ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTION of some vertebrates in the SANJUANBASIN, New Mexico

by Arthur H. Harris with sections by William J. Koster and David M. Niles

number 8 Museum of New Mexico Papers in Anthropology Santa Fe, 1963

Museum of New Mexico Press A Salvage Archaeology program conducted by the Museum of New Mexico in co-operation with the National Park Service, Southwest Region, Department of the Interior, in the Navajo Reservoir District of the Upper Colorado Storage Project.

Edited by RICHARD WORMSER

Editor of Publications, Division of Anthropology

© Museum of New Mexico Press 1963

NAVAJOPROJECTSTUDIESVII

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63 -63281

Price $2.50 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD...... 7

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8

Topography ...... 9 Vegetation ...... 10 Pinyon-Juniper ...... 10 Relict Conifer ...... 12 Sagebrush ...... 12 Riparian ...... 12 Ponderosa Pine -Douglas Fir...... 15 Grassland ...... 15 Cultivated Areas ...... 15 Climate ...... 15 Presentation of Data ...... 16

ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES ...... 17

Amphibians ...... 17 Ambystoma tigrinum Green ...... 17 Scaphiopus bombifrons Cope ...... 17 Bufo boreas Baird and Girard ...... 17 Bufo woodhousei Girard ...... 17 Pseudacris nigrita Le Conte ...... 18 Rana catesbeiana Shaw ...... 18 Rana pipiens Schreber ...... 18 Reptiles ...... 19 Chrysemys picta Schneider...... 19 Crotaphytus collaris Say ...... 19 Holbrookia maculata Girard ...... 19 Sceloporus undulatus Latreille ...... 20 Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard ...... 20 Sceloporus Wiegmann...... 21 Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard ...... 21 Urosaurus ornatus Hallowell ...... 22 Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan) ...... 22 Phrynosoma douglassi (Bell) ...... 22 Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard ...... 22 Cnemidophorus velox Springer ...... 23 Cnemidophorus inornatus Baird...... 23 Cnemidophorus Wagler ...... 24 Eumeces multivirgatus Taylor ...... 24 Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Kennicott) ...... 24 Thamnophis elegans (Baird and Girard) ...... 25 Opheodrys vernalis (Harlan) ...... 25 Arizona elegans Kennicott ...... 25 Pituophis catenifer (Blainville) ...... 26 Masticophis taeniatus (Hallowell) ...... 26 Lampropeltis doliata (Linnaeus) ...... 26 Crotalus viridis (Rafinesque) ...... 26 Mammals ...... 27 Sorex vagrans Baird ...... 27 Myotis yumanensis (H. Allen) ...... 27 Myotis evotis (H. Allen) ...... 27 Myotis volans (H. Allen) ...... 27 Myotis californicus (Audubon and Backman) ...... 28 Myotis subulatus (Say) ...... 28 Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte) ...... 28 Pipistrellus hesperus (H. Allen) ...... 28 Eptesicus fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois) ...... 29 Lasiurus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois) ...... 29 Euderma maculatum ( J. A. Allen) ...... 29 Plecotus townsendi Cooper ...... 29 Antrozous pallidus (Le Conte) ...... 30 Tadarida molossa (Pallas) ………..…………………………………………………………….………………………….30 Sylvilagus nuttalli (Bachman) ...... 31 Sylvilagus auduboni (Baird) ...... 31 Sylvilagus Gray ...... 32 Lepus californicus Gray ...... 32 Eutamias minimus (Bachman) ...... 32 Eutamias quadrivittatus (Say) ...... 32 Marmota flaviventris (Audubon and Bachman) ...... 33 Citellus leucurus (Merriam) ...... 34 Citellus spilosma (Bennett) ...... 34 Citellus variegatus (Erxleben) ...... 34 Citellus lateralis (Say) ...... 34 Cynomys gunnisoni (Baird) ...... 35 Sciurus aberti Woodhouse ...... 35 Thomomys bottae (Eydoux and Gervais) ...... 35 Thomomys talpoides (Richardson)...... 35 Perognathus flavus Baird...... 36 Perognathus apache Merriam ...... 36 Perognathus Wied-Neuwied ...... 36 Dipodomys ordi Woodhouse ...... 37 Dipodomys spectabilis Merriam ...... 37 Castor canadensis Kuhl ...... 37 Reithrodontomys megalotis (Baird) ...... 37 Peromyscus crinitus (Merriam) ...... 38 Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) ...... 38 Peromyscus boylii (Baird) ...... 39 Peromyscus truei (Schufeldt) ...... 39 Peromyscus Gloger ...... 40 Onychomys leucogaster (Wied-Neuwied) ...... 40 Neotoma albigula Hartley ...... 41 Neotoma stephensi Goldman ...... 41 Neotoma mexicana Baird ...... 42 Neotoma cinerea (Ord) ...... 42 Neotoma Say and Ord ...... 42 Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord) ...... 42 Microtus montanus (Peale) ...... 43 Microtus longicaudus (Merriam) ...... 43 Microtus Schrank ...... 43 Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus) ...... 44 Mus musculus Linnaeus ...... 44 Zapus princeps J . A . A l l e n ...... 44 Erethizon dorsatum (Linnaeus) ...... 44 Canis latrans Say ...... 45 Canis lupus Linnaeus ...... 45 Vulpes fulva (Desmaret) ...... 45 Vulpes macrotis Merriam ...... 45 Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber)...... 46 Ursus americanus Pallas ...... 46 Ursus horribilis Ord ...... 46 Bassariscus astutus (Lichtenstein) ...... 46 Procyon lotor (Linnaeus) ...... 46 Mustela frenata Lichtenstein ...... 46 Mustela vison Schreber ...... 47 Taxidea taxus (Schreber) ...... 47 Spilogale putorius (Linnaeus) ...... 47 Mephitis mephitis (Schreber) ...... 47 Felis concolor Kerr ...... 47 Lynx rufus (Schreber) ...... 48 Cervus canadensis Erxleben ...... 48 Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque) ...... 48 Antilocapra americana (Ord)...... 48 Ammotragus lervia Pallas ...... 48

DISCUSSION ...... 49 APPENDIX A – THE FISHES OF THE NAVAJO RESERVOIR DISTRICT BY WILLIAM J. KOSTER ...... 54 APPENDIX B – BIRDS NOTED IN THE NAVAJO RESERVOIR DISTRICT BY DAVID M. NILES ...... 56 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 62 List of Previous Navajo Project Studies ...... 64 LISTOFFIGURES

1. Pinyon-juniper growth on canyon sides overlooking the Pine River just above its junction with the San Juan ...... 9 2 . Relict co nifer stand in Benito Canyon near its junction with the Pine River ...... 11

3. Sagebrush country south of the San Juan River ...... 13

4. Two views of riparian habitat along the Pine River ...... 13

5. Poorly developed ponderosa pine-Douglas fir habitat on flanks of Chimney Rock Mesa, west side of the Piedra RiverValley ...... 14 6. Cultivated land within the Arboles Land Form ...... 14

7. Roost of Tadarida molossa ...... 30

8. Perognathus apache habitat in pinyon -juniper growth ...... 36

9. Approximate distributions of member species of Groups II, III, and IV ...... 50

10. Approximate distributions of member species of Groups V, VI, VII, and VIII ...... 51

11. Approximate distributions of member species of Group IX ...... 52

12. List of species composing nine groups of associated animals ...... 53

TABLE

I. Temperature and Precipitation Records from Seven Stations ...... 16 FOREWORD

Initial surveys and excavations in the faunal study. The data describe present fau- Navajo Reservoir District brought to light nal assemblages, distributions, new records, past events apparently caused by environ - and similar information without the interpre- mental changes (Dittert, et al, 1961, p . 1 6 ) . tation of past events as represented in arch- Available evidence suggested that the aeological specimens. Thus, it is primarily a changes, though minor, had resulted in biological report, but indispensable for future demographic shifts and certain cultural interpretation of archaeological bone changes. Investigations of several types were specimens. Studies of the latter material are devised to determine whether or not the now in progress. suggested changes had a basis in fact and, if so, their magnitude and temporal placement. In addition, the study area covered by the investigations is sufficiently large to James S. Findley of the Department of serve the same purposes for archaeological Biology, University of New Mexico, proposed work being carried out in the Irrigation Dis- that a systematic field study and collection of trict of the Navajo P r o je c t. living vertebrate fauna be made to determine the meaning, in environmental terms, of the Also, a study of the fishes represented occurrence of a given species at an archaeo- in the San Juan and Pine Rivers has been logical site. In addition, the collection pro- made by William J. Koster, and one of birds vides comparative material so that archaeo- by David M. Niles. Like other vertebrate logical bone specimen may be identified at the remains, the study of present fishes and birds lowest possible taxonomic level. becomes important for archaeological purposes because of their use by the previous In the following paper, Arthur H. Harris, inhabitants of the Navajo Reservoir District. of the Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, presents the results of the field Alfred E. Dittert, Jr. INTRODUCTION

Navajo Dam, part of the Colorado River vicinity of the Dam and Reservoir. In addi- Project complex, nearing completion on the tion to the main study area, a check point San Juan River, some fifteen miles south of was set up to the north. the New Mexico-Colorado state line, will hold back a reservoir extending five to six miles into Colorado along the San Juan and Minor place names within the Reservoir Piedra Rivers and almost to the state line study area are carried on USGS topographic along the Pine River, a major tributary of maps of 1954, Allison, Carracas, Burnt the San Juan. Irrigation lands to be fed from Mesa, Rosa, Pine River, and Gomez Ranch the Reservoir will extend sporadically west Quadrangles of the 7.5 minute series. Beyond along and to the south of the San Juan, almost these limits to the south and east, reference may to the Arizona state line. be made to the Army Map Service, Aztec and Shiprock Quadrangles of 1954, 1:250, 000 scale. North of the Reservoir area, coverage is given by Army Map Service, Durango The School of American Research, until Quadrangle. State highway maps should be the summer of 1959, and the Museum of New consulted for all road and town locations. Mexico, since then, have carried out salvage archaeology operations in the Dam and Res- ervoir areas under contract with Southwest Region of the National Park Service. Simi- The author wishes to thank the above lar operations will be carried out in the mentioned institutions, members of the field lands to be irrigated. To provide data on parties during the study periods, and, parti- present vertebrate distribution and ecology cularly, Alfred E. Dittert, Jr., of the Museum of for later interpretation of archaeological New Mexico, who has been in charge of the data, the author spent two weeks of August, archaeological field program. Thanks also are 1958, and the summers of 1959 and 1960 in the due James S. Findley, who freely gave advice field for the above institutions. and aid during the field work and the preparation of the manuscript, and William C. Martin, who identified many of the plant specimens. Primary emphasis has been upon the Both are of the University of New Mexico. mammals, with secondary attention to rep- Stephen D. Durrant, field supervisor of the tiles and amphibians. Well over 1200 speci- mens, collected by trapping and shooting, University of Utah Ecological Researches were preserved for study in the laboratory. during the summer of 1960, kindly offered Other specimens were collected, identified, use of some data. and discarded in the field. Plant specimens, noted on environmental features, and com- ments of local inhabitants also were collected. This manuscript was submitted during the summer of 1961 and remains, in January, 1963, essentially as at that time. However, the information on the ages of trees in the The area investigated during the peri- relict conifer stands, made available by ods of study includes most of those areas in F.W.Eddy, of the Museum of New Mexico, has which salvage archaeology will be carried been added since then, as have the definite out in the immediate future. The area has records of mountain lion and pronghorn not been covered with equal attention to all occurring within the Reservoir area. parts, most work having been done in the

Fig. 1. Pinyon-juniper growth on canyon sides overlooking the Pine River just above its junction with the San Juan. The topography is typical of the Junction Land Form.

One important source of biological in- lished as Number 55 of the University of formation has appeared since the summer Utah Anthropological Papers, in October, of 1961. Ecological Studies of the Flora and 1961. Records from this work are not in- Fauna of Navajo Reservoir Basin was pub- cluded here.

TOPOGRAPHY

A land form consists of an area pos- below, and two new land forms, the Gallegos sessing a similar complex of physiographic Mesa and the Waterflow defined. features throughout its extent. Dittert, et al, (1961, pp. 18,20) have named three such land forms in and adjacent to the Reservoir area: The Arboles Land Form extends north the Arboles, Junction, and Blanco Land from just below the state border into Forms. These terms are used here, but the Colorado. Wide valleys with sloping walls and Blanco Land Form has been expanded to rounded highlands are characteristic, cover somewhat more territory, as noted although more rugged and angular forms appear locally. The highest altitude within 10 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

this area is approximately 8, 500 feet, atop and north of the river to the vicinity of the Piedra Peaks. Farmington.

