~ - lHE STORY "OF" THE NATIONS "

•

• EDITION·

.~ " " QI:be ~tor1! of tbe lSations, u

THE . THE STORY OF THE NATIONS

I. ~MB. By "ARTHUI( GII.MAN, "9. THE NORMANS. By SARAH M.A.. , ORNE JEWETT. 2. 'l'HE .mwS. . By 1'1oof. J. K. 30. THE BTZANTINB ElIIlPIRE. HOSMER. • By C. W. C. OMAN. 3. GERMANY. EyRev. S. BARING­ 31. SIOILY: PbCBniclan, Gre"k and ~U\.D, M.A. Roman. By tbe late Prof. E. 4- CARTHAGE. By Prof. ALPRIID A. FRREMAN. J. CHURCH. 32. 'l'HB 'l'USCAN REPUBLICS. 5. ALEXANDER'S 1lII/IPIRE. By By BELLA DUFFY. Prof. J. P. MAHAPFY. 33. POLAND. By W. R. MORFILL, 6. THE MOORS IN .PAIN. By M.A. STANLEY LANE-POOLE. 34. PARTHIA. By Prof. GEORGE 7. ANOIEN'l' EGYPT. By Prof. RAWLINSON. GBORGR RAWL1NSOH. 35. AUSTRALIAN COMMON- 8. HUNGARY. By Prof. ARMINIUS WEALTH. By GREVILLB VAMBERY. TREGARTHEN. 9- 'l'HE SARACENS. By ARTHUR 36. SPAIN. By H. E. WATTS. GILMAN. M.A. 31. JAPAN. By DAVID MURRAY, 10. IRELAND. By ~e Hon. EMILY Ph.D. LAWLEss. 38. BOU'l'jI AFRICA. By GEORGB n. CHALDEA. By ZtNAiDE A. M. THEAL. RA80ZIN. 39. VENIOE. By ALETHEA W,EL. 12. ~E GOTHS. By HENRY BRAD. 40. 'l'HB ORUSADES. By T. A. LEy..... • 'r ARCHER and C. L. KINGSFORD. '3' ASSYRIA. !y .ZtNAiDE A. .- VEDIC INDIA. By Z. A. RA- RAGOZIN. • CiOZIN. '4. 'lURKEY. By STANLEY LANE­ 42. WESTINDIESa.ndtboSPANISH POOLE. MAIN. By JAMES RODWAY. '5. EOLLAND. By Prot J. E. 43. BOHBMIA. By C. EDMUND THOR01.D ROGERS. MAURICB• .•6. lIrIEDIlEVAL FRANCE. By 44. THBBALUNB. ByW.MILLER, GUSTAV& MASSON. M.A. '7. PERSIA. By S. G. W. BEN. 45. CANADA. By Sir J. G. BOURI· JAMIN. NOT,LL.D. 18. PHCENWIA. By Prof. GEO. 46. BRITISH INDU=- Ry R. W. RAWLlNSON. t- FRAZER, LL. B. 19- MEDIA. By ZtNAIDE A. RA· 47. MODERN FRANCE. By ANDRII­ GOZIN. LE BON. 20. 'l'HB HUSA TOWNS. By 48. THE FBANXS. By LEWIS SEa- HilLEN ZIPtlMBRN. CiHANT. 21. EARLY ElU'PAIN. By Prof. 49- AUSTRIA. By SIDNEY WHIT_ ALFRED}. CHURCH. MAN ... THB BARBARY CORSAIRS. 50. MODER. ENGLAND. Before By STANLEY LAn· POOLE. the Reform Bill By JUSTIN 2J. RUSSm. ByW. MORPILL, M.A. MCC..... THV. . . 24. THB JEWS UNDER 'l'HE 51. CHINA. By Prof. R. K. DOl/GLAS­ ROMANS. By W. D. MORNI' s.. MODERN ENGLAND. From the SON. Reform Bill to the Present '5. SCOTLAND. By 10HN MACKIN. Time. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY. TOSH, LL.D. 53. MODERN SPAIN. By MARTIN 26. SWITZERLAND. By Mrs. LINA A. S. HUME. HUG and R. STEAD. 54' MODERN ITALY. By P,ETRO 27. MEXICO. By SUSAN HALE. ORSI. 28. PORTUGAL. By H. MORSE 55- NORWAY. By H. H. BOVESEN. STEPHENS.. 56. WALES. By O. M. EDWARDS. LoNOON: T. FISHER UNWIN, PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. INTERIOR OF ST. SOPHIA. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

B\" c. W. C. OMAN, M.A., F.S.A. It FEI.LOW OP ALL SOULS COLl.EGB, OXtOND

Au/liD". of .. WARWICK. THR KINGMAKBR." II THIl ART OF WAR IN THB MIDIlLB AGas," RTt.

THIRD EDITION

LONDON T. F ISH E RUN WIN PATERNOSTER SQUARF., F..C. Entered at Stationers' Hall ~Y T. FISHER UNWIN PREl'ACE.

• FIFTY years ago the word "Byzantine" was used as a synonym for all that was corrupt and decadent, and the tale of the East-Roman Em~re was dis- missed- by modern historians as. depressing.. and monotonous. The great Gibbon had branded the successors of Justinian and Heraclius as a series of vicious weaklings, and for several generations no one dared to contradict him. Two books have served to undeceive thetEnglish reader, the monumental work of Fin!ay, pwblished in 1856, and the more modern volumes of-Mr. Bury, which appeared in .1889. Since they have written, the Byzantines no longer need an apologist and the great work of the East-Roman Empire in holding back the Saracen, and in keeping a.Iive throughout the Dark Ages the lamp of learning, is beginning to be realized. 1he writer of this book has endeavoured to tell t the story of Byzantium in the spirit of Finlay and Bury, not in that of Gibbon. He wishes to acknow- '. ledge his debts both to the veteran of the war of viii . PREFACE.

Greek Independence, and to the young' Dublin pro­ fessor 'Without their aid his task would have been very heavy-with it the difficulty was removed. The author does not claim to have grappled with all the chroniclers of the Eastern realm, but thinks that some acquaintance with Ammianus, Procopius, Maurice's "Strategikon," Leo the Deacon, Leo the Wise, Cpnstantine Porphyrogenitus, Anna Comnena • and Nicetas, may justify his having undertaken the • t.ask he has essayed. & ~OXFORD, F,bruary, 1892. CONTENTS.

I. PAU BYZANTIUM 'l-12

Foundation of Byzantium, 3-Ear1y history of th~.city, 5~ Byzantine luxury, 7-Byzantium destroyed A .... 196, e- Taken by Maximinus, n. '. " -

II. THE FOUNDATION OF (A.D. 3'2.8- 33 0 ) -l-, ..... 13-30 Constantine the Great, J5-Constantine's Choice, 17!-The Topography of Constantinople, 19-The Se~ate House, 21-· The Hippodrome, 25-St. Sophia, 27-Conatantine~ Dedica· tion Festival, 29. ,< , Ill.

;'tHE FIGHT .WITH THE GOl:HS 31-44 The Goths and the Huns, 3s-Valens and the Goths, 37-0ut. break of War, 39-Battle of Adrianople, 41.

IV. THE DEPARTURE OF THE GERMANS 45-53 Stilicho, 47-Alaric the Goth, 49-Gainas slain, 5 I-Exile of Chrysostom, 53. x CONTENTS.

V. PAGE THE REORGANIZATION OF THE EASTERN (A. D. 40S-5 IS)

Youth of Theodosius II., SS-Exile of Eudocia, S7-Reign of Marcianus, S9-Zeno reorganizes the Army, 61-Rebellioo of Theodoric and his departure for Italy, 63.

