 Hungary army, 222n.128 Bayezid’s campaign (1395), 130 in Azerbaijan, 52 Byzantine relations with, 15, 16, 18 dissension within (1282–94), 73–81 and crusade against Ottomans (1440s), 137 dissolution of, 51, 97 occupation of Dalmatia, 21 formation, under Huleg¨ u,¨ 57–64 Ottomans and, 30, 48, 136 influence on Ottoman administration, 256

498

Index

relations with Seljuks of Rum, 62–3, 66–7, Isakios I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor 72–3, 374 (d. 1061), 9 and Shi‘ism, 386 Isakios II Angelos, Byzantine emperor towns, 268, 374 (1185–95), 21 see also Mongols revolt of Mangaphas, 234, 236 Ilkhans, marriage connections with Seljuks, ˙Isfendiyarogulları,˘ beylik of, 96, 115–16, 267 74 architecture, 271–2 imarets (soup kitchens, religious and social and copper mines, 254 complexes), 377 ˙Ishak Bey, ruler of Saruhan, Ulu Cami in Bursa, 131, 294 Manisa, 290 Çekirge,294, 302 ˙Ishak Bey, son of Yigit,˘ buildings in Skopje, Edirne, 168, 174–5, 188, 190 184–5, 190 Gum¨ ulcine,¨ 159, 160–1, 188 Ishakovic´ family, 184 ˙Ihtiman, 167 ˙Ishkali, han (caravansary) at, 65 ˙Iznik, 160, 294, 317 Iskendername˙ chronicle, 132, 322, 418 as mosque complexes = zaviyes, 297 Islam Skopje, 159 in Anatolia, 363, 380 imports apostasy from, 403 metals, 241 conversion of churches to mosques, 159, raw silk, 326 167 taxes, 253 conversions to, 403 weapons, 219n.119, 241 Kurds, 361 wine, 239 mass, 404 ˙Inalcık, Halil, 156, 246, 264 Mongols, 64, 99, 365, 405 ˙Incir Limanı (Paralime, Liminia), port, 239 Oguz,˘ 361 industries form of government, 98 metalwork, 321 mezheps, 384, 385 in towns, 243 Mongol attitude to, in Anatolia, 66, 81 ˙Inon¨ u¨ (near Eskis¸ehir), mosque of Koca popular, and Sufism, 391, 399 Yadıgar, 165 and role of medreses, 411 inscriptions, 269, 269n.3 and scholarship, 383 citadel in Philippopolis, 176 Shari’a established under Eretna, 96 Gazi Evrenos mosque (Gum¨ ulcine),¨ spread in Balkans, 142–3, 145–6 160 theological debates with Christianity, Hamza Bey, at Stara Zagora, 171 405–18 Orkhon-Jenissej runes, 139 and Turkification, 360 Skopje, 178 urban culture, 97, 375–7 Thessalonike, 189 Yazidism, 387 Tirnovo, 178 see also mosques; Shi‘ism; Sufism; Tsar Ivan Vladislav in Bitola, 177 Sunniism intellectual life, 406–21 istimalet (persuasion), 388 see also scholars; scholarship Istanbul see Constantinople Intihaname˙ , poem, 416 Italy Iqbal (Aqbal), son of Baiju, 62 Anatolian rugs in, 331, 335 Iran see Persia exports of arms and armour, 219n.119 Irencin, Mongol commander, 88, 90 paintings of Anatolian rugs, 331, 335 iron see also Florence; Genoa; Venice mines, 240 Ivan Asen II, Bulgarian emperor (1218–41), 27 trade in, 241 Ivanko, Despot of Dobrudja, 141 ˙Isa, son of Bayezid, 45, 132 ˙Izmir, battle of (1348), 111 ˙Isa b. Muhammad, emir of Aydın, 286 ˙Izmir (Smyrna), 111 at Birgi, 270 partial occupation by crusader force (1344), as patron, 319 34

499

Index

˙Izmit (Nikomedia), 26, 119 role in sieges, 223 besieged (1333), 222n.129 role of, 207 taken by Ottomans (1337), 121–2, 236 training, 207 ˙Iznik (Nicaea), 119, 134 javelin (gonder¨ ), 201 Kırgızlar Turbesi,¨ 309, 324 al-Jawbari, Arab mystic, 386 mosques Jerusalem, capture by Saladin, 21 Hacı Ozbek,¨ 124, 281 Jews,intowns,376 Ottoman (1333), 120 Jirecek,ˇ Constantin, 140 Yes¸il Cami, 164, 281, 317, 340 Joanna I of Naples, princess of Achaia, 40 Nilufer¨ Hatun ˙Imareti, 160, 294, 317 Jocelin I of Courtenay, regent of Antioch, 16 Ottoman medreses, 124 Jochids, Mongol rulers in southern Russia Suleyman¨ Pas¸a Medresesi, 302 and the Caucasus, 57, 61 pottery John II Komnenos (1118–43), 15–17 finds, 336 attack on Konya, 236 frit wares, 338, 344 campaigns in East, 16–17 kilns, 338 marriage to Hungarian princess, 15 recaptured by Byzantium, 14 John III Doukas Vatatzes, emperor in Nicaea and Seljuks, 27 (1222–54), 10, 11, 26–8 taken by crusaders (1096), 358 and Seljuk encroachments, 27 taken by Ottomans (1331), 122, 198, 236, 274 John IV Laskaris (1258–9), 28 taken by Suleyman¨ from Byzantium (1081), John V Palaeologos, Byzantine emperor 357 (1341–91), 33–9 Theodore Laskaris as emperor, 24–5, 26 appeals to Rome, 37 Turkomans in, 13, 88 conversion to Catholicism, 37 Yakub Ç elebi Zaviyesi, 294 and Hungary, 37 ˙Izzeddin Keykavus I, Seljuk ruler (1210–20), and Venice, 36 25, 26 war with John Kantakouzenos, 123, 144 and poets, 415, 416 John VI Kantakouzenos, Byzantine Grand as Seljuk sultan, 358 Domestic and rival emperor, 33–6, 144 tolerance of Christians, 389 battle of Pelekanon of, 121, 123 and trade, 373 and beylik of Aydın, 111 ˙Izzeddin Keykavus II (1246–8), Seljuk ruler, destructive raids, 237 405 on fortification of Ferecik, 147 in Balkans, 141 recognised as John VI (1347–54), 34 and Byzantium, 63 John VII, son of Andronikos IV, 39 descendants in eastern Anatolia, 75 and Bayezid I, 42 in exile, 59, 63, 68, 72 and Manuel II Palaeologos, 44 gifts of land, 237 John VIII Palaeologos, co-emperor with at Konya, 59 Manuel II, 46, 47 relations with Mongols, 57–9 appeal to west, 47–8 rivalry with Rukneddin,¨ 55, 56, 58 Junayd Baghdadi (d.910), Sufi, 394 Seljuk sultan, 54 Justinian I, Roman emperor (527–65), 6, 355

Jacques de Baux, prince of Achaia, 40 Kadı Burhaneddin, post-Mongol ruler of Jalal al-Din Rumi see Celaleddin Muhammed eastern Anatolia, scholar and poet, Rumi 129, 130, 419 Jalayrids, Mongol rulers in Iraq and Anis al-Kulub, 416 Azerbaijan, 268 buildings, 272 janissary corps, 206–8 Divan, 419 development of, 129, 137 vezir (from 1378), 96 devs¸irme system, 124, 126, 137, 206 Kadı ˙Izzeddin Razi, Seljuk vezir, 57, 65 origins of, 124 Kadı Musliheddin, architect, 173 pencik system, 206 kadı sicilleri (Shari‘a court records), 403

500

Index

Kadiriye, Sufi tarikat, 390 Mongol raids against, 88, 100 Kalehisar, pottery type, 336 raids against Mongols, 114 kalem is¸i (brushwork painting), 322–4, 345 rebellions against Mongols, 70–1, 73, 76, 79, Kalenderiye, tarikat, 384, 392 90 Kalojan, Bulgarian tsar, 24 Seljuk domination of, 64 Kantakouzenos, chronicle of, 121, 228 uprising (1262), 62 Kapıdag˘ (Cyzicus), alum production, 242 Karamanoglu,˘ building programmes, 269 Kara Osman, Akkoyunlu chief, 97 Karamanoglu˘ ˙Ibrahim Bey, medrese (1432), 300 Kara Rustem¨ Pas¸a, tax farmer, 257 Karamanoglu˘ Musa Pas¸a, 91, 93 Kara Tatars (Mongols), 365 medrese in Konya, 300 Kara Timurtas¸Pas¸a, as patron, 320 Karamanogulları,˘ 95, 96 Karaca, Dulgadır chief, 96 S¸ikari’s chronicle of, 105 Karaca Hisar, 244 Karamıkbeli see Myriokephalon market, 245, 252 Karanbuk,¨ battle of (1343), 95 Karahanids, kagan’s military retinue, 192 Karası, beylik of, 109, 110, 141, 267, 271 Karahisar, 91 annexed by Ottomans, 122 alum production, 242 settlements in Macedonia, 154 Kuc¨ ¸uk’s¨ revolt at, 94 slave market, 250, 251 Karahoy¨ uk,¨ Mongol troops at, 62 Karatay, advisor to ˙Izzeddin, 56 Karakoyunlu, Turkoman confederation, 268 Karim al-Din Aqsara’i, Seljuk historian, 325, occupation of Erzurum (1385), 273 407 Karaman (Larende), 269 Musamarat al-Akhbar, 421 Arapzade mosque, 283 Karpathos, 33 Dikbasan mosque, 283 Kasaba Koy¨ u¨ (near Kastamonu) Emir Musa Medresesi, 300 mosque of Mahmud Bey, 348 Emir Musa Pas¸a Medresesi (1350), 269 Ulu Cami, 288 Hacıbeyler mosque, 283 Kashani, chronicler, 93 Halil Efendi Sultan complex (1409–10), 269 Kastamonu Hatuniye Medresesi (1381–2), 269, 298, 316 centre of beylik of ˙Isfendiyarogulları,˘ 116, ˙Ibrahim Bey ˙Imareti (1432), 269 271 Mader-i Mevlana Zaviyesi (1370), 269 copper mines, 240 mausoleum of Alaeddin Bey, 307 emirs of, 80 tomb of Eminuddin,¨ 306 Halil Bey Camii (1363–64), 271 tomb of ˙Ibrahim Bey, 308 ˙Ibni Neccar Camii (1353), 271, 281, 348 tomb of Karamanoglu˘ Alaeddin Bey (1388), lands at, 60 269 Mahmud Bey Camii (1366–67), 271 urban ahi brotherhoods in, 115 market, 229, 252 Karaman, beylik of, 114–15 woollen goods, 243 access to Mediterranean, and trade, 115 Turkoman horses, 232 congregational mosques, 283 katepanos, Byzantine regional governors, 12 economy, 115 Katip Ç elebi, 169 iron mines, 240 Kavala (Gevele), 79 Ottomans and, 43, 48, 114, 125, 135 Ottoman control, 151 part annexed by Ottomans, 126 Kayseri (Caesarea in Cappadocia), 373 Seljuk legacy of, 115 Hatuniye Medrese, 298 under Ottomans (1397), 130 Kos¨¸k Medresesi (1339), 272 under Ottomans (1417), 133 medrese in, 65 under Timur, 114, 132 as Mongol capital, 99, 267 Karamanids, 267 Mongol garrison, 93 capture of Beys¸ehir (1329), 93 population, 376 capture of Konya, 89 sack of, 96 Eretna and, 97 Seljuk centre, 65 Geyhatu’s assaults on, 79 Sırçalı Kumbet¨ tomb, 308