The Blanco Land Form is replaced to the The Junction Land Form lies south of the south by rolling terrain with, in general, little Arboles Land Form and consists essentially of a relief. It is broken only occasionally by high, dissected plateau. Alternating, almost remnants of the plateau-forming strata and by horizontal, strata of sandstones and clays of cliffs or bluffs along drainage ways. Sands and early Tertiary age are incised by deep and clays are prominent features. This may be narrow, steep-sided canyons (Fig. 1). Altitudes known as the Gallegos Mesa Land Form. range from approximately 5, 700 feet at the dam to some 6, 800 feet in the higher portions North of the San Juan, northwest of of the plateau. Farmington, the terrain is somewhat similar to the Gallegos Mesa Land Form, but out-crops of South of the Dam, the canyons broaden rocks and clays are more common, the ground somewhat and relief lessens. This is the Blanco tends to be somewhat harder and rockier, and Land Form and, for the purposes of this paper, sand areas are less common. This may be may be said to continue to the south of the San known as the Waterflow Land Form. Juan River along the eastern border of the study area and westward along

VEGETATION

Several recognizable vegetational units sole representative of the genus. In more occur within the study area. These units are by sheltered areas within an area extending from no means clear-cut, invariable entities. They several miles south of the New Mexico-Colorado vary in composition and development spatially boundary, Rocky Mountain juniper (J. and often merge with one another to greater or scopulorum) appears, becoming common north lesser degree. Nevertheless, they do give a of the Colorado line. A few members of a third general picture of the environment at any one species of juniper (J. osteosperma) appear place. along the western edge of the study area.

Pinyon-juniper The pinyon-juniper unit also varies greatly in thickness of growth and in pro- This unit is characterized by the presence portions of associates to be found with the of the Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis) and one or "marker" species. Thus, in some areas, the more of several junipers (Juniperus spp.). tree forms are widely spaced and understory Associates throughout the study area may plants, such as sagebrush, relatively include Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), abundant. Elsewhere, crowding may preclude mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus spp.), Utah almost all under story plants. In a different serviceberry (Amelanchier utahensis), and Manifestation, junipers and pinyons occur skunkbush (Rhus trilobata). Understory plants very sparsely, with oak, mountain mahogany, may include big sagebrush (Artemisia Fendlera, and service-berry supplying most of tridentata), yuccas (Yucca spp.), and cane and the larger plants. pad cacti (Opuntia spp.) In general, the pinyon-juniper asso- The unit changes to some degree from ciation is found on canyon walls and slopes south to north. In the south, the one-seeded throughout the Junction Land Form (Fig. 1) juniper (J. monosperma) appears to be the Fig. 2. Relict conifer stand in Benito Canyon near its junction with the Pine River. 12 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

and much of the Blanco Land Form of the New were taken in 1959 by A. E. Dittert, Jr., F. Mexican portions of the study area and on the W. Eddy, and J. J. Hester. The specimens lower slopes of high areas in Colorado, where were studied by Tom Lee, Laboratory of it may merge with the ponderosa pine forests. Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona. Slight slopes on the plateau top south of the Colorado line, within the Junction Land Form, Dates for the inner rings from Douglas may be in pinyon-juniper, while immediately fir trees were 1723, 1751, 1752, 1763, 1772, surrounding areas are in sagebrush. In sever- 1795, 1822, and 1846; those for two al cases, where sagebrush occurs on gentle ponderosa pine trees were 1820 and 1841. slopes in such situations, junipers and No evidence was seen at this site of pinyons appear to be invading. South and reproduction after these dates. Thus there is west of the Junction Land Form, stands indicated rather regular reproduction become rarer, usually depauperate in terms of occurring until the middle of the nineteenth associates, and almost entirely restricted to century, with no successful reproduction areas of relatively great re-lief. since.

Relict Conifer Sagebrush

Small (one to several dozen individuals) Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) relictual populations of Douglas fir forms rather extensive, almost pure stands (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) and, to a somewhat within the Junction Land Form on flats or on lesser extent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponder- very gently sloping sites. To the south, within osa) appear sporadically throughout the New the eastern portions of the Gallegos Mesa Mexican portion of the Junction Land Form Land Form, sagebrush may border the (Fig. 2). Stands are associated, in most cases, pinyon-juniper regions in a band that may be with rather deep canyons and may appear near many miles wide (Fig. 3). The areas of the head, within the length of the canyon, near individual stands decrease as one goes north the mouth, or, occasionally, in various of the Colorado line. In all cases, big combinations of these positions. In several sagebrush is the dominant plant; yucca and cases, stands appear on northwesterly slopes several species of grasses may appear in along the San Juan and Pine Rivers proper, small numbers and, in the vicinity of arroyos but most are in tributary canyons. A few or on river bottomland, greasewood scattered trees may occur unassociated with (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), saltbush (Atriplex canyons. canescens), snakeweed (Gutierrezia lucida), and cocklebur (Xanthium saccharatum) may Some such stands of Douglas fir may appear. recently have been reproducing success- fully, but most entirely lack young trees. Riparian

Associated plants may be only those In favorable areas along permanent typical of the pinyon-juniper unit or may in- water courses, in sloughs, and in moist, clude plants commonly associated with more sheltered canyons may be found associa- mesic associations, such as wild cur-rent tions of cottonwoods (Populus wislizenii in (Ribes aureum), choke cherry (Prunus the south and P. angustifolia within and virginiana), gray barberry (Berberis fendleri), north of the Reservoir), skunkbush, wild and narrow-leaf cottonwood (Populus olive (Forestiera neomexicana), willows angustifolia). (Salix exigua and, less commonly, S. lasiandra), and box elder (Acer negundo) Corings of Douglas fir and ponderosa (Fig. 4). The latter is restricted mainly or pine trees associated with Benito Canyon entirely to the Junction and Arboles Land Forms, as is the occasional appear- Fig. 3. Sagebrush country south of the San Juan River. Photograph is from near Estrella, south of the study area.

Fig. 4. Two views of riparian habitat along the Pine River. Fig. 5. Poorly developed ponderosa pine-Douglas fir habitat on flanks of Chimney Rock Mesa, west side of the Piedra River Valley.

Fig. 6. Cultivated land within the Arboles Land Form. View facing south across the Allison Valley toward Burnt Mesa. INTRODUCTION 15

ante of hawthorns (Crataegus spp.). In Juan River, grasses of several species form some areas, poison ivy (Rhus radicans) fairly dense, but low, stands with many may appear and a few examples of salt associates in the form of yucca (Yucca cedar (Tamarix s p . ) occur in more open glauca), snakeweed, Mormon tea (Ephedra areas south of the Colorado boundary. trifurca), pad cactus (Opuntia sp. ) and tumbleweed (Salsola kali). In sand dune areas Along irrigation ditches and smaller and at lower altitudes, the grasses decrease streams, damp valleys, occasionally on the in thickness of stand and the asso ciates flood plains of the larger streams, and in become more common. This section of the sloughs, another type of development occurs, grassland may meet with the sage- brush to with or separate from the above. Sedges the east in a very sharp line. With- in the (particularly Scirpus acutus), horse- tails Waterflow Land Form, the grassland appears (Equisetum spp.), cattails (Typha latifolia), poorer, both in thickness of stand and and several grasses occur in various number of associates. Saltbush be -comes combinations. more common, but Mormon tea, snakeweed, and cacti decrease in numbers. In part, this Ponderosa Pine - Douglas fir may be a reflection of the soil, which is harder and rockier than that to the south. In the higher portions of the stu dy area, in Colorado, poor to good stands of Cultivated Areas ponderosa pine and Douglas fir appear. In the better developed areas, Gambel oak, aspen The bottomlands of the San Juan, (Populus tremuloides), gray barberry, narrow - Pine, and Piedra Rivers are much utilized for leaf cottonwood, 'and alder (Alnus sp.) also the growing of such crops as alfalfa, clover, occur. Rocky Mountain juniper is commonly fruits, and corn. A few localities on the present. In less well developed areas, plants plateau top of the Junction Land Form and more typical of the pinyon -juniper unit much of the area around Arboles, Allison, replace the above species to a greater or and westward are also in crops, although lesser degree ( F i g . 5 ) . these localities are not in the river valleys proper (F ig . 6). In most situations, irrigation Large ponderosa pines around build - is necessary (small fields of corn and wheat ings in the valley of the San Juan River east have been grown without ir r ig ation on the of Arboles may be remnants of historically plateau top, however). larger stands. As a result of such cultivation, Grassland grassy vegetation and various crop plants supply animals a relatively recent habitat Occurring at generally lower eleva tions formerly absent or, at best, greatly re- than the sagebrush, the grassland seems to stricted. show two facies. South of the San

CLIMATE

Dittert, et al (1961) have brought to- September period receives 55 -60 per cent gether climatic data for the immediate vicinity of the total annual precipitation. of the R e s e r v o ir . Isohyetal lines run Temperature and precipitation data essentially northwest-southeast; the eighteen for stations in or near the study area are inch isohyet falls just north of the Reservoir given in Table I and have been taken from limits, and the ten inch isohyet crosses the data presented in Climate and Man (Gittings, area in the vicinity of Blanco. The April to 1941; Hardy, 1941). 16 TABLE I Temperature and Precipitation Records from Seven Stations

Station Temperature measured in degrees Fahrenheit Annual Precipitation measured in inches January July Average Average Maximum Minimum

Aztec 26.8 73.7 104 -27 9.17

Bloomfield 26.8 74.7 106 -35 9.14

Fruitland 29.6 74.0 110 -21 6.76

Farmington ------8.44

Rosa (near) ------13.17

Shiprock 28.1 76.6 106 -18 7.59

Ignacio 21.8 67.5 101 -38 16.10

PRESENTATIONOFDATA

To make clear the geographic distri- reptiles are given in the same order as in bution within the study area and, insofar as Schmidt's Check List of North American known, the preferred and limiting ecological Amphibians and Reptiles (1953); Hall and features of the amphibians, re ptiles, and Kelson's Mammals of North America (1959) mammals, the following form of presentation is followed for the mammals. has been decided upon: For each species, record -stations of (1) Where little would be gained by occurrence are given under the heading comparisons and contrasts with other organ- "Localities." Records from the literature are isms, either because of an insufficiency of included when such fall within the study area data or because of seemingly straightforward or in the immediate vicinity (in genera] this situations, comments are given in the form of includes all of La Plata and Archuleta species accounts stating the geographical Counties in Colorado, but a less well defined ranges as known within the study area, and area in New Mexico). detailing the ecological conditions as far as possible. Some additional data are given for The record- stations are based on the bats because of the paucity of such personal field work, on specimens in the information in the literature. University of New Mexico Collection of Vertebrates, and on records in the literature (2) Where comparisons are of par - In the absence of a literature citation, the ticular interest, because of the presence of records are from the first two sources men closely related species (belonging to the same tioned (all specimens collected personally genus), generic accounts may be given and preserved are now in the University of following the species accounts. New Mexico Collection of Vertebrates). A figure in parentheses following a locality It is felt that by this manner of pre- refers to the number of specimens from that sentation, unmeaningful duplication in station. species accounts may be avoided and greater insight into the dynamics of distribution gained, ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES

AMPHIBIANS

• Ambystoma tigrinum Green Tiger J.S.Findley has identified members Salamander of this genus by call at Allison, La Plata C o . , Colo. Individuals were seen or collected in farmland, pinyon- juniper, sagebrush, and Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co . : grassland habitats. Metamorphosed individ - Oxford (Maslin, 1959, p.9). NEW MEXICO: San uals have been seen in a rodent burrow ex- Juan Co . : 2 mi. NW of Blanco (9). cavated into the almost vertical side of an arroyo and in a deep crack formed by water in a clay-walled canyon side. Specimens were collected from a clay- bottomed tank • Bufo boreas Baird and Girard on the bottom of a canyon and from an earth- Boreal Toad en cattle tank in irrigated farmland. Members of this species are avail- Where sufficient water for breeding able only from the northern checkpoint. occurs, members of this species probably They were found in quiet water near the are present throughout the study area. mouth of Gordon Creek. Riparian vegeta tion borders the stream, with spruce forest Localities: COLORADO: La Plata nearby. Co.: Durango (Maslin, 1959, p.'7); Allison (2). Archuleta Co. (Maslin, 1959.p.7). NEW The boreal toad probably exists MEXICO: San Juan Co.: Ulibarri Canyon, N somewhat further south, perhaps even to 1/2 Sec. 25, T 32 N, R 7 W, (sight record); the northern portions of the main study area. 16 mi. S and 1 mi. W of Farmington, Sec. 17, T 26 N, R 13 W (11). Rio Arriba Co . : Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta Co .: Uell's Canyon, Sec. 26, T 32 N, R 6 W jct. Gordon Creek and Piedra River (6). (sight re c ord ).