VI. ... ~ '. '; JUSTINIAN 65-S0 Theodora,6l-1ustiniao'E personal character, 69-Justinian's _ Army, 71-Justinian's foreign policy, 7J-The Blues and Greens, 7S-The Nika Riot, 77-Theodora's speech, 79.

• VII• JUSTINIAN'S FOREIGN CONQUESTS SI-97

Weakness of the Goth~ in Italy, 83-Conqul"st of Africa, 8S­ Theodahat's augury, 87-The -C;oths besiege Rome, 89- Belisarius takes Ra\-enna, 91-Baduila reconquers Italy, 93- Deat~ of King Baduila, 9S-Justinian's Spanish conquests, 97 •

• VIII . • THE END OF JUSTINIAN'S REIGN

Fall of Antioch, 99-The Great Plague, 101-Justinian as theologian, I03-Belisarius dereats the Huns, lOS-Building of St. Sophia, I07-Procopius on St. Sophia, I09-Justinian's Forts, III-His legislation, 113.

IX.

THE COMING OF THE SLAVS

The Lombards, liS-Lombard conquests in Italy, 117-Rise , of the Papacy, I19-Persian Wars, 121-The Slavs, I2J­ .. Their invasion of Moesia, 12s-Fall of Maurice, 127. CONTENTS. xi

X. PAGE THE DARKEST HOUR

Misfortunes of Phocas, 129-Accession of Heraclius, 131;:,­ The Letter of Chosroes, 133-Victories of lIeraclius, 135- First Siege of Constantinople, I 37-Triumph of Heraclius, 139.

" .. XI.

. \- J SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE (A.D. 3~o-620) 141- 1 57 Decay of the Latin tongue, 143-Christianilr a~t the State, 14S-Christianity and Slavery, 147-Evils of Monasticism, 149-Superstitions, lSI-Weaknesses of Byzantine Society, IS3-Estimate of Byzantine Society, ISS-57. • XII. THE COMING OF THE SARACENS• Rise of Mahomet, IS9-Arab Invasion of Syria, 161-Jerusa­ lem taken, 163-The Sons of Heraclius, Ills-The T~emes created, 167-Wars of Constans II., 169-jReign of Con­ stantine IV., 171. • XIII._

THE FIRST ANARCHY Justinian II., 176-Usurpation and Fall of Leontius, 177- Restoration of Justinian II., I 79-Anarchy, 711-17 A.D., 181- Accession of Leo the Isaurian, 183·

XIV.

THE SARACENS TURNED BACK

Constantinople beleaguered, 18s-The Siege raised, 187. xii CONTENTS. xv. PAGK THE IcONOCLASTS (A.D. 720-802) 189-201

Siperstitious Van ties, J91-Leo's Crusade agninst Images, 193-Constantine V. dissolves the Monasteries, ... 197-Irene blinds her son, 199-Coronation of Charles the Great, 201.

THE END OF THE IcONOCLASTS (A.D. 802-886) 202-21 4

Reign of Ni~phorus I., 203-Reign of Leo V., 205-Michael the Amorian, 207-Persecution by Theophilus, 209-The choice of Theophilus, 21J-Michael the Drunkard, 213. ~ . • XVp.

THE LITERARY EMPtRORS AND THEIR TIME (A.D. 886-963) '. 1 215-225

Reigns of Leo VI. and Constantine VII., 217-Leo's Tactica, 219-Art and Letters, 221-The Commerce of Constantinople, 225· • • • XVIII• MILITARY GLORY 226-239

Decay of the Saracen power, 227-Conquests of Nicephorus Phocas, 229-Capture of Antioch, 231-Murder of Nicephorus I., 233-John Zimisces defeats the Russians, 235-Triumph of Zimisces, 237-Death of ZilPisces, 239. .

XIX.

THE END OF THE MACEDON IAN DYNASTY

The Bulgarian Wars, 241-Death of King Samuel, 243-The Empress Zoe and her Marriages, 245-7. . CONTENTS. xiii x.x. PAGE MANZIKERT (A.D. 105~1081) 249-257 The coming of the Seljouks, 2SI-Misfortune& of Romanus Diogenes, 2SS~ter of Alexius Comnenus, 257. •

." XXI.

THE COIlNENI AND THE CRWADES Norman'Var, 2S9--Baule I. of Durazzo, 261-The Crusades, 26J-Conquests of Alexius, 26s..,..Second Norman War, 267- Reign of John Comnenus 269--Wars of Manuel I., 271-Fa\I of Andronicus I., 273. . •

XXII.

THE L4.TIN CONQUEST OF CONSTANTINOPLE.. 274-293 Misfortunes of the Angeli, 27S-Cyprus and Bulgaria lost, .. 277-The Fourth Crusade, 279--TbeJ..e:ftiers of the Crusade, 28I-Rising against the Franks, 28s"';The two Sieges of Con. stantinople, 287-The Franks enter Constantinople, 289- Plunder of the City, 291-The End of Alexius Ducas, 293 •

• 1 XXIII. • ~ • THE AND THE EMPIRE OF N\,CAEA (A.D. 1204-1261) 294-306 Baldwin I. slain in Battle, 29S-The·Smaller Latin States, 297- Successes of Theodore Lascaris, 299--JoOO Vatatzes conquers Thr.u:e, 301-(;surpation of Michael Paleologus, ]o3-The Franks driven from Constantinople, 305.

XXIV.

DECLINE ANp DECAY (A.D. 1261-132.8) Weakness of the restored Empire, ]09--Commercia\ Decay, 3I1-Rise of the Ottoman Turks, 3lJ-Turkish Wars of Andronicus II., 3ls-,317-Asia Minor lost, 319. xii CONTENTS. xv. PAGE THE ICONOCLASTS (A.D. 720-802) 189-201

Sfperstitious Van ties, I9I-Leo's Crusade aguinst Images, 193-Constantine V. dissolves the l\Ionasteries. .. 197-Irene blinds her son, 199-Coronation of Charles th~ Great, 201.

THE END OF THE IcONOCLASTS (A.D. 802-886) 202-2 14

Reign of Ni~phorus I., 203-Reign of Leo V., 205-Michael the Amorian, 207-Persecution by Theophilus, 209-The choice of Theophilus, 21 I-Michael the Drunkard, 213.

, t, • XV~I. THE LITERARY EMPERORS AND THEIR TIME (A.D. 886-963) '. ~ . 215-225

Reigns of Leo VI. and Constantine VII., 217-Leo's Tactica, 219-Art and Letters, 221-The Commerce of Constantinople, 225· • • • XVIII • MILlTARY GLORY 226-239

Decay of the Saracen power, 227-Conquests of Nicephorus Phocas, 229-Capture of Antioch, 231-Murder of Nicephorus 1'0 233-John Zimisces defeats the Russians, 235-Triumph of Zimisces, 237-Death of ZiJpisces, 239.

XIX.

THE END OF THE MACEDON IAN DYNASTY

The Bulgarian Wars, 241-Death of King Samuel, 243-The Empress Zoe and her Marriages, 245-7. CONTENTS. xiii xx. PAGE MANZIKER1' (A.D. 105r::1081) 249-257 The coming of the Seljouks, 2SI-Misfortunei of Romanus Diogenes, 2SS ...... Character of Alexius Comnenus, 2S7.

XXI.