501

Index

Kayseri (Caesarea in Cappadocia) (cont.) Konus, castle of, 150 slave market, 251 Konya (Iconium) tomb of Ali Cafer, 306 architecture Kazanlak,˘ turbe¨ (mausoleum) of Lala S¸ahin hanekah of Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali, 297 Pas¸a, 162 Hasbey Darulhuffazı,¨ 316, 340 Kemah Koy¨ u,¨ of Kastamonu, 271 international market, 248 Kemaleddin Ebubekr, Ravdat al-Manazir, 420 medreses: ˙Ince Minareli Medrese, 300; Kemaleddin Hubeys¸b.˙Ibrahim Tiflisi, poet, Karatay Medrese, 300 417 mosques: Hacı Ferruh, 279; Larende Kemaleddin Kamyar, emir, poet, 416 Camii, 297; Seljuk mescids, 165 Kemaleddin Tiflisi, as naibus-saltana¨ , 86 palace, 311 Kemalpas¸azade, chronicler, 151 tombs: Celaleddin Rumi, 308;Fakih Kephalonia Dede tomb, 308; of Kalender Baba, Norman occupation, 21 306 Venetian attacks on, 16 besieged by Bayezid, 130 Keramat-i Ahi Evren, treatise, 417 captured by Karamanids, 70, 89, 114 Kerimeddin Karaman Bey, 269 carpets, 329–31 Khorasm, 363 corruption of local officials, 76 towns, 376 cultural centre, 65 Khurasan, Ilkhan province of, 52 falls to Ottomans (1397), 130 Khurasanis, 80 and first crusade, 235 Kilavuz, sons of, 77 as Mongol capital, 58, 59, 100, 267 Kılıç (sword), 194 Mongol threat to, 58, 79 Kılıç Arslan I, Seljuk sultan (1092–1107), 14, 358 population, 376 taxation, 252 restoration of Mongol control (1315), 89 Kılıç Arslan II, Seljuk sultan (1156–92), 20n.73, Seljuk capital, 358, 373 21, 358 taken by Demirtas¸(1323), 91 and Aksaray, 258 Turkoman sack of (1291), 78 siege of Laodikeia, 235 Kopr¨ ul¨ u,¨ Mehmed Fuad, 228, 380, 383, 390 silver coinage, 247 on poets, 409 Kılıç Arslan IV,Seljuk sultan (1248–61), 60, on Sufism, 390, 398 268 Kopr¨ ul¨ u¨ (Veles), Macedonia, tax register, claim to Seljuk sultanate, 55, 56 154 coinage issues, 58–60 Korkudeli, buildings, 269 descendants in western Anatolia, 75 Koseda¨ g,˘ battle of (1243), 27, 51, 53, 100, 267 execution (1265/6), 63 Kosovo/Kossovo gifts of land, 237 destruction of Ottoman monuments, 157 marriage to daughter of Mongol envoy, 55 Ottoman advance to, 127 as ruler in Konya, 58 Kosovo, second battle of (1448), 137, 190, 218, as sultan of Rum, 55 221 Kinnamos, Greek chronicler, 228 Kosovo Polje (Kosyphopedion), battle of on nomad encampments, 231 (1389), 42, 128, 163, 207 Kıpçak see Cumans Kritoboulos, Byzantine chronicler, 240 Kırkkilise, Eski Cami, 163 Kubadiye, Turkish town, 374 Kirman, Seljuks of, 86 Kubreviye,¨ tarikat, 392 Kırs¸ehir (Mocissus), 91, 373 Kuc¨ ¸uk¨ see S¸eyh Hasan (Kuc¨ ¸uk)¨ Mongol troops at, 62 Kudelin, Cuman nobleman, 140 tomb of As¸ık Pas¸a, 308, 310, 316 Kuhnel,¨ Ernst, 331 Kızılbas¸ movement, 387, 398 Kuhurgai, Mongol commander, 71 Komnenoi dynasty, 11–21 kulliye¨ (religious and social complex), 184, 185, Kongurtay, Mongol prince, 70, 73, 100 274, 377 challenge to Ahmad, 74 Kur Temur,¨ yarghuchi, 83 Konstantin of Ostrovic,´ Serbian janissary, 162 Kuran, Aptullah, 278

502

Index

Kurds in beyliks, 116, 407 in Anatolia, 361 for diplomacy, 409 enforced migration (surg¨ un¨ ), 368 as official language, 70, 409 Kurei¨ Hadit Koy¨ u,¨ ˙Ismail Bey complex poetry, 408, 416–19 (1451–54), 271 translations into, 111, 112, 409, 410–11 Kutahya,¨ 113, 204, 267 written, 111, 408 alum production, 242 Laodikeia see Denizli buildings, 270 lapis lazuli, 240 Balıklı Cami, 270 Larende see Karaman Ç atal Mescid, 270 Larende, battle of (1291), 78 Kale-i Bala Camii, 270 Laskarid dynasty, 28, 266 Kurs¸unlu Camii, 270, 281 Latin states, 17, 18 Pekmez Pazarı Mescidi, 279 aspirations for recapture of Vacidiye Medresesi, 270, 300–2 Constantinople, 30 pottery kilns, 338 Byzantine resentment of, 20 Kutalmıs¸, Turkoman leader, 357 at Constantinople, 22–8 Kutbeddin Haydar, use of Turkish language, control of Constantinople, 22–8, 359 409 and grain trade, 239 Kutbeddin S¸irazi, kadı of Sivas, 73, 413 and Nicaea, 26 Kutlus¸ah, senior emir in Anatolia, 82, 84 Ottoman threat to, 128 Kutrigurs, 138 and second crusade, 17 Kydones, Demetrios, on Thrace, 145 Sicilian kingdom and, 29 territories attacked by Bayezid I, 43 Lala S¸ahin Pas¸a, Ottoman governor in trade with Turks, 228–9 Balkans, 128, 276 Latins bridge in Philippopolis, 185 as tax farmers, 257–8 capture of Stara Zagora, 170 trade with Turks, 261–4 mausoleum in Kazanlak,˘ 162 law tomb in Mustafakemalpas¸a (Kirmastı), 309 on non-Muslims (ahl al-dhimma), 388, 389, lance (sung¨ u¨), 194 403 land secular state, 98 gifts of, 237 Shari’a, 96, 98 surveys, 237 on vakıfs, 378 taxation of, 237–8 Lazar, Prince of Serbia, 128 land tenure lead, exported, 241 Mongol legacy, 98 Leon, king of Lesser Armenia, 251 Seljuk miri system, 372 Lesbos see Mitylene state ownership of, 237 Lesser Armenia (Cilicia), 17 Turkish system, 237–9 independence during Mongol period, 52 language, 407–11 Leunclavius, Historiae Musulmanae Turcorum, Arabic, 407 152 for accounts, 61 Levounion, battle of (1091), 14 Ottoman texts in, 120 Lewis, Bernard, 383 in Seljuk state, 407 Licario, Italian commander, 30 Mongol influence, 116 literature, 104, 410–11, 415–19 Orkhon-Jenissej runes, 139 Germiyan beylik, 113 Persian, 407, 410 poetry, 415–19 Ottoman texts in, 120 prose, 420–1 for poetry, 416 religious texts, 104 for scientific literature, 420 Turkish translations from Persian, 111, 112, in Seljuk court, 61, 114, 407 409 Turkish, 70, 101, 114, 142, 401, 407, 422 see also chronicles in Balkans Livadia, Navarrese in, 40

503

Index

Louis, Saint, king of France, 30 as threat to Mongols, 67, 93, 95, 96 Louis I, king of Hungary, 37 trade with, 228 Louis VII, king of France, second crusade, 17 victory at Homs (1281), 72 Louis of Blois, claimant to Nicaea (˙Iznik), 24 Manakib al-Arifin, 393, 397, 404, 421 Lycaonian plain Manastır (Monastir, Bitola) Karamanid beylik in, 114 mosque, 177–8 wealth of, 115 Ottoman advance to, 127 Lycia, beylik of Teke in, 112 Ottoman settlers in, 154 Lydia, Saruhan beylik in, 110 Mane, fortress, 32 Lyons, Council of (1274), 30 Manfred of Hohenstaufen (1258–66), 29, 30 Manfred of Sicily, 28 Macedonia Mangaphas, revolt of, 234, 236 Ottoman settlement of, 154–5 Manicheism, 364, 381 Ottoman suzerainty over, 128 Manisa, capital of Saruhan beylik, 110 Pecheneg raids, 16 ˙Ilyas Bey Mescidi (1363), 271 Turkish Christian minority at Zichne,´ 141 Mevlevihane zaviye (1368–69), 271 Turkish raids on, 144 tomb of Saruhanoglu˘ ˙Ishak Bey, 271 Macedonia, Republic of, destruction of Ulu Cami, 181, 271, 290, 318, 340, 347 Ottoman monuments, 157 Mansur-e Hallaj (d. 922), Sufi, 394 Magyars see Hungarians Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor Mahmud, son of Esen Kutlug,˘ 92 (1143–80), 17–20, 236 Mahmud b. Ebubekr el-Urmevi, Lata’if and Asia Minor, 19 al-Hikma and Metali‘ al-Anwar, 421 and Turkoman nomads, 231, 235, 236 Mahmud b. el-Hatab, Fustat al-‘Adala fi Manuel II, co-emperor (1373–6), 38, 41 Qawa‘id al-Saltana, 421 alliance with Ottomans, 133 Mahmud Bey, son of Kerimeddin Karaman appeals to west, 43–4 Bey, 269 consolidation of lands in the Morea, 45 Mahmud Ç elebi, as patron, 320 as emperor, 39–47 Makri, Byzantine town, 146 letters and Dialogues, 39, 50 Malatya (Melitene) and Ottoman rebellions against Murad II, conquest by Kılıç Arslan I (1106), 358 135 Danis¸mends of, 16, 357 as Ottoman vassal, 43, 45, 217 Mamluk sack of (1315), 89 visit to Europe (1399–1403), 44 Turkoman attacks on, 235 Manuel Angelos, domains in Greece, 27 Malazgirt (Manzikert), battle of (1071), 1, 6, 10, Manuel Kantakouzenos, ruler of Byzantine 51, 356 Peloponnese, 36, 40 al-Malik al-Ashraf, Ayyubid prince, 394 Manuel Mavrozomes, Byzantine rebel, 24 Malkoç family, uc status, 205 manuscripts, illustrated, 321–2 Mamistra (Misis), recaptured by Byzantium, Maona family of Chios, merchants, 242 17 Maqasid al-Alhan, treatise on music, 321 Mamluks Mar Sarkis, Armenian bishop, murder of, artistic influence, 266, 351 66 and beylik of Karaman, 114 marble, for façades, 316 defeat of Mongols (1277), 69 Marcha di Marco Battagli da Rimini, and Demirtas¸, 91, 92 chronicler, 239 in Egypt, 30 marcher districts, Ottoman military expedition against Qal‘at al-Rum, 79 organisation, 204–5 invasion of Seljuk Anatolia, 66 marcher lords relations with Mongols, 73 in Bithynia, 194 sack of Malatya (1315), 89 under Ottomans, 127, 128, 135 Seljuks and, 66 Marcionism, 381 siege of Sis citadel (1320), 235 Marco Polo, 228 in Syria, 52, 61, 63 on carpets, 233, 328

