Knights templar friday 13th

Continue This article is about the medieval chivalrous . For the German Protestant sect, see Templers (religious believers). For other purposes, see the Templars (disbigation) and the Templars (disbigation). Western Christian military order; Medieval Catholic Military Order of TemplarSPoir Soldiers of Christ and the Temple of Solomon Poperucker commilitones Christy Templik Salomonichi HierosolymitanisA Seal templar. 1119 - c. 1312AlligiantityPatTat catholic military OrderRoleProstefense Christian PilgrimsSmok troopsSize15,000-20,000 members at the peak, 10% of whom were Knights of Jerusalem, Kingdom of JerusalemNikamae (s) Order of Solomon TempleA order ChristPatronSain Bernard ClairauxMotto (s) Nonmine nobis, Domine non nobis, sed Nomini tuo da gloriam (English: Not to us, Lord, not to us, but to your name to give glory)AttireWhite mantle with red crossMascot , including: Siege of Ascalon (1153) Battle of Mongisard (1177)Battle of Marj Ayun (1179)Battle of Hattin (1187)Siege of Jerusalem (1187)Siege of Gard ( 1188) Siege of Acre (1190-1191) Battle of Arsufa (1191)Siege of Al-Al-Akr Dames (1210)Battle of Legnitsa (12 Siege of Stif (1266)The Fall of Tripoli (1289)Siege of Acre (1291)The Fall of Ruad (1302)CommandersFirst Great MasterHugh de PayensDlast Grand Master Jacquez de Moley Part series on Night templars Poor member-soldier Christ temple Solomona Review of The History of Latin Print of the Great Masters Trials and Dissolution of the Papal Bulls Omne datum Optimal (1139) (1139) Police Dei (1145) Pastoralis praeeminentiae (1307) (1308) (1312) (1312) Places France England England Spain Successors Montes Cultural references In IOGT In self-appointed orders in Freemasonry In popular culture See also military order (monastic society) Category : Catholic orders chivalry Catholicism portalvte Poor fellow soldiers of Christ and the Temple of Solomon (Latin: Pauperes commilitones Christi Tamply) Templars or mere Templars, were a Catholic military order founded in 1119 , headquartered on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem through 1128, when they went to meet with the . They were recognized in 1139 by the Ofn date optimal. The order was active until 1312, when it was constantly suppressed by bull Vox in Excelso. The Templars became a favorite charity throughout the Christian world and grew rapidly in membership and power. They were prominent in Christian finances. The Templar knights, in their distinctive white robes with a red cross, were some of the most experienced combat units The non-structured members of the Order, who made up 90% of their members, managed a large economic infrastructure throughout the Christian world, developing innovative financial methods that were an early form of banking, and perhaps forming their own network of nearly 1,000 teams and fortifications across and the Holy Land, and possibly forming the world's first multinational corporation. The Templars were closely associated with the ; when the Holy Land was lost, the support for order disappeared. Rumors of a secret initiation ceremony for the Templars created mistrust, and King Philip IV of France - deeply indebted to the Order - took advantage of this distrust to destroy them and erase his duty. In 1307, many members of the Order in France were arrested, tortured for false confessions and burned at the stake. Pope Clement V disbanded the Order in 1312 under pressure from King Philip. The dramatic decline in power of a significant group in European society has spawned speculation, legends and legacies over the centuries. The considers itself the heirs of the former Templars because it was restored to Portugal after the Templars were abolished on March 22, 1312. The Order of Christ was founded in 1319 under the protection of the Portuguese King Denis, who refused to persecute and persecute former knights, as happened in most other sovereign states under the political influence of the . Denis the Portuguese revived the Templars of as the Order of Christ, mainly for their help during the and in the reconstruction of Portugal after the wars. Denis negotiated with Clement's successor, John XXII, on the recognition of the new order and his right to inherit the assets and property of the Templars. This was provided by the papal bull, Ad ea ex quibus, March 14, 1319. The main story article: The history of the Templar Uprising after the Franks in the First Crusade captured Jerusalem from Muslim conquerors in 1099, many Christians made pilgrimages to various sacred sites in the Holy Land. Although the city of Jerusalem was relatively safe under the control of Christians, the rest of Outremer was not. Bandits and marauding roadmen preyed on these Christian pilgrims who regularly killed, sometimes in the hundreds, as they tried to make the journey from the coastline to Jaffa to the inner part of the Holy Land. The flag used by the Templars in battle. In 1119, the French Gug de Payens addressed King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Patriarch Of Jerusalem Warmmund and proposed the creation of a monastic order to protect these pilgrims. King Baldwin and Patriarch Warmmund agreed to this request, probably at the Council of Nablus in January 1120, and the King provided the Templars with headquarters in the wing Royal Palace on the Temple Mount in the captured Al-Aqsa Mosque. The Temple Mount had mysticism because it was above what was considered the ruins of the Temple of Solomon. The Crusaders therefore called the Al-Aqsa Mosque the temple of Solomon, and from this place the new order adopted the name of the Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon, or the Knights templars. The Order, which was joined by some nine knights, including Godfrey de Saint-Omer and Andre de Montbard, had little financial resources and relied on donations to survive. Their emblem was two knights riding one horse, emphasizing the poverty of the order. The first headquarters of the Templars, on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The Crusaders called it the Temple of Solomon, and from this place came their name templars. The poor status of the Templars did not last long. They had an influential lawyer in Saint Bernard Clervo, one of the leading church figures, the French abbot, primarily responsible for the founding of the Cistercian Order of Monks, and the nephew of Andre de Montbard, one of the founding knights. Bernard left his weight behind and wrote convincingly