THE CO),fNENI AND THE CRUSADES Norman War, 2S9-Battle I. oC Durano, 261-The Crusades, 263-Conquests of Alexius, 26s-:-Second Nomlan War, 267- Reign of John Comnenus 269-Wars of Manuel!., 271-FaIl of Andronicus I., 273. . •

XXII.

THE LATIN CONQUEST OF CONSTANTINOPLE e' 274-293 MisCortunes of the Angeli, 27S-CyPrus and Bulgaria lost, . 277-The Fourth Crusade, 279-The.!-edfters oC the Crusade, 28I-Rising against the Franks, 28s"'?The two Sieges of Con­ stantinople, 287-The Franks enter Constantinople, 289- Plunder of the City, 29I-The End of Alexius Ducas, 293 .

• z XXIII. " THE LATIN EMPIRE AND THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA• (A.D. 1204-1261) 294-306 Baldwin I. slain in Battle, 29S-The"smaller Latin States, 297- Successes of Theodore Lascaris, 299-John Vatatzes conquers Thrace, 30I-Usurpation of Michael PaIeologus, 303-The Franks driven from Constantinople, JOS.

XXI?'

DECLINE ANp DECAY (A.D. 1261-132-8) "Teakness of the restored Empire, 3O!r-Commercbl Decay, JII-Rise of the Ottoman Turks, JIJ-Turkish Wars of Andronicus II., JIs-Roger de Flor, J17-Asia Minor lost, 319. xiv CONTENTS. xxv. PA.GB THE TURKS IN 321 -331 Orkhan the Turk, 323-Revolt of Cantacuzenus, 32S-Con. ~uests of the Servians, 327-The Turks cross into Europe, 329 -Siege of Philadelphia, 331.

XXVI.

THE END OF A LoNG T.~LE (A.D. 1370-1453) 332-350

Reign of John Paleologus, 333-Turkish Civil Wars, 335- Murad II. Mtacks Constantinople, 337-Death of Manuel II., 339-John VI. at Florence, 341-Mahomet II. attacks Con· stantinople, 343-Apathy of the Greeks, 345-Last Hours of Constantine XL, 347-Fall of Constantinople, 349 . • INDEX 35 1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATION5.

• PAGE INTDlIOIl OF ST. SOPHIA. F,,,,,tispi"La. E..llU.Y COIN OF BYZUTKlI 4 UTE COIN OF BnANTI'L'lI SHOWING C1l~"T Al'o"D ST.\.1l .. COSSTAliTI!I.'E THE GREAT 14 liU' OF THE BE..\'IlT OF CONST.lll"TlNOPLE 20 THE ATMElDAN [HIPPODIlOllE] A..,\D ST. SOPHIA 2 3 BUILDING A PAL... cr (FIlOY A BYZA}O"TTh'"E K5.) 26 FlFTEL"ITH-CENTI:llY DIlA\\"L.'iG OF THE. EQl.'ESTItBN• -, STAn'E OF COSSTAl'o"TISE 28 '. ... . GOTHIC IDOLS (FIlOM THE COLl.'lIN OF AllC.WIUS) 33 GOTHIC CAPTIVES (FIlOM THE COLUllN OF AllCADIl.'S) • 43 A..'\GEL OF VICTOIlY (FROM A FlFTH-CENTUllY DIPTYCB). FIlOY "L'AllT BVL\'NTIN." PAll CIUllLES BAYEr. PAlllS, Ql'A!I."TIN, 1883 58 THE DIPllE..<;S THEODORA AND HEll COl,TJlT (FROM .. L'AR1:.BYL\"'"TIN." PAR CH.\.IlIis B.UEr. P.\.IlIS, QU~"TIN, 1883) • 68 THl:ODOIlA UIPEIL\.TRIX tFR01( THE P.UIoo"TISG BY '·... L PllDiSEP. THE COPYIlIGHT IS IN THE AllTisTs BA~ms) 78 JO xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGa CAVALRY SCOUTS (FROM A BYZANTINE MS.). FROM "L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883 • 86 DET1'ILs OF- ST. SOPHIA 96

COLUMNS IN ST. SOPHIA ••• ' 11 108 GALLERIES OF ST. SOPHIA 110 CROSS OF JUSTINUS II. (FROM THE VATICAN). FROM "L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883 • 118 GENERAL VIEW-OF ST. SOPHIA (FROM "L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR C. BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883) • 146 ILLUMINATED INITIALS (FROM BYZANTINE MSS.). FROM •• L'~iT foYZANTIN." PAR C. BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883 IS:.! CHURCH •0'1 THE TWELVE APOSTLES AT THESSALONICA (FROM .. L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BA YET. PARIS, QUANTlN, 1883) 176 BISHOPlt, MONKS, KINGS, LAYMEN, AND WOMEN, ADOR­ ING THE MADONNA (FROM A BYZANTINE MS.). FROM "L'ARl BYZANTlN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883 • 191 REPRESENTATION OF THE MADONNA ENTHRONED (FROM A BYZANTINE IVORY). FROM" L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTlN, 1883. 195 DETAILS OF ST. SOPHIA 200 BYZANTINE METAL WORK (OUR LORD AND THE TWELVE APOSTLES). FROM "L'ART BYZANTlN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883. 209 A WARRIOR-SAINT (ST. LEONTIUS) (FROM A BYZANTINE FRESCO). FROM t, L'ART .BYZANTlN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 188-\. 223 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xvii

PAGK RETURN OF A VICTORIOUS EMPEROll (FROM AN EM·

BROIDERED ROBE). FROM" L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883 232

ARABESQUE DESIGN fROM A BYZANTINE MS. (FROM• "L'ART BYZANTIN.... pAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883 • 236 RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE. FRQM BYZANTINE MODEL (CHURCH AT VLADIMIR). FROM" L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883 238

OUR LORD BLESSING ROMANUS DIOGENES AND• EUDOCIA (FROM AN IVORY AT PARIS). FROM" L'ART BYZAN· TIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN~-l883 253 NICEPHORUS BOTANIATES SITTING IN STATE •(FROM A CONTEMPORARY MS.). FROM "L'ART BYZ<\N'J.'[;N." PAR CHA'RLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883' 255

BYZANTINE IVORY·CARVING OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY (FROM THE BRITISH MUSEUM). FROM "L'ART !It BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARJS, QUANTIN, 1~3 ~6 • HUNTERS (FROM A BYZANTINE MS.). FROM " L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883 270

. VIEW OF CONSTANTINOPLE. (FROM THE SIDE OF THE HARBOUR) 283

BYZANTINE RELIQUARY (FROM" L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883) 289

FINIAL FROM A BYZANTINE MS. (FROM II L'ART BYZAN· TIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS; QUANTIN, 1883 299 FOUNTAIN IN THE COUIilT OF ST. SOPHIA 30 2 xviii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGB BYZANTINE CHAPEL AT ANI, THE OLD CAPITAL OF ARMENIA (FROM" L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883) 312 c ANDRONICUS PALEOLOGUS ADORING OUR LORD (FROM "L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883) . 316 JOHN CANTACUZENUS SITTING IN STATE (FROM A CON­ TEMPORARY MS.). FROM" L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883 326 MANUEL PALE01.0GUS AND HIS FAMILY (FROM A CON­ TEMPORARY MS.). FROM "L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883 335 ARABESQUE 'bESIGN FROM A BYZANTINE illS. (FROM "L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHARLES BAYET. PARIS, QUANTIN, 1883) . 338 DETAILS OF ST. SOPHIA 345 ANGEL OF THE NIGHT (FROM" L'ART BYZANTIN." PAR CHAQLES BAYETPARIS, QUANTIN, 1883) 350 c "

TABLE OF EMPERORS.

