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1 Templars in the Chartrain (1120-1312)
1 TEMPLARS IN THE CHARTRAIN (1120-1312) 1. INTRODUCTION So many stories and legends presented as historical truth1 have been told, and still are told, about the Templars and Chartres that it is important to try to assess within our period of interest—the twelfth and thirteenth centuries broadly defined—who they truly were and what influence, if any, they may have had in the region and, in particular, on the design and building of the cathedral as is often stated.2 The spiritual force that gave rise to the Templars has to be sought in the great evangelical awakening of the 11th century, which lasted throughout the 12th century, and that we see at work in the creation of the eremitical movement. In the words of Chenu:3 Looking over the movement as a whole and despite crossbreeding in it, one can discern two basic patterns of foundation on the level of action in the church. One was a special adaptation of the Christianized feudal institutes of knighthood: the Knights Templar and the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre served, both within Christendom and on its frontiers, as a militia of Christ, with the approval and active support of St. Bernard. 1 We have to guard here against the myths surrounding the Knights Templar, what Tyerman (2004, 3) calls “their popular elevation into a sinister, cultic, secret society, guardians of ancient mysteries, precursors of the Freemasons.” This, he says “reflects a false history… championed by…conspiracy theorists allied to cool money sharks bent on commercial exploitation of public credulity.” That is indeed wise and needed advice given the proliferation of books purporting to reveal the secrets and “codes” of enigmatic, shadowy organizations, not to mention films and entertainment exalting “chivalric feats.” However, the baby shouldn’t be thrown out with the bath water either. -
ORDER of CHRIST and the AGE of DISCOVERY Barbara Juršič OSMTH Slovenia [email protected] VK202101VIIICC04
VITEŠKA KULTURA, god. VIII (2021) CHIVALROUS CULTURE ISSN 2335-0067 ORDER OF CHRIST AND THE AGE OF DISCOVERY Barbara Juršič OSMTH Slovenia [email protected] VK202101VIIICC04 Abstract — Following the abolition of the Order of Templars, Order of Christ, along with the land between the towns of Portuguese king D. Dinis's envoys helped persuade Pope John Santarém and Tomar, including the fortified castle of Almourol, XXII to re-establish the Order in Portugal in 1319 with the Papal which to this day reigns in the middle of Portugal, symbolically bull under the new name Order of Christ, which continued in the middle between the country's north and southern part. nurturing Templar ideals and values. The Order played a vital After the Muslims conquered the holy city in 1291, Templars role in solidification of Portugal statehood and exile of »Islam« from the Pyrenees, and with the danger over, dedicated its efforts, settled down in Europe and found themselves with strong and particularly with the support of Prince Henry the Navigator, to mighty opponents such as king of France Philip IV and Pope discoveries of new, previously unexplored worlds. Not only Clement V who orchestrated the prosecution and abolishment discoveries of new territories, but also new developments in of the Templars. Besides being deeply indebted with the science culture and knowledge of the human linked to them, which Templars, King Philip IV also wanted to come into possession marked the tipping point from the medieval understanding into a of their mythic treasure that went on to disappear mysteriously. modern, renaissance perception of a man and humanity in Another legend that added to the mystification and hatred of general. -
History of the Order from King Charles the Martyr