on their behalf in a letter For the Glory of a New Knighthood, and in 1129, in the Council of , he led a group of leading churchmen to formally approve and approve the order on behalf of the church. With this formal blessing the Templars became a favored charity throughout the Christian, receiving money, land, businesses, and noble sons from families who were willing to help in the struggle in the Holy Land. Another important advantage came in 1139, when the papal bull of Pope Innocent II, , freed the Order from obedience to local laws. This ruling meant that the Templars were free to cross all borders, were not required to pay any taxes, and were exempt from all powers except the pope. With its clear mission and ample resources, order grew rapidly. The Templars were often advanced strike troops in key Crusade battles, as heavily armored knights on their combat horses intended to attack the enemy, ahead of the main army bodies, in an attempt to break opposition lines. One of the most famous victories was in 1177 during the Battle of Mongisard, where about 500 Templars helped several thousand infantrymen defeat 's army of more than 26,000 soldiers. The Knight of the Templars is indeed a fearless knight, and safe on all sides, for his soul is protected by the armor of faith, just as his body is protected by armor. Thus, he is doubly armed, and needs no fear of demons or people. Although the main mission of the order was militaristic, a relatively small number of members were combatants. The rest were positions to assist knights and manage financial infrastructure. The Order of the Templars, although its members were sworn in as an individual poverty, gained control of wealth beyond direct donations. A nobleman who was interested in participating in the Crusades could have given all his assets under the control of the Templars while he was gone. Accumulating wealth in this way throughout the Christian world and Outremer, order in 1150 began to generate letters of credit for pilgrims who had departed for the Holy Land: pilgrims surrendered their valuables from the local Templar commandment before the beginning, received a document indicating the value of their deposit, and then used this document upon arrival in the Holy Land to receive their funds in the amount of equal value. This innovative mechanism was an early form of banking and may have been the first official system to always support the use of cheques; this improved the safety of pilgrims, making them less attractive targets for thieves, and contributed to the Templar coffers. Based on this combination of donations and business relationships, the Templars established financial networks throughout the Christian world. They have acquired large tracts of land, both in Europe and the Middle East; they bought and operated farms and vineyards; they built massive stone cathedrals and castles; They are involved in production, import and export; they had their own fleet of ships; and at some point they even owned the entire island of Cyprus. The Order of the Templars may qualify as the world's first multinational corporation. The Battle of Hattin in 1187, a turning point that led to the Third Crusade in the mid-12th century, began to change in the Crusades. The Islamic world has become more united under effective leaders such as Saladin. Disagreements arose between christian factions in and against the Holy Land. The Knights templars occasionally at odds with two other Christian military orders, the Knights of The Hospitaller and the Teutonic Knights, and decades of internecine strife weakened Christian positions, both politically and militarily. After the Templars engaged in several unsuccessful campaigns, including the key Battle of Hattin, Jerusalem was retaken by Muslim forces under Saladin's leadership in 1187. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II returned the city to Christians in the Sixth Crusade of 1229, without the help of the Templars, but spent it just over a decade. In 1244, the Ayubid dynasty, together with the Hwarezmi, recaptured Jerusalem, and the city returned to Western control only in 1917, when during World War I the British captured it from the . The Templars were forced to move their headquarters to other cities in the north, such as port acre, which they kept for the next century. It was lost in 1291, and then theirs mainland strongholds, Tortosa (Tartus in present-day Syria) and Alit in the territory of modern Israel. Their headquarters then moved to Limassol on the island of Cyprus, and they also tried to maintain a garrison on the tiny island of Arwad, off the coast of Tortosa. In 1300, an attempt was made to participate in a coordinated military effort with the Mongols through a new invasion force in Arwad. However, in 1302 or 1303 the Templars lost the island to the Egyptian sultanat Mamluk under siege of Arwad. When the island disappeared, the Crusaders lost their last foothold in the Holy Land. As the order's military mission became less important, support for the organization began to dwindle. However, the situation was difficult, as during the two hundred years of its existence the Templars became a part of everyday life throughout the Christian world. The homes of the organization's Templars, hundreds of whom were scattered throughout Europe and the Middle East, gave them a wide local presence. The Templars still ran many businesses, and many Europeans had daily contact with a network of Templars, for example, working on a Templar farm or vineyard, or using the order as a bank to store personal valuables. The order is still not subject to local government, which makes it everywhere a state within the state - its permanent army, although it no longer has a clearly defined mission, is free to pass through all borders. This situation increased tensions with some European nobles, especially as the Templars indicated an interest in the creation of their own monastic state, as did the Teutonic Knights in Prussia and the Knights of Hospitalier in Rhodes. Arrests, charges and dissolution In 1305, the new Pope Clement V, based in Avignon, France, sent letters to both the Grand Master of the , the Yuaku de Mole, and the Grand Master of the Hospital, Fulcu de Villare, to discuss the possibility of merging the two orders. Neither of them was a substrate to this idea, but Pope Clement persisted, and in 1306 he invited both Great Masters to France to discuss the matter. De Molay arrived first in early 