Arcadius ...... 395-408 Nicephorus I...... 802-8 II Theodosius II...... 408-450 Statiracius ...... 8 II Marcianus ...... 450-457 Michael I., Rhangabe ... 8I1-813 Leo I ...... 457-474 Leo V., the Armenian ... 813-820 Zeno ...... 474-491 Michael II., the Amorian 820-829 Anastasius I...... 491-518 Theophilus ...... 829-842 Justinus I ...... 518-527 Michael 111...... 842-867 Justinianus I...... S27-S~S Basil I., the Macedonian... 867-886 Justinlls II ...... S65-578 Leo VI., the Wise ...... 886-912 Tiberius II., Constantinlls 578-S82 Constantine VII., Porphy· . Mauricius ...... S82-602 rogenitus ...... 912-958 Phocas ...... 602-610 [Co·regent Emperors- Herac\ius ...... 610-641 Alexander ...... 912-913 Heraclius Constantinus Romanus I., Lecape. and Heracleonas...... 641-2 nus ...... 919-945] Constans II...... 642-668 Romanl1s II...... 958~963 Constantine IV ...... 668-685 Basil II., Bulgaroktonos 963-1025 Justinian II ...... 6'lS-695 [Co-regent Emperors­ • ·Leontius ...... 69S-697 Nicephorus II., Tiberius III., Apsimarus 697-70S Phocas ...... 963-969 Justinian II. (restored) ... 705-7I1 John I., Zimisces ... 969-9i6] Philippicus ...... 7.II-713 Constantine VIII...... 1025-28 Anastasius II., Artemius 713-715 Romanus III., Argyrus ... 1028-34 TheodQsius III ...... 715-717 Michael IV., the Paphla· Leo 111., the Isaurian ... 717-740 gonian ...... 1034-42 Constantine V., Coprony· . Michael V...... 1042 mus ...... 740-775 Constantine IX., Mono· Leo IV...... 175-779 machus .. : ...... 1042-S5 Constantine VI...... 779-797 Theodora...... 1055-57 Irene...... 797-802 Michael VI., Stratioticus 1056-57 352 TABLE OF EMPERORS. Isaac I., Comnenus...... 1057-59 Robert ...... : 1219-28 Constantine X., Ducas ... 1059-67 Baldwin II...... 1228-61 Michael VII., Ducas ...... 1067-78 [Co-regent Emperor- NICAEAN EMPERORS. Romanus IV., Dio- Theodore 1., Lascaris ...... 1204-22 genes ...... 1067-71] John IlL, Ducas...... 1222-54 Nicephorus III., Botani- Theodore II., Ducas ...... 1254-59 ates ...... 1078-81 John IV., Ducas ...... ; ..... 1259-60 AIelIius I., Comnenus ... 1081-1118 John II., Comnenus ...... 1118-43 EMPIRE RESTORED. Manuel I., Comnenus ...... 1143-80 Michael VIII., Paieologus 1260-82 Alexius II., Comnenus ... 1180-83 Andronicus II., Pal.. olo­ Andronicus I., Comnenus 1183-85 gus...... 1282-1328 Isaac II., Angelus ...... 118S--95 Andronicus II 1., Palpolo- Alexius III., Angelus ... 1195-1203 gus. " ...... 1328-41 Isaac II. (restored) ...... 1203-4 John V., Paleologus ...... 1341--91 Alexius V., Ducas ...... 1204' [Co-regent- John V'J., Cant~ll- LATIN EMPERORS. tenus ...... 1347-54] Baldwin I. . .. _...... 1204-5 ManuelII ...... '191-1425 Henry ...... 1205-16 John VII...... 1425-48 Peter ...... 1217-19 Constantine XI...... 1448-53 INDEX.