History of the Order from King Charles the Martyr The early years, 1095- In 1095 when Pope Urban II issued the call for the First Crusade, the Western Christian World saw this as a defensive action. Since the early 8th century Europe had been under ceaseless attack from Islamic forces, beginning with the Iberian Peninsula. Not only was most of Christian Spain conquered, but Islamic armies penetrated into the heart of France, only to be halted by Charles Martel in 732. Still, Islamic forces continued to threaten Europe, occupying Sicily, most of Southern Italy, and even besieging Rome in 846 and sacking St. Peter’s Basilica. Yet the First Crusade was not directed at Islam itself, but against the Seljuk Turks, who in their conquest of Palestine replaced the previous Arab tolerance of Christian pilgrims with intolerance and violence. By the end of July, 1099 the First Crusade had achieved its objective of restoring the Holy Places to Christian control. It was one thing to conquer; now the challenge was to rule. Immediately two problems confronted the newly created Kingdom of Jerusalem, being one of the worse examples of feudal fragmentation. The vassals of the King of Jerusalem were carving out their own feudal estates and becoming more powerful than their suzerain. They were even engaging in conflict among themselves, often hindering efforts to counter any renewed threat from Islam. The second problem was the lack of a reliable fighting force to defend the conquest. Once the Crusade was finished, most of the surviving crusaders, having fulfilled their vows, returned home. -
La Fabbrica Dei Falsi Ovvero La Fantastoria Templare Della Sindone Di Torino
www.giornaledistoria.net – Luigi Canetti, La fabbrica dei falsi ovvero la fantastoria templare della sindone di Torino LA FABBRICA DEI FALSI OVVERO LA FANTASTORIA ∗∗∗ TEMPLARE DELLA SINDONE DI TORINO di Luigi Canetti Che tra «un’affermazione falsa, un’affermazione vera e un’affermazione inventata» non sussista, «dal punto di vista formale, alcuna differenza» – lo ricordava Carlo Ginzburg in una frase lapidaria opportunamente citata da Andrea Nicolotti come epigrafe al terzo capitolo del libro che qui si discute 1 – è un’evidenza logica ed epistemica sempre soggetta al rischio letale di fraintendimento per dolo, per inavvertenza ovvero per insipienza. Come scrisse Alessandro Manzoni, citato ancora da Nicolotti sempre in esergo al primo capitolo del suo lavoro, «anche del verosimile la storia si può qualche volta servire» purché lo faccia «nella buona maniera» ossia «distinguendolo dal reale»2. In effetti, la «forma più insidiosa di inganno» di cui lo storico possa rendersi artefice o complice non è tanto il «contrario della verità, brutale, a tutto tondo» bensì «il rimaneggiamento sornione: interpolazione di carte autentiche, abbellimenti con dettagli inventati, nella narrazione, su uno sfondo tutto sommato veritiero»3. Queste ultime osservazioni di Marc Bloch si attagliano perfettamente ai percorsi sinuosi e cangianti della cosiddetta sindonologia, che Andrea Nicolotti si propone qui di vagliare delimitandone il campo, da un lato, alla declinazione autenticista, che è poi quella di gran lunga prevalente, per non dire esclusiva, specie nei periodi di addensamento dei fumi occasionati dalle solenni ostensioni della reliquia torinese, ultima quella del maggio 2010; dall’altro – ed è l’aspetto qualificante la scelta di campo epistemologico e disciplinare dell’opera – alle sole fonti e agli studi di carattere storico e storiografico. -
6. Revitalização Do Castelo De Almourol
Revitalização do Castelo de Almourol ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. REVITALIZAÇÃO DO CASTELO DE ALMOUROL Os castelos são parte da cultura e história do local onde se encontram inseridos, constituindo um grande simbolismo para o povo. O nosso país é detentor de um vasto e riquíssimo património arquitetónico que enobrece os nossos antepassados e constitui um legado que é imperioso preservar. O Castelo de Almourol é um monumento emblemático do Médio Tejo, uma das sete maravilhas de Portugal, que marca o imaginário da Reconquista, classificado como Monumento Nacional. Símbolo da Engenharia Militar Portuguesa, é designado Prédio Militar nº8, estando sob a responsabilidade do Ministério da Defesa Nacional e à guarda Exército. A imagem exterior, imponente, do castelo de Almourol contrasta, infelizmente, com o interior das suas muralhas. Trata-se de um local que, excetuando a grandiosa vista do alto da sua torre de menagem, ilustrada na figura 119, é totalmente privado de qualquer