• Bufo woodhousei Girard • Scaphiopus bombifrons Cope Woodhouse's Toad Central Plains Spadefoot Woodhouse's toad is widespread This toad was collected only in juni- throughout the study area. One specimen per and sagebrush, near greasewood growing was taken from a group of Bufo boreas in along washes. One individual was found chorus in an area of spruce (Picea after dark, several hundred feet from a dirt engelmannii) and riparian vegetation; other cattle tank; the remainder were from mud at specimens were secured from all vegetational the edge of the tank or, in a very few cases, types represented in the study area, although from the water. only in the sparser areas of ponder - 18 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

osa pine -Douglas fir forest. The only limit- Tadpoles, almost ready for meta- ation appears to be the lack of available morphosis, were collected from meadows water –the dryness of the summer of 1960, near the upper Piedra River in late June. when most field work was done in the south, may account for apparent absence in some The call of this species was heard areas, since rain pools were unavailable for from marshes at Blanco, San Juan Co., New collecting purposes. Mexico, several hours after dawn, but none was seen. The few choruses located would seem to indicate a preference for water with little Localities: COLORADO: La Plata vegetation. At Allison, for example, though Co . : 10 mi. S of Durango (Maslin, 1959, p. numerous irrigation ditches and heavily veg- 17); 1 1/2 mi. W Allison (1). Archuleta Co .: etated tanks were available, the breeding Gordon Creek near jct. with Piedra River chorus and individuals in amplexus were (larvae); Pagosa Springs (Maslin, 1959, p. found only in a tank which had no noticeable 16); vicinity Allison, Secs. 14 and 23, T 32 vegetation in 1959, and but little the follow- N, R 6 W (21). ing year. In genera l, individuals located in water at other sites were in dirt tanks or streams with little vegetation. • Rana catesbeiana Shaw Bullfrog Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co. Rio Florida near Durango (Maslin, 1959, No evidence of the bullfrog, widely p. 13); 11 mi. S of Durango (Maslin, 1959, introduced in the Southwest, was found p. 14); Allison (17). Archuleta Co . : jct. north of the Dam site. South of the Dam Gordon Creek and Piedra River (1); Piedra site, one specimen was found in a heavily River, upper campground NW of Chimney vegetated backwater area of th e San Juan Rock (Maslin, 1959, p. 14); Deep Canyon (6); R i v e r . Riparian vegetation and croplands Yellowjacket turnoff, Colo. 151 (1); vicinity are in the immediate vicinity, with pinyon- Allison, Secs. 14 and 23, T 32 N, R 6 W(3). juniper on the canyon walls. An individual NEWMEXICO: San Juan Co.: near Pine was seen several times in a large dirt cattle River, Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (2); 2 mi. NW of tank at the edge of Gallegos Canyon, some Blanco (9); about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of six miles south of the San Juan River°. The Farmington (2); about 5 mi. W and 2 mi. S of tank is fairly deep and with a fair amount Bloomfield (6); Gallegos Canyon, Sec. 9, T 28 of submergent vegetation. N, R 12 W (1). Rio Arriba Co,: 2 mi. S of Rosa (1). Localities: NEW MEXICO: San Juan Co.: about 3 mi. N (by road) of Archuleta (1).

• Pseudacris nigrita LeConte Chorus • Rana pipiens Schreber Leopard Frog Frog

In the vicinity of Allison, the chorus Leopard frogs are not uncommon in frog was heard frequently along irrigation the irrigation areas, natural sloughs, and ditches and in those tanks which supported other areas of permanent water which good growths of aquatic vegetation. The support vegetation near the water's edge. majority of specimens were collected at night. One specimen, however, was found Localities: COLORADO: La Plata during the daytime on a frequently watered Co.: 20 mi. N of Hermosa (Maslin, 1959, lawn. ACCOUNTS OFSPECIES 19

p. 19); 8 mi. NW of Hesperus (Maslin, 1959, upper campground N W of Chimney Rock p. 19); 10 mi. S of Durango (Maslin, 1959, (Maslin, 1959, p. 19); vicinity Allison, p. 19); vicinity Columbine Ranger Station Secs. 14 and 23, T32 N, R 6 W (1). NEW (5), Durango (Maslin, 1959, p. 19); Rio MEXICO: San Juan Co.: Pine R iv e r, NW Florida, near Durango (Maslin, 1959, p. 19); 1/4, Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); 4 mi. N and Allison (2). Archuleta Co . ; jct. Gordon 1 mi. E of Waterflow (1). Creek and Piedra River (1); Piedra River

REPTILES

• Chrysemys picta Schneider rodent burrow opening and the immature Painted Turtle animal was taken from beneath wood debris. In the Gallegos Canyon area, these lizards The painted turtle may occur in inhabit rock outcrops in a marginal pinyon - permanent streams within the main study juniper area mixed with much grass and area. No specimens are available from within sagebrush. the Reservoir but there are apparently reliable reports of the presence of a turtle, Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co . : presumable of this species, in the Piedra near Bondad (Maslin, 1959, p.26). Archuleta River nor th of Arboles and in the San Juan Co . : Arboles (1). NEW MEXICO: San Juan south of the Junction Land Form. One Co . : Pine R ive r , N E 1/4 Sec. 18, T 32 N, R 7 specimen was picked up from a road west of W (1); extreme SE corner Sec.29, T 31 N, R 7 the study area by A.E.Dittert, J r . ; a small W (1); Pine River, NE 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 stream was nearby. W (1); Pine River, NW 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (2); near jct. Sambrito Creek and San Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Juan River (1); Pine River Canyon, Sec. 20, Co . : 5 mi. N of Durango, Animas River T 3 1 N , R 7 W ( 1 ) ; S e c . 29, T 3 0 N , R 8 W , drainage (Maslin, 1959, p.23); 3 mi. E of 5,800' (1); jct. San Juan and Pine Rivers, Oxford, Colo. Rt. 172 (1). NW 1/4 Sec. 17, T 30 N, R 7 W (2); Gallegos Canyon, Sec. 9, T 28 N, R 12 W (1); about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of Blanco, Sec. 34, T 29 N, R 9 W, 5800' (1); 3 1/2 mi. E and 7 mi. S of • Crotaphytus collaris Say Bloomfield, Sec. 32, T 28 N, R 10 W (2). Rio Collared Lizard Arriba Co.: extreme SE corner Sec. 22, T 32 N, R 6 W (1). The collared lizard was most often seen on or near rocks in pinyon -juniper or, occasionally, sagebrush habitat. On several occasions, young lizards were • Holbrookia maculata Girard Lesser captured or seen at distances of up to Earless Lizard several hundred feet from rocky areas usually in sagebrush, but in one instance The lesser earless lizard seems to in riparian habitat. Pinyon -juniper was be associated with sandy portions of the nearby in these cases. One adult and one grassland south of the San Juan R iv e r . It juvenile animal were taken in a clay- hill is doubtful that its range extends north of area of scattered pinyons and junipers. In the river within the river within the study this latter case, there were no rocks for area. a mile or more from the points of capture; the adult lizard was snap -trapped from a 22 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

and 3 mi. S of Blanco, Sec. 34, T 29 N, R 9 pine areas in the north (there is a sight W, 5800' (4); 16 mi. S and 1 mi. W of record from near the San Juan River, two Farmington, Sec. 17, T 26 N, R 13 W(1); 2 miles west and one mile north of Juanita, 1/4 mi. N and 1 1/4 mi. E of Waterflow, Archuleta C o . , C o l o . ) and throughout the Sec. 28, T 30 N, R 15 W (3); 5 1/2 mi. N flatter areas of pinyon-juniper and sage - and 1 1/2 mi. W of Waterflow, Sec. 12, brush in the more southerly portions of the T 30 N, R 16 W (3); 3 1/2 mi. E a n d 7 m i . Junction Land F o r m . No specimens were S of Bloomfield, Sec. 32, T 28 N, R 10 W taken within those portions of the study (3); 1 mi. E and 9 mi. S of Bloomfield, Sec. area south of the Junction Land Form, but, 11, T 27 N, R 11 W (1); about 4 mi. as they are known to occur south of the S of Gallegos Store, near Gallegos study area in habitat similar to that of the Canyon (I). Gallegos Mesa Land Form, they probably are present throughout the southern por- tions of the study area.

• Urosaurus ornatus Hallowell Tree Nowhere were members of this Lizard species recorded from riparian situations or from cropland and they appeared absent Cary (1911, p.26) reported observ ing from situations of strong topographic re- this lizard at Arboles, Archuleta C o . , Colo. lief. No members of this species were seen or collected and it seems likely that this was a Small, apparently f irs t- yea r individ- misidentification, perhaps based upon a uals were first collected during the first week young ______Sceloporus undulatus. If, of August, 1959. however, the record is good, then it must be assumed that the animal is extremely rare Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co. or has vanished from the Arboles and (Maslin, 1959, p.40). Archuleta Co. : 2 mi. N Junction Land Forms. Although not seen of Chromo (Maslin, 1959, p.40); SW 1/4 of immediately south of these areas, more work SE 1/4 Sec. 10, T 32 N, R 5 W (1). NEW would be necessary to allow a definite MEXICO: San Juan Co.: SW 1/4 Sec. 8, T 32 statement as to its presence or absence. N, R 7 W (1); E side NW 1/4 Sec. 10, T 32 N, R 6 W (1); NW 1/4 Sec. 22, T 32 N, R 6 W (1); near San Juan River, Sec. 3, T 31 N, R 6 W (1); near mouth Cotton wood Canyon, SE • Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan) 1/4 Sec. 17, Texas Horned Lizard T 31 N, R 6 W (1); Pine River R d . , SE 1/4 Sec. 17, T 31 N, R 7 W (1); Pine River, NW Maslin (1959, p.37) cites Cope as 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (1). Rio Arriba listing Pagosa, Archuleta C o . , Colo., as a Co.: San Juan River, Sec. 27, locality for this species. It seems reason- T 32 N, R 6 W (1). ably safe to conclude on the grounds of known distribution and habitat that this re- cord rests upon an escaped pet, a mis- labeling, or a misidentification. • Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard Western Whiptail

The western whiptail appears to be • Phrynosoma douglassi (Be ll) Short limited in distribution to the area south of Horned Lizard the Junction Land Form, although perhaps overlapping to a slight degree into this re- Although seemingly not common, gion in a few places. It has been taken in this lizard was found in the open ponderosa the sparser portions of the lower pinyon- ACCOUNTSOFSPECIES 23

juniper zone, in grassland, and in marginal tends into the more open areas of pinyon- riparian situations. Within the distribu- juniper, riparian, and low streamside tional area of C. inornatus, as now known, vegetation. Although commonest on flat or C. tigris appears to be limited to wash areas gently sloping tracts, it occurs for short and the bordering areas of rock out-crops distances beyond such habitats into and bluffs. In the western portions of the boulder fields at cliff bases, debris along study area, north of the San Juan River, slopes of small valleys, and, occasionally, where C. inornatus has not been found, C. onto steep canyon walls. Areas of heavy tigris is found in both the types of areas plant growth, including pinyon-juniper, and described above and in areas of lesser relief of finely dissected topography appeared un- and thus may f ill the niche of C. inornatus inhabited by this species. in this region. Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co . : The western whiptail has been taken Allison (1). Archuleta Co.: Carracas- Arboles in regions of sandy and of rock substrata. R d . , NE 1/4 of SW 1/4 Sec. 17, T 32 N, R 4 When associated with the latter, it was W (1). NEW MEXICO: San Juan Co.: near jct. seldom found among boulders, but rather Sambrito Creek and San Juan River (2); Pine in areas of exposed bedrock with small River Canyon, Sec. 20, T 31 N, R 7 W (3); E areas of soil and sand. side NW 1/4 Sec. 10, T 32 N, R 6 W (1); SW 1/4 Sec. 11, T 32 N, R 6 W (2); Sambrito This lizard may be active during Creek, SW 1/4 Sec. 10, T 32 N, R 6 W (1) ; mid-day, after most other species have Sambrito Creek, retired. In this respect, it approaches the S 1/2 Sec. 15, T 32 N, R 6 W (1); San Juan schedule of C. inornatus, though usually River, NW 1/4 Sec. 22, T 32 N, R 6 W (4); appearing somewhat later in the morning mouth of Benito Canyon, NW 1/4 of NW 1/4 and remaining active somewhat later in the Sec. 29, T 32 N, R 7 W (2); NW 1/4 of SW afternoon. 1/4 Sec. 4, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); Pine River, NW 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W(2); jct. San Localities: NEW MEXICO: San Juan Juan and Pine R ive rs , NW 1/4 Sec. 17, T Co . : about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of Farming- 30 N, R 7 W (1); 1/2 mi. S of Navajo Dam ton (2); Gallegos Canyon, Sec. 9, T 28 N, R site (1); 2 mi. NW of Blanco (1); about 3 mi. 12 W (10); Kutz Canyon at jct. with US 44 E and 3 mi. S of Blanco, Sec. 34, T 29 N, R (1); about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of 9 W, 5800' (2). Rio Arriba Co . : Rosa (1); SE Blanco, Sec. 34, T 29 N, R 9 W, 5800' (1); 2 1/4 Sec. 13, 1/4 mi. N and 1 1/4 mi. E of Waterflow, T 32 N, R 6 W (4); SW 1/4 Sec. 23, T 32 N, Sec. 28, T 30 N, R 15 W (3); 5 1/2 mi. N R 6 W (1). and 1 1/2 mi. W of Waterflow, Sec. 12, T 30 N, R 16 W (2).