504

Index

on silks, 243, 325 campaign in Anatolia, 133 on Turkoman horses, 232 mosques, 169, 172 Mardin, 374 resettlement of Tatars, 149 Akkoyunlu centre, 273 as sole ruler, 133 Artukid Turks in, 357 Mehmed II, nominal sultan of Eretna’s Latiﬁye Camii, 284, 290 principality (1380s), 97 Marie d’Enghien, 42 Mehmed II (1451–81), Ottoman ruler, 48, 102, Marino Sanudo Torsello, Venetian historian, 136, 168 Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crusis art and architecture, 267 Maritsa, battle of see C¸ irmen and copper production, 240 markets defeat of Byzantium (1453), 1, 48 international, 248–50 and Genoa, 227 nomad use of, 369 and Ottoman artistic style, 351 slave, 250–2 and Ottoman empire, 360 urban, 243 repopulation of Constantinople, 244, 258 organisation of, 245 resettlement of abandoned lands, 239 see also bedestan (covered market) theological debates, 406 Marko, ‘king’ of Macedonia, 154 and trade, 254 Maroneia, Byzantine town, 146 Mehmed V Res¸ad (1909–18), Ottoman ruler, Martin, F. R., 329 163 Mary of Antioch, 20 Mehmed Bey, brother of Ali Padis¸ah, 92 Masnavı-ı Ma’navi/Masnevi-i Ma’navi, 397, Mehmed Bey, emir of Aydın, at Birgi, 270, 319, 416 347 Matteo Villani, Florentine historian, 145 Mehmed Bey (d. 1363), of Germiyan, 411 Matthew Kantakouzenos, governor of Mehmed Bey, son of Eretna, 273 Adrianople, 36 Mehmed Bey, son of the Pervane, 87 as ruler of Byzantine Peloponnese, 37, 40, Mehmed Bey Karamanoglu,˘ Turkoman chief 145 of Denizli (Ladik), 64, 70 Mattias Corvinus, King, 163 and use of Turkish language, 70, 409 Mayyakfarikin (Silvan), Ulu Cami, 283 Mekece, hospice for dervishes, 120 Mazdaism, 381 Melami movement, 396 Mecdeddin Ebubekr, poet and scribe, Melik Pahlavan Ghuri, as tax administrator, 83 416 Melik Salih Mahmud, Artukid ruler, 284 Mecdi, translator, 180 Meliks¸ah, son of Baltu, 90 Meceddin (Majd al-Din), atabey, 84 menakibnames (accounts of heroic deeds), 404, medicine, books on, 420 410 medreses (schools), 298–305, 411 Mengucek¨ bey, Turkoman leader, 357 Bursa, 276, 302 Mengucek¨ state, and Islam, 383 closed court type, 298–302 Mengucekids¨ Didymoteichon (Dimetoka), 140 towns, 374 Erzurum, 76, 268, 268n.2, 298, 316, 340 Turkish language, 407 ˙Iznik, 124, 302 Mentes¸e, beylik of, 27, 109, 111–12, 267 Karaman, 269, 298, 300, 316 annexed by Bayezid, 43, 223 open court type, 298, 302 counterfeit Venetian coinage in, 247 organisation of, 4 Geyhatu’s attack on, 79 Ottoman, 124, 129 independence, 45 Philippopolis, 185 market taxes, 253 Seljuk, 65, 298 slave market, 250 teaching, 412–13 tax farming, 257 Megara, Navarrese in, 40 trade with Latin states, 261, 262 Mehmed I (1352–66), ruler of Eretna, 96 Venetian merchants in, 262 Mehmed I (1413–21), Ottoman ruler, 45, 46, weights and measures, 246 132–3, 174 wine imports, 239

505

Index

Mentes¸elu,¨ Bulgaria, 153 Mihaloglu˘ Mahmud Bey (d. 1402), 167 mercenaries Mihaloglu˘ Mehmet Bey (1422), 174 Byzantine reliance on, 9, 11, 31, 126 Milas, 111, 270 Byzantine use of Turks, 142, 144 Firuz Bey Camii, 294, 317 Ottoman use of Balkan Christians, 126 Hacı ˙Ilyas mosque (1330), 112 merchants Miletus (Balat) complaints in Antalya, 254 pottery, 338 European, 376 see also Balat foreign, 261–4 military service, collective, 216 and markets, 252 mineral resources as patrons, 320 Anatolia, 240–2, 254 protection for, 245, 259–61 Balkans, 255 source material for economy, 228–9 Minnet Bey, Tatar leader, 149 Turkish, 259–61 Minnetoglu˘ Mehmed Bey, Ottoman governor see also Genoa; trade; Venice of Bosnia, 150 Mesembria mint towns, 100 lost to Bulgars, 33 mints retaken by Byzantium, 37 at Bursa (1327), 121 Mesud, son of sultan ˙Izzeddin, 72, 73 Milas, 111 Mesud, sultan in Konya, 78 moneyers in Anatolia (1299–1300), 102 Mesud I Rukneddin¨ (1116–56), Seljuk sultan, Sivas, 55, 58 20n.73, 358, 414 So¨g˘ut,¨ 118 coins, 247 Turkoman, 246 Konya, 358, 414 Mistra, rebellion, 44 and revolt of Melik, 80 Mitylene (Lesbos), island, 13, 110 Mesud II Gıyaseddin, Seljuk sultan in Konya, Venetian attacks on, 16 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 86, 111 Modon (Methone), Venetian rule over, 23, 41 and Beys¸ehir, 269 Moglena, Pechenegs settled in, 139, 143n.13 and rebellion of Baltu, 83 Moldavia, Republic of, Gagauz people in, Mesud b. Ahmed (Hoca Mesud), Suheyl¨ u¨ 142 Nev-Bahar, 418 Molendino, Benefatio de, Venetian tax metalwork, 321 farmer, 257 trade, 241–2 Molla Vacid (d. 1434), muderris¨ (teacher), 300 Mevleviye (Celaliye), tarikat, 390, 393 monasteries Michael, Suriyani historian, 388 Ak Manastır (Deyr-i Eﬂatun), 405 Michael, tax collector in Mylassa, 234 Athonite, 142 Michael I Angelos (1204–15), 23, 26 Balkans, 147, 178 Michael VII Doukas, 10 Orthodox Christian, 186 Michael VIII Palaeologos (1259–82), 28 Monastir see Manastir capture of Constantinople (1261), 28 Monemvasia, fortress, 32 opposition to, 31 Mongke,¨ election as Great Khan, 56 restoration of Byzantine Empire, 29–31 death (1259), 57 and Seljuk sultan ˙Izzeddin, 63, 141 Mongke¨ Temur,¨ Brother of Abaqa, 72 Michael Autoreianos, patriarch of Mongols Constantinople, 24 1243 invasion, 3, 27, 51–3 Michael of Epiros, 28 administrative legacy, 98–9 Michael Siˇ sman,ˇ Bulgarian tsar, invasion of and Armenians, 389 Thrace, 147 change of capitals, 99 Michael Szilagyi,´ Hungarian chronicler, 222 collapse of authority in Galatia, 122 Mihajlovic,´ Konstantin, janissary, 206, 209 conversion to Islam, 64, 99, 365 on siege of Constantinople (1453), 222 direct rule in Anatolia, 81–93, 102, 359 Mihaloglu˘ family, Bulgaria, 166, 178 and dissension within Ilkhanid state, uc status, 205 73–81