atração que possa impulsionar um visitante a fazer a travessia do rio Tejo para passar uns momentos agradáveis na ilha de Almourol e no interior do seu castelo. Figura 119. Vista do alto da torre de menagem do castelo de Almourol. É triste o vazio do interior do castelo de Almourol (figura 120), com os espaços que outrora foram muito movimentados e atualmente permanecem sem qualquer tipo de atividade que poderia revitalizar e dar vida a um dos mais belos monumentos do nosso país. 136 Revitalização do Castelo de Almourol ______________________________________________________________________________ Neste capítulo apresenta-se alguns exemplos de atividades culturais, etnográficas e desportivas, realizadas nos castelos de Portugal propondo a sua eventual realização de algumas no castelo de Almourol incluindo-o, assim, nos roteiros turísticos. -
On Loving God: De Diligendo Deo Free Ebook
FREEON LOVING GOD: DE DILIGENDO DEO EBOOK Bernard De Clairvaux | 95 pages | 31 Dec 2009 | Eremitical Press | 9781926777122 | English | United States On Loving God On Loving God: De Diligendo Deo Paperback – 31 Dec. by Bernard of Clairvaux (Author) out of 5 stars 10 ratings. See all formats and editions. Hide other formats and editions. His first book, On the Steps of Humility and Pride (De Gradibus Humilitatis et Superbiae), ingeniously expands on the teaching of St. Benedict's Rule about humility and communal living. In his treatise On Loving God (De Diligendo Deo) he describes man’s spiritual ascent to the love of God through the love of self and of neighbor. De diligendo Dei [On loving God] (in Latin). Outlines seven stages of ascent leading to union with God. Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae [In Praise of the new knighthood] (in Latin). Addressed to Hugues de Payens, first Grand Master and Prior of Jerusalem. This is a eulogy of the Knights Templar order, which had been instituted in , and an exhortation to the knights to conduct themselves with courage in their several stations. St. Bernard of Clairvaux However, Bernard goes into much more conceptual, soteriological detail in his later work, On Loving God (De diligendo Deo) (c. ). Herein, St. Bernard describes the degrees of love through which a soul should progress in rather abstract terms without much recourse to figurative language or imagery. His first book, On the Steps of Humility and Pride (De Gradibus Humilitatis et Superbiae), ingeniously expands on the teaching of St. Benedict's Rule about humility and communal living. -
2. Caracterização Arquitetónica
Revitalização do Castelo de Almourol ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. CARACTERIZAÇÃO ARQUITETÓNICA 2.1. O Castelo de Almourol – construção, restauros e funções. Quando os templários estavam a concluir a construção do castelo de Tomar, decorria o ano de 1169, receberam a doação dos castelos de Cardiga e de Zêzere. Foi na fronteira sul destes novos domínios, no âmbito territorial do castelo do Zêzere, que os templários decidiram erguer o Castelo de Almourol. A ordem militar ficava, assim, na posse de um vastíssimo domínio, com uma implantação estratégica notável, que lhes permitia controlar os caminhos que se dirigiam de Leste para Santarém acompanhando a margem norte do Rio Tejo, uma vasta área do vale do Tejo e também a via que atravessava o Rio Tejo em Punhete, atual Constância, e se dirigia até Coimbra. Era, na época, uma das estradas medievais mais trilhadas. Todas estas circunstâncias davam sentido à localização e construção da nova estrutura militar. Figura 1. Vista do Castelo de Almourol. 7 Revitalização do Castelo de Almourol ______________________________________________________________________________ O castelo de Almourol terá sido erguido no local de um primitivo castro lusitano conquistado pelos romanos no séc. I a.C. e remodelado segundo a técnica castrense ocupado sucessivamente pelos Alanos, Visigodos e Mouros. Em escavações efetuadas no interior e exterior do castelo foram encontrados vários vestígios da presença romana (moedas, uma inscrição num cipo, e restos de alicerces em opus romano) e do período medieval (medalhas, 2 colunelos de mármore). A bibliografia consultada aponta para construções anteriores ao castelo de Almourol durante o século II a.C. Quando em 1129 as tropas portuguesas conquistaram este ponto estratégico do país, o Castelo já existia com a denominação Almorolan, sendo entregue aos templários quando da reconquista por D. -