A Alex~us III. (Angelus), usurpation Abdalmelik, the Caliph, wars of, of, 278; attacked by the with Justinian II., 174-6 Crusaders, 282 ; flies, 284 Abubekr, the Caliph, wars of, with Alexius IV. (Angelus), takes refuge ·Heraclius, 160 in Germany, 279; persuades the Achaia, Frank principality of, 296 Crusaders, 280 ; made emperor, Acroinon, battle of, 188 284 ; murdered, 285 Adana, taken by Nicephorqj; Alexius V. (Dllcas), murders Fhocas, 230 Alexius iV., 285; defends Con­ Adrianople, battle of, 40; besieged stantinople, 287; slain, 293 by the Goths, 41 ; captured by Alexius Comnenus, emperor of the Turks, 329 Trebizond, 298 Africa, conquered by Belisarius, Alp Arslan, Sultan of the Seljouk 84-5 ; overrun by the Saracens, Turks, attacks the empire, 252 ; 176 defeats Romanus IV., 254 Aijnadin, battle of, 162 Amalasuntha, Gothic queen, Alaric the Goth, 47; wars with murdered, 82 S tiIicho, 48; departs to Italy, Amalphi, commerce of, 225 49 Amorium, stormed by the Sara- Alaeddin, Sultan of the S~ouks, cens,210 322 Amour, Turkish Emir, 327 Alboin the Lombard invades Amrou conquers Egypt. 166 and conquers Italy, II6 Anastasius I., reign of, 61 Aleppo, Emirateof, 227; attacked Anastasius II., usurpation of, 181 by Nicephorus Phocas, 231; Anatolic theme, 167 tributary tl!lthe empire, 270 Andreas murders Constans II., 169 Alexander, emperor-regent, 217 Andronicus I. (Comnenus), crimes Alexandria, stormed by the·Arabs, and fall of, 272-3 166 Andronicus II. (Paleologus), reign Alexius I. (Comnenus), usurpation of, 315-20 of, 257; wars with the Normans, Andronicus III. (Paleologus), 259; conquests of in Asia Minor, reign of, 321-2 265 ; commercial policy of, 268 Angelus, house of, see Isaac II. Alexius II. (Comnenus), short Alexius III. and Theodore of reign· and murder of, 272 Epirus 30 ,24 354 INDEX. Angora, battle of, 334 Baduila, Gothic king, victories of, Ani, taken by the Turks, 251 92; takes Rome, 94; slain in Anthemius, prime' minister of baUle, 95 Theodosius II., 54-5 Baldwin I., emperor, his chao Anthemius, architect of St. Sophia, racter, 281; crowned, 292; slain 107 by the Bulgarians, 295 Anne of Savoy, empress·regent, Baldwin II., reign of, 301; his 326 travels, 305; expelled from Antioch, taken by the Persians, Constantinople, 306 99; taken a second time, 129; . Bardas , 212 ; murdered by stormed by the Saracens, 163; Michael III., 213 retaken by N icephorus Phocas, Bari, taken by the Normans, 259 231; lost to the Turks, 256; Basil I., made Caesar, 213; as· besieged by the Crusaders, 265 ; sassinates Michael III., 213; tributary to the Comneni, 270 laws of, 214 Antioch-on-Maeander, battle of, Basil II., ascends the throne, 229 ; 299 assumes the full power, 240 ; his Antonia, wife of Belisarius, 74 Bulgarian victories, 241-3; cam· Apsimarus, Tiberius, emperor, paigns in Asia, 243 ; dies, 244 177; executed, 179 Bayezid, Turkish Sultan, 334 Arabs, see Saracens Belisarius, Persian victories of, 73; Arcadius, reign of, 47":'54; his quells the Nika riots, 79; con· dealings with the Goths, 48; quersAfrica,84; takes Palermo, quarrels with Chrysostom, 52 • 88; takes Rome, 89; takes Armenia, conquered by the By- Ravenna, 91 : recalled, 92; acts zantines, 243; overrun by the against Persia, 100 ; defeats the Turks, 251 Huns, 104 ; disgraced, 105 Army, reformed hy Leo and Zeno, Beneventum, Lombard duchy of, 61; description of, in tenth 117; wars of with Constans II., century, .218 169 Artemius Anastasius, reign of, 61 Black Sea, Greek trade with, 2 Art, decay and revival of, 222-4 " Blues and Greens," Circus Aspar, executed by Leo I., 60 factions, 22, 75; great riot of, Athalaric, Gothic king, 81 against Justinian, 76-7; armed Athanarich, Gothic king, 42; by Maurice, 127 • visits Constantinople, 44 Bohe'l'und the Norman, wars of Athens, early Byzantines at war witli Alexius I., 267 with, 6; schools of, closed by Boniface of Montferrat, 281-2; Justinian, 150; Frank duchy of, made king of Thessalonicu,.292J 297 ; conqu .red by the .. Grand slain in battle, 296 • . . Company," 319 Bosphorus, the, 1-:2 Altila, king of the Huns, wars of Bostra, stormed by the S:u-acens, with the empire, 57 162 Augustaeum, description of the, Branas, Alexius, rebellion of, 277- 19 Brienne, house of, at Athens, Avars, invasions of, the 122; war 308 ; expelled by the .. Grand of, with Hera.clius, 134; besiege Company," 319 Constantinople, 137 Broussa, ue Prusa Bucellarian Theme, 167-8 B Buhawicles, Persian dynasty, 226-7 Baanes, rebel in liiyria, 163 Bulgarians, invade: and settle in INDEX. 355 Moesia, 171; defeated by Jus­ Cilicia, conquered by Nicephorus tinian II_, 173; aid Justinian, Phocas, ::130 j lost to the Turks, 179 j defeat the Saracens, 187 ; 236; reconquered by the Com­ at war with Constantine V., neni,270 196; defeat Constantine ,VI., Column, of the Hippodrome, 25 ; 198 ; slay Nicephorus I., 203; of Constantine, 25 besiege Constantinople, 204 j Commerce, centralization of, at routed by Leo V., 205 ; defeat Constantinople, 224, 225; de­ Leo VI., 216 j conquered by cline of, under the Comneni, the Russians, 235; conquered 267; effects of Fourth Crusade by Basil II., 241-3 j revolt on, 310 against Isaac II., 2'16-7 j slay Comnena, Anna, writes her father's Baldwin I., 295; conquests of, life, 264 308; subdued by the Turks, 330 Comnenus, see under Alexius, Burtzes storms Antioch, 231 John, Andronicus, Manuel, Byzantium, founded, I; early Qavid, Isaac history of, 2-8; under the Conrad of Montferrat defeats Romans, 9-12; chosen as Con­ Branas, 277 ' stantine's capital, 17; see after­ Cons tans II., reign of, 166; wars wards under Constantinople of with the Saracen~, 167 r murdered, 169 C Constantine I., besieges Byzan­ Candia taken by Nicephorus Pho- tium, 12; master of the world,. cas,228 - 14; seeks a capital, 16; founds Cantacuzenus, John, usurpation Constantinople, 18 , of, 325-8 Constantine III., defeated by the Caracalla, grants privileges to By­ Saracens, 164; short reign of, zantium, 10 165 Carthage, taken by Belisarius, 85 ; Constantine IV. (Pogonatus), wars taken by the Saracens, 176 of with the Saracens, 170; Cassiodorus, his work in literary defeats Moawiah, 171 j holds copying, 149 the Council of Constantinople, Chalcedon, founded, 3; taken' by 172 the Persians, 134 Constantine V. (Copronymus), Champlitte, William of, founds wars of, 196 j persecu tes the principality of Achaia, e<}6 Image.worshippers, 197 Charles the Great crowned em­ Constantine VI., reign of, 198; peror, 199, blinded by his mother, 198 .-Cjlerson; Justinian II. at, 177; Constantine Vn. (Porphyrogeni­ " __ -6acked, 180 tus), reign of, 216, 217 ; literary Chosroes I., king of Persia, wars works of, 220, 221 • of. with Justinian, 72-4, 9(}-100 Constantine VIII., reign of, 245 Chosroes II-, wars with Phocas Constantine IX. (Monomachus), and ·Heraclius, 129-135; death reign of, 247 • of, 138 Constantine X. (Ducas), reign of, Chosroantiocheia, foundation of, 250, 25 1 .~,' 72 Constantine X). ':(Paleologus), ac­ Christianity, influence of, on the cession of, 343 i attacked by the empire and society, 145-149 Turks, 344 ; last hours of, 347 ; Chrysostom, see under John Chry­ death of, 348 sostom Constantinople-founded hy Con- INDEX.