1307, but de Villar was detained for several months. While waiting, De Molay and Clement discussed criminal charges that had been brought two years earlier by the deposed Templar and discussed by King Philip IV of France and his ministers. In general, it was decided that the accusations were false, but Clement sent the King a written request for help in the investigation. According to some historians, King Philip, who was already deeply indebted to the Templars from his war against England, decided to seize on the rumors for his own purposes. He began to put pressure on the church to take action against the order as a way to get rid of his debts. Christ Monastery in Tomara, Portugal. Built in 1160 Fortress for The Templars, it became the headquarters of the renamed Order of Christ. It was declared a UN World Heritage Site in 1983. At dawn on Friday, October 13, 1307 (a date sometimes associated with the origin of Friday's 13th superstition), King Philip IV ordered the arrest of de Mole and dozens of other French Templars at the same time. The arrest warrant began with the phrase: Dieu n'est pas content, nous avons des ennemis de la foi dans le Royaume - God is not happy. We have enemies of faith in the kingdom. There were allegations that during the Reception ceremonies the Templars were forced to spit on the Cross, deny Christ and engage in indecent kissing; The brothers were also accused of worshipping idols, and the order is said to have encouraged homosexual practices. These allegations, however, were heavily politicized without any real evidence. However, the Templars have been charged with many other crimes such as financial corruption, fraud and secrecy. Many of the accused confessed to the charges under torture (although the Templars denied being tortured in their written confessions) and their confessions, although obtained under duress, caused a scandal in Paris. The prisoners were forced to confess that they spat on the cross: Moi, Raymond de la Fer, 21 ang, reconnais que (j'ai) crach' trois fois sur la Croix, mais de bouche et pas de c'ur -I, Raymond de la F're, 21 years old, admit that I spat three times on the cross, but only from my mouth. The Templars were accused of idolatry and suspected of worshipping either a figure known as or a mummified severed head, which they found, among other artifacts, in their original headquarters on the Temple Mount, which many scholars may have known, among other things, was the work of John the Baptist. In accordance with Philip's demands, Pope Clement on November 22, 1307 issued a papal bull Pastoralis praeeminentiae, which instructed all Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets. Pope Clement called for papal hearings to determine the guilt or innocence of the Templars, and after the Inquisitors were released from torture, many Templars retracted their confessions. Some had sufficient legal experience to defend themselves in trials, but in 1310, appointing Archbishop Sens, Philippe de Marigny, to lead the investigation, Philip blocked this attempt, using earlier forced confessions to let dozens of Templars burned at a stake in Paris. When Philip threatened to do so if the Pope did not fulfill his wishes, Pope Clement finally agreed to dissolve the order, citing a public scandal caused by confessions. At the Council of Vienna in 1312 he produced a series of papal bulls, including Vox in Excelso, which officially order, and Ad providam, which handed over most Templar assets to hospitaliers. The Templars are burned at the stake. As for the leaders of the Order, the elderly grand master, Juak de Mole, who confessed under torture, retracted his confession. Geoffroy de Charney, of The Normandy Reserve, also retracted his confession and maintained his innocence. Both were found guilty of reoffending heretics, and on March 18, 1314, they were sentenced to life in prison at a stake in Paris. De Molay reportedly remained defiant until the end, asking him to tie him up so that he could face Notre Dame Cathedral and hold his hands together in prayer. According to legend, he shouted out of the flame that both Pope Clement and King Philip will soon meet him before God. His actual words were recorded on parchment as follows: Dieu site qui a tort et a p'ch. Il va bientot arriver malheur et ceux qui nous ont condamn's and mort (God knows who is wrong and sinned. Pope Clement died only a month later, and King Philippe died in a hunting accident before the end of the year. The remaining Templars throughout Europe were either arrested and convicted as part of the papal investigation (virtually no convict), absorbed by other Catholic military orders, or retired and allowed to live their lives peacefully. By papal decree, the property of the Templars was transferred to the knights-hospitallers, with the exception of the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon and Portugal. Portugal was the first country in Europe where they settled, which happened only two or three years after the founding of the Order in Jerusalem and even a presence during the conception of Portugal. The Portuguese king Denis I refused to persecute and persecute former knights, as happened in all other sovereign states under the influence of the Catholic Church. Under his protection, the Templars simply changed their name, from the Knights Templar to the restored Order of Christ, as well as the parallel of the ; both are considered successors to the Templars. Chinon Parchment Home article: Chinon Parchment In September 2001 document, known as Chinon Parchment of August 17-20, 1308 was discovered in the Vatican's Secret Archives by Barbara Frale, apparently after it was filed in the wrong place in 1628. This is the record of the trial of the Templars and shows that Clement freed the Templars from all the ruhries in 1308, before officially dissolving the Order in 1312, as well as another Chinon Parchment of August 20, 1308, addressed to Philip IV of France, also mentioning that all the Templars who confessed to it were restored in the sacraments and unity of the Church. This other The parchment was well known to historians, and Pierre Dupuis was published by Etienne Baluse and Pierre Dupuis in 1753. The current position of the Roman Catholic Church is that the medieval persecution of the Templars was unjust, that in essence nothing was wrong with the order or its rule, and that Pope Clement was pressed into his actions by the scale of the public scandal and the