• Cnemidophorus inornatus Baird Little Whiptail • Cnemidophorus velox Springer Plateau Whiptail The little whiptail was found in grassland areas south of the San Juan The plateau whiptail was found to R i v e r . At one collection station, in an area inhabit the Junction Land Form, overlap- of sharp transition between grassland and ping slightly into the Blanco and Arboles sagebrush, a few individuals were taken Land Forms. It is found mainly within open from sagebrush, but always within a few border areas, in sagebrush most commonly, hundred yards of grassland. The lizards but seldom further than several hundred were common on the higher, sandy ridges yards from other, thicker vegetation or where shrubby vegetation (particularly rocky outcrops. Its range also ex- Ephedra) was common; they were 26 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

• Pituophis catenifer (Blainville) Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan Gopher Snake Co . : NE 1/4 Sec. 24, T 32 N, R 7 W (1).

The gopher snake was the least re - stricted ecologically of any of the snakes found in the study area. Specimens were taken from the lower levels of the ponderosa • Lampropeltis doliata (Linnaeus) pine- Douglas fir forest, from pinyon- juniper, Milk Snake sagebrush, farmland, and riparian habitats. Most specimens are from areas which are A single specimen, which escaped predominantly nonrocky and possess only before preservation, was taken near the gentle slopes. mouth of Deep Canyon, Archuleta Co., Colo., on the morning of 6 July 1959. The snake Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta was found beneath a decaying log in an area Co . : Pagosa (Maslin, 1959, p. 62); 0.4 mi. of ponderosa pine and Gambel oak. Rocky (by road) S of the jct. of Colo. 151 and US Mountain juniper and skunkbush also occur 160 (1). NEW MEXICO: San Juan Co.: in the area; Douglas f ir is present a short boundary between Secs. 9 and 16, T 32 N, R distance up-canyon. 6 W (1); NW 1/4 Sec. 22, T 32 N, R 6 W (1); SE 1/4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 26, T 32 N, R 7 W (1); The snake was examined carefully W side Pine River, opposite Wool Can -yon after capture and the identification to species (1); Ulibarri Canyon, N 1/2 Sec. 25, T 32 N, is considered certain despite the later loss of R 7 W (1); near mouth Cottonwood Canyon, the specimen, SE 1/4 Sec. 17, T 31 N, R 6 W (1); Pine River, SW 1/4 Sec. 8, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); Pine River, NE 1/4 of NW 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); San Juan River, just S of confluence with Pine River (1); Wat erflow (1); Gallegos • Crotalus viridis (Rafinesque) Canyon, Sec. 9, T 28 N, R 12 W (1); 1 1/2 Western Rattlesnake mi. W and 7 mi. S of Bloomfield, Sec. 4, T 27 N, R 11 W (1). This snake is relatively rare within the Rio Arriba Co .: Sec. 22, T 32 N, R 6 W (1). study area. The northernmost record is from the edge of a small stream with a growth of narrow-leaf cottonwood along its mar -gins. Ponderosa pine and some Douglas fir cover the • Masticophis taeniatus (Hallowell) nearby slopes. Desert Striped Whipsnake Two specimens are available from the Only one specimen of the d esert pinyon-juniper unit, one from among the striped whipsnake was encountered within rocks of a canyon wall, the other from the the study area. This individual was caught relatively flat plateau top separating the San about midmorning among pinyons and juni - Juan and Pine R ive r s. In the latter case, pers within the Junction Land Form. Sage- rather large amounts of shrubby growth brush is nearby as an understory plant and, (Gambel oak, mountain mahogany, e tc . ) are a few hundred feet away, a north slope sup - present. ports heavy growths of mountain mahogany amidst the pinyons and junipers; smaller The sole specimen from south of the amounts of Utah serviceberry and Gambel Junction Land Form was found coiled beside oak appear. The locality shows moderate a snap trap in the damper portion of a sedge r e lief ; although the substratum is pre - bed on the east margin of Gallegos Canyon. dominately of clay, sandstone outcrops ap- Pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, and grassland pear near by. intermingle to some degree in this region. ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES 27

A very sparse growth of cottonwood and Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta wild olive is found in the vicinity. Co.: 4 mi. S (by road) of the jct. of Colo. 151 and US 160 (1). NEW MEXICO: San Juan Local inhabitants seem to consider Co.: E wall of canyon of Pine R iv e r , opposite the rattlesnake r a r e . It seems probable that mouth of Wilmer Canyon, SE 1/4 of SE 1/4 it reaches little further north in the vicinity. Sec. 19, T 32 N, R 7 W (1); Pine River R d . , Maslin (1959) does not report re-cords from SE 1/4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 26, T 32 N, the two Colorado counties into which the R 7 W (1); Gallegos Canyon, Sec. 9, T 28 N, R study area extends. 12 W (1).

MAMMALS

• Sorex vagrans Baird Vagrant Both animals were pregnant f e m a le s . Shrew In the earlier capture, a single embryo was just discernible, and the individual taken One specimen was trapped on 6 July on 16 June had one embryo measuring 12 mm. 1959, by Clyde J. Jones, in a _Microtus (Crown X rump). montanus runway through thick sedges (Scirpus acutus) in termixed with some grass- Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co . : es. Ponderosa pine, pinyon, and junipers Allison (2). occur in the general area.

Warren (1942) reports that this shrew is found throughout practically the whole • Myotis evotis (H. Allen) Long - mountainous region of Colorado to an eleva- eared Myotis tion as low as 7, 000 feet. Specimens from the study area were Localities : COLORADO:_ Archuleta taken over a small tank formed by the dam- Co . : 2 mi. E and 1/2 mi. N of Chimney Rock ming of an intermittent stream. The vege tation (1 )• is that of the ponderosa pine-Douglas fir unit, with the former tree by far the more common. A small amount of aspen is near -by. Gambel • Myotis yumanensis (H. Allen) Yuma oak and junipers are common. Myotis The specimens were taken on 22 Until completion of a recent study July 1960. All were females; one was im - (Harris and Findley, 1962) based on the nec- mature. essity for identification of two specimens from within the study area, bats of this type were Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta assigned to the subspecies M. lucifugus Co . : Deep Canyon (3). phasma Miller and Allen. The study has resulted in their placement within the present species. • Myotis volans (H. Allen) Long - The two specimens were taken from legged Myotis over an earthen cattle tank, one on 11 June and the second on 16 June. The general area The long- legged myotis is known from is one of croplands; those tracts not in crops ponderosa pine-Douglas fir forest and from are in sagebrush. riparian growth in the canyon of the F i g . 7 . Ro o st o f Ta da ri da m o l os s a.

Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan A very young female was captured Co.: cave near Pine River, SE 1/4 Sec. 6, T on 7 July. Lactating females were collect ed 30 N, R 7 W (2). on 14 and 19 July; apparently nonlactating females on 14, 19, 22, and 27 July. Males were collected on 19 and 27 July.

• Antrozous pallidus (Le Conte) Pallid Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta Bat Co . : Deep Canyon (1). NEW MEXICO: San Juan Co.: Marcelo Lucero place, Pine River The pallid bat may be presumed to be Canyon (2); W side of Todosio Can-yon (1); widespread throughout the southern portions Gale Wash, 4 mi. E and 2 mi. S of of the study area, becoming rare to the north. Bloomfield (3); about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of One specimen was taken in ponderosa pine- Farmington (5); 16 mi. S and 1 mi. W of Douglas fir forest; others came from well Farmington, Sec. 17, T 26 N, R 13 W (1). developed pinyon-juniper stands, marginal pinyon-juniper with much sage-brush, and from grassland. Lack of avail-able roosting sites possibly could be a limiting factor, but • Tadarida molossa (Pallas ) Big relatively few areas are without potential sites F r ee ta il Bat within flying distance. One of the few known roosts of this The one roost found in the study area large bat was in the Reservoir area (F ig . 7). was behind a thin slab of rock on a cliff face. Two large rock shelters, a short distance Available space was about two inches at the below the lip of the canyon wall of widest. ACCOUNTS OFSPECIES 31

the Pine River and within a few hundred Within the study area, this rabbit is yards of each other, supported a total of concentrated north of the Colorado state some thirty bats (estimated). Both shelters line. It is common in ponderosa pine- are approximately 100 feet above the Recent Douglas f i r , in those areas of pinyon-juni- alluvium terrace of the Pine R iv e r . The per which also support good stands of canyon walls in this section are very steep. Gambel oak, and in riparian habitat in that The shelters are difficult of access, ropes region. being required for safe entry to one. Both face approximately east. Two specimens have been taken in the New Mexican portion of the study area. The bats were in crevices in the One of these was collected from dense sage - ceilings of the shelters. The crevices are brush in a small valley with permanent long (thirty feet or more for one; thirty to water; mi xed with the sagebrush are good forty feet for the other), deep (six feet or stands of grass, willows, narrow- leaf cot- more for one; an estimated eight to ten feet tonwood, squawberry, and some juniper. for the other), and at a height of about six Irrigated fields are nearby. The other to eight feet above the floors of the shelters. specimen was collected in a very dense stand A slight angling in leaving the roost would of pinyon -juniper. Both are from the provide the bats with thirty feet or more of Junction Land Form, not far south of the free fall. In both cases, the crevices curved Colorado state line. so as to block view of their full vertical extent. Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta C o . : NE 1/4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 18, T 32 N, Vegetation in the vicinity is pinyon- R 4 W (1); Sec. 23, T 32 N, R 4 W (2); Sec. juniper, well- developed only on the flats 18, T 32 N, R 4 W (1); N 1/2 Sec. 22, above the canyon walls; the walls them- T 3 2 N , R 4 W ( 1 ) ; 21/2 mi. Sand 1 m i . W selves support fair numbers of juniper, a of Chimney Rock (1); Deep Canyon, 4 mi. few pinyons, and much brush (mountain S and 1/2 mi. W of Chimney Rock (5). NEW mahogany, e t c . ) . Riparian growth and MEXICO: San Juan Co.: Sambrito Creek, SE c ultivated fields are on the bottomlands of 1/4 of SW 1/4 Sec. 15, T 32 N, R 6 W (1); the canyon. A few relict conifer stands exist Pine River R d . , W side Sec. 3, T 31 N, R 7 W in the general vicinity. (1).