stantine, 18; topography of, D 1Q-29; besieged by the Goths, 41 ; street fighting in, 51; be­ Damascus, taken by the Persians, sieged by Avars and Persians, 131; taken by the Sara~ens, 136, 137 ; besieged for the first 163 time by the Saracens, 170; be­ Dandolo, Henry. doge of Venice, sieged for the second time by 280. 281 ; at the storm of Con­ the Saracens, 185. 186; besieged stantinople, 284, 288 by Bulgarians. 205 ; commercial Dara taken in the Persian wars, importance of, 224; riots in, 136 247; the Cru~aders at, 264; Dastagerd taken by Heraclius, taken by the Franks and Vene­ 138 • tians, 284; stormed and sacked David Comnenus defeated hy a second time, 287, 288; devas­ Theodore I., 299 tation of, by the , 291; Delphic tripod, the, 24; muti­ besieged by John Ducas, 101 ; lated by Mahomet II .• 349 recovered by the Greeks, 305; Delphic oracle. the. orders foun­ taken by] ohn Paleologus, 329 ; dation of Byzantium, 3 besit:~ed by Murad II_, 337; Digenes Akritas. epic of, 222 last siege of, 346; taken by the - Diocletian makes Nicomedia his Turks, 348 capital, 15 Corippus, poem of, 144 Diogenes. Romanus, reign of, 251 ; Council of Constantinople, under defeated at at Manzikert, 254 ; Constantine IV., 172; under ,slain, 256 Comtantine V., 197; under Ducas. see "ndel" Constantine X., Leo V., 206 Michael VII., John II!., Theo­ Council of Florence,] ohnVI.at,341 dore II. Courtenay, house of at Constanti­ Durazzo, hattie of, 260 nople, 300, 301 Dushan, Stephen, king of Servia, Crete, conquered by the Saracens, conquests of, 327 208; recovered by Nicephorus Phocas, 228; taken by the E Venetians, 292 Ecloga, the, Leo III.'s code of Cross, the Holy, captured by the laws, 194 Persians, 132; recovered by Eesa, Sultan, 334-5 Heraclius, 139; removed to Egypt,eonquered by the Persians, Constantinople, 163 134; conquered by the Sara­ Crumn, king of Bulgaria, defeats cens, 164; separated from the Nicephoms I., 203; besieges Caliphate. 227 Constantinople, 205 Eikasia, story of, 211 Cmsaclers, their dealings with Emesa, taken by the Saracens, Alexius I., 263, 264; enter 163; taken by Nicephorus Pho­ Syria. 265 ; of the Fourth Cru­ cas, 231 sade, 279; conquer Constanti­ Epirus, the despot~te of, 298, 301, nople, 288 3°4, 32 7 Ctesiphon, Heraclius at, 138 Ertogrul, the Turk, 322 Cyprus, mollks banished to, 197 ; Eudocia (AthenaIs), wife of Theo· recovered by N icephorus Pho­ dosius II .• her disgrace, 56 cas, 230; seized by I,aac Com­ Eudocia. wife of Romanus Dio­ nenus, 277; taken by Richard genes, 251 I. of England, :liS Eudoxia, Mlia, wifeofArcadius,52 INDEX. 357 Eugenius IV., , treaty of, with kingdom of, attacked by Beli­ John VI., 341 sarius, 86; wars of, with J us­ Euphrosyne, wife of Michael the tinian, 88--94; defeated and Amorian, 207 destroyed, 95 Eutropius, minister of Arcadius, "Grand Company," the, hired by 47 ; protected by Chrysostom, Andronicus II., 317; ravage 50 Thrace, 318; conquer Athens, Euphemius, rebel in , 208 319 Exarchate, of Ravenna, 119; Greece, invaded by the Goths, conquered by the Lombards, 48 ; overrun by the Slavs, 125 ; 196 conquered by the Crusaders, 296,297 F Greek fire, invented, 170; used Falimite dynasty in Egypt, 243 hy the Byzantine fleet, 220 Ferrara, John VI. at Council of, Gregory the Great, Pope, 120, 341 pI Flaccilla, benevolence of, I.S6 Guiscard, Robert, wars of, with Florence, Council of, 34 I Alexius I., 259-61 -Franks, threaten Italy, 89; sum- moned by Witiges, 91 ; protect H the Papacy, 196 Haroun-al-Raschid, wars of, with Fritigern, Gothic mler, 35-7 ; vic­ Nicephorus I., 203 tory of over Valens, 40 Helena, mother of Constantine I., Fravitta defeats Gainas, 51 • 19 Hellas, theme of, 168; revolts G against Leo III., 193 Gainas, minister of Arcadius, 47 ; Henry of Flanders, Emperor, rebellion of, 50; slain, 51 295-6 Gallienus, Byzantium destroyed Henry VI. of Swabia, Emperor by, 10 of the West, 278 seized by the Turks, 329 Herac1eonas, reign and fall of, Ganzaca burnt by Heraclius, 136 165-6 Gelimer, king of the Vandals, 81 ; Herac1ius the Elder, rebellion of, defeated and captured, 85 130 Genoa, rise of, 263; trade of, Heraclius I., sails against Constan· with the East, 267 ;rllied to tinople, 130; slays Phocas, 130; Miehael Paleologus, 314; sends disasters of the Persian War, aid to Constantine XI., 344 132; his Crusade, U3; victorious George the Alan, 318 campaign of, 135-7; his triumph, George of Pisidia, poems of, 221 139; attacked by the Saracens, Giustiniani, John, defends Con- 160; defeated, 163; last years stantinople, 344-8 of, 164 Godfrey of Bouillon, 264 Heraclius Constantinus, son of Goths, early history of, 32; cross Heraclius I., short reign of, the Danube, 37; defeat Valens, 165 39; besiege Constantinople, 41 ; Hierapolis taken by Nicephorus submit to Theodosius, 42; the Phocas, 231 Visigoths under Alaric, 48 ; quit Hieromax, battle of the, 162 the East, 49; the Ostrogoths Hilderic, Vandal king, deposed, under Theodoric at war with 81 Zeno, 62; invade Italy, 64; IIippodrome,.the great, 22 INDEX.

Histiaeus holds Eyzantium, 5 Jerusalem, Eudocia at, 57 ; taken Honorius slays Stilicho, 49 by Persians, 132; Hcraclius ai, Hungary, converted to Christianity, 139; taken by the Saracens, 163; 262; invaded by ManuelL, 271 ; taken by the Crusaders, 265 attacks the Ottoman Turks, 342 John I. (Zimisces), murders his Huniades, John, 342 uncIe, 232; successful wars of, Huns, under Attila, 57; ravage 234-7 l dies, 239 Syria, 71; threaten Constanti­ John 11_ (Comnemts), reign and nople, . 104 l defeated by Beli­ conquests of, 268-9 sarius, 105 John III. (Ducas Vatatzes), 300 l conquers Thrace and Macedonia, I 301 .Jconium, Sultanate of, see under John IV. (Ducas), dethroned by Seljouks Michael Paleologus, 304 Iconoclasm, the movement, 188-9; John V. (Paleologus), minority of, vigorous under the Isaurian 325-8; expels John Cantacu­ emperors, 192-7; in the ninth zen us, 329 l defeated by the century, 203-10; ended . by Turks, 330; later years of, 333 Michael III., 212 John VI. (Paleologus), reign of, Iconodules, 202 . 339; embraces Catholicism, 341 Images, superstitions connected John (Angelus), Emperor of Thes- with, 190; removed by Leo salonica, 300 III., 192; use of, ceases in the John, King of Bulgaria, 276 ; con­ East, 212 ~uers Baldwin I., 295 Innocent III., sends out Fourth John the Cappadocian, finance Crusade, 281; wrath of with the minister, 76 Crusaders, 290 John ChrysoslQm, patriarch, 52; Irene, the empress, regency of, exiled, 53 197 ; deposed, 19l!; blinds her John Ducas, regenl, 255 son and seizes the throne, 199 John the Faster, patriarch, 120 Isaac I. (Comnenus), his short John the Grammarian, patriarch, reign, 250 209, 212 .' Isaac II. (Angelus), rebels, 273; John Huniades, general, 342 his reign, 276 l deposed by his John Lydus, author, 143 brother, 278 l restored,284l dies, Julian, reign of, 32 ~5 . Justin I ... reign of, 65 Isaac Comnenus, of Cyprus, 277-8 Justin II., reign and wars of, 117 Isaurians, the, enlisted by Leo Justinian I., character of, 65; and Zeno, 61 ; dynasty of the, marries Theodora, 66; first rer­ 192 -9 sian war of, 71-4; Italian nnd I'perich, king of Bulgaria, 172 African wars of, 83-93; recall. Italy, conquered by Belisarius, Belisarius, 91; his buildings, 88-91; partly conquered by the lo6-c} ; his legal work, 112 Lombards, 116; Constans II. in, Justinian II., misfortunes ot, 172; 169; central parts of, losl, 196 ; banished, 175; reconquers his southern parts of, conquered hy throne, 179 l slain, ISo the Nonnans, 258 K J Kaclesia, battle of. 164 Jacobites, in Egypt and Syria, 161 Kail:hosru, Sultan, slain in b,ttle, Janissaries, the, 32.f 299 INDEX. 359