dominant influence of King Philip IV, who was a relative of Clement. The main article of the organization: List of 12th century Templar chapel in Metz, France. Once part of the Templars commanded metz, the oldest institute of the Templars of the Holy Roman Empire. The Templars were organized as a monastic order, similar to the Cistercian Order of Bernard, which was considered the first effective international organization in Europe. The organizational structure had a strong chain of power. Each country with a large Templar presence (France, Poitou, Anjou, Jerusalem, England, Aragon (Spain), Portugal, Italy, Tripoli, Antioch, Hungary and Croatia) had a Master's degree from the Knights Templar in the region. All of them were subject to the life sentence of the Grand Master, who oversaw both the military efforts of the Order in the East and their financial reserves in the West. The Grand Master exercised his powers through visitors-generals of the Order, who were knights specially appointed by the Grand Master and monastery of Jerusalem, to visit various provinces, correct abuses, introduce new rules and resolve important disputes. The general-visitors had the power to remove the knights from the office and to suspend the province owner, that. Exact figures do not exist, but it is estimated that at the height of the order there were between 15,000 and 20,000 Templars, of whom about a tenth were real knights. The rank within the Order of the Three Main Ranks Was a three-time division of the Templar ranks: noble knights, noble sergeants and chaplains. The Templars did not perform in knighthoods, so any knight wishing to become a Templar was already to become a knight. They were the most prominent branch of the order and wore the famous white robes, symbolizing their purity and chastity. They were equipped with a heavy cavalry, with three or four horses and one or two armed. Squires were generally not members of the Order, but were outsiders who were hired for a certain period of time. Under the knights in the order and taken from non-noble families were sergeants. They brought vital skills and professions from blacksmiths and builders, including the administration of many European order properties. In the , they fought alongside the knights as a light cavalry with one horse. Some of the most senior positions of the Order were for sergeants, including the position of Commander of the Acre Sanctuary, who was the actual admiral of the Templar fleet. The sergeants were dressed in black or brown. Since 1139, chaplains have made up the third class of the Templars. They were ordained priests who cared for the spiritual needs of the Templars. All three classes of the brother wore the red cross of the Order. The main article of the Grand Masters: Grand Masters of the Knights templar templar building at Saint Martin des Champs, France Starting with the founder of in 1118-1119, the highest office of the Order was the position of Grand Master, a position that was held for life, although, given the combat nature of the order, it could mean a very short tenure. All but two Great Masters died in the office, and several died during military campaigns. For example, during the siege of Ascalon in 1153, Grand Master Bernard de Tremelyi led a group of 40 Templars through a break in the city walls. When the rest of the Crusader army did not follow them, the Templars, including their Grand Master, were surrounded and beheaded. Grand Master Gerard de Rydforth was beheaded by Saladin in 1189 during the siege of Acre. The Grand Master supervised all operations of the Order, including military operations in the Holy Land and Eastern Europe, as well as the financial and business relations of the Templars in Western Europe. Some Great Masters also served as field commanders, although this was not always wise: several blunders in de Rydforth's combat leadership contributed to the crushing defeat at the Battle of Hattin. The last Grand Master was The Juak de Mole, Burned at a bonfire in Paris in 1314 on the orders of King Philip IV. Behavior, costumes and beard Representation of the Knights Templar (Museum of the Abbey of Ten Duinen, 2010 photography) Image of two Templars sitting on a horse (emphasizing poverty), with Beaus'ant, the sacred banner (or gonafanon) of the Templars, argent chief sable (Matthew Paris, c. 1250). Bernard de Clervo and founder of Hugues de Payens have developed a special code of conduct for the Knights Templar, known to modern historians as . His 72 provisions outlined details of the chivalrous way of life, including the types of clothes they were supposed to wear and how many horses they could have. Knights had to eat in silence, eat meat no more than three times a week, and not have physical contact of any kind with women, even members of their own family. The Master of the Order was assigned four horses, and one chaplain-brother and one clerk with three horses, and one sergeant brother with two horses, and one gentleman valet to carry his shield and spear, with one horse. As the order grew, additional guidelines were added, and the original list of 72 items was expanded to several hundred in its final form. The Knights wore a white survey with a red cross and a white Red cross; the sergeants were wearing a black tunic with a red cross on the front and a black or brown robe. The white robe was appointed to the Templars in the Council of Troyes in 1129, and the cross was most likely added to their robes at the start of the Second Crusade in 1147, when Pope Eugene III, King Louis VII of France and many other notables attended a meeting of the French Templars at their headquarters near Paris. According to the Rule, knights had to wear a white robe at all times: they were even forbidden to eat or drink if they did not wear it. The Red Cross, which the Templars wore on their robes, was a symbol of martyrdom, and death in battle was considered a great honor, which guaranteed a place in heaven. There was a cardinal rule that the soldiers of the Order should never surrender if the Flag of the Templars did not fall, and even then they were the first to try to regroup with another Christian order, such as the Flag of the Hospitalers. Only after all the flags fell, they were allowed to leave the battlefield. This uncompromising principle, along with their reputation for courage, excellent training and heavy weapons, made the Templars one of the most feared fighting forces of the Middle Ages. Although this was