Turinsvepning En
The Shroud of Turin is today ’The Mystery of All Mysteries’. The scientists cannot explain how the picture ended up on the cloth, but neither can they see it as a fake picture. Note that I, in this context, use available material and I interpret it according to my knowledge. There are clues and traces around the Shroud of Turin. Human wisdom is at the centre: think first, act in a correct way later! William Link Richard Levinson 1933- 1934-1987 Writer, producer Writer, producer One of the best, most human TVPeter Falk series of all times! Kommissarie Colombo Detective Columbo’s secret weapon was to think first, then act in line with your knowledge about human beings. Detective Columbo Human reason, to start by thinking and then act in a human way were detective Columbo’s secret weapons. He was always alone and dressed in a common grey coat. A second-hand Peugeot 403, Cabriolet, 1959, was his means of transport. Peter Falk was of Hungarian descent, but there are also traces of Poland, the Czech Republic and Russia in his past. His mother was Jewish. This is how the Hungarians remember Detective Columbo: A statue of Peter Falk as Columbo and his dog in Falk Miksa street, in the neighbourhood of St. István’s ring road in Budapest. Peter Falk as Detective Columbo can be a human example to the whole world: ”Start by thinking, then act accordingly, in a human way.” These words were his secret weapon. Human reason ruled him. In other words: even weak traces and meagre clues were enough to solve the case. -
The Templar Rule of Order the Primitive Rule
The Templar Rule Of Order The original Latin Rule of Order was penned with the assistance of the young Cistercian Abbott, Bernard of Clairvaux. The rule is very similar to the modified Benedictine rule used by the Cistercian order. This makes perfect sense as the two orders were closely related and linked. The Primitive Rule of the Templars This translation of the original, or primitive, Rule of the Templars is based on the 1886 edition of Henri de Curzon, La Régle du Temple as a Military Manual, or How to Deliver a Cavalry Charge. It represents the Rule given to the fledgling Knights of the Temple by the Council of Troyes, 1129, although "it must not be forgotten that the Order had been in existence for several years and had built up its own traditions and customs before Hugues de Payens' appearance at the Council of Troyes. To a considerable extent, then, the Primitive Rule is based upon existing practices." (Upton-Ward, p. 11) This translation is excerpted from Judith Upton-Ward's The Rule of the Templars, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1992, and is reprinted here with permission. The Rule of the Templars includes an introduction by Upton-Ward; it also contains the Templars' Primitive Rule and the Hierarchical Statutes; regulations governing penances, conventual life, the holding of ordinary chapters, and reception into the Order; and an appendix by Matthew Bennett, "La Régle du Temple as a Military Manual, or How to Deliver a Cavalry Charge." The book is highly recommended to those interested in the Templars or any other military order. -
The Mystery of the Va Ished Fleet
THE MYSTERY OF THE VAISHED FLEET By Alan Mason The most wealthy and powerful private organisation in England, with its own lands and buildings, was arbitrarily closed down by the government and its assets were seized. However, its fleet of ships escaped and seem to have vanished into thin air. Here is a mystery; how could this happen? It was all a long time ago, back in the early fourteenth century, to be precise. The government was that of King Edward II and the private organisation was the Knights Templar. 