506

Index

and dissolution of Ilkhanid state, 97, Muhammad, puppet Ilhan, 94 125–6 Muhammad Talakani (d. 1217), scholar, 384, effect on land tenure, 237 414 and ethnic mix in Anatolia, 365 Muhammed b. Ebubekr, craftsman, 348 extent of control in Anatolia, 92 Muhammed b. Gazi-i Malatyavi, vezir and formation of Ilkhanid state, 57–64 poet, 416 gradual settlement of, 369 muhasebe (accounts), for towns, 367 indifference to towns, 100 Muhezzibeddin,¨ Seljuk vezir, 54, 60 influence on beyliks, 116 Muhezzibeddin¨ Mesud, grandson of the and lack of sources, 353, 408 Pervane, 87 officials and bureaucracy, 98–9 Muhi al-Din ibn Arabi see Muhieddin Ibn policy towards non-Muslims, 389–90 Arabi rebellions against central authority, 81 Muhieddin Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Sufi mystic, relations with Seljuks of Rum, 62–3, 66–7, 359, 389, 389n.85, 390 72–3, 374 Fusus al-Hikam, 395 and rise of Ottomans, 45, 102 al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya, 395 role of military commanders, 99 and vahdet-i vucud¨ (monism), 394–6 ruler’s military retinue, 192 muhimme¨ registers, 403 and successors to Genghis Han, 53–7 muhtesib, market official, 245 under Abaqa Han, 64–73 Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman¨ see Muineddin see also Ilkhanid state; Timur Suleyman¨ Monophysite Jacobites, 361, 382 Muineddin Suleyman¨ in eastern Anatolia, 361 execution (1277), 70 Morea and Mamluks, 67 Byzantine base in (1261), 142 as patron, 65–6, 100 Ottoman advance to, 130 Pervane, 64–70 Morea, Despotate of the, 32, 41, 42, 45, 47, 48 supporter of Rukneddin,¨ 58, 60, 63 mosques, 279–97 mules, for army transport, 220 Byzantine influence, 164 Murad, son of Orhan, sancak of Bursa (1331), colonnaded courtyard, 181 198 congregational, 283–94 Murad I, Ottoman ruler (1362–89), 37, 38, 112, aisled, 283–6 125, 126–9, 360 ‘basilical’, 286–8 capture of Thessalonike (1387), 39 hypostyle, 288–90 complex and tomb at Bursa, 163, 276 development of layout, 292–4 death of, 42, 128 domes, 288–90, 318 mosque in Bursa, 168 half-dome, 183 and occupation of Balkans, 126–8 mescid (small mosque), 161, 164, 177 as patron, 319 mescids in villages, 369 sources for, 125 minarets, 165, 172, 181, 294, 340 and Theodore I Palaeologos, 41–2 single-domed, 163–4, 165, 170–1, 177, 279–83 treaty with Genoa (1387), 253, 261, 263 porticos, 281–3 Murad II, Ottoman ruler (1421–51), 2, 46–8, Ulu Cami type, 171, 175 133, 134–7 vakıfs for, 379 abdication, 136 zaviye-mosques, 188 bridge at Skopje, 178 zaviye-T-plan, 160, 177, 180, 294–7 buildings in Bursa, 276–7 Mosul, conquest by Kılıç Arslan I, 358 buildings in Edirne, 179, 190, 292 Mucireddin¨ Mehmed, Mongol agent, and as patron of arts/buildings, 319 naibus-saltana¨ , 72, 73, 83, 87, 98 rebellions, 135, 175 Mongol emir of Rum, 75, 77 reconstruction of Filibe, 176 naib in Anatolia, 80, 86 reforms to timar system, 200 Mudurnu, Yıldırım Bayezid mosque, 170 at Thessalonike, 188, 244 Mueyyed¨ uddin¨ el-Cendi, Sufi, 395 tomb in Bursa, 310

507

Index

Musa, son of Bayezid, 45, 45n.201, 132–3, 134 Nigde˘ Musa Ç elebi, 174, 320 Ak Medrese, 298 attack on Yambol, 165 Alaeddin Camii, 286 mosque in Edirne, 288 Gundo¨ gdu˘ Turbesi,¨ 308 musellem¨ s (mounted infantry), 213 Sungur Bey mosque, 171, 268, 286, 290, 316, Mushanov, Nikola, architect, 158, 187 348 Muslims, 142, 364 tomb of Hudavend¨ Hatun, 268, 306 intermarriage with Christians, 364 Turkoman palace at, 311 relations with Christians, 400 Nikaia see ˙Iznik see also Islam; Shi‘ism; Sufism; Sunniism Nikephoros III Botaneiates, Byzantine Mustafa emperor (1078–81), 11, 13 Turkish pretender, 46, 133, 135, 175 Nikephoros Gregoras, chronicler, 143 and yaya system, 213 Nikola, Saint, 402 Mustafa, brother of Murad II, 47, 135 Nikomedia see ˙Izmit Mustafakemalpas¸a (Kirmastı), tomb of Lala Nikopolis, battle of (1396), 43, 130, 217, 251, 288 S¸ahin Pas¸a, 309 Niksar, Danis¸mend Turks in, 357 Mut, tomb of Hocendi or Buy¨ uk¨ Turbe,¨ 306 Nilufer¨ Hatun, wife of Orhan, as patron, 320 Muzaffereddin b. Abdulvahid¨ b. Suleyman,¨ Nis¸(Nis),ˇ Ottoman advance to, 127 craftsman, 347 Nis¸ancı Mehmed Pas¸a, Ottoman chronicler, Muzaffereddin Yavlak Arslan, 413 147 Myriokephalon, battle of (1176), 20, 358 Nizameddin Ahmed Erzincani, poet, 416 Mystras, fortress, 32 Nizameddin Hurs¸id, Pervane and poet, 416 Nizameddin Yahya Faryumadi, Khurasani Nabs¸i, Mongol commander, 62, 63 bureaucrat, 87, 98 Nakkas¸ Ali, architect, 320, 343 Nizami Genjevi, poet, 417 Naks¸ibendiye, tarikat, 393n.91 nok¨ or/n¨ oker¨ (Mongol warrior leader), 193 Naseddin-i Sicistani, Munis al-Awarif, 416 nomad economy, 230–4 Nasir al-din Tusi, Camasbname, 419 trade, 231, 232, 369 al-Nasir Muhammad, Mamluk sultan, 92, nomadism, move away from, 107, 367–9, 371 94 nomads Nasireddin Hoca, son of Yavlak Arslan, encampments, 231, 231n.18 mustaufi, 77 numbers of, 363 Nasireddin-i el-Sicistani, Daqayiq al-Haqaiyiq, seasonal settlement, 369 421 state control over, 237 Nasırı, son of Rukneddin¨ el-Urmevi, dervish, warfare, 192 417 see also Oguz˘ nomads; Uz Nasreddin Tusi, scholar, 414 Normans Nauplia, city of, 42 attacks on Byzantium, 18 Nauplia, Gulf of, Venetian naval victory over in Byzantine army, 10 Genoa (1263), 29 capture of Bari, 11 Navarre, mercenaries, 40, 42 expansion of, 8, 16 Necmeddin Alp, Artukid ruler, 388 sack of Thessalonike, 21 Necmeddin Kubra,¨ Sufi mystic, 392 and Venice, 12 Necmeddin Razi (Daye), Sufi mystic, Mirsad Novobrdo, Serbian silvermine town, 162 al-‘Ibad, 391, 392, 421 Nureddin b. Caca, 68 Nefise Sultan, wife of Alaeddin Bey, 298 Nureddin Mahmud b. Zengi, 414 Negroponte see Euboea Nymphaion (Nif, Kemalpas¸azade) Neri Acciaiuoli, lord of Corinth, 40, 40n.173, treaty of (1214), 25 41, 42 treaty of (1261), 28 Nes¸ri, Mevlana, chronicler, 149, 150, 151, 187 and Ottoman architecture, 274 Oba, Turkoman palace at, 311 Nestorianism, 364, 382 ocak (infantry units), 213, 214, 216 Nicaea see ˙Iznik occult, writings on, 421

508

Index

Ogedei,¨ son of Genghis Han, 53 artillery corps, 209–10 death (1241), 53 cavalry, 208–9 extent of territory, 93 devs¸irme, 124, 126, 137, 206 rule in Anatolia, 53 fortress garrisons, 210–11 Ogedei,¨ son of Shiktur Noyan, 89 infantry, 121, 125, 221 Oguz˘ nomads, 100, 135, 193, 356, 368 battle tactics as Byzantine mercenaries, 362 and influence of holy war (gaza), 104 conversion to Islam, 361 janissary, 206–8 see also Turkomans marcher districts, 204–5 Ohrid, Ottoman advance to, 127 military power, 119, 129, 226 Oljeit¨ u,¨ Mongol sultan of Ilkhan (1304–16), 86, obligations of timariots, 201, 202–4 89, 268n.2 peasant soldiers and militias, 211–17 and Shi‘i Islam, 386 azabs, 211–12 and taxation, 88 cerehors, 214–15 and Turkomans, 88, 89 martoloses, 216 Omer¨ b. Mezid, Mecmu’at el-Neza’ir, 417 Vlachs, 215 Omer¨ el-Ebheri (d. 1265), 384 voynuks, 215 Onogurs, 138 yayasandmusellem¨ s, 212–13 Orban, Hungarian inventor of cannon, 49, yur¨ uk¨ s, 213–14 219, 241 salaried troops of the court, 217 ordu (Mongol court), Seljuk missions to, 57 size of, 204 Orhan, Ottoman ruler (c.1324–62), 34, 36, supply and transport, 220 120–4, 222n.129, 360 timar system, 199–202 and Balkans, 122–3 vassal states, 217 as builder (in Bursa), 124, 160, 276, 317, 319 see also Ottoman army, early; Ottoman marriage, 123 navy relations with Genoa, 123, 263 Ottoman army, early, 192–8 siege of Prusa (Bursa), 236 administration and territorial division, and theological debate, 406 197–8 yaya (infantry), 196 cavalry (timariots) (timar eri/sipahis), 197, Ortakoy¨ (Ivajlovgrad), Ottoman kaza, 139 199–202 Orthodox Church infantry, 196 and Christians in Anatolia, 389, 404 mounted, 194 conversion of Bulgars (865), 139 nomadic tradition, 192 and Council of Ferrara-Florence (1439), 48, ruler’s retinue, 192–4 136 timar system of provisioning, 196 monasteries, 186 Ottoman beylik and Empire, 137, 269, 360 offers of union with Rome, 29, 30, 37, 47 absorption of other, 125–6 and separatist sects, 382 administration, 121, 136 Oruç Bey, as patron, 320 annexation of Karası, 122 Osman, Ottoman ruler (?–c.1324), 118–20, 267, art and architecture, 274–7 360 between Bayezid and Murad II, 131–4 Byzantium and, 88 and conversions to Islam, 403 establishment of markets, 245, 252 deportations to Balkans, 149–52 expansion, 119 economy, 119–20 military retinue/entourage, 194 effect of Timur’s invasion, 45 repopulation of towns, 244 expansion to east, 122 and trade with Bilecik (Bekloma), 232 first expansion of, 119 Osmancık, 80 and intervention in Balkans, 122–3 copper mines, 240 mass destruction of monuments after fall Ottoman army, classical, 198–226 (twentie.th century), 157 archers, 207, 211, 213 Mehmed’s campaign in Anatolia, 133 armourers, 210 Murad II’s policy of aggression, 46–8