Karasi, Emirs of, 319 Louis IX., of France, gives money Karl the Great, crqwned emperor, to Baldwin II., 305 201 Lupicinus, governor of Moesia, 37 Kathisma, the, 24 Lydus, Lobn, author, 143 Khaled, victories of, 162 . Khalars, allied to Heraclius, 137; M £helter Justinian II., 178 Macedonia, overrun by Slavs, Kief, Russian capital, 234 125; in hands of Boniface of Kohad, wars of, with Justinian, 71 Montferrat, 292; conquered by Stephen Dushan,. 327 L Maeander, battle of the, 299 Ladislas, king of Bulgaria, 243 Mahomet, the prophet, rise of, Ladislas, king of . Poland and 159 • Hungary, 342 Mahomet I., Sultan, reunites the Larissa, battle of, 261 , 336 Lascaris, s(e under Theodore I. MaJtomet II. conquers Constanti­ Latin language, used in the Balkan nople, 343-50 Peninsula, 124; decay of the, Maniakes, wars of, 246 144 Manuel I. (Comnenus), ileign and Law, Roman, codified by Justinian, wars of, 271-2 112; changes of Leo III., 194; Manuel II. (Paleologus), reign of Basil I., 214 and misfortunes of, 336-9 Lazarus the painter, 224 M anzikert, hattle of, 254 Lecky, Mr., views of, discuss~, Marcianus, reign of, 59 153 Martina, niece and wife of Hera­ Lazica, wars of Justinian and clius, 165 ; exiled, 166 Chosroes about, 100 Martyropolis, 121 Leo I., reign of, 60 Maurice, reign of, 120; Persian Leo III., the. Isaurian, seizes the wars, 121; fall and death of, trown, 182; defends Constanti· 127 .nbple, 1841 religiouS"Teforms of, Maximinus Daza takes Byzantium, 192 ; political reforms of, 194 II LeG IV., shOrt reign of, 197 Melek·Adel, Sultan of Egypt, Leo V. (the Armenian) seizes .279 the throne, 204; dereats the Mesernbria, taken by Bulgarians, Bulgarians, 205; murd~, 206 204; battle of, 205 Leo VI. (the Wise), reign Of,216; Mesopotamia, conquered by He· literary works of, 2I 8 raclius, 136; invaded by John Leo the Deacon, 237 Zimisces. 239 ~ Leontius, usurpation and fall of, Michael I. (Rhangabe), short 175-7; slain, 179 reign of, 204 Liberius conquers South Spain, Michael II. (the Amorian), con­ 96-7 spiracy of, 2c6; ecclesiastical Licinius, wars of with Maximinus policy of, 207 ; wars of, 208 . . Daza, II; dethroned by Con· Michael III. (the Drunkard). stantine I.. 12 minority of, 212; excesses and Literature. 221-2 murder of, 213 Lombards, the, leave Pannonia, Michael IV. (the Paphlagonian), 115; conquer North Italy, 117; reign and wars of, 246 defeated by Constans II., 169; Michael V., ephemeral power of, subdue the Exarchate, 196 247 ... INDEX.

Michael VI. (Stratioticus), short Narses, the eunuch, conquers reign of, 248-9 Italy from the Goths, 95 Michael VII. (Ducas), minority Narses, General, burnt alive by, of, 251 ; disastrous reigl) of, 256 Phocas, 129 Michael VIII. (Paleologus), usur­ Navy, the Byzantine, 21<)-20 pation of, 303-4; overthrows the Nicaea, taken by the Crusaders, Latin Empire, 305 ; disbands the 264; by the Ottomans, 323 Asiatic militia, 313; wars of, Nicephorus I. dethrones Irene, 304,314 199; disastrous wars of, 203 Michael IX., son and colleague Nicephorus 11., Phocas, takes of Andronicus II., defeated by Candia, 228; emperor, 229; the" Grand Company," 318 wars of, 231; murdered by Michael Angelus, despot of Epirus, Zimisces, 232 300 Nicholas V., pope, sends aid tQ Moawiah, Caliph, attacks Con­ Constantine XI., 344 stantinople, 170; his armie\de­ Nicomedia, taken by the Otto­ feated, 171 mans, 323 Moesia, invaded by the Goths, 37 ; Nineveh, battIe of, 138 seized by the Bulgarians, 171. Normans,conquer Byzantine Italy, Monks, characteIistics of the early, 247; invade the empire, 259; 149; favour image wOIship, 19]; second invasion of repelled, 267; persecuted by Constantine Coo, third invasion of, 273 pronymus, 197 Notaras, John, 342 Monophysites,75 Nilceria, Goths beaten at, 95 Moors, Gelimer flies to the, 85 Montferrat, Stt under Boniface and o Conrad Morals, effect of Christianity on, Obeydah, Saracen general, 162 145-7, general character of Obsequian theme, the, 168 Byzantine, 155-0 Odoacer, conquered by Theodoric, Moslemah besieges Constanti­ 63,64 nople, 185-7 Omar, the Caliph, visits Jerusalem, Motassem, the Caliph, sacks 163 ' Amorium, 210 Om'!}'ades, dynasty of the, 170 Murad I., conquers Thrace, 329; Orkhan, Emir of the Ottomans, suzerain of John V., 330; con­ reigneond successes of, 323-4; quers the Serbs, 332 Pretender to the Sultanate, 343 Murad II., I"esieges Constant i- , Orosius, history of, 150 nople, 337; makes peace with Ostrogoths, under Theodoric in Manuel II., 338; wars of, 342 Moesia, 62; con')uer Italy, 64; Murtzuphlus, s~e Alexius V. weakness of the kmgdom of, 82; (Ducas) attacked by ] ustinian, 88 ; wars Myriokephalon, battle of, 272 of with Behsarius and N arses, 89-94; crushed, 95 N Othman, Emir of the Turks, con- Naissus, birthplace of Constantine quests of, 321-23 ' I., 16; taken by the Bulgarians, 277 P Naples; taken by Belisarius, 88; interference of the Pope with, Palace, imperial, at Constanti­ 120 • nople,19 INDEX.

