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At Madan Ate Kese Osmanl ISSN: 1309 4173 (Online) 1309 - 4688 (Print) Volume 4 Issue 3, p. 193-217, October 2012 Çatışmadan Ateşkese Osmanlı-İspanyol İlişkileri (1301-1581) Ottoman-Spanish Relations from Struggle to Truce (1301-1581) ArĢ. Gör. Tufan TURAN Sakarya Üniversitesi Öz Birbirine benzer tarihi tecrübeleri olan Osmanlı ve İspanya devletleri, Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluş yıllarından itibaren karşı karşıya gelmeye başlamışlardır. Osmanlı-İspanyol çatışması, İspanyol krallıklarının Bizans’a ve Arnavutluk’a ve Osmanlıların Endülüs Müslümanlarına yaptıkları yardımlar nedeniyle şiddetlenmiştir. Taraflar arasında ilk zamanlardaki ufak çaplı çatışmalar ve savaşlar, 16. yüzyılda yerini büyük savaşlara bırakmıştır. İki ülke arasında bazı yakınlaşmalar gerçekleşmesine ve hatta barış görüşmeleri yapılmasına rağmen, Osmanlıların ve İspanyolların dünya hâkimiyeti düşüncesi ile hareket etmeleri, bu yakınlaşmaların başarısız olmasına neden olmuştur. İki taraf arasındaki çatışma süreci, 1581 yılında imzalanan ateşkes antlaşmasına kadar devam etmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı, İspanya, Akdeniz, Barbaros Hayreddin Abstract The Ottoman Empire and Spain had survived through similar historical experiences and had confronted each other since the early years of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman-Spanish struggle intensified as the Spanish kingdoms extended military aids to the Byzantine Empire and Albania while the Ottomans sent help to Muslims in Spain. The minor clashes in the earlier periods between these two states were followed by major wars in the 16th century. Although there had been rapprochements and peace negotiations between the two states, none of the peace attempts were completed successfully because both the Ottoman Empire and Spain had a desire to establish world political domination. Eventually, the struggle period between the Ottoman Empire and Spain ended with a truce in 1581. Key Words: Ottoman Empire, Spain, Mediterranean, Hayreddin Barbarossa Giriş Aynı büyüklükte iki yarımada üzerinde kurulmuĢ olan Osmanlı ve Ġspanya devletlerinin tarihlerinde belirgin bir paralellik vardır. Osmanlı Devleti, kuruluĢ sürecinde Anadolu’da beyliklerle ve askerî gücü tükenmiĢ olan Bizans Ġmparatorluğu ile mücadele ederken, Ġspanya ise, Ġberya Yarımadası’nda küçük Hıristiyan krallıkları ve zayıf Beni Ahmer Devleti ile savaĢmak zorunda kalmıĢtır. Osmanlılar, Bizans karĢısında kazandıkları zaferlerle H i s t o r y S t u d i e s Volume 4 Issue 3 Ekim /October 2012 Çatışmadan Ateşkese Osmanlı-İspanyol İlişkileri (1301-1581) 194 Ġslam dünyasında itibar kazanırken, Ġspanyollar ise Endülüs Müslümanlarına karĢı zaferleriyle Hıristiyan dünyasında Ģöhret kazanmıĢtır1. Osmanlı sultanları ve Ġspanya kralları, dünya hâkimiyeti düĢüncesiyle hareket etmiĢlerdir. 1453’te Ġstanbul’un ele geçirilmesi, Osmanlılar açısından bu yolda önemli bir adım olmuĢtur. Ġspanyollar ise bu yolda en önemli adımı, yaklaĢık 40 yıl sonra (1492) Beni Ahmer Devleti’ne son vererek atmıĢlardır. Sultan I. Selim’in Mısır’ı ele geçirerek Ġslam dünyasının liderliğini Osmanlılara kazandırdığı sırada, Ġspanya Kralı V. Carlos da Kutsal Roma-Germen Ġmparatoru olarak, Hıristiyan dünyasının lideri konumuna yükselmiĢtir2. Osmanlı ve Ġspanya imparatorluklarının yeni topraklar fethetme politikalarının kaynağı büyük ölçüde dinle iliĢkili olmuĢtur. Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluĢ devresinden itibaren ortaya çıkan cihat düĢüncesi, bu devletin büyük bir imparatorluk haline gelmesini sağlamıĢtır. Aynı çerçevede, Ġspanyol kralların Reconquista (Yeniden Fetih) mücadeleleri sırasında da Ġslam’a karĢı Hıristiyanlığı egemen kılma düĢünceleri ön planda olmuĢtur3. Osmanlı ve Ġspanya devletlerinin kuruluĢ, yükseliĢ ve çöküĢ dönemlerinin baĢlangıcı, 18. yüzyıl sonlarına kadar birbirine paralel bir Ģekilde devam etmiĢtir. Bu çerçevede, Osmanlıların Viyana’daki baĢarısızlıklarıyla aynı dönemde, Ġspanyolların da Ġngiltere ve Hollanda’ya karĢı baĢarısız olmaları, iki ülkenin de gerileme dönemlerinin aynı zamanda baĢlamasına neden olmuĢtur4. Ortaya çıkıĢlarındaki benzerliklere rağmen, bu iki imparatorluk, iç politikada farklı yollar izlemiĢlerdir. Osmanlılar, ele geçirdikleri yerlerde yaĢayan gayrimüslim halkın din, kültür ve dillerini korumalarına izin verirken, Ġspanyollar, ele geçirdikleri yerlerdeki Müslüman ve Yahudileri, 1492’de ve 1609’da çıkardıkları kararlarla Hıristiyanlığa döndürmeye veya ülkeden ayrılmaya zorlamıĢtır5. Osmanlıların Venedik’le ilgilenmeye baĢlaması, 1479’da onları bozguna uğratmaları ve 1480’de Otranto’yu ele geçirmeleri, Napoli ve Sicilya krallıklarının Ġspanya’ya bağlı olması nedeniyle, Osmanlı ve Ġspanya devletlerini fiilen karĢı karĢıya getirmiĢtir6. Ayrıca iki imparatorluğun da Kuzey Afrika’ya ve Akdeniz’e hâkim olma politikaları, bu iki devleti, savaĢ alanlarına sürüklemiĢtir7. 1 Muzaffer Arıkan, “XIV- XVI. Asırlarda Türk-Ġspanyol Münasebetlerine Toplu Bir BakıĢ”, AÜ DTCF Dergisi, c. 23, sayı: 3-4, Ankara, 1968, s. 239. 2 Muzaffer Arıkan, “Türk-Ġspanyol Münasebetleri Bakımından Aragon Kraliyet ArĢivi’nin Ehemmiyeti ve Türklerle Ġlgili Vesikalar”, AÜ DTCF Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 2, sayı: 2, Ankara, 1964, s. 254. 3 Paulino Toledo, “Osmanlı-Ġspanyol Ġmparatorluklarında Dünya Ġmparatorluğu Fikri, 16. Yüzyıl”, İspanya- Türkiye, 16. yüzyıldan 21. yüzyıla Rekabet ve Dostluk, ed: Pablo Martin Asuero, (Ġstanbul Kitap Yayınevi, 2006), s. 19-23. 4 Miguel Angel de Bunes Ibarra, “XVI. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Ġmparatorluğu ve Ġspanyol MonarĢisi: Akdeniz’in Öteki Ucunun Ġspanya’dan Görünümü”, AÜ OTAM Dergisi, Ankara, 1994, s. 156. 5 Arıkan, “Aragon Kraliyet ArĢivi”, s. 251-252. 6 Arıkan, “Aragon Kraliyet ArĢivi”, s. 253. 7 Faruk Bal, “Ottoman-Spanish Economic Relations in the Sixteenth Century: Rivalry in the Mediterranean”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, c. 2, sayı: 21, 2011, s. 296. H i s t o r y S t u d i e s Volume 4 Issue 3 Ekim /October 2012 195 Sömürgecilik / Imperialism İlk İlişkiler Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluĢundan itibaren, yoğun Osmanlı akınlarına karĢı koymakta zorlanan Bizans imparatorları, Avrupa ülkelerinden yardım sağlamaya çalıĢmıĢlardı. Bu çerçevede, Bizans Ġmparatoru II. Andronicos, 1301 yılında Aragon kralından yardım istedi8. Aragon kralı, 1302 yılında Sicilya’da bulunan Roger de Flor’un kumandanlığındaki kuvvetlerini, Bizans’a yardıma gönderdi9. Flor’un kuvvetleri, Osmanlı ordusunu Aydıncık’ta mağlup ederek, Nisan 1304’te AlaĢehir’i ele geçirdi. Flor, Osmanlıları 1305 