A l l collected individuals were fe- males. A specimen taken on 30 June was carrying an embryo (crown X rump length, 33 mm.). Others collected the same date • Sylvilagus auduboni (Baird) and on 18 July had no embryos. Desert Cottontail

Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan In keeping with its common name, Co.: Pine River Canyon near Todosio Can- this rabbit is most plentiful in the more yon (7). xeric portions of the study area. It was observed in grassland, sagebrush, open pinyon- juniper, and brushy stream or wash • Sylvilagus nuttalli (Bachman) vegetation. In the more open habitats, in- Nuttall's Cottontail dividuals were most common in or ne ar rocky or dissected regions, seldom being Nuttall's cottontail is primarily an observed in flat, open sagebrush or grass - animal of the ponderosa pine-Douglas fir land. unit, but extends to lower elevations in riparian and the denser pinyon -juniper Few specimens were collected in the habitats. southern portions of the area, but were 32 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

seen at most stations except those of little from the Piedra Valley north of approxi - topographic r e lie f . mately Arboles; in the San Juan Valley to the east of Arboles, however, there are records Localities: COLORADO: La Plata almost to Cato. It is probable that the range _ of these animals extends to a greater or Co . : Allison, E side NW 1/4 Sec. 15, lesser extent into pinyon -juniper and T 32 N, R 6 W (1, skull pickup). NEW perhaps occasionally into lower ponderosa MEXICO: San Juan Co.: NE 1/4 Sec. 12, pine forest. To the south, it was observed in T 32 N, R 7 W (1); SW 1/4 Sec. 34,T 32 N, both sagebrush and grass- land, although R 7 W (1); NE 1/4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 5, T 30N, more common in the f o r m e r . R 7 W (1); Ulibarri Canyon, N 1/2 Sec. 25, T 32 N, R 7 W (1); NW 1/4 Sec. 9, T 32 N, R Localities: COLORADO: La Plata 6 W (1); 2 mi. NW of Blanco (1); Fruit- Co . : Ft. Lewis (Warren, 1942, p.262); land (Nelson, 1909, p. 232); Aztec (Nelson, Bayfield (Warren, 1942, p. 262). Arch - 1909, p.232); Blanco (Nelson, 1909, p.232); uleta Co . : NW 1/4 Sec. 23, T 32 N, Canyon Blanco (Nelson, 1909, p.232). Rio R 6 W (1). NEW MEXICO: San Juan Co . : E Arriba Co. : Dulce (Nelson, 1909, p.232). 1/2 T 31 N, R 8 W (1); Sec. 12, T 30 N, R 8 W (1); Aztec (Nelson, 1909, p.145); Fruitland (Nelson, 1909, p. 145); Canyon Blanco (Nelson, 1909, p. 145). • Sylvilagus Gray Cottontails

The distributions of Nuttall's cotton - • Eutamias Minimus tail and the desert cottontail overlap to some (Bachman) Least degree. Within this zone of sympatry, Chipmunk Nuttall's cottontail tends to inhabit the denser vegetation types and the desert cot- The least chipmunk, absent from tontail mainly the more open areas. In the the study area proper, was common, along Sambrito Creek drainage south of the Colo- with the Colorado chipmunk, near the junc - rado line, for example, Nuttall's cotton- tail tion of Gordon Cre ek with the Piedra Rive r . was found in the dense vegetation along the Warren (1942, p. 146) mentions that this stream, whereas the desert cottontail was animal ranges down to the pinyon and taken from nearby sagebrush flats. The zone juniper zone and that it has been taken with of overlap is narrow, probably little if any the Colorado chipmunk. Thus it may be greater than ten miles in width, and appears presumed that its lower limits are near the centered a few miles south of the New study area's boundaries. Mexico-Colorado state line. The results of this study would seem to bear out the Localities: COLORADO: La Plata statement of Warren (1942, p.271) that Co . : Florida (Howell, 1929, p. 50). "...sometimes (the) two species are found at Archuleta Co . : Gordon Creek near jct. with practically the same lo c a lity . " Piedra River (4); Navajo River (Howell, 1929, p.50); Chromo (Howell, 1929, p.50).

 Lepus californicus Gray Black -tailed Jack Rabbit • Eutamias quadrivittatus (Say) Colorado Chipmunk In the northern portions of the study area, the black-tailed jack rabbit was seen, The Colorado chipmunk is common with few exceptions, only in areas of sage - in the ponderosa pine-Douglas fir forest brush and was common there. Records of where thickets, fallen logs, and other de - sightings from the study area reveal none bris provide ample cover, and in those ACCOUNTSOFSPECIES 33

portions of the pinyon- juniper and relict 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of Farmington (4). Rio conifer units where rock outcrops occur; it Arriba Co . : SE 1/4 Sec. 13, T 32 N,R 6 W, appears to be absent from all but the 6400' (1); Uell's Canyon, SE 1/4 Sec. 26, T 32 thickest growths of non-rocky pinyon -juni- N, R 6 W (1) ; Dulce (Howell, 1929, p.83); per areas. In the more southerly portions of about 1 mi. N of Bancos Can- yon (1); near the study area, this chipmunk lives a-long mouth of Bancos Canyon (1). high cliffs and among rock debris even where the pinyon-juniper unit is extremely sparse, with sagebrush and grasses preval- ent. • Marmota flaviventris (Audubon and Bachman) The major factor limiting its geo - Yellow-bellied Marmot graphic distribution seems to be the avail- ability of cover (though it seems to be absent Yellow-bellied marmots have been from even the thickest riparian co ve r ). The seen by myself and other members of the animals appear noticeably more wary in field party near Sambrito Creek, Sec. 15, T regions below ponderosa pine- Douglas f ir 32 N, R 6 W, 5, 980', San Juan Co . , New vegetation than in the higher life- zones that Mex. Two specimens were collected from this provide better overhead cover; this may well general area by the University of Utah be in response to the greater danger, Ecological Researches party in the summer of particularly from birds, in the more open 1960 (S.D. Durrant, personal communication). areas. Vegetation at the locality where the animals were seen is largely scattered sagebrush, but The Colorado chipmunk occurs with excellent grass, willows, narrow-leaf the least chipmunk in the spruce forest of cottonwoods and a few junipers are nearby the upper Piedra R i v e r . In the south there and irrigated croplands lie on Miller Mesa is equally close proximity to the antelope immediately above the site. ground squirrel. Although the presence within the Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co . : study area of an animal usually considered Bayfield (Howell, 1929, p. 83); Bondad to be a high mountain form in southern (Howell, 1929, p.83); Florida (Howell, 1929, Colorado and northern New Mexico was un- p.83). Archuleta Co .: Gordon Creek near jct. expected, a possible explanation lies in the with Piedra River (4); Pagosa Springs (Howell, nearby irrigated green crops, which pro- vide 1929, p. 83); Deep Canyon (6); Stollsteimer an avenue to the higher country to the north Creek near mouth Deep Can-yon (1); N side via the Piedra Valley, with relatively few San Juan River, about 1/2 m i . E of Gato (1); stretches entirely free of green fodder. 2 mi. W and 1 mi. N of Juanita (2); Chromo (Howell, 1929, p. 83). NEWMEXICO: San Presence at such an altitude under Juan Co.: Benito Can-yon, NE 1/4 of NW 1/4 these conditions shows likelihood of mar- Sec. 29, T 32 N, R 7 W (1); NW 1/4 of SW 1/4 mots being limited in their southern distri- Sec. 4, T 30 N, R 7 W (2); 4 mi. S and 1/2 mi. bution not by climatic conditions acting E of Allison (1); Pine River Canyon, Sec. 20, T directly upon the animals themselves, but 31 N, R 7 W (3); jct. San Juan and Pine because of the absence of suitable green R iv er s , NW 1/4 Sec. 17, T 30 N, R 7 W(1); foods. Slight increases in moisture over Pine R iv e r , NW 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N,R 7 W (8); present conditions might very well lead to a Pine River, SW 1/4 Sec. 8, T 30 N,R 7 W (1); considerable expansion of range. 1/2 mi. S of the Navajo Dam site (2); about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of Blanco, Sec. 34, T 29 N, Localities: COLORADO: La Plata R 9 W, 5800'(1); Largo Canyon (Bailey, 1931, Co . : Florida, 7200' (Howell, 1915, p.55). p. 85); about Archuleta Co . : Gordon Creek near jct . with Piedra River (1). 34 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

• Citellus leucurus (M e r r ia m ) the dens of the bannertail kangaroo rat upon White -tailed Antelope Squirrel occasion.

This small ground squirrel enters Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan the Blanco Land Form, where it is found on Co.: 7 mi. S and 6 mi. W of Bloomfield, Sec. the canyon bottoms among sagebrush, 4, T 27 N, R 12 W (1); 14 mi. S and 2 mi. W greasewood, and other canyon floor shrubs. of Farmington (1); 1 1 m i . E and 13 mi. S of Vegetation on the canyon walls and mesa Farmington (2). tops is of the pinyon- juniper unit. The squirrel was not found in the Junction Land Form, but approaches the southern edges and may enter in years of high population • Citellus variegatus (Erxleben) numbers. Rock Squirrel South and west of the Blanco Land The rock squirrel is widespread and Form the animal is ubiquitous except in the more developed riparian habitats. It is common in pinyon- juniper areas in much of the Blanco Land Form and its range con- perhaps more common about washes and rocky outcrops, but also occurs in flat tinues north well into the ponderosa pine - Douglas fir unit. It is most common in rocky areas. In the latter places, bannertail kangaroo rat dens may be occupied, al - areas but has been found in well developed riparian growth and about cultivated though probably any burrow system of suit- cropland near farm buildings. able size may be utilized. Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan This ground squirrel was neither Co . : 1/2 mi. S of Archuleta (1); Aztec seen nor collected south of the San Juan (Bailey, 1931, p.95); between Aztec and La- R i v e r , even in areas very similar to its plata (Howell, 1938, p. 176); Sec. 29, T 30 habitat north of the r i v e r . N, R 8 W, 5800' (1); Fruitland (Bailey, 1931, p.95); Blanco Canyon (Bailey, 1931, p.95); Warren (1942, p. 118) states: "In Gale Wash, 4 mi. E and 2 mi. Colorado it is found from 8, 000 feet down." S of Bloomfield (2); about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. Localities: COLORADO: La Plata S of Farmington (4); about 3 mi. E and 3 Co . : Allison (1). Archuleta Co.: Deep Can- mi. S of Blanco, Sec. 34, T 29 N, R 9 W, yon, 4 mi. S and 1/2 mi. W of Chimney Rock 5800' (1); 5 mi. N and 1/2 mi. W of Water- (1); near mouth Deep Canyon (1). NEW flow (1); 2 1/4 mi. N and 1 1/4 mi. E of MEXICO: San Juan Co.: extreme SW corner Waterflow, Sec. 28, T 30 N, R 15 W (1); 7 Sec. 14, T 32 N, R 6 W (1); Pine River Canyon, mi. S and 6 mi. W of Bloomfield, Sec. 4, Sec. 20, T 31 N, R 7 W (3); Pine River, NE T 27 N, R 12 W (1); 11 mi. E and 13 mi. S 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); Pine River, of Farmington (1). NW 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); Pine River, NW 1/4 Sec. 8, T 30 N, R 7 W (2); jct. San Juan and Pine Rivers (1).

• Citellus spilosma (Bennett) Spotted Ground Squirrel

This species was found only in rela - • Citellus lateralis (Say) Golden- tively flat grasslands south of the San Juan mantled Ground Squirrel River, where it occurs sympatrically with the white-tailed antelope squirrel. Grasses, This ground squirrel was not found in Mormon tea, tumbleweed, and yuccas are the main study area but a specimen was common members of the vegetation. This taken a short distance to the east, and others animal, like the antelope squirrel, utilizes ACCOUNTSOFSPECIES 35

in the meadows and edge of t he spruce for- sparsely, in the ponderosa pine forests of est on the upper Piedra R i v e r . A relatively the higher elevations. slight increase in moisture would probably allow invasion of the more mesic portions Localities: COLORADO: La Plata of the study area. Co . : Florida (Warren, 1942, p. 152). Archuleta Co . : Pagosa Springs (Warren, Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta 1942, p. 152). Co . : Gordon Creek near jct. with Piedra River (6); Pagosa Spri ngs (Howell, 1938, p. 194). NEW MEXICO: Rio Arriba Co . : about 5 mi. W and 4 mi. N of Dulce (1). • Thomomys bottae (Eydoux and Gervais) Southern Pocket Gopher

• Cynomys gunnisoni In the northern portions of the study (Baird) Gunnison's area, pocket gophers appear limited to the P r a i r i e Dog bottomlands and, occasionally, to the ter- races of the San Juan River and its tribu- Because of poisoning campaigns, the taries and to the cultivated lands in the present distribution of the prairie dog is a vicinity of the state line. Vegetation varies questionable reflection of t he past distribu- from ponderosa pine-Douglas fir forest tion, and may be somewhat restricted com- through domesticated crops such as alfalfa pared to earlier days. and hay to river bottomland vegetation (well developed and otherwise). The northernmost colonies located in Colorado were near Allison, near Sambrito South of the San Juan River, the Creek close to the state line, and on Miller gopher is distributed in a spotty fashion Mesa. In New Mexico, there was a colony throu gh the grasslands. There is some near Rosa. These towns were on or near concentration along major dry washes cultivated or recently cultivated land. where vegetation is somewhat thicker than Sagebrush and/or pinyon -juniper is the average, but sizeable areas of occupancy common vegetational type in nearby uncul - occur elsewhere. tivated areas. No prairie dog towns are known from the unirrigated plateau top Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co . : within the Junction Land Form. Bayfield (Warren, 1942, p. 160); Los Pinos (Baile y, 1915, p. 75). Archuleta Co. : mouth South of this land form, towns were of Archuleta Canyon (1); near mouth of Deep quite common in the grasslands. None was Canyon (1); Arboles (Warren, 1942, p. 160); found in sagebrush. NE 1/4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 18, T 32 N, R 4 W (1). Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta NEWMEXICO: San Juan Co.: Pine R ive r, NE Co . : NW 1/4 Sec. 23, T 32 N, R 6 W (1); SE 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); jct. Pine and 1/4 Sec. 24, T 32 N, R W (1). NEW San Juan Rivers (1); Fruitland (Bailey, 1915, MEXICO: San Juan Co.: NE 1/4 Sec. 12, p. 75); about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of T 32 N, R 7 W;(4) Sec. 28, T 28 N, R 13 W Farmington (1); 7 mi. S and 6 mi. W of (1); Laplata (Bailey, 1931, pp. 130 -131); N Bloomfield, Sec. 4, T 27 N, R 12 W (2). side of valley at Fruitland (Bailey, 1931, p. 129); Liberty (Hollister, 1916, p. 34). • Thomomys talpoides (Richardson) Northern Pocket • Sciurus aberti Gopher Woodhouse Abert's Squirrel The northern pocket gopher replaces the southern at higher altitudes. The south- Sciurus aberti was not found in the study area, but probably occurs, at least 36 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

ern pocket gopher apparently is the only one found within the study area, but probably goes little further north before it is replaced by the northern species.

Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co . : Florida, 7200° (Warren, 1942, p. 163). Archuleta Co . : Gordon Creek near jct. with Piedra River (3); Pagosa Peak (Bailey, 1915, p.112); Pagosa Springs (Bailey, 1915, p. 112).

• Perognathus flavus Baird Silky Pocket Mouse

Although primarily an animal of the open grasslands, the silky pocket mouse enters extremely sparse pinyon- juniper in the vicinity of Blanco. It was not found farther north.

Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan Co.: Fruitland (Goldman, 1932a, p. 90); 2 mi. NW of Blanco (4); 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of Farmington (2); 7 mi. S and 6 mi. W of Bloomfield, Sec. 4, T 27 N, R 12 W (2).

F i g. 8. Perognathus apache habitat in pinyon-juniper • Perognathus apache Merriam growth. Apache Pocket Mouse

Within the Junction Land Form, the flow, Sec. 12, T 30 N, R 16 W (1); about 3 Apache pocket mouse occurs in well devel- mi. E and 3 mi. S of Farmington (1); oped pinyon-juniper stands on the relatively Gallegos Canyon, Sec. 9, T 28 N, R 12 W flat interfluves ( F i g . 8) and along canyon (1); about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of Blanco, bottomlands amid sagebrush, greasewood, Sec. 34, T 29 N, R 9 W, 5800' (1); 7 mi. etc. It seems to be quite rare in all these S and 6 mi. W of Bloomfield, Sec. 4, T 27 N, R regions, however. 12 W (2); 16 mi. S and 1 mi. W of Farm - ington, Sec. 17, T 26 N, R 13 W (2). To the south and west, it inhabits the grasslands, both along and between washes. Here it was taken, not infrequently, • Perognathus Wied -Neuwied by night hunting. Pocket Mice

Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan Within the study area, the Apache Co.: Pine River R d . , SE 1/4 of SW 1/4 Sec. pocket mouse's range continues north for a 9, T 31 N, R 7 W (1); Lucero place, SE 1/4 c onsiderable distance beyond that of the silky. of NE 1/4 Sec. 17, T 31 N, R 7 W (1); 5 1/2 Within the area of sympatry, however, no dif- mi. N and 1/2 mi. W of Water- ferences in habitat were noticed. Members of both species were captured by hand within ten minutes and a hundred yards or less of each other in seemingly uniform ha bitat. ACCOUNTSOFSPECIES 37

• Dipodomys ordi Woodhouse • Castor canadensis Kuhl Ord's Kangaroo Rat Beaver

Ord's kangaroo rat occurs north to the At present the beaver occurs along edge of the Junction Land Form, but not into the permanent water-courses within the that region except, possibly, for short study area and there is no reason to be- distances up the major river valleys. It was lieve the situation was essentially different common nowhere within the study area during in the past, except that irrigation ditches the summer of 1960. are now utilized in addition to streams.

The animal appears limited to the In most of the area under consider- grasslands and those stands of sagebrush ation, dams are not constructed, the which include many associates, such as salt- animals constructing burrows. In some bush and greasewood. In the latter type of places, trees are not present along or near habitat, the animals are concentrated mainly the banks of the inhabited section of r iv e r . along washes. Sagebrush, greasewood, and a few willows appear to be the only possible food in such The northernmost station for this ani - cases. mal, two miles NW of Blanco, is based upon a sight record. Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan Co.: jct. of San Juan and Pine R iv er s, NW Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan Co.: 1/4 Sec. 17, T 30 N, R 7 W (1). Blanco (Setzer, 1949, p.558); Fruitland (Setzer, 1949, p.558); Gale Wash, 4 mi. E and 2 mi. S of Bloomfield (4); Gallegos Can-yon, Sec. 9, T 28 N, R 12 W (2); 7 mi. S and 6 mi. • Reithrodontomys megalotis (Baird) W of Bloomfield, Sec. 4, T 27 N, R 12 W (1). Western Harvest Mouse The western harvest mouse ranges widely through the study area in croplands, sloughs, marshes, and wash edges. In cultivated areas, the animal is common in • Dipodomys spectabilis Merriam alfalfa, hay, and weeds; away from areas of Bannertail Kangaroo Rat cultivation, its habitat is in the growth of grasses and bushes along the courses of washes. Such situations often are relatively The limits of distribution of this ro- barren, with individual plants widely spaced dent within the study area are approximately (though less so than away from the washes). the same as for Ord's kangaroo rat, and the bannertail is found in much the same type of In the Pine River Canyon, one speci- vegetation. men was collected from among rocks of the canyon wall, some twenty to thirty feet above the upper r iv e r te r r a c e . Vegetation here is of Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan Co.: scattered pinyons and junipers with their near Fruitland (Bailey, 1931, p.260); near associated shrubs and forbs. This is the only Bloomfield, N side of San Juan River (Bailey, case where a harvest mouse was taken among 1931, p.260); Blanco Canyon (Bailey, 1931, such surroundings. p.260); Largo Canyon (Bailey, 1931, p.260); 7 mi. S and 6 mi. W of Bloomfield, Sec. 4, T 27 The species probably extends well N, R 12 W (1); 1 mi. E and 9 mi. S of to the north of the study area in the river Bloomfield, Sec. 11, T 27 N, R 11 W (1); valleys. Gallegos Store, 10 mi. S and 7 mi. W of Bloomfield (1). 3 8 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOME VERTEBRATES

Localities: COLORADO: La Plata R 7 W (2); 5 1/2 mi. N and 1 1/2 mi. W of Co . : Allison (4). Archuleta Co .: 6 mi. S and Waterflow, Sec. 12, T 30 N, R 16 W (3); 4 1/2 mi. W of Chimney Rock (2); NE 1/4 of about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of Farmington SE 1/4 Sec. 18, T 32 N, R 4 W (6); NW 1/4 (3); about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of Blanco, Sec. 23, T 32 N, R 6 W (1); 1 mi. E and 0.2 Sec. 34, T 29 N, R 9 W, 5800' (5). mi. N of Arboles (1); Arboles (Warren, 1942, p.196). NEW MEXICO: San Juan Co.: Laplata (Howell, 1914, p.30); Aztec (Howell, 1914, p.30); extreme NW 1/4 • Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) of NW 1/4 Sec. 9, T 32 N, R 6 W (1); Ulibarri Deer Mouse Canyon, N 1/2 Sec. 25, T 32 N R 7 W (1); Pine River Canyon, Sec. 20, T 31 N, R 7 W The deer mouse is extremely wide- (7); Pine River, NW 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W spread throughout the study area. Nearly (5); Pine River, NE 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W any line of traps of reasonable number (2); Pine River, SW 1/4 Sec. 8, T 30 N, R 7 W produced at least one specimen, almost (3); about 3 mi. N (by road) of Archuleta (2); regardless of habitat. Fruitland (Howell, 1914, p.30); 1 1/2 mi. W of Farmington (1); Farmington (Howell, 1914, p.30); 1 112 mi. W of Bloomfield (1); Highest population numbers appear Bloomfield (1); Gallegos Canyon, Sec. 9, T 28 to have been in the spruce and ponderosa N, R 12 W (4); 16 mi. S and 1 mi. W pine- Douglas fir forests of the upper Piedra of Farmington, Sec. 17, T 26 N, R 13 W (2). R iv e r , in areas of contemporary or recent cultivation, and, at least during the summer of 1960, in the almost pure sage-brush flats of the Junction Land F o r m . Even in • Peromyscus crinitus (Mer r ia m ) conditions seemingly optimal for other Canyon Mouse species of Peromyscus, a few specimens of this species were almost invariably taken. The deer mouse was rarest in open, In the area under consideration, unbroken grassland and was not taken in Peromyscus crinitus appears to reach several stations located in this vegetational the northern limits of its range at about unit. Here, other species of the genus were the New Mexico-Colorado state line. also absent.

Warren (1942, p.204) states that "...it Localities: COLORADO: La Plata appears to live exclusively among rocks, ... " Co . : Durango (Warren, 1942, p. 200); The present author finds no reason for Bayfield (Warren, 1942, p. 200); Allison disagreement here, and, in fact, it seems that (6). Archuleta Co . : Pagosa Springs the presence of rocks alone is not always (Warren, 1942, p. 200); Gordon Creek near sufficient and that somewhat jumbled blocks jct. with Piedra River (11); 0.4 mi. are usually present. Thus, the mouse most S ( by road) of the jct. of Colo. 151 and US often is found where debris from a cliff face 160 (2); mouth of Archuleta Canyon (5); has accumulated at the base. Archuleta Canyon (5); Stollsteimer Creek near mouth of Deep Canyon (6); Deep As yet, these mice have not been Canyon, 4 mi. S and 1/2 mi. W of Chimney taken within the study area in other than Rock (18); 6 mi. S and 4 1/2 mi. W of pinyon- juniper vegetation, though this unit Chimney Rock (1); 6 1/2 mi. S and 5 mi. W has not always been well developed. of Chimne y Rock (2); 1 1/4 mi. E and 1 mi. S of Chimney Rock (5); Piedra River, NW 1/4 Sec. 4, T 32 N, R 5 W (10) ; Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan Arboles (Warren, 1942, p. 202); 1 mi. E and Co.: Pine River, NW 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, 0.2 mi. N of Arboles (3); Carracas -Arboles R d . , NE 1/4 of SW 1/4 ACCOUNTSOFSPECIES 39