Paleologus, house of, see under Prusa, taken by the Turks, 323 ; Michael VI., Andronicus II. s\lcked by the Mongols, '334 and III., John V. and Vr., Pu1cheria, Empress, with her Constantine XI. brother Theodosius 11., 55; Paler,!!o, t.aken by Belisarius, ~8 marries Marcianus, 59 Palestme, conquered by the Per. Pelekanon, battle of, 323 sians, 132; overrun by the Polyeuktus, patriarch, 230 Arabs, 163; subdued by the Crusaders, 26S R Pandects, compiled by Justinian, Ravenna, taken by Belisarius, 91 ; 112 exarchate of, 119; occupied by Patriarchal palace of Constanti­ the Lombards, 196 nople. 21 Rhangabe, Michael, short reign Patriarchs, see under John, Ser- of, 204 gius, &c. . Rhazates, general, slain by Hera­ Paulicians, sect of the persecuted clius, 137 by Basil I. 214 Ri~ard Coeur de Leon, conquers Paulinus, put to death by Theo­ Cyprus, 278 dosius II., S7 Robert Guiscard, wars of with Patzinak Tartars, the, 237; wars Alexius I., 259-60; final re­ of with Alexius I., 262 pulse of, 26 I Pavia, taken by the Lomhards, 116 Roger de Flor, hired by Androni­ Persian Empire destroyed by the cus II., 317 ; conquests of, 318; Arabs, 164 • assassinated, 318 Persian Wars under Julian, 32; Romanus I. (Lecapenus), long re­ under Justinian, 7 I, 99; under gency of, 217 Maurice, 121;. under Phocas Romanus 11., short reign of, 228-9 and Heraclius, 130-36 Romanus 111. (Argyrus), married Peter, general under Nicephorus to Zoe, 245; dies, 246 Phocas, 231 Romanus IV. (Diogenes), reign of, Philip of Macedon, attacks Byzan­ 251; defeated by Turks, 254; tium, 7 dies, 256 Philip of Swabia, helps Alexius Rome, taken by Belisarius, 89; Angelus the younger, 279-8 besieged by the Goths, 90; Philippicus, usurpation and fall of, taken by Baduila, 94; Gregory 18e-1 the Great at, 120; Constans II. Phocas, emperor, his u~rpation, at, 169; Charles the Great at, 127; cruelty of, 129; slain. 130 199 . k' Phocas, Bardas, rebels against Ruric, founds the RUSSIan mg- John Zimisces, 233; against dom, 234 Basil II. , 241 Russians, early invasions of, 216 ; Phocas, N icephorus, reign of, 228- attack Bulgaria, 234; defeated 30; wars of, 231; murdered, by John Zimisces, 237: con­ 233 verted to Christianity, 239 Photius, patriarch, his learning, 221 S Plague, the gren t of A. D. 542, 101 Sabatius, father of Justinian, 65 , rise of the power of, 12Q; Samuel, king of Bulgaria, 241; estranged from the empire, 196; wars nnd death of, 242 call in the Franks, 199 Saoudji, rebels against Murad I., Priscus, general of Maurice, 126 333 • ' . Sapor, ling of Persia, 32 Spain, South of, conquered by Jus­ Saracels, the', converted by Ma­ tinian's generals, 96-7 homet, 159; invade Syria, Stauracius, emperor, short reign 160-2; conquer Egypt, 166; of, 204 .- conquer Persia, 164; civil wars Statues at Constantinople, 21, 25; of the, 166; for later history, destruction of by the Crusaders, see under names of the Caliphs 29[ • Sardis, taken by Alexius I., 265 Suleiman; Saracen vizier, besieges Scholarian Guards, the, 104 Constantinople, [85 ; dies, 186; Seljouk Turks, conquer Persia and Turkish Sultan. reign of, 334-6 Armenia, 250-1 ; invade the em­ Stephen Lecapenus, usurpation of, pire, 252; conquer Asia Minor, 217 254 ; defeated by the Crusaders, Stephen Dushan, king of Servia, 265; wars of with the Com­ conquests of, 327 neni, 265-7-72; with Theo­ Stephen'JlOpe, calls in the Franks, dore I., 298 196 Sergius, patriarch, 133 C. Stilicho, wars of with Alaric,47-8; Senate House at Constantinople, murdered by Honorius, 49 ' 21 Swiatoslaf, king of Russia, con­ Servians, cross the Danube, 123 ; quers Bulgaria, 235; defeated conquered by Basil II., 243; hy Zimisces, 237 ~ rebel against Michael IV., 246; Syria, invaded by the Huns, 71; conquered by Manuel I., 271 ; invaded hy Kobad, 73; con- overrun Macedonia, 327; sub­ 2uered by Shahrbarz, 12q-30 ; dued by the Turks, 330 mvaded and conquered by the Severus, emperor, takes Byzan. Saracens, 162-3; conquests of tium, 9 Nicephorus Phocas in,229; sub­ Shahrbarz, the Persian, takes dued by the Crusaders, 265 Jerusalem, 132; defeated by Sophronius, patriarch of J erusa­ HeracIius, 135 lem, 163 Sicily, conquered by Belisarius, T 88' invaded by Saracens, 208 ; Tagina, battle of, 95 finally conquered by Saracens, Tarsus, taken by Nicephorus Pho­ 214; invaded by Maniakes, 246 cas, 230 Siroes, deposes his father Chos­ Teia, Gothic king, slain in hattie, roes, 138 95 Skleros, Bardas, rebel against Basil Telemacr.us, martyrdom of, [45 11.,241 Terbel, king of Bulgaria, aids Jus­ Slavery, influence of Christianity tin ian II., 178 on, 147-8 Themes, institution of the pro­ Slavs, invade the Balkan Penin­ vincial system of, 167-8 sula, 123; subject to the Avars, Theodahat, Gothic king, murders 124-37; ravages of the, 125, his wife, 82; war of with Jus­ 129; made tributary by Con· tinian, 87 ; slain, 88 stans II., 169; besiege Thessa­ Theodora. wife of Justinian, career lonica, 171 of, 66-8 ; in the Nika riots, 79 ; Sophia, St., first building- of, 27 ; death of, 103 burnt in 410 A.D., 53; burnt in Theodora, wife: of Theophilus, 211; the Nika riots, 77; rebuilding regency of, 2 [2 of by Justinian, 107-9; dese­ Theodora, daughter of Constantine crated b.v the Tur~s, 349 VIII., reign of, 248 .INDEX.

Theodora, -daughter of Canta­ Tribonian, minister of J ustnian 1., ~~8enus, married to Orkhan, 112 - Tricameron, battle of, 85 Theodore 'r: (Lascaris), at the Turks, see under Seljouks, and siege of Constantinople, 289; names of Ottoman Sultans made emperor at Nicaea, 298; Tuscan'y, conquered by the Lom­ wars of, 299 .. bards, u6 Theodore 11. (Ducas), short reign' Ttana, sacked by Saracens, 182 of, 303 ' Theodore, Studita, 221 U Theodoric, SOli of Triarius, wars Uldes, king of the Huns, 51 of with Zeno, 62-3 Urosh, king of Servia, 327 ~heodoric, son of Theodemir, re­ Uscup, capital of Stephen Dushan bels against Zeno, 62 ; conquers 327 ' Italy, 64; dies, 81 _ V Theodotus,minister ofJu§tinian II., • 174 VijJens, reign of, 36; slain in Theodosius I., wars of, with the tattle by the Goths, 41 Goths; 42; dies, 44 Vandals, kingdom of the in Theodosius II., reign of, 54-6' Africa, 82; conquered by Be­ war with Attila, 57 ' Iisarius,85 Theodosius III., usurpation of, Varangian guards, 239; at Du­ 181 ; abdicates, 183 razzo, 260; at siege of Con­ Theophano, empress, 229; murders stantinople, 282, 288 her husband, 233 .. Verona, Baduila at, 92 Theophilus, emperor, reign and Venice, rise of, 225; commercial wars of, 208-11; his love of treaties of, with Alexius I., 268; art, 224-5 wars with Manuel 1.,271; aids Theophillls, patriarch of Alex­ the Fourth Crusade, 279; en­ andria, 52 gages in war with Alexius ilL, 'I'hessalonica, besieged by the 282; share of in plunder of Slavs, 171; stormed by the Constantinople, 292; at war Saracens, 216; Crusading king­ with Michael VIII., 314 dom of, 292; retaken by the Vigilius, pope, persecuted by J us­ Greeks, 296; taken by the tinian, 103 Turks, 330; recovered, 336; , the, in Russia, 234 finally lost, 341 • Visigoths, the, invade Moesia, 35; Thellderic, Frankish king, attacks slay Val ens, 41 ; under Alaric, Witiges,89 48; migrate to Italy, 49 Thomas, rebel in Asia, 208 VilaIian, rebellion of, 61 Tiberius II., Constantin us, short W reign of, II 4; wars of, II 7 Tiberius III., A psimarus, re­ Welid, caliph, -wars of, with the bellion of, 177; deposed and empire, 182 slain, 179 Witiges, Gothic king, 88; be­ Tiberius, son of Justinian II., sieges Rome, 90; submits to slain, 180 - Belisarius, 91 Tpgrul Beg, Turkish chief, con­ y quers Bagdad, 251 Totila, see umkr Baduila Yezid, Saracen prince, wars of with the empire, 170 Trebizond, empire of, founded, 298 • INDEX.

Zeuxippus, bnths of, 19 . zacharBh, patria~ch of Jerusalem, . Zimisces, 'John, murders Nice· 132 phorus I., 233; Russian war Zapetra, taken by Theophilus, 210 of,235-7; Asiatic conquests Zara, taken by the Cmsaders, 280 of, 239 Zeno, emperor, reorganizes the Zoe, empress, her marriages and army, 61; wars of with the reign, 245-7 ' Goths, 62; sends Theodoric to Italy, 64

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