not prescribed by the Templar rule, it later became commonplace for members of the Order to wear long and prominent beards. Around 1240, Alberic Trois-Fontaine described the Templars as the order of the bearded brothers; While during interrogations of the papal commissioners in Paris in 1310-1311, of the nearly 230 knights and brothers interrogated, 76 were described as wearing beards, in some cases described as Templar-style, 133 reportedly shaved off their beards either in renunciation of the order or because they hoped to avoid detection. The dedication, known as the Reception (receptio) in order, was a profound obligation and included a solemn ceremony. Outsiders are not encouraged to attend the ceremony, which raised suspicions of medieval inquisitors during later trials. New members of the Church had to willingly sign all their wealth and benefits into order and take vows of poverty, chastity, piety, and obedience. Most of the brothers joined the team for life, although some were allowed to join for a period of time. Sometimes a married man was allowed to join if he had his wife's permission, but was not allowed to wear a white robe. Legacy See also: List of places associated with the Templar Church, London. Like the Chapel of the New Temple in London, it was the place for the initiation ceremonies of the Templars. Nowadays it is the parish church of the Middle and Inner Temples, two hotels of courtiers and a popular tourist attraction. With their military mission and extensive financial resources, the Templars a number of construction projects throughout Europe and the Holy Land. Many of these structures are still standing. Many sites also retain the name Temple because of centuries of association with the Templars. For example, some Templar lands in London were later leased to lawyers, leading to the names of temple Bar gates and Temple Tube stations. Two of the Court's four hotels that can encourage members to act as barristers are the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple, the entire area known as the Temple, London. The Templars' distinctive architectural elements include the use of the image of two knights on one horse representing the poverty of knights, and circular buildings designed as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Modern organizations of the Knights Templar were dismantled in the Rolls of the Catholic Church in 1309; With the suppression of the Order, a number of Templars joined the newly created Order of Christ, which actually reabsorbed the Templars and its properties in 1319 AD, especially in Portugal. The history of persecution and the sudden dissolution of the secretive but powerful medieval Templars has attracted many other groups to use their supposed ties as a way to enhance their own image and mystery. Apart from the Order of Christ, there is no clear historical link between the Templars and any other modern organization, the earliest of which appeared publicly in the 18th century. The main article of the Templars Cattolici d'Italia: The Templars Cattolici d'Italia: The Templars Cattolici d'Italia Order of Christ Additional information: The Order of Christ (Portugal) and the History of the Order of Christ After the Dissolution of the Templars, the Order of Christ was erected in 1319 and joined the ranks of many Templars, along with the Templars in Portugal. Its headquarters became a castle in Tomar, a former Templar castle. Temperance Movement Main Articles: IOGT and Tempel Riddare Order Many organization of moderation named themselves after poor fellow soldiers of Christ and the Temple of Solomon, citing the belief that the original Templars drank sour milk, and because they fought a great crusade against this terrible vice of alcohol. The largest of these, the International Order of the Good Templars (IOGT), grew around the world after it was launched in the 19th century and continues to advocate for abstinence from alcohol and other drugs; other orders in this tradition include the Knights Templar of Honor and Moderation (Tempel Riddare Orden), which has a large presence in Scandinavia. The self-styled orders of the Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem is a self-styled order established in 1804 and accredited as a non-governmental (NGO) of the Un in 2001. It is ecumenical in that it recognizes Christians of many faiths in its ranks. Its founder, Bernard-Raymond Fabre-Palaprat, created the Larmenius Charter to try to link it to the original Catholic Christian military order. Freemasonry Home article: Knights of the Templars (Masonry) Freemasonry has included the symbols and rituals of several medieval military orders in a number of Masonic bodies since the 18th century at least. This can be seen in the Red Cross of Constantine inspired by the Military Order of Constantine; Order of Malta, inspired by the Knights of Hospitaller; and the Order of the Temple, inspired by the Templars. The Orders of Malta and the Temple feature prominently in the Rite of York. One theory about the origins of Freemasonry claims direct origins from the historic Templars through its final fourteenth century members who supposedly took refuge in Scotland and assisted Robert the Bruce in his victory in Bannockburn. This theory is usually rejected by both TheMas masonic authorities and historians for lack of evidence. Modern Popular Culture Home article: Knights of the Templars in popular culture Knights templars have become associated with legends concerning mysteries and mysteries passed on to the chosen from ancient times. Rumors circulated even during the Templars themselves. Masonic writers have added their own speculation to the 18th century, and further fictional decorations have been added to popular novels such as Ivanhoe, Foucault's Pendulum, and the Da Vinci Code, modern films such as National , The Last Templar, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, the television series Knightfall, as well as video games such as Broken Sword, Deus Ex, Assassin's. Beginning in the 1960s, there were speculative popular publications related to the early occupation of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and speculations about which relics the Templars might find, such as the search for the Holy Grail or the Ark of the Covenant, or the historical accusation of idol worship (Bafomet) turning into the context of witchcraft. The connection of the Holy Grail with the Templars has precedents even in 12th century fiction; Parzival Wolframa von Eschenbach calls the knights guarding the temple of the Grail Kingdom, apparently a deliberate fictional Templar. Cm. also The List of Templar Sites temple society Links Citations - Archer, Thomas Andrew; Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1894). Crusades: The History of the Latin . T. Fischer Unwin. page 176.; Burgtorf, Iochen (2008). Central Monastery of Hospitallers and Templars: History, Organization and Personnel (1099/1120-1310). Leiden: Brill. 