Sec. 1 7 , T 32 N,R 4 W ( 8 ) ; Sandoval but in very well developed pinyon- juniper Can-yon, SE 1 / 4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 12, T 32 within the Junction Land Form, the mouse N, may be taken far from any major rock out- R 5 W (2); NE 1/4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 18, T 32N, crops, in quite level areas. In several cases, R 4 W ( 9 ) ; 2 mi. W and 1 mi. N of Juanita the brush mouse was found where pinyon (9); NW 1/4 Sec. 23, T 32 N, R 6 W (3); E was absent and junipers very sparse, in side of San Juan River, NW 1/4 Sec. 21, heavy tree and shrub growth of riparian T 32 N, R 5 W (5). NEW MEXICO: San Juan character. The creature enters the lower Co.: Laplata (J. A. Allen, 1893, p. 74); parts of the ponderosa pine- Douglas fir Aztec (J.A.Allen, 1893, p.74); 5 1/2 mi. f o re s t. N and 1 1/2 mi. W of Waterflow, Sec. 12, Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta T 30 N, R 16 W (2); 2 1/4 mi. N and 1 1 / 4 Co . : 6 1/2 mi. S and 5 mi. W of Chim- mi. E of Waterflow, Sec. 28, T 30 N, R 15 W (3); 2 1/2 mi. W and 1/2 mi. S of Rosa, NE ney Rock (1); Piedra R iv e r , NW 1/4 Sec.4, 1/4 Sec. 16, T 32 N, R 6 W (13); Sambrito T 32 N, R 5 W (2); Sandoval Canyon, SE 1/4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 12, T 32 N, R 5 W (1); 2 Creek, SW 1/4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 15, T 32 N, R 6 W (2); Pine River Canyon, mi. W and 1 mi. N of Juanita (20); 1 mi. E and 0.2 mi. N of Arboles (2). NEW Sec. 20, T 31 N, R 7 W ( 1 0 ) ; Lucero place, MEXICO: San Juan Co.: Laplata (Osgood, SE of NE 1/4 Sec. 31 N, R 7 W 1/4 17, T 1909, p.147); Aztec (Osgood, 1909,p.147); (6); Pine River, NW 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 Sec. 29, T 30 N, R 8 W, 5800' (3); 5 1/2 W(6); Pine River, NE 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R mi. N and 1 1/2 mi. W of Waterflow, Sec. 7 W (3); Pine River R d . , SE 1/4 of SW 1/4 12, T 30 N, R 16 W (6); 2 mi. NW of Blanco Sec. 9, T 31 N, R 7 W (2); ex treme NW 1/4 (1); Pine River Canyon, Sec. 20, T 31 N, R of NW 1/4 Sec. 9, T 32 N, R 6 W ( 1 ) ; N W 7 W (13); NW 1/4 of SW 1/4 Sec. 4, T 30 N, 1/4 Sec. 11, T 3 2 N , R 6 W R 7 W (7); Lucero Place, SE 1/4 of NE 1/4 (2); E 1/2 of NW 1/4 Sec. 10, T 32 N, Sec. 17, T 31 N, R 7 W (1); jct. San Juan R 6 W (2); NW 1/4 of SW 1/4 Sec. 4, T 30 N, and Pine R ive r s, NW 1/4 Sec. 17, T 30 N, R 7 W (2); SW 1/4 of NE 1/4 Sec. 24, T 32 N, R 7 W (5); Benito Canyon, NE 1/4 of NW R 7 W (1) ; 9 mi. S and 6 1/2 mi. W of 1/4 Sec. 29, T 32 N, R 7 W ( 9 ) ; Bloomfield (5); 9 mi. S of Bloomfield, Sec. Sambrito Creek, SW 1/4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 15, T 10, T 27 N, R 11 W (2); 3 1/2 mi. E and 7 32 N, R 6 W (5); Pine River Rd., SE 1/4 of mi. S of Bloomfield, Sec. 32, T 28 N, R 10 W (2); Ulibarri Canyon, N 1/2 S ec. 25, SW 1/4 Sec. 9, T 31 N, R 7 W ( 2 ) ; Pine T 32 N, R 7 W (24); 2 mi. NW of Blanco River, NW 1/4 Sec. 7 , T 30 N, R 7 W (3); Gallegos Canyon, Sec. 9, T 28 N, ( 2 1 ) . R 12 W (3); about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. S of Farmington (4); Sec. 29, T 30 N, R 8 W, 5800' (2); Gale Wash, 4 mi. E and 2 mi. S of Bloomfield (2); about 3 mi. E and 3 mi. • Peromyscus truei (Schufeldt) S of Blanco, Sec. 34, T 29 N, R 9 W, 5800' Pinyon Mouse (5); 16 mi. S and 1 mi. W of Farmington, Sec. 17, T 26 N, R 13 W (5). Rio Arriba Like the brush mouse, the pinyon Co..: SW 1/4 Sec. 23, T 32 N, R 6 W (2); mouse is most concentrated in the pinyon- extreme SE corner Sec. 22, T 32 N, R 6 W juniper unit. However, some individuals (1). occur in cultivated lands and about farm buildings, in riparian growth, and in the sagebrush wash types of habitat. In the lat- • Peromyscus boylii (Baird) ter two cases, pinyon-juniper usually is Brush Mouse present within a few hundred yards, al- though often only sparsely so. In sparse, The brush mouse is predominately very open pinyon -juniper with few or no a rock dweller of the pinyon -juniper unit, 40 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

rock outcroppings, the animal may occur of this genus occur in the study area. In in fairly large numbers. some localities, all four may be taken in Rarely, the pinyon mouse may be close proximity to one another. None, how- found at considerable distances from any ever, has the same distribution as any pinyon- juniper. North of Waterflow, it other. was trapped among Sarcobatus and Peromyscus crinitus has the most Artemisia growing on flats bordering restricted habitat requirements and the entrenched arroyos, on rocky hillsides, and most restricted range within the area. on sand dunes. The nearest pinyons or Specimens were taken exclusively among junipers are several miles distant. rocks within the pinyon-juniper zone. Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta In contrast, P. maniculatus spans the Co . : Piedra R iv e r, NW 1/4 Sec. 4, T 32 N, entire study area, occurring from spruce R 5 W (1). NEW MEXICO: San Juan Co . : forest at the northern checkpoint south Laplata (Osgood, 1909, p. 169); Aztec through all vegetational units into grasslands (Hoffmeister, 1951, p. 39); Pine River Rd., N south of the San Juan. It attains greatest 1/2 of SW 1/4 Sec. 25, T 32 N, R 7 W (1); numbers where competition from other SW 1/4 of NE 1/4 Sec. 24, T 32 N, R 7 W species is of low level (as in cultivated fields, (1); Pine River R d . , SE 1/4 of SW 1/4 Sec. spruce and ponderosa pine- Douglas fir 9, T 31 N., R 7 W (9); Lucero place, SE 1/4 forests, and in sagebrush), but does occur of NE 1/4 Sec. 17, T 31 N, with all the other species. R 7 W (1); E 1/2 of NW 1/4 Sec. 10, T 32 N, R 6 W (1); NW 1/4 Sec. 11, T 32 N, R 6 W Peromyscus truei and P. boylii overlap (1); jct. Pine and San Juan Rivers, NW 1/4 broadly in their ranges, but the former is Sec. 17, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); NW 1/4 of SW somewhat more tolerant of xeric and open 1/4 Sec. 4, T 30 N, R 7 W (4); Pine River, are as than is P. boylii; the latter is more NW 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (24); Pine tolerant of the habitats found at higher River, NE 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); altitudes. Thus, P. boylii is absent in the Pine River Canyon, Sec. 20, T 31 N, south from areas occupied by P. truei; the R 7 W (2); Sec. 29, T 30 N, R 8 W,5800' (3); reverse is true in the north. With- in the areas 5 1/2 mi. N and 1 1/2 mi. W of Water- flow, of sympatry, P. truei tends to be more Sec. 12, T 30 N, R 16 W (11 ); 1 1/2 mi. N common on rather open slopes and in and 1 1/2 mi. E of Waterflow (2); 2 1/2 mi. croplands and riparian growth than is P. N and 1 1/4 mi. E of Waterflow, Sec. 28, T boylii; the latter tends to be commonest in the 30 N, R 15 W (4); near Fruit- land (Bailey, more rocky areas or in areas of heavy 1931, p. 153); 2 mi. NW of Blanco (4); nonriparian plant c ov er . The habitats of the Blanco (Hoffmeister, 1951, p. 39); about 3 two kinds are not mutually exclusive, mi. E and 3 mi. S of Blanco, Sec. 34, T 29 however. N, R 9 W, 580W (1); 9 mi. S of Bloomfield, Sec. 10, T 27 N, R 11 W (5); 1 mi. E and 9 mi. S of Bloomfield, Sec. 11, T 27 N, R 11 W (1); 3 1/2 mi. E and 7 mi. S of • Onychomys leucogaster (Wied- Neuwied) Bloomfield, Sec. 32, T 28 N, R 10 W (4). Rio Northern Grasshopper Mouse Arriba Co . : SW 1/4 Sec. 23, T 32 N, R 5 W (1). The northern grasshopper mouse was rarely taken within the study area. A crew of the University of Utah Ecological • Peromyscus Gloger Researches captured several specimens in White- footed Mice the vicinity of Rosa, Rio Arriba C o . , N. Mex. (S.D.Durrant, personal communica - Four species (Peromyscus crinitus, tion). A ll other specimens are from south P. maniculatus, P. truei, and P. boylii), of the Junction Land Form. ACCOUNTSOFSPECIES 41

Specimens collected during the field (1); 11 mi. E and 13 mi. S of Farm- course of this study were taken from an ington (1). area of sagebrush with grassland nearby, from grassland, and from sparse pinyon - juniper growth. • Neotoma stephensi Goldman Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan Stephens' Wood Rat Co.: Laplata (Hollister, 1914, p.446); near Fruitland (Bailey, 1931, p. 138); 2 mi.NW of In the Junction Land Form, N. Blanco (1); Gallegos Canyon, Sec. 9, T 28 N, stephensi occupies cliffs and rock outcrops R 12 W (1); 11 mi. E a n d 1 3 m i . S of of the pinyon -juniper zone. To the south, i t Farmington (3); 7 mi. S and 6 mi. W of may occur away from rocky areas in well Bloomfield, Sec. 4, T 27 N, R 12 W (1). Rio developed, but not necessarily dense, Arriba Co . : r ive r mile 165 from jct. pinyon- juniper stands. San Juan and Colorado Rivers (S. D. Durrant, in litt.) ; r iv e r mile 165.5 (S. D. Durrant, in lift.); r iv er mile 166 (S.D. Durrant, in litt. ). In the latter areas, dens are built about the bases or low -slung branches of junipers or in vertical crevices in the al - luvium or clay of arroyo banks. When built • Neotoma albigula Hartley about junipers, burrows, of a size suggesting White -throated Wood Rat they may belong to this species, are often present near the nest. On two occasions, arboreal nests were found in junipers. One This wood rat is widespread, occur- such nest had its base approximately five ring from riparian valleys within the lower feet above the surface of the ground on an levels of the ponderosa pine- Douglas fir zone almost horizontal limb, some 2 1/2 - 3 feet south to the edges of grassland washes south from the trunk; the nest was about 1 1/2 of the San Juan. It was not taken in feet in height and in horizontal diameter. sagebrush. The other arboreal nest was some six feet above ground and several feet from the main Rocky areas are favored when avail- trunk, but was little more than a covered able; where rocks are absent, burrows a- long platform, less than a foot in height. the edges of arroyos are utilized. In addition, one nest, probably constructed by this Nests are constructed mainly of species, was found built about the base of a juniper twigs, many of which retain green wild olive t r e e . foliage. Chunks of manure, bones, and cactus joints may or may not be present. Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co . : Mancos -San Juan River region in Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan Montezuma and La Plata Counties (Warren, Co.: Pine River R d., N 1/2 of SW 1/4 Sec. 1942, p. 212); near Bondad (Warren, 1942, 25, T 32 N, R 7 W (1); jct. San Juan and Pine p. 212). Archuleta Co.: Stollsteimer Creek Rivers, NW 1/4 Sec. 17, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); near mouth of Deep Canyon (1); SE 1/4 of Sec. 29, T 30 N, R 8 W, 5800' (1); about 3 NW 1/4 Sec. 18, T 32 N, R 4 W (1); 2 mi. W mi. E and 3 mi. S of Farming -ton (1); Blanco and 1 mi. N of Juanita (1). NEW MEXICO: (Goldman, 1932b, p.67); a -bout 3 mi. E and San Juan Co.: Pine River Rd. N 1/2 of SW 3 mi. S of B lanco, Sec. 34, T 29 N, R 9 W, 1/4 Sec. 25, T 32 N, R 7 W (1); Pine River, 5800' (1); 9 mi. S Sec. 6, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); about 3 mi. E and of Bloomfield, Sec. 10, T 27 N, R 11 W (3); 1 3 mi. S of Farmington (1); Gallegos Canyon, mi. E and 9 mi. S of Bloomfield, Sec. 11, T Sec. 9, T 28 N, R 12 W(1); 9 mi. S and 6 27 N, R 11 W (1). 1/2 mi. W of Bloom- 42 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

• Neotoma mexicana Thus, there appears to be a hiatus, within Baird Mexican Wood which lies the study area, between the geo- Rat graphic ranges of the two subspecies.

The Mexican wood rat is a rock Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta dweller in the ponderosa pine-Douglas fir Co . : near jct. Gordon Creek and Piedra River and pinyon- juniper zones, extending in (2). NEW MEXICO: San Juan Co.: 18 mi. N places to the very southern edge of the lat- and 1 mi. E of Farmington (Finley, 1958, p. ter, where only scattered junipers occur. A 270); Fruitland (Goldman, 1910, p. 106); specimen is available also from a relict Farmington (Bailey, 1931, p. 191). conifer area.