yılında Lefke’de de mağlup etti10. Andronicos’un oğlu Mihail’in, Flor ve yakın arkadaĢlarını bir ziyafet sırasında öldürmesi nedeniyle, Aragonlular Bizans’a düĢman kesildi11. Bunun üzerine, Aragonlular ile Osmanlılar arasında bir yakınlaĢma meydana geldi ve bu yakınlaĢma sonucunda, Gelibolu’daki Aragonlular, 1305 yılında, Türklerin hizmetine girdiler. Türklerin elde ettikleri ganimetlerden 1/5 oranında pay alan Aragonlular, Türklerle iĢbirliklerine 1313’te bölgeden ayrılana kadar devam ettiler12. Osmanlı Devleti ile Ġspanya arasında kayıtlara geçen bir sonraki karĢılaĢma, Yıldırım Bayezid döneminde, 1396 Niğbolu SavaĢı’na denk gelmektedir. Sigsmund’un komutasında Osmanlılara karĢı oluĢturulan Haçlı ittifakına, Katalanlar da katılmıĢlardır13. Katalanların savaĢ sırasındaki faaliyetlerine dair herhangi bir bilgi olmamasına rağmen, Osmanlılara karĢı yapılan savaĢta yer aldıkları kaynaklarda kaydedilmiĢtir. Sultan II. Murad’ın III. Arnavutluk seferi sırasında ise, Arnavutluk hâkimi Ġskender Bey, Napoli ve Aragon Kralı V. Alfonso’dan yardım istedi. Alfonso, ilk önce Ġskender Bey’e yardım etmediyse de, daha sonra Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin geri çekilmesinin ardından, Ġskender Bey’i himaye etmeye baĢladı. 26 Mart 1451’de taraflar arasında bir antlaĢma imzalandı. Bu antlaĢmaya göre, Ġskender Bey, Türk taarruzuna karĢı Napoli’den yardım alacak ve buna karĢılık Alfonso’nun matbuluğunu tanıyacaktı. Temmuz 1455’te akıncı kumandanı Evrenuzzade ve 1457’de de Hamza Bey, Napoli kuvvetleri ile takviye edilmiĢ Arnavut ordusunu mağlup etti. Ġskender Bey, Alfonso’nun da 1458 yılında ölmesinin ardından, Osmanlılarla anlaĢmak zorunda kaldı14. Taraflar arasında kaynaklara geçen bir diğer karĢılaĢma, Ġstanbul’un Osmanlılar tarafından fethi sırasında yaĢandı. Bu süreçte, Bizans Ġmparatoru XI. Konstantinos Palaiologos, Katalan Kralı II. Juan’dan yardım istedi. Juan yardım talebine, Limni adasının kendisine verilmesi Ģartıyla olumlu cevap verdi. Konstantinos’un bu Ģartı kabul etmesi üzerine, Juan, verdiği sözü tutarak, Bizans’a yardımcı olmak amacıyla, büyük bir gemi ve bir miktar 8 Edwin Pears, “The Ottoman Turks to the Fall of Constantinople”, The Cambridge Medieval History, ed: J. R. Tanner vd., c. 4 (The Eastern Roman Empire 717-1453), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1923), s. 657. 9 Arıkan, “Aragon Kraliyet ArĢivi”, s. 240. 10 H. J. Chaytor, A History of Aragon and Catalonia, (London: Methuen, 1933), s. 143-146; Pears, “The Ottoman Turks”, s. 658. 11 Arıkan, “Türk-Ġspanyol Münasebetlerine Toplu Bir BakıĢ”, s. 241. 12 Georgios C. Liakopoulos, The Ottoman Conquest of Thrace Aspects of Historical Geography, Bilkent Üniversitesi, Ġktisadî ve Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, BasılmamıĢ Yüksek Lisans Tezi, (Ankara, 2002), s. 29. 13 David Nicolle-Christa Hook, Nicopolis 1396: The Last Crusade, (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1999), s. 35-36; Ġ. Hakkı UzunçarĢılı, Osmanlı Tarihi, c. 1, (Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 1995), s. 280. 14 UzunçarĢılı, Osmanlı Tarihi, c. 2, s. 64-66. H i s t o r y S t u d i e s Volume 4 Issue 3 Ekim /October 2012 Çatışmadan Ateşkese Osmanlı-İspanyol İlişkileri (1301-1581) 196 asker gönderdi. Pedro Julian’ın kumandasındaki
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