545-46. b c Boorman 1990, page 45. a b c d Barber 1992, pp. 314-26 By Molay's time The Grand Master presided over at least 970 houses, including commanders and castles in the east and west, burdened by membership, which was hardly less than 7,000, except for staff and dependents, who were to be seven or eight times larger. Hairdresser 1994. Hairdresser, Malcolm (1995). New chivalry : history of the Order of the Temple (Canto ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 21st-xxii. ISBN 978-0-521-55872-3. a b c d e The History Channel, Decoding the Past: The Templar Code, November 7, 2005, video documentary written by Marcy Marzouny. Selwood, Dominic (2002). Knights of the Monastery. Templars and hospitallers in Central and Southern Okkitania 1100-1300. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0851158280. Martin 2005, page 47. Nicholson 2001, page 4. a b c d The History Channel, Lost Worlds: Knights Templar, July 10, 2006, video documentary written and directed by Stuart Elliott. b Ralls, Karen (2007). Encyclopedia of the Templars. Career Press. page 28. ISBN 978-1-56414-926-8. Dwayne Miller (2017). Knights of the Templars in War and Religion, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 462-64. Received on May 28, 2017. Hairdresser 1993. b Robert Ferguson (August 26, 2011). Knights templars and Scotland. History Press Limited. page 39. ISBN 978-0-7524-6977-5. a b Iochen Burgtorf; Paul F. Crawford; Helen J. Nicholson (June 28, 2013). Debate about the Templar trial (1307-1314). Ashgate Publishing, LLC 298. ISBN 978-1-4094-8102-7. a b Matthew Anthony Fitzsimons; Gene Bekarud (1969). Catholic Church today: Western Europe. University of Notre Dame Press. page 159. a b Helen J. Nicholson (January 1, 2004). Crusades. Greenwood Publishing Group. page 98. ISBN 978-0-313-32685-1. F. A. Dutra, Dinis, King of Portugal, in medieval Iberia: Encyclopedia (Routledge, 2003), p. 285. Boorman 1990, page 13, 19. Selwood, Dominic (April 20, 2013). The birth of the Order. Received on April 20, 2013. Hairdresser 1994, page 7. Read 2001, page 91. Selwood, Dominic (May 28, 2013). Knights Templar 4: St Bernard Clervo. Archive from the original june 30, 2017. Received on May 29, 2013. Selwood, Dominic (1996). 'wydam autem dubitaverunt: Holy, sinner and possible chronology', in Autour de la Premiere Croisade. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. 221-30. ISBN 978-2859443085. Boorman 1990, page 40. Steven A. Defoe. For the glory of a new knighthood. TemplarHistory.com archive from the original dated March 26, 2017. Received on March 20, 2007. a b Martin 2005. Michael Benson (2005). Inside secret societies. Kensington Publishing Corporation page 90. Martin 2005, page 99. Martin 2005, page 113. Demerger, page 139 For four years, were fully committed, with other Christian forces of Cyprus and Armenia, to the enterprise of reconnaissance of the Holy Land, in connection with the onset of Ghazan, the Mongolian Khan of Persia. Nicholson 2001, page 201 Templars maintained a base on the island of Arvad (also known as Ruad Island, formerly Arados) near Tortosa (Tartus) until October 1302 or 1303, when the island was recaptured by the Mamluks. Nicholson 2001, page 5. Nicholson 2001, page 237. Hairdresser 2006. Christ's Monastery in Tomara. A World Heritage Site. Archive from the original on December 31, 2006. Received on March 20, 2007. Friday the 13th. snopes.com. received on March 26, 2007. David Emery. Why Friday the 13th was unlucky. urbanlegends.about.com. received on 26 March 2007. a b Les derniers jours des Templiers. Science and Avenir: 52-61. July 2010. Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1995). Oxford is an illustrated history of the Crusades. Oxford: Oxford Press. page 213. Dodd, Gwilym; Monsoon, Anthony (2006). The reign of Edward II: new perspectives. Boydell and Brewer. page 51. ISBN 978-1-903153-19-2. Hairdresser 1993, page 178. E'eller, Jonathan (2010). Taking the Templar habit: a rule, a ritual of initiation and charge against the Order (PDF). Texas Tech University. 62-66. Archive from the original (PDF) dated July 20, 2011. Martin 2005, page 118. Martin 2005, page 122. Sobki 2006, page 963. b Barber 1993, page 3. Martin 2005, page 123-24. Martin 2005, page 125. Martin 2005, page 140. Malcolm Barber researched this legend and came to the conclusion that it originated from La Chronique m'trique attribue and Geffroi de Paris, ed. A. Div'res, Strasbourg, 1956, page 5711-42. Jeffrey from Paris was apparently a witness who describes de Mole as showing no signs of fear and, importantly, as telling those present that God would avenge their death. Barber 2006, page 357, footnote 110 - In the New Knightry Barber referred to a version of this legend, about how the unspecified Templars appeared before and condemned Clement V and, when he was about to be executed some time later, warned that both the Pope and the King would be within a year and a day will be obliged to explain their crimes in the presence of God, found in the work of Ferretto Vicenza, Historia rerum in Italy gestarum ab anno 1250 ad annum usque 1318 (Barber 1994, p. 314-15) a b Moeller 1912. Temperios no condado portucalense ante do reconhecimento formal da Ordem: o caso de braga no in'co do s'c. XII - Revista da Faculdade de Letras /Templars in County Portukale before official recognition of order: The case of Braga in the early 12th century, CI'NCIAS E T'CNICAS DO PATRIM'NIO, Porto 2013, Volume XII, page 231-243. Author: Paula Pinto Costa, FLUP/CEPESE (University of Porto) - b Herbermann, Charles, Order of the Knights of Christ. Catholic encyclopedia. New functions Robert Appleton's company. Jose Vicente de Braganja, Military Order of Christ and Pontifical Croce di Cristo, Martin 2005, page 140-42. Note clarification from the Secretariat of State. news.va the Pontifical Council for Social Communications. October 16, 2012. Received on November 27, 2012. Vatican City, (VIS) - Noonan Jr., James-Charles (1996). The