509

Index

Ottoman beylik and Empire (cont.) Pannonia, 7 occupation of Balkans, 126–8 pantheism, 395 presence in Mediterranean, 124 Paolo, Giovanni di protection of merchants, 259–61 Madonna and Child, 332 rebellions under Murad II, 135 Marriage of the Virgin, 331 relations with Byzantium, 36, 49–50 Paphlagonia, 24 religious policy, 384 Byzantine campaign against Turks in, 16 rise of, 1–2, 102 pas¸a, title of, 198, 204 royal patrons, 319–20 pastoralism, 231 society, 3 in beyliks, 117, 362 treaty with Byzantium (1403), 45, 132, 254 Mongol, 62, 365 treaty with Genoa (1387), 253, 263 nomadic Turks and Kurds, 53, 369 under Orhan, 120–4 patronage, 422 under Osman, 118–20, 267 for architecture, 318–20 see also Ottoman army; Ottoman navy; of poets, 415 Ottoman Turks Paulicianism, 382 Ottoman navy, 3, 124, 223–6 Pechenegs, Turkic nomads, 139 blockade of Constantinople (1453), 224 attacks on Constantinople, 13 deployment, 225 in Byzantine army, 10, 16 development of, 223–4 as threat to Byzantium, 8, 16 river fleet, 225–6 Peçin sea battle (1416), 224 palace of Mentes¸eoglu˘ Orhan Bey, 270, 311 shipboard artillery, 219 Uc¨ ¸goz¨ (Karapas¸a) Hanı, 314 shipbuilding and dockyards, 224 Pegolotti, merchant, 228 size of, 224 Pelagonia, battle of (1259), 28, 32 Ottoman Turks Pelagonian Plain, Macedonia, 154 advance into Thrace, 37 Pelekanon, battle of (1329), 121, 123, 194 as Byzantine mercenaries, 144 Peloponnese, Byzantine, 36, 39, 47 genealogy, 135 Ottoman invasions, 42, 47, 48 historiography, 103–4 see also Morea and independence from Seljuks (1299), 118 pencik, recruitment of captives as janissaries, origins of in Anatolia, 118 206 in Sangarios region, 31 Pera sources for, 106, 134 abandoned, 244 Sunni Muslims, 120 Genoese settlement, 250, 263 see also beyliks; Ottoman beylik and Empire Turkish merchants in, 259 Oz,¨ Tahsin, 327 Pergamon see Bergama Persia Pachymeres, George, Byzantine chronicler, Anatolian links with, 101 118, 119, 143, 228 expulsion of Turkomans, 357 Pads¸ah Hatun, wife of Geyhatu, 76 fabrics from, 327 paganism, in Anatolia, 381 raw silk from, 249, 326 painting, 321–4 Sassanid Empire, 355 architectural decoration, 322–4 Seljuks in, 356 framed illustrations, 322 Sufism in, 390 illustrated manuscripts, 321–2 as threat to Byzantium, 6 palaces, 270, 311–13, 352 trade with, 228, 248 Bulgar, 138, 178 Zoroastrianism, 381 Palamas, Gregory, chronicler, 124 Peter, king of Cyprus, 264 Pamphylia Peter IV of Aragon, 35 beylik of Hamid, 109 Peter of Courtenay, emperor of beylik of Teke in, 112 Constantinople, 26 Byzantine campaign against Turks in, 16 Petric,ˇ castle, near Varna, 152

510

Index

Pevsner, Sir Nikolaus, 182 Thessaly, 154 Philadelphia (Alas¸ehir), 24, 32 Turkish, 368 Ottoman campaign (1390 and 1391), 39, 129 in Balkans, 139, 142 silk production, 326 villages, 366n.36, 368 Philanthropenos, Byzantine general, 251 Pliska, Bulgar palace and ‘Forbidden City’, 138 Philip II Augustus, king of France, 21 ploughs, 372 Philip of Swabia, 22 Plovdiv see Philippopolis Philip of Tarentum, 33 poetry, 415–19 Philippopolis (Filibe, Plovdiv) aims of, 417 architecture, 175–7, 185–8 imitative (nazire), 417 citadel of Yedi Kule (Heptapyrgion), 176 mesnevi style, 416 destruction (1410), 176 and patronage, 415 hamam, 185 in Persian, 416 Hudavendigar¨ Murad Cami (Cumaya in Turkish, 408, 416–19 Cami), 175, 288 poets, honours and offices for, 415 ˙Imaret, 186–7 populations kulliye¨ (religious and social complex), 185 deportations to settle agricultural lands, market, 250 238 medrese, 185 early Turkic settlers in Balkans, 139, 143n.13 Meriç bridge, 185 mixed Muslim–Christian, in Thrace, 146 occupied by Barbarossa, 21 Ottoman deportations to settle Balkans, Ottoman buildings, 274 149–52 turbe¨ of S¸ihabeddin Pas¸a, 185, 188 of towns, 375 Turks in, 127, 149, 176 of villages, 366 philosophy, 420 see also tax registers Phocaea (Phokaea, Foça), 123 ports alum production, 242 trade through, 233, 239, 250 Genoese in, 227, 263 see also Antalya; Balat; Sinop grain trade, 240 Pousgouse, Lake (Beys¸ehir Gol¨ u),¨ 49 Phrygia prices beylik of Germiyan in, 113 foodstuffs in Anatolia, 229 Byzantine campaign against Turks in, 16 for slaves, 251–2 Piccolomini, General, 178 for Turkoman horses, 232 Pierre de Saint Superan, Navarrese prisoners of war, as janissaries, 206 mercenary, 40 Propontis, coast of, 13 Pietro, Sano di, Marriage of the Virgin, 331 Prousa see Bursa Piloti, Emanuele, Cretan merchant, 228, 243 Psellos, Michael, 9 Pippin, son of Charlemagne, 7 piracy Qa’an, Great see Genghis Han; Guy¨ uk;¨ in Greek archipelago, 30 Ogedei;¨ Qubilai Turkish, 41, 223, 233 Qalawun, Mamluk sultan, 73 twelfth-century, 16 Qaraqorum, Mongol centre, 54, 55 Pirenne, Henri, 367 Qubilai, Great Qa’an, 79 Pisa Querini, Francesco, Venetian envoy, 262 Byzantium and, 16, 19 Qutqutu, grandson of Baiju, 61, 84 import of Anatolian silk, 244 Qutu, grandson of Baiju, 69 Pisidia, beylik of Hamid, 109, 114 place names Raffaelo Capello, merchant, 246 Bulgaria, 152–3 Ramon Muntaner, Catalan chronicler, 143 Cuman, 140 Rashid al-Din see Res¸ideddin Macedonia, 154 al-Ravandi, Rahat al-Sudur wa Ayat al-Surur, Mongol, in Anatolia, 365, 369 420 Slavic, in Thrace, 147 Raymond of Antioch, 17

511

Index

Raymond of Poitiers, 17 Ruba’iyyat, 397 Rebabname, poem, 416 Ruhi-i Edirnevi, chronicler, 182 religion, 380–2 Rukneddin¨ see Kılıç Arslan IV in Anatolia, 66, 90 Rukneddin¨ Geyumers (Melik Siyavus¸), 72 changes under Mongols, 100 Rukneddin¨ Mesud I (1116–56), Seljuk sultan, Christian and Muslim symbiosis in 20n.73, 358, 414 Ottoman beylik, 121 coins, 247 conversions and apostasy, 402–5 Konya, 358, 414 of early Ottomans, 120 and revolt of Melik, 80 ‘heretical’ churches in Anatolia, 355, 381 Rukneddin¨ Suleyman¨ II, Seljuk sultan and intermarriage between Christians and poet, 415, 416 Muslims, 364 protection for merchants, 260 Monophysite Jacobites, in eastern rebellion against Alexios Angelos, 234 Anatolia, 361, 382 Rum, Seljuk province of, 3, 51 officials in towns, 376 administration, under Mongols, 80, 86 Ottoman institutions, 121 extent of, under Mongols, 52 teaching of in medreses, 412 as refuge for scholars and mystics, 100 theological encounters between Islam and sale of divani (state) lands, 79 Christianity, 405–18 uprisings against Mongols, 89 see also Christianity; Islam; Manicheism; Rumeli Orthodox Church; Rome, Church of beylerbeyilik of, 204 Res¸ideddin, head of Divan in Ilkhan, 87 deportation of Tatars to, 149 vezir, 90 deportation of timar-holders to and from, Reynald of Antioch, 19 199 Rhodes, 47 slave markets, 250 rivalry with Mentes¸e beylik, 111 yaya units in, 213 Turkish slave traders on, 259 Rumeli Hisarı, fortress of, 48, 254 see also Hospitallers Russia, 8, 48 Rhodopes, Pechenegs in, 139 Byzantine influence, 8 Rhyndakos (Orhaneli), battle of (1211), 25 rice production, 372 Sabbas Asidenos, 24 Richard I, Lionheart, 21 sabre, curved (kılıç), 201 Riefstahl, Rudolf, 277, 329 Sa‘d al-Daula Savaji, Jewish vezir in Rum, 77 Rifaiye, tarikat, 390 head of Divan in Ilkhan, 87 Roger II, king of Sicily Sadeddin el-Fergani, Sufi, 395 ambitions against Byzantium, 18 Manahif al-‘Ibad ila al-Ma‘ad, 421 and emperor, 16 Sadeddin Hamevi, Sufi, 392 and second crusade, 17 Sa’di-i Shirazi, poet, 417 Roger de Flor, Catalan Grand Company, 32 Sadreddin Konevi, Sufi mystic, 390, 395 Roman Empire, 6 Tabsirat al-Mubtedi wa Tadhkirat Christianity in, 355 al-Muntahi, 421 Romania, Bayezid’s campaign (1395), 130 Sadreddin Zanjani Romanos Diogenes, Byzantine emperor, 10 opposition to Geyhatu, 79 defeat at Malazgirt (1071), 1, 10, 356 as sahib-i divan, 83 Rome, Church of as vezir, 79, 80, 81 and Council of Ferrara-Florence (1439), 48, Sahib Cemaleddin, vezir, Dastgirdani, 87 136 Sahib Necmeddin, vezir in Anatolia, 80 missionaries to Anatolia, 359 saint cults offers of union with Constantinople, 29, 30, shared, 401 37, 47 and Sufi Islam, 391, 399 Roussel of Bailleul, Frankish commander, 10, Saint-Quentin, Simon de 11 Dominican missionaries, 242, 244, 252, 359 Rovine, battle of (1395), 154 Historia Tartarorum, 365