1. The Templar Fleet at Sea The history of the Knights Templar and the story of their suppression is a very large topic about which much has been written. In this essay I want to look at the issue of the English Templar fleet, but for non-specialist readers it is essential first to understand something of the complex historical background. PILGRIMS IN THE HOLY LAND After the time of Jesus, and for many centuries, Christian pilgrims visited the Holy Land, or Palestine, to see places associated either with the life of Jesus, or the Old Testament prophets. The religion of Islam, or Mohammedanism arose in the seventh century and after the death of Mohammed in 632 AD it erupted out of Arabia, over the Middle East, and North Africa, often forcibly converting Christian and Jewish communities at the point of a sword; (“Islam or Death”). 1 By 638 Jerusalem had surrendered to the forces of the Muslim Caliph Omar. The Holy Land was also sacred to Muslims because they saw themselves as successors of Abraham, and Christian and Jewish pilgrims continued to be tolerated by the Islamic authorities, partly because of the money they brought in. -
Templars and the Freemasons 15 Adnan Oktar
Adnan Oktar First English Edition in December 2007 Translated by Carl Nino Rossini Edited by Tam Mossman Published by: GLOBAL PUBLISHING Talatpasa Mah. Emirgazi Caddesi Ibrahim Elmas ‹fl Merkezi A Blok Kat 4 Okmeydani - Istanbul / Turkey Phone: (+90 212) 222 00 88 Printed and bound by Secil Ofset in Istanbul 100 Yil Mah. MAS-SIT Matbaacilar Sitesi 4. Cadde No: 77 Bagcilar-Istanbul/Turkey Phone: (+90 212) 629 06 15 All translations from the Qur'an are from The Noble Qur'an: a New Rendering of its Meaning in English by Hajj Abdalhaqq and Aisha Bewley, published by Bookwork, Norwich, UK. 1420 CE/1999 AH. www.harunyahya.com - www.harunyahya.net About the Author Now writing under the pen-name of HARUN YAH- YA, Adnan Oktar was born in Ankara in 1956. Having completed his primary and secondary education in Anka- ra, he studied arts at Istanbul's Mimar Sinan University and philosophy at Istanbul University. Since the 1980s, he has published many books on political, scientific, and faith-re- lated issues. Harun Yahya is well-known as the author of im- portant works disclosing the imposture of evolutionists, their invalid claims, and the dark liaisons between Darwinism and such bloody ideologies as fascism and communism. Harun Yahya's works, translated into 57 different langua- ges, constitute a collection for a total of more than 45,000 pages with 30,000 illustrations. His pen-name is a composite of the names Harun (Aaron) and Yahya (John), in memory of the two esteemed prophets who fought against their peoples' lack of faith. -
Sophia Services Presents
Sophia Services presents ... In Further Search of with Sarnia Guiton, João Fiandeiro Santos Knights Templar in Portugal and Peter Moore April 13—27, 2019 The Knights Templar are well known for their activities in Jerusalem and the Holy Land in the Middle Ages following the First Crusade. Their demise in 1307 is also well known. What is not so well known is the belief that their activities in Portugal, working with Bernard of Clairvaux and Portuguese Templar Kings over several generations, formed a Kingdom of Conscience with laws that are echoed in Rudolf Steiner’s Threefold Social Order. Their history is profound in Portugal and we will visit some major sites in the country. Our guides are deeply knowledgeable about the Templars and their history. (www.templarknights.eu) Some who came on the original tour wish to explore further. Itinerary Sat Apr 13 Arrival in Lisbon – Transfer to Sintra. Accommodation: Hotel Quinta das Murtas B & B (2 nights) Sun Apr 14 Tour of Lisbon – Belém: Jerónimos Monastery: where many ancient Portuguese explorers sought shelter and the final resting place of Vasco da Gama. Belém Tower: built in the 16th century as a fort to protect the coast from foreign attack. Monument to the Discoveries built in the 20th Century to honour the Portuguese explorers whose expertise came from the successors to the Knights Templar, the Order of Christ. City of Lisbon: Lisbon Story Centre. São Jorge Castle: A Moorish castle on a commanding hilltop overlooking the historic centre of the city and the Tagus River. The taking of Lisbon from the Moors led by the Knights Templar began the eventual reconquest of Islamic Portugal and Spain by the Christians.