church is visible: the ceremonial life and protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. Viking. page 196. ISBN 978-0-670-86745-5. The long-lost text lifts the cloud from the Templars. msn.com october 12, 2007. Received on October 12, 2007. Charles d'Aigrefa, Histoire de la Ville de Montpellier, Volume 2, p. 193 (Montpellier: J. Martel, 1737-1739). Sofia Menash, Clement V, page 218, 2002 paperback edition ISBN 0-521-59219-4 (Cambridge University Press, originally published in 1998). - Jermaine-Francois Pullen de Saint-Foy, Oeuvres complettes de M. de Saint-Foua, Historiographer de Ordre du Roy, p. 287, Volume 3 (Maestricht: Jean-Edme Dupour and Philippe Roux, Imprimeurs-Libraires, associ's, 1778). Etienne Baluse, Vitae Paparum Avenionensis, 3 volumes (Paris, 1693). Pierre Dupuis, Histoire de l'Ordre Militaire des Templiers (Foppens, Brusselles, 1751). Knights templar secrets revealed. Cnn. October 12, 2007. Archive from the original on October 13, 2007. Received on October 12, 2007. Frail, Barbara (2004). Chinon charts - Papal absolution to the last Templar, Master Juak de Molay. In the journal of medieval history. 30 (2): 109–34. doi:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2004.03.004. S2CID 153985534. Boorman 1990, page 28. Hairdresser 1993, page 10. International, American. Knights templars and . www.medievalwarfare.info. received on December 11, 2017. Selwood, Dominic (March 20, 2013). Knights Templar 1: Knights. Received on April 12, 2013. Templar rule. 17. Hairdresser 1994, page 190. Martin 2005, page 54. Selwood, Dominic (April 7, 2013). Knights Templar 2: sergeants, women, chaplains, partners. Archive from the original june 30, 2017. Received on April 12, 2013. Read 2001, page 137. Hourihane, Colum (2012). Flags and standards. Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. OUP USA. page 514. ISBN 9780195395365. The Knights templars carried white shields with red crosses, but the sacred banner, Bosan, was white with black leader Boorman in 1990, p. 43. Boorman 1990, page 30-33. Martin 2005, page 32. Hairdresser 1994, page 191. b Boorman 1990, page 44. The hairdresser of 1994, page 66 According to Wilhelm Tyre, it was under Eugene III that the Templars were given the right to wear a characteristic red cross on their tunics, symbolizing their willingness to suffer martyrdom in defense of the Holy Land. (WT, 12.7, p. 554. James Vitri, History of Hierosolimatan, Ed. J. ars, Gesta Dei per Francos, vol I (ii), 1611, page 1083, interprets this as a sign of martyrdom.) Martin 2005, p. 43 Pope granted the Templars the right to wear a red cross on white robes, symbolizing their willingness to suffer martyrdom in protecting the Holy Land from infidels. Read 2001, page 121 Pope Eugene gave them the right to wear a scarlet cross over their hearts, so that the sign would serve triumphantly as a shield, and they would never turn away in the face of the infidels: the red blood of the martyr was superimposed on the white chastity. (Melville, La Ville de Tempiers, p. 92.) Boorman 1990, page 46. Nicholson 2001, page 141. Hairdresser 1994, page 193. Lynn Picknett; Prince Clive (1997). Revelation of the Templars. New York, New York: Simon Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84891-0. Harris, Oliver D. (2013). Beards: true and false. Church monuments. 28: 124–32 (124–25). Nicholson 2001, page 48, 124-27. Martin 2005, page 52. Newman, Sharan (2007). The real story behind the Templars. Berkeley Publishing. 304-12. Hairdresser 1993, page 4. Martin 2005, page 58. Ruggieri, Amanda. The hidden world of the Templars. Received on December 11, 2017. Hairdresser 1994, page 194-95. a b c d Ralls, Karen (2007). Encyclopedia of the Templars: A basic guide to people, places, events and symbols of the Order of the Temple. Weiser Konari's red wheel. page 53. ISBN 9781564149268. Founded in Portugal and approved by the papal bull in 1319, after the suppression of their Order in 1312, a number of Templars joined the newly created Order of Christ. The Knights of this Order became known as the Knights of Christ. Wearing a white robe with a red cross that had a white turn in the middle, which was also translated as a double cross of red and in some medieval documents. Originally, the Order of Christ was located in Castro Marim; later its headquarters were moved to Tomar, where the Templar castle is located. b c Gourdin, Theodore S. (1855). A historical sketch of the Knights Templar. Walker and Evans. page 22. After the suppression of the Knights Templar order in Portugal, their estates were handed over to this equestrian militia. The name of the Order was changed to the Order of Christ. The Templars in Portugal suffered relatively little persecution, and the Order of Christ, since its founding in 1317, has always been protected by the sovereigns of that country as well as the of Rome. Finlo Rohrer (October 19, 2007). What are the Templars so far?. BBC News Magazine. Received on April 13, 2008. Mythology of secret societies (London: Secker and Warburg, 1972). ISBN 0-436-42030-9 - Peter Partner, Killed Magicians: Templars and Their Myth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982). ISBN 0-19-215847-3 - John Walliss, Apocalyptic Trajectories: Millennialism and In the modern world, page 130 (Bern: Peter Lang AG, European Academic Publishers, 2004). ISBN 3-03910-290-7 - Michael Haag, Templars: History and Myth: From the Temple of Solomon to the Freemasons (Profile Books Ltd, 2009). ISBN 978-1-84668-153-0 a b Nicholson, Helen (2014). A brief history of the Templars. Little, Brown. page 151. ISBN 9781472117878. Robert T. Ammerman; Ett, Peggy J.; Tarter, Ralph E. (1999). Prevention and social impact of drug and alcohol abuse. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781135672157. Malet, David (2013). Foreign fighters: transnational identity in civil conflicts. Oxford University Press. page 224. ISBN 9780199939459. b Napier, Gordon (2011). From A to I Templars: A guide to their history and heritage. History Press. page 424. ISBN 9780752473628. Knights Templar frequently asked questions, access to 10 January 2007. Freemasonry Today periodic (release January 2002). Grand Lodge Publications LLC Archive of the original March 3, 2011. Received on May 28, 2011. Dwayne Miller (2017). Knights of the Templars in War and Religion, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. page 464. Received on May 28, 2017. Magee Seif El Nasr; Maha al-Saati; Simon Niedenthal; David Milam. Killer's Creed: Multicultural Reading. 