512

Index

S¸aladin (Salah al-Din), capture of Jerusalem, scholars, 413–14 21 scholarship Salman Savaji, Cems¸id uHurs¨ ¸id, 418 role of medreses, 411 Salona (Amphissa), 43 in Seljuk state, 383, 408 salt mines, 240 see also education; intellectual life Saltıkname epic, 403, 405 science Saltuk, bey of, Turkoman leader, 357 literature of, 420 Saltukid state, and Islam, 383 teaching of, 412 Saltukids second crusade (1147–9), 17 towns, 374 Selçuk Hatun Turkish language, 407 as patron, 320 Samagar˘ Noyan, Mongol commander, 67, 71, Selçukname chronicle, 141 72, 76 wife of Abaqa, 68 regime in Konya, 77, 78 wife of Arghun, 68 Samarkand, 266, 342, 343 Selim I, sultan, 152 Samothrakis, A., 162 Seljuk sultanate of Rum, 3, 11, 51, 98, Sampson, town of, 24 356–7 Samsun, 87 administrative system copper mines, 240 compared with Mongols, 98–9 market, 252 rural, 371–2 sancak (military district), 198, 377 arts and culture, 65, 266, 278, 316, 351 yaya and musellem¨ , 213 architectural influence sancakbeyi, timariot commanders, 203–4 glazed pottery, 336 Sangarios (Sakarya), Ottoman Turks in, patronage of poetry, 415–16 31 battle of Malazgirt (1071), 6 Sangarios (Sakarya) River, 118, 119 compared with beyliks, 116–17 Santa Unio, treaty with Aydın, 261 economy Santo-Siro, Nicolao de, Genoese merchant annual repayment of debts, 60 alum trade, 242 taxation, 252 tax farmer, 257 towns, 243 S¸arabdar Hasan Bey, buildings, 190 establishment of caravansarys, 258 Sarı Saltık Dede, dervish, 141, 368 expedition to Sudak, 254 cult of, 402 extent of, 118 Sarimuddin Saruca Pas¸a, as yayabas¸ı of fragmentation of, 16, 54, 56, 99 Rumeli, 212 land tenure, 237 Sarmatians see Croats; Serbs lands of chief officers of state, 60 Sarre, Friedrich, 277 maritime force in Black Sea, 25 Saruhan military organisation, 195, 197 architecture, 271 and Mongols, 54–7 and Byzantine civil war, 34 administrative system, 98–9 deportations to Philippopolis, 149, 151 defeat by, 53–4 independence, 27 integrated into Ilkhanate, 63, 85, 86 slave market, 250 relations with, 55, 62–3 Saruhan, beylik of, 110 tribute to, 254 and Genoa, 261 relations with Nicaea, 27 Saruhanbeyli (Saran Bej, Septemvri), Thrace, religion 149 mosques, 279, 283, 286 Saruhanlı, Bulgaria, 153 religious foundations, 65 Sassan, emir, 236 and Sunni Islam, 357, 383 Sassanid Empire, Persia, 355 tolerance of non-Muslims, 353 Saulo, Bonifacio da, agent to Orhan, 263 as threat to Byzantium, 1, 9, 13 Savcı, son of Murad I, 38 trade treaties with Venice, 261, 262 Schnitter, J. H., 185 and Turkoman invasions, 70, 233, 357

513

Index

S¸ems-i Tebrizi, dervish, 393, 397 S¸eyyad Hamza, poet, 409, 418 Maqalat, 421 Ahval-i Kıyamet, 418 S¸emseddin, of Konya, 77 Dasitan-i Sultan Mahmud, 418 S¸emseddin Ahmed Lakus¸i, vezir in Rum, 77, Yusuf u Zeliha, 418 79, 83, 87, 89 Seyyid Burhaeddin Muhakkik-i Tirmizi, Kitab S¸emseddin Cuveyni¨ (Juvaini), Mongol sahib-i al-Ma‘arif, 420 divan in Rum, 71 seyyids, 376 S¸emseddin ˙Isfahanlı, Seljuk vezir, 54, 415 Shafi‘ism, 385 S¸emseddin Mehmed Fenari (d. 1431), as Shahnames manuscripts, 322, 335 patron, 320 shamanism, Mongol, 368, 389 S¸emseddin Muhammed-i Isfahani, Sahib, Shams al-Din Juvaini see S¸emseddin poet, 415, 416 Cuveyni¨ Serbia, 16 sheep, nomad herds, 231 and battle of Kosovo (1389), 128 shield (kalkan), 201 expansion under Stefan Dusan,ˇ 35, 144 Shihab al-din Abu Hafs ‘Umar al-Suhrawardi, as Ottoman vassal state, 217 393 Ottomans and, 48, 136 Shihab al-din al-Suhrawardi (Suhrawardi-i Turkish expansion into, 41 Maqtul), Iranian philosopher, 359 Serbs, 6, 18 Pertevname, 420 defeated by Turks at Ç irmen (1371), 38, Shi‘ism 127 in Anatolia, 4, 384, 386–7 relations with Byzantium, 21, 30, 31 Imamiye (Twelver), 387 S¸erefeddin Abdurrahman, mustevi¨ , 87 Ismailis, 386, 387 S¸erefeddin Mesud Hatiroglu,˘ 70 shipbuilding, Antalya, 243 revolt of, 69 Sicily, 29 S¸erefeddin Musafir,¨ as tax collector, 88 fall of Angevins, 30 ¸erifs s, 376 siege warfare, 129, 195, 218, 222–3 ¸eriyyes sicilleri (court registers), 367 and need for infantry, 196 Serres, Macedonia, 43, 130 siege engines, 222, 222n.129 bedestan (covered market), 157, 164 Turkoman, 235–6 of Ç andarlı ˙Ibrahim Pas¸a Siena, paintings of Anatolian rugs, 331 Eski Cami, 164 Sigismund, king of Hungary, 43, 225 imaret/zaviye (soup kitchen/dervish crusade, 43 lodge), 148, 159 S¸ihabuddin Pas¸a (Kula S¸ahin Pas¸a), buildings mosque of Mehmed Bey (1492), 164 in Filibe, 185 Ottoman settlements, 149, 150 Siirt religious foundations, 148 brass production, 243 Seydis¸ehir, Turkish town, 374 linen cloth, 243 Seyfeddin Bakharzi, Sufi, 392 S¸ikari, chronicle of Karamanogulları,˘ 105 S¸eyh Bedreddin, religious leader and rebel, silk industry, 243–4, 321, 324, 351 133–4, 406 brocades, 325, 327 S¸eyh Hasan, tomb in Sivas, 272 silk trade, 249, 327 S¸eyh Hasan (Buy¨ uk),¨ Celayird emir, 92, 94, exports, 243–4, 326 95 silver S¸eyh Hasan (Kuc¨ ¸uk),¨ Ç obanoglu,˘ 94, 273 inlaid bowl, 321 S¸eyh Hızır, building of zaviye in Serres, 148 trade, 241 S¸eyh Kutbuddin, of Konya, 77 silver mines, 91, 240 S¸eyhi (Yusuf Sinan), poet, 419 Sinaneddin Ariz, chief adviser to Demirtas¸, Harname, 419 90 Husrev¨ uS¨ ¸irin, 419 Sinanuddin Yusuf Pas¸a (Sinan Pas¸a), beylerbey S¸eyhoglu˘ Mustafa, scholar, 411 of Rumeli, 179 Kenz el-Kubera¨ , 417 Sinop (Sinope), 25, 26, 373 ¸eyhs s, 376, 391 copper mines, 240

514

Index

David Komnenos as ruler, 24 Serbian centre, 144 dynastic tomb of ˙Isfendiyaroglu,˘ 271 slave market, 250 market, 252 slaves mosques taken in Turkoman raids, 233–4 Aslan Camii (1351–52), 271 takeninwar,251–2 Fatih Baba Mescidi (1339–40), 271 trade in, 250–2 Kadı Camii (1364), 271 Slavs, 7 Saray Camii (1375), 271 in Balkans, 12, 138 Saray Mescidi, 279 settled in Asia Minor, 6 Ottomans and, 43 Smerderevo, Serbia, 217 port, 116, 358 Smyrna see ˙Izmir resettlement of, 258, 373 society, 365–7 Sipahi Bayezid, Turkish merchant, 259 Sofia, capital of beylerbeyilik of Rumeli, 204 Sipehsalar Ferudun b. Ahmed, Manaqib-i under Ottomans, 128 Hadrat-i Khudavandigar, 421 So¨g˘ut¨ Siraceddin el-Urmevi, scholar, 414 early Ottoman settlement at, 118 Sirmium, Hungarian occupation, 21 tomb of Ertugrul˘ Gazi, 309 Sis, citadel, Mamluk siege (1320), 235 Sokmen¨ II, Ahlat ruler, 388 Siˇ smanˇ dynasty, in Bulgaria, 140 Sop,ˇ ethnic group, 139, 154n.51 Sivas (Sebasteia), 65, 96, 373 Sozen,¨ Metin, 278 alum mine, 242 Sozopolis (Uluborlu), retaken by Byzantium, besieged (1298), 84 37 buildings, 272 Spiridon, Saint, 402 Ghazan Han’s hospice, 272 Sratsimir dynasty, Cuman origins of, 140 Gok¨ Medresesi, 298 Stanimaki, Greek Christian settlement, 176 Gud¨ uk¨ Minare (1347) (tomb of S¸eyh Stara Zagora (Eski Zagra,˘ Zagra˘ Eskihisar, Hasan Bey), 272, 308, 316, 340 Bero´ e),´ 140 international market, 248 Eski Cami, 170 largest Mongol city, 93, 267 Stefan Dusan,ˇ king of Serbia (1331–55), 33, 35, Mengucek¨ Turks in, 357 36, 37, 144 Mongol pillaging around, 53 Stefan Lazarevic,´ Serbian despot, 45, 217 population, 376 Stefan Prvovencani,ˇ king of Serbia, 327 sacked by Timur (1400), 97 Stephen of Blois, 15 woollen goods, 243 Stipion (Stiponje), Bulgaria, 167 Siyasetnames (mirrors for princes), 421 stone, for building, 316, 317 Siyavus¸ (Melik Siyavus¸, Rukneddin),¨ brother stucco, relief carved, 317 of Gıyaseddin Mesud II, 78 subas¸ı/amir/zaim, 197 rebellions, 80, 81 political power of, 204 Skoplje (Usk¨ up)¨ yayabas¸ısas,212 Alaca ˙Imaret, 184, 187 Sudak, Crimea, Seljuk expedition, 254 Ali Mentes¸elu¨ quarter, 151 Sufism bedestan (covered market), 185 and ahilik, 375, 375n.55 bridge over Vardar, 178 among Turkomans, 386 buildings of Murad II, 184–5 in Anatolia, 390–1 fall to Ottomans (1391), 129 and conversions to Islam, 404 fire (1689), 178 and education, 411 han (Suli An, Sulu Han), ilahi as¸k (divine love), 396 184 influential Sufis, 394–8 kulliye¨ (religious and social complex), 184 Mongols and, 391 monastery of St George, 178 and popular Islam, 399 mosque, 178 prose works, 420–1 Ottoman settlements, 149, 151–2 socio-religious foundations, 379 restoration of Ottoman buildings, 158 Sunni tolerance of, 384