Locali ties: COLORADO: Archuleta • Neotoma Say Co . : Stollsteimer Creek near mouth of and Ord Wood Deep Canyon (1); Deep Canyon, 4 mi. S Rats and 1/2 mi. W of Chimney Rock (3); Piedra R i v e r , NW 1/4 Sec. 4, T 32 N, R 5 W (1); NE 1/4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 18, T 32 N, R 4 W (1). Neotoma albigula, N. mexicana, N. NEWMEXICO: ______San Juan Co.: Benito stephensi, and N. cinerea occur in the study Canyon, NE 1/4 of NW 1/4 Sec. 29, T 32 N, area. One of these, N. cinerea, is represented R 7 W (1); NW 1/4 of SW 1/4 Sec. 4, T30 N, by two subspecies, N. c. orolestes in the R 7 W (1); jct. San Juan and Pine R iv e r s , NW extreme north and N. c. arizonae in the 1/4 Sec. 17, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); Pine River, vicinity of Farmington. NW 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (6); 18 mi. N and 1 mi. E of Farmington (Finley, 1958, p. The major portion of the study area 288); Laplata (J. A. Allen, 1893, p. 81); 5 1/2 appears to be within a hiatus in the range of mi. N and 1 1/2 mi. W of Waterflow, Sec. 12, N. cinerea. N. c. orolestes is known from the T 30 N, R 16 W (1); Fruitland (Goldman, northern checkpoint at Gordon Creek, but 1933, p. 472); near Pine R ive r, Sec. 20, T 31 not to the south; N. c. arizonae has been N, R 7 W (4). reported from Farmington, but not to the northeast. The areas are far different, with spruce and ponderosa pine- Douglas f ir forests in the north, scattered pinyon -  Neotoma cinerea (Ord) juniper in the south. Bushy-tailed Wood Rat Of the other species, all have been Bailey (1931, p.191) reports the taken in the vicinity of the junction of the bushy-tailed wood rat from Farmington; from San Juan and Pine Rivers at seemingly Shiprock, west of the study area; and from identical si tes insofar as vegetation and Chaco Canyon, to the south. He gives its physiographic features are concerned. Con - habitat as open desert- valley country, sidering the ranges of each within the study usually in sandstone cliffs and ledges in the area as a whole, N. mexicana extends to upper Sonoran life -zone. higher altitudes than does N. albigula, and N. stephensi is limited approximately to the pinyon- juniper zone. In contrast to the above subspecies, N . c . arizonae, N. c . orolestes dwells in the transition and Canadian Life-zones, in the mountainous regions of Colorado and • Microtus New Mexico. Two specimens of this form were pennsylvanicus (Ord) collected from the upper Piedra River. Meadow Vole Considerable trapping in potential habitat within the Reservoir area failed to produce The meadow vole occurs along the evidence of bushy-tailed rats there. San Juan River south of the Junction Land ACCOUNTSOFSPECIES 43

F o r m . Although it seems not to extend Allison (2). Archuleta Co . : 2 mi. E and 1/2 mi. N of Chimney Rock (7); 1 1/4 mi. E and north beyond the neighborhood of Blanco on the San Juan, its range does extend up 1 mi. S of Chimney Rock (4); NE 1/4 of SW 1/4 Sec. 17, T 32 N, R 4 W (1); NE 1/4 the valley of the Animas River north of Aztec. Sec. 23, T 32 N, R 6 W (2). NEW MEXICO: San Juan Co.: E 1/2 of NW 1/4 Sec. 10, T 32 N, R 6 W (2); Sambrito Creek, S 1/2 During the period of investigation, Sec. 15, T 32 N, R 6 W (2). no sign of this animal was found except in marshy areas that supported sedges, des- pite nearby fields of dense grasses and crops that would seem to provide equally good cover. • Microtus longicaudus (M e r r ia m ) Long -tailed Vole

The northward distribution of this species would seem to be limited by the The long- tailed vole occurs south to availability of marshy areas. At present, the lower border of the ponderosa pine - there are large gaps separating any size- Douglas fir fo re s t. At the lower limits, it able areas of marshland or sloughs north was found in dense r iparian habitat. of Blanco, on the San Juan, and north of Elsewhere, it seems to prefer the more Cedar Hill, on the Animas. The animal open shrubbery along wash edges and de - is not known from Colorado west of approx- bris within the ponderosa pine- Douglas fir imately the continental divide zone.

Localities: NEWMEXICO: _San Juan Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta Co . : Laplata (Bailey, 1931, p. 203); Aztec Co . : Deep Canyon, 4 mi. S and 1/2 mi. W of (Bailey, 1931, p. 203); 5 1/2 mi. N of Aztec Chimney Rock (24); Stollsteimer Creek near on state road 550 (1); Fruitland (Bailey, mouth of Deep Canyon (1); 1 1/4 mi. E and 1 1931, p. 203); Farmington (Bailey, 1931, p. mi. S of Chimney Rock (1); NE 1/4 of SE 1/4 203); 4 mi. W of Bloomfield (1); 1 1/2 mi. W Sec. 18, T 32 N, R 4 W (1). of Bloomfield (2); Blanco (1); San Juan River at Blanco (1). • Microtus Schrank Meadow Voles

• Microtus montanus (Peale) Montane Vole Three species of _ Microtus occur within the study area, M. pennsylvanicus in the south, and M. montanus and M. The habitat of Microtus montanus longicaudus in the north. ex tends from the Canadian life-zone (Warren, 1942, p. 230) down through the Microtus pennsylvanicus at present ponderosa pine-Douglas f ir zone into thick grasses, irrigated croplands, and riparian is limited rather strictly to mesic areas of growth within the pinyon- juniper zone. It sedges and, perhaps, other thick, low requires very thick cover, usually in the vegetation along watercourses; it seems form of dens e grass. In most of the study unable to bypass even relatively short dis- area, this means it is limited mainly to tances lacking such habitat. stream borders and marshy areas. South of Sambrito Creek, on the San Juan, such Microtus montanus and M. longi- habitat is greatly restricted or absent. caudus are sympatric over much of their ranges in the study area. In general, M. Localities: COLORADO: La Plata montanus occurs most often in areas of Co . : Florida (Warren, 1942, p. 230); 44 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

low, thick vegetation, while M. longicaudus Localities: COLORADO: La Plata tends to inhabit more open areas. Although Co . : Allison, E 1/2 NW 1/4 Sec. 15, T 32 M. longicaudus may inhabit generally more N, R 6 W ( 8). NEW MEXICO: San Juan Co.: xeric habitats then M. montanus, it does Pine River Canyon, Sec. 20, T 31 N, R 7 W not extend as far south as the latter. This (1); extreme NW 1/4 of NW 1/4 Sec. 9, T well may be a result of the relationships of 32 N, R 6 W (1); Pine River, SW 1/4 Sec. 8, vegetative covers south of the range of M. T 30 N, R 7 W (1); 1 1/2 mi. W of longicaudus where, though dense cover is Bloomfield (1); Bloomfield (1); Blanco (1). available in the immediate vicinity of streams and in irrigated croplands, away from such areas the vegetative cover be - comes extremely scanty with little or no transition. Thus dense cover ideal for M. • Zapus princeps J.A.A l l e n montanus is available, but surrounding Western Jumping Mouse cover is insufficient for M. _ longicaudus.

A single specimen was taken in a dense mixture of grasses and willows at the edge of a small stream within the pinyon- • Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus) juniper zone. Sagebrush and grease-wood Muskrat are found on the immediate borders of the small valley. The stream is fed largely by runoff from irrigation and probably was very Muskrats occur in the irrigated re- small or impermanent before irrigation. gions and in marshy places near the per- manent streams of the study area. Burrows and feeding stations were seen in a number The Utah Ecological Researches of instances. crew trapped several specimens in similar habitat in the same general area (S.D. Durrant, personal communication ). All specimens are of skulls or car- casses picked up in the field. Some may not represent places of live occurrence. For Localities: COLORADO: _ La Plata example, the specimen from one mile east Co . : F lo r ida (Warren, 1942, p. 242). and nine miles south of Bloomfield was Archuleta Co . : NW 1/4 Sec. 23, T 32 N, R found several miles from the nearest 6 W (1). permanent water.

Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co . : Allison (1). NEW MEXICO: ______San Juan • Erethizon dorsatum (Linnaeus) Co.: Sambrito Creek, S 1/2 Sec. 15, T 32 N, R Porcupine 6 W (1); Farmington (Bailey, 1931,p.207); Blanco (Bailey, 1931, p. 208); 1 mi. E and 9 mi. S of Bloomfield (1). The porcupine is widespread and rather common as far south as the south - ern rim of the Junction Land F o r m . It occurs also iii the Blanco Land Form. Either the animal or definite signs of its • Mus musculus Linnaeus presence were observed in spruce forest, House Mouse ponderosa pine-Douglas fir forest, relict conifer stands, pinyon-juniper, cropland, House mice were found in marshy and riparian habitats. It may be most areas along the permanent streams of the common in the pinyon-juniper zone. study area, mainly near farms, but also in weedy situations. ACCOUNTSOFSPECIES 45

Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co .: it probably ranged over the entire region Allison (1). Archuleta Co . : Gordon Creek near at times. jct. with Piedra River (1). NEW MEXICO: San Juan Co.: Laplata (J.A.Allen, 1893, p. 70); Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan Fruitland (Bailey, 1931, p. 224) ; Farmington Co.: Laplata (Goldman, 1944, p. 463). Rio (Bailey, 1931, p. 224); extreme SW corner Arriba Co . : 35 to 45 mi. SW of Dulce Sec. 14, T 32 N, R 6 W (1); 4 mi. S and 1/2 (Goldman, 1944, p. 463). mi. E of Allison (1); near Pine River, Sec. 20, T 31 N, R 7 W (1); Pine River, NE 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (1); San Juan River, NW 1/4 Sec. 8, T 30 N, R 7 W(1);E1/2 T31 N, R8 W(2); Blanco (Bailey, 1931, p. 224). Rio Arriba Co . : SE 1/4 of NW 1/4 Sec. 27, T 32 • Vulpes fulva N, R 6 W (1). (Desmaret) Red Fox

Although commonly considered a • Canis montane form in the Southwest (Bailey, 1931; latrans Say Warren, 1942), this fox also enters at least Coyote the pinyon-juniper zone in northwestern New Mexico. Records given by Bailey and a Control measures have extirpated specimen in the University of New Mexico or greatly reduced the number of coyotes Collection of Vertebrates indicate a in many portions of the West. The Junc- distribution along the San Juan River and in tion and Blanco Land Forms within the the broken mesa country to the east. study area would seem to fall into this category. Coyotes are said to have been Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan not uncommon in earlier days, but none Co.: Shiprock (Bailey, 1931, p. 29 7); Fruit- was seen nor heard during the period of land (Bailey, 1931, p. 297); Liberty (Bailey, investigation north of the San Juan River. 1931, p. 297); Farmington (Bailey, 1931, p. 297); Canyon Largo, 5 mi. SE of Blanco (1). South of the San Juan, the coyote still is present despite control measures. One animal was found dead, probably from poison, in the grasslands. • Vulpes macrotis Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan Merriam Kit Fox Co.: Laplata (Bailey, 1931, p. 316); Barker's Canyon, 40 mi. S and a little W of Dur ango The kit fox occurs in the country south (Jackson, 1951, p. 302); Fruit-land (Bailey, of the Junction Land Form. Bailey (1931, p. 1931, p. 318); Dulce (Bailey, 1931, p. 319); 298) reports unsubstantiated ac-counts of Blanco (Bailey, 1931, p.319); Canyon Blanco this fox from Shiprock and from near (Bailey, 1931, p. 319); 7 mi. S and 6 mi. W Fruitland. The author has specimens from of Bloomfield, Sec. 4, T 27 N, R 12 W (1); the grasslands south of the San Juan and Largo (Bailey, 1931, p. 319). has seen it in the Gallegos Canyon region. A rancher from the latter area re-ports it as the commonest carnivore of the area. • Canis lupus Linnaeus Gray Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan Wolf Co . : 11 mi. E and 13 mi. S of Farmington (1); 16 mi. S and 1 mi. W of Farmington, Sec. 17, The wolf is not known to exist at T 26 N, R 13 W (1). present within the study area. In the past, 46 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

• Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber) • Bassariscus astutus (Lichtenstein) Gray Fox Ringtail

The gray fox is common in the No records of the ringtail are avail- Junction Land Form of the study area. It has able for the San Juan Basin in New Mexico, been seen in the lower portions of the though it occurs in southwestern Colorado, ponderosa pine-Douglas fir zone, in the west and north of the study area. croplands surrounding Allison, and through- out the pinyon -juniper zone in bro ken coun- A small ring- tailed animal was seen tr y . It may well occur in rough country crossing a dirt road near the junction of the south of the San Juan, although no records San Juan and Pine R ive r s , in San Juan Co. It are available. was probably of this species, but as it was seen only fleetingly by car headlight, the Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta possibility of its having been a young raccoon Co . : Sambrito Creek near Allison (1). NEW cannot be overruled. MEXICO: San Juan Co.: Blanco (Bailey, 1931, p. 302). Rio Arriba Co . : San Juan If this animal does occur in the R i v e r , Sec. 8, T 30 N, R 7 W (1). study area, it may be expected about the canyons and rocky areas in the pinyon- juniper of the Junction and Blanco Land F o r m s .

• Ursus americanus Pallas Black Bear • Procyon lotor Black bear were neither seen nor (Linnaeus) Raccoon reported as present within the study area. Inhabitants did report, however, that they Raccoons were present along the occurred there in the past. It is not un- permanent watercourses of the study area, likely that some sti ll live in or visit the particularly where cliffs and rock debris region, at least in the north. South of the afford shelter. Although not observed, they Junction Land Form, any occupancy in the may occur far up the Piedra, Pine, and San past probably was sporadic. Juan Rivers north of the study area.

Localities: NEWMEXICO: San Juan C o . : Pine R ive r, NE 1/4 of NE 1/4 Sec. 18, T 32 N, R 7 W (1); San Juan River Val -ley (Bailey, 1