6-7. Archive from the original (PDF) dated November 6, 2009. Received on October 1, 2009. we interviewed Jade Raymond... Jade says ... The Templar treasure was ripe for study. What the Templars found - Louis Charpentier, Le Mir de la Catedrale de Chartres (Paris: Robert Laffonte, 1966), translated by The Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral (London: Research Into Lost Knowledge Organization, 1972). Sanello, Frank (2003). Knights of the Templars: God's warriors, devil's bankers. Taylor Trade Publishing. 207-08. ISBN 978-0-87833-302-8. Martin 2005, page 133. Helmut Brackert, Stefan Fuchs, Titurel, Walter de Gruiter, 2002, page 189 Archive July 1, 2017 at Wayback Machine. There is no evidence of any actual connection between the historic Templars and the Grail, nor any allegations by any Templars who discovered such a relic. See Karen Ralls, Encyclopedia of the Templars: A Basic Guide to People, Places, Events and Symbols of the Order of the Temple, page 156 (Career Press, Inc. 2007). ISBN 978-1-56414-926-8 Avalon Island Springs, . Rule of the Templars Powerful champion of the Knights Templar. Mystical Kingdoms, 2010. Web hairdresser, Malcolm (1994). New chivalry: History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42041-9. Hairdresser, Malcolm (1993). Templar test (1st place). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45727-9. Barber, Malcolm (2006). Trial of the Templars (2nd St. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-67236-8. Barber, Malcolm (1992). Crusader States: The Role of the Templars. In Benjamin S. Kedar (314-26. Barrett, Jim (1996). Science and Shroud: Microbiology Meets Archaeology in a New Search for Answers. ISBN 978-0-89281-221-9. Mario Dal Bello (2013). Gli Ultimi Jordi dei Templari, Site Nuova, ISBN 978-8831164511 Frale, Barbara (2004). Chinon charts - Papal absolution to the last Templar, Master Juak de Molay. In the journal of medieval history. 30 (2): 109. doi:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2004.03.004. S2CID 153985534. Hietala, Heikki (1996). Knights of the Templars: Serving God with a sword. Renaissance magazine. Archive from the original on October 2, 2008. Received on December 26, 2008. Marcy Marzouni (2005). Transcript for Past: Templar Code (video documentary). A channel of history. Stuart Elliott (2006). Lost Worlds: Templars (video documentary). A channel of history. Martin, Sean (2005). Knights of the Templars: The History and Myths of the Legendary Military Order. New York: Thunder Roth Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-645-8. Charles Mueller (1912). Knights templars. In Herbermann, Charles( 14. New York: The company of Robert Appleton. Newman, Sharan (2007). The real story of the Templars. New York: Berkley Trade. ISBN 978-0-425-21533-3. Helen Nicholson (2001). Knights Templar: A New Story. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2517-4. Lynn Picknett; Prince Clive (1998). Revelation of the Templars. New York: Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-684-84891-4. Read, Pierce (2001). Templars. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81071-8. Selwood, Dominic (2002). Knights of the Monastery. Templars and hospitallers in Central and Southern Okkitania 1100-1300. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0851158280. Selwood, Dominic (1996). Kvidam Outham Dubitaverunt: Holy, Sinner. and a possible chronology in Autour de la Premi're Croisade. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. ISBN 978-2859443085. Selwood, Dominic (2013). Knights Templar 1: Knights selwood, Dominic (2013). Knights Templar 2: Sergeants, Women, Chaplains, Partners Selwood, Dominic (2013). Knights Templar 3: Birth of the Order of Selwood, Dominic (2013). Knights Templar 4: Saint Bernard Clervo Sobki, Sebastian (2006). Marigny, Philippe de. Biography-bibliographers Kirchenlexicon (26th place). Bautz: Nordhausen. 963-64. Julian Tyrie, Philip Fair, Trial of the Veroly Templars and the Pontifical Monarchy, in the Journal of Medieval Religious Culture, 39/2 (2013), page 117-48 Further reading by Malcolm Barber, Keith Bate. Templars: Selected Sources Translated and Annotated by Malcolm Barber Keith Bate (Manchester University Press, 2002) ISBN 0-7190-5110-X Addison, Charles. History of the Templars (1842) d'Albon, Andre. Cartoucher general de l'ordre du Temple: 1119?-1150 (1913-1922) (in Gallic) Brighton, Simon (June 15, 2006). In Search of Templars: A Guide to Sites in the UK. London, England: Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-297-84433-4. Alan Butler; Steven Defoe (1998). Warriors and Bankers: The History of the Templars from 1307 to the present. Belleville: Templars Books. ISBN 978-0-9683567-2-2. Chisholm, Hugh, Ed. The Templars. Encyclopedia Britannica. 26 (11th - Press of Cambridge University. Dunboyne: Maverick House Publishers. ISBN 978-1-905379-60-6. Frank Gordon (2012). Templar Code: French name: Le Code Templier. Paris, France: Ivelinedition. ISBN 978-2-84668-253-4. Haag, Michael (2012). The tragedy of the Templars. London: Profile Books LLC ISBN 978-1-84668-450-0. Haag, Michael (2008). Templars: History and Myth. London: Profile Books LLC ISBN 978-1-84668-148-6. Christopher Hodapp; Alice von Cannon (2007). Templar code for mannequins. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wylie. ISBN 978-0-470-12765-0. Levey, Patrick. Geopolitics of Catholicism (Edicia Ellipse, 2007) ISBN 2-7298-3523-7 Partner, Peter (1990). Knights of the Templars and their myth. Rochester: The Fate of the Book. ISBN 978-0-89281-273-8. Ralls, Karen (2003). Templars and the Grail. Wheaton: The Book quest. ISBN 978-0-8356-0807-7. Smart, George (2005). Templar chronology. Bloomington: Authorhouse. ISBN 978-1-4184-9889-4. Upton Ward, Judith Mary (1992). Templar rule: French text rules of the Knights Templar. Ipswich: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-315-5. External Commons references have media related to the Templars. Knights of the Templars - Ancient history of the Encyclopedia of the Knights Templar in Kerley extracted from the knights templar friday 13th 1307. friday the 13th knights templar killed. friday 13th october knights templar. significance of friday the 13th knights templar. templar knights assassinated friday the 13th. friday the 13th superstition and the knights templar. friday the 13th knights templar meme

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