515

Index

Sufism (cont.) under Mamluks, relations with Ilkhanate, tarikats, 376, 380, 390 52, 61, 63 and theological debate, 405 uprisings against Mongols, 89 in towns, 390, 393 Szekler peoples, in Transylvania, origins of, and use of Turkish language, 408, 409, 410, 138 411 vahdet-i vucud¨ (monism), 394–6 Tabriz see also dervishes Karakoyunlu capital, 273 Suge,¨ prince, in western Iran, 82 Mongol court at, 59, 60 Sulemis¨ ¸, grandson of Baiju, 61, 82 Tabriz, Masters of, 342, 343, 345–6 revolt (1298–99), 80, 84, 86, 102 Taceddin Mutez, Mongol agent, 60, 65, 72, Suleyman,¨ son of Bayezid I, 132–3 98 Emir of Edirne, buildings, 159, 170, 171–2 medrese, 65 relations with, 45 Tadhkirat al-Awliya, 410 SuleymanI(¨ 1081–92), Seljuk sultan, 13, 357 Taghachar, governor of Anatolia, 78, 81 Suleyman¨ I (the Magnificent), Ottoman ruler opposition to Geyhatu, 79 (1520–66), 163 Taghai-Temur,¨ Chinggisid prince in census (1528–30), 148–9 Khurasan, 94 and mosque at Skopje, 178 tahrir defters (land registers), 142, 228, Suleyman¨ Ç elebi, mosque in Edirne, 288 237 Suleyman¨ Han, Cobanid puppet governor, 95 as evidence of Turkish colonization in Suleyman¨ ˙Isfendiyaroglu˘ Balkans, 155 copper trade, 241, 246, 247 evidence of nomad settlement, 371 Suleyman¨ Pas¸a, son of Orhan, 36, 123, 145, and population estimates, 366 197 Thrace, 145 conquest of Ferecik, 147 for towns, 367 as patron, 320 Taiju, son of Tuqu, 80, 81 Suleyman¨ Pas¸a, Turkoman from Kastamonu, Tamara, princess of Georgia, 56 89 Tana, Venetian trading settlement, 252 Suleymans¨ ¸ah, ruler of Es¸refogulları,˘ 91 Tancred, 15n.48 Suleymans¨ ¸ah, ruler of Germiyan, 270, 300, 411 tarikats, 402 Sultan Veled, son of Celaleddin Rumi, 76, 88, Sufi, 376, 380, 390, 391–4 393, 416 in towns Ma‘arif, 421 Sunni, 391 sultans, place in battle, 221 Tarsus, recaptured by Byzantium, 17 Sultans¸ah, son of Baltu, 90 Tas¸kopr¨ uzade,¨ Ottoman scholar, 170 S¸umnu (Sumen),ˇ Bulgaria, 152 S¸aqa’iq al-Nu‘maniyya, 180 Sungur Çavus¸ Bey, governor of Philippopolis, Tas¸timur Hatayi (Tashtemur¨ Khita’i), 176 Mongol governor of Rum, 84 as builder, 177 governor in Anatolia, 80 Sunniism, 120, 187, 384–5 Tatar Pazarcık, Thrace, 149 Hanefi branch, 385, 413n.137 Tatars in Seljuk sultanate, 357, 383 resettlement of, 149 under Mongols, 100 settlements near Edirne, 214 Suriyanis, Syriac-speaking Christians, 361 see also Golden Horde Sutai, Mongol commander, 86 Taurus mountains, trade routes, 115 swords, 194 Tavas, and Turkoman raiders, 235 cuirasses (Christian), 218 tax collection Syria abuses by collectors, 20, 22 cultural influence, 182 Mongol system, 98, 101 Huleg¨ u’s¨ campaign in, 59, 61 tax concessions Mongol raid (1271), 62 for resettled captives, 238 Timur’s advance into, 43 for trade, 262, 263

516

Index

tax exemptions Thebes for military service, 196, 210, 213, 214, 215, Catalans in, 32 216 Navarrese in, 40 for supplying armies, 220 taken by Roger of Sicily, 18 tax farming, 75, 256–8 theme system, 7 tax registers, Ottoman decline of, 9 Albania, 134, 156 revival of, 13 for Balkans, 148–9 Theobald of Cepoy, 33 Bulgaria, 139 Theodor, Saint, 402 Kopr¨ ul¨ u,¨ 154 Theodora, daughter of John Kantakouzenos, Philippopolis (Filibe), 176 34 Thessaly, 153 Theodore I Palaeologos, Byzantine emperor, Usk¨ up¨ (1454), 151 37, 41 see also defter-i mufassal; evkaf defters(vakıf conflict with Venice, 42 registers); ¸eriyyes sicilleri (court death (1407), 45 registers); tahrir defters (land registers) and Turks, 41 tax revenues, for Philippopolis kulliye¨ , 186 vassalage to Murad I, 42 taxation Theodore II, son of Manuel II, 45, 47 in Diyarbakır, 88 Theodore II Laskaris (1254–8), 28 in Konya, 77 Theodore Angelos (1215–24), Emperor of the by Mongols, 71, 80, 83, 88, 98 Romans, 26 Nizameddin’s regime, 87 and Nicaea, 27 Seljuk sultanate, 65 Theodore Laskaris taxes Byzantine rule in Asia Minor, 24 avarız-i divaniye (extraordinary levies), 238 as emperor in Nicaea, 24–5, 26 Balkans, 255 Theodore Mangaphas, Byzantine rebel, 24 çift (on Muslim agricultural workers), 238, Theodosios, emperor (d. 391), 355 255 Theologos (Selçuk) cizye (poll-tax on non-Muslims), 75, 238 grain trade, 240 gumr¨ uk¨ (customs), 255 markets, 250, 253 ispence (on Christian peasants in Balkans), wine imports, 239 238, 255 Thessalonike (Selanik), 9, 26 on land, 237–8 buildings, 188–90 on mineral resources, 240 Bey Hamamı, 158, 188 pre-Ottoman, 255 Eski Cami, 188 rusum¨ (tithes), 238 han, 146 tamgha (Mongol commercial tax), 71 Pazar Hamamı (restoration), 158 on trade, 252–4 captured by Turks (1387), 41, 128 on villages, 370 fall of (1430), 2, 47, 136 on yaya land, 213 Norman sack of, 21 Teke, beylik of, 109, 112, 267 Ottoman advance on, 128 absorbed by Ottomans, 126 Ottoman siege and capture of (1430), 2, 47, independence, 45 136, 218, 225 Tek irdag˘ (Rodosto), market, 250 Ottoman siege of (1411), 133 Tenedos, island, 36, 38 recovered by Byzantium (1403), 132 offered to Venice, 38 repopulation of, 244 Terterid dynasty, in Bulgaria, 140 Zealot revolt, 34 Tevarih-i Al-i Osman (Hadidi), 147 Thessaly, 41, 190 textiles, 243, 324–8 Catalans in, 32 cotton, 326 Ottoman colonization, 153–4, 172 linen, 243 third crusade (1189–92), 21, 363 trade, 249–50 Thrace, 34 see also carpets and kilims; silk Baldwin’s lands in, 23, 24

517

Index

Thrace (cont.) Nureddin b. Sentimur Turbesi,¨ 308 Catalans in, 32 Pervane’s hanekah in, 65 destruction of, 145 pre-Ottoman zaviye, 160 Ottoman advance into, 123 seized by ˙Izzeddin, 58 Ottoman settlement of, 145 under Ilkhanids, 268 Pecheneg raids, 16 Toluids, 57 Turkish settlers in, 143–5 tombs and graves (turbe¨ s), 162, 163, 305–11 timar system, 196 cylindrical shafts, 307 civil holders of timars, 199 domed (canopy) type, 305 deportation of timar-holders between open canopy, 170 Anatolia and Rumeli, 199 polygonal shafts, 305–8 duties of timariots, 200 porches, 306 gulam recruits to, 200, 202 of saints, 399, 402 income of timars, 202 square, 308–10 obligations, 201, 202–4 tower type, 305 status of sipahis, 200 see also Bursa; turbe¨ s taxation, 255 Tondrakism, 382 timar-holder sipahis, 199–202 topçı (artillery), 209 weaponry, 201 toponyms see place names see also sancak Tourkopouloi (baptized Turks), in Byzantine Timur service, 143 advance into Syria, 43 tovıcas, raider officers, 205 and battle of Ankara (1402), 2, 45, 130 towns, 372–5 and beyliks, 109, 113, 114 administration, 374–5 campaign in Anatolia, 132, 230n.11 architecture, 267–77 cultural influence, 266, 343 Byzantine, 373 and Ottoman settlements in Balkans, 150, decline of Seljuk, 374 155 destruction of, 243 sack of Sivas (1400), 97 ethnic mix in, 375 Timurtas¸, Mongol governor, 114 fortified (kastron), 373 and beylik of Hamid, 114 high Sufism in, 390, 393 tin, imported, 242 industries, 243 Tire market buildings, 245 Aydınoglu˘ Mehmed Bey Camii (1326–27), as markets, 243, 373 270 new Turkish, 374 bedestan, 313 non-Muslims in, 383 Hafsa Hatun mosque, 270 planning, 274 Karahasan Camii, 281 population, 375 Kazirzade mosque, 279 repopulation of, 244, 258 tomb of Suleyman¨ S¸ah b. Gazi Mehmed Roman-Byzantine, 372–3 Bey (1349–50), 270 separate Muslim and non-Muslim Ulu Cami, 288 mahalles, 373, 376 Yahs¸ı Bey mosque, 180, 324 sources, 366–7 Tirhala, defter (1454–55), 199 Turkoman settlers in, 363 Tirhala, Greece, Christian timar-holders, 199 see also caravansarys Tirnovo trade Bulgarian palace, 178 between nomads and sedentary hamam, 178 population, 232, 369 Ottoman buildings, 178–9 beylik of Aydın, 111 Toda’un, Mongol commander, 68, 69 beyliks, 109–10, 116, 117 Tokat bills of exchange, 248 Danis¸mend Turks in, 357 caravansarys, 258–9 as Ilkhanid city/centre, 267 cash for, 248

518

Index

coastal beyliks, 112 effect of raids on, 234–7 international markets, 248–50 pastoralism, 53 with Latin states, 228–9 economic approaches, 265 manipulation of markets, 263–4 established in Anatolia, 356–8 in metals, 241–2 leaders as shamans, 368 routes from Konya, 115 marcher lords under Ottomans, 126, 128, Seljuk, 358 130, 135 slaves, 250–2 and Mongols, 64, 89, 359 taxes on, 252–4 nomad economy, 230–4 Turkish merchants, 259–61 numbers of settlers, 362 see also exports; imports; merchants raids against Mongols, 79 Trailles, fall, to Mentes¸e, 236 as threat to Mongols in Anatolia, 69–71, 88, Transoxiana, 363 100 cities, 376 urban settlers, 363, 376 Sufism in, 390 westward move into Anatolia, 230, 361 Sunni Islam in, 385 yigit˘ (military retinue), 193 travel Turks disruption of, 234 alps (warrior leaders), 193 freedom of, 109 in Balkans, 4 Trebizond (Trabzon), 13 co-existence with inhabitants, 400 Alexios Komnenos as ruler, 24 culture, 400–5 annexation by Theodore Laskaris, 25 earlier settlers, 363–4 Byzantine ‘beylik’ of, 116 and landholdings, 237 Christian kingdom of, 52 as merchants, 259–61 survival of, 103 perception of economic destruction, trade, 252 227–8 tribute raids on Byzantine territories, 13, 20, 25, gifts of silk, 325 233–4 to Ilkhanid court, 60, 68 rebellions against central administration, paid to Mongols, 54, 98, 229, 254 368 Trikkala, western Thessalian plain, 172 settlement of nomads, 367–9 Tubingen,¨ Ilkhan silver dirhem at, 118 state policy towards non-Muslims, 387–90 tufenkc¨ ¸i (gunner unit), 219 tribal leaders, 368 Tugancuk, 91 Turkification and imposition of Islam, 360, Tuna province, Muslim Turks (nineteenth 364 century), 142 urban migrants, 363, 376 Tunisia Turks, Inner Asian, kagan’s military retinue, French crusade against, 30 192 Great Mosque of Qairawan, 290 Tzympe, Gallipoli, Ottoman occupation Tuqu, son of the Celayir ˙Ilge Noyan, 68, 69, (1352), 36, 145 78 Turahan, Ottoman commander, 47 uc (marcher districts), 204 Turan, Osman, 383 Uighurs, 192, 364 turb¨ es see tombs and graves ulema Turhan Bey, Gazi, buildings in Thessaly, 190 in Anatolia, 384 Turin, treaty of (1381), 38 and heresy and superstition, 399 Turkic peoples as patrons, 319, 320 ancestor cult, 163 teachers in medreses, 412, 413 in Balkans, 138–43 in towns, 376 Turkish emirates see beyliks Ulu Arif Ç elebi, 393, 394 Turkoman revolt (1277–8), 70–1 Ulubad Turkomans alum production, 242 and agriculture, 234–40 Ottoman seizure of, 121

519

Index

Uluborlu see Burglu˘ types, 378 al-‘Umari, chronicler, 92, 106, 228 of Ulu Cami in Edirne, 172 on alum mine, 242 Van, Lake, Mongol advance to, 53 economic data, 229, 240 Van, town of, 374 on nomad herds, 231 Varna, battle of (1444), 48, 137, 152, 190, on Orhan’s army, 196 221 on silks, 325 Vaspurkan, Byzantine annexation, 7 on weights and measures, 246 Vatopedi, Athonite monastery, 142 on Yakub b. Alis¸ir, 113 Vefaiye, tarikat, 384, 392 Umur Pas¸a, emir of Aydın, 33, 105, 111 Velayetname-i Hacı Bektas¸, 404, 405 in Balkans, 123, 144, 147 Venetians, as tax farmers, 257 at Birgi, 270 Venice, 228 captives, 251 attack on Aegean islands, 19 as patron, 320 in Balkans, 33 Unal,¨ Rahmi Huseyin,¨ 278 and capture of Constantinople, 22–3 uniforms, military, janissaries, 208 and Chioggia War, 38 Urbai Hatun, daughter of Berke Han, wife of counterfeit coinage, 247 ˙Izzeddin, 72 and fourth crusade, 22 as wife of Mesud, 77 import taxes in Anatolia, 253 Urban II, Pope, and first crusade, 14 loss of Constantinople (1261), 28 Urban IV,Pope, 29 mercantile influence, 26, 35 Urfa, town, 374 and Nicaea, 25 Urg¨ up,¨ Christians in, 405 and Ottoman navy, 224 see also Damsa Koy¨ u¨ Ottoman war (1423–30), 224 Uros,ˇ king of Serbia, 28 in Peloponnese, 41 Urquhart, D., 153 relations with Byzantium, 12, 16, 18, 19, UruçPas¸a, son of Timurtas¸, 169 29 Uruqtu, Mongol commander, 69 relations with Genoa, 27, 35 Us¸ak, Holbein carpets from, 336 relations with Ottomans, 45, 46, 130, 136 Usk¨ up¨ see Skoplje renewal of commercial privileges (1302), Usta Musliheddin,¨ architect of Great Mosque 31 at Edirne, 182 trade, and grain trade, 240 Uz, Turkic nomads, 9, 139 trade treaties with Seljuks, 261, 262 in Byzantine army, 10 trade with Turks, 262 treaty with Genoa (1232), 27 vahdet-i vucud¨ (monism), 394–6, 398 treaty with Navarrese (1387), 41 vakıfname/vakfiyes (trust deeds of religious Verria (Karaferya, Verroia) foundations) Ottoman conquest of (1387), 150 for bedestans, 313 Seljuk Turks in, 141 Seljuk, 228 Vidin as source material, 377, 378 mosque, 177 vakıfs (pious endowments) North Bulgarian principality, 140 evkaf defters (registers), 367 vilayet (territorial unit), 197 foundation charters, 148 villages and Islamization, 383 fortification of, 236 mechanism, 377 markets, 369 for medreses, 412 origins of, 365 for mosques, 379 popular Sufism in, 390 official documents from, 104 Sunniism in, 385 in Ottoman beylik near So¨g˘ut,¨ 120 and villagers, 370–2 Ottoman period, 379 Vira see Ferecik Thessaly, 173 Vize, castle of, mescid, 190 in towns, 377–80 Vize, Thrace, Fatih Cami, 159

520

Index

vojnici (Balkan Slav lesser nobility), 215 inlays, 346 Vryonis, Speros, 403 reliefs, 347 tongue and groove construction warfare (kundekari¨ ), 347 akıncıs (raiders), 205 at battle of Ankara (1402), 130 Yabanlu Pazarı, market, 369 at battle of Nikopolis (1396), 130 Yahs¸i Bey, son of Murad I, as patron, 320 at battle of Varna (1444), 137 Yakubb.Alis¸ir, beylik of Germiyan, 113, 300, entrenchments, 221 411 field battles, 220–2 Yakub Ç elebi, son of Murad I, as patron, 320 military resources, 107–8 Yakub Pas¸a, Turkish commander, 43 nomadic tradition, 192 Yambol, Bulgaria Ottoman, 220–6 bedestan (covered market), 157 revenue allotments to fund army, 129 Eski Cami, 165–6 ruler’s ‘military retinue’, 192–4 Old Mosque, 158 sedentary, 107, 121 Ottoman siege of (1370), 165 siege, 129, 196, 218, 222–3 Yarıcani, Karamanogulları˘ S¸ahnamesi, 417 Turkoman, 235–6 yaya (infantry), 212–13 Turkoman burnt earth tactics, 234 archers, 207, 213 Wagenburg-tactic, 218, 221 conversion to musellem¨ (mounted see also Ottoman army infantry), 213 weapons and janissaries, 206 armament, 217–19 recruitment of, 212 artillery, 49, 218–19 Yazd, Seljuks of, 86 firearms, 218–19 Yazıcızade Ali, translator, 410 imported, 219n.119, 241, 241n.99 Yazıçoglu˘ Ali, Ottoman scholar, 135, 141 janissaries, 208 Yazid I, Ummayad caliph, 387 Ottoman, 194 Yazidi, 361 of timariots, 201 Yazidism, 361, 387 war-axes, halberds and pick-axe (kuk¨ unk¨ ), Yeni Han, on Tokat–Sivas road, 316 218 Yenice-i Karasu, Ottoman tax register and Weigand, T., 338 census (1528), 149 weights and measures, 229, 245–6 Yenice-i Vardar William I of Sicily (1154–66), 18 hamam, 166 William II of Sicily (1166–89), 19 Ottoman town, 159 William II Villehardouin, 30 Yenis¸ehir, 120 William of Rubruck, tax farm on alum, 257 Yenis¸ehir (Larissa) William of Tyre, 235n.46, 252 imaret, 173 William of Villehardouin, of Achaia, 28 mosque, 172–3 chronicler of Fourth Crusade, 147 Ottoman colony, 153 wine production, Anatolia, 239, 372 YigitBey,Pas˘ ¸a wine trade, 239 family of, uc status, 205 Wittek, Professor Paul, 103 at Skopje, 151, 184 Wladislaw Jagiello, king, Crusade of Varna Yozgat, district, Mongol settlement, 365 (1444), 190 Yunus Emre, Sufi poet, 397–8, 408, 417 women Divan, political intrigues in Anatolia, 74 398 as royal patrons, 319, 320 Risalat al-Nushiyye/Risaletu’n-Nushiyye¨ , 398 wood yur¨ uk¨ s (nomadic Turks), 213–14 for buildings, 317 settlements in Macedonia, 154, 213 in decoration, 318 Yusuf b. Fakih, craftsman, 348 woodcarving, 346–51 Yusuf b. Said el-Sicistani, scholar (d. 1241–2), craftsmen, 347–8 384, 414

521

Index

Zaccaria family, merchants, 242 ˙Iznik, 294 Zachariadou, Elisabeth, 141 Karaman, 269 Zagora, Thrace, 150 Manisa, 271 Zagora (Zagra˘ Eskihisar) Tokat, 160 Eski Cami, 170, 281 see also imarets Zahhak Enthroned, 335 Zibaldone da Canal, Venetian merchant, 246 Zakynthos, Norman occupation, 21 Zichne, Macedonia, 141, 151 zaviyes, 188, 259, 297, 377 Ziyaret Pazarı, market, 369 Bursa, 160, 276 Ziyauddin¨ Mahmud Hatiroglu,˘ 69 Edirne, 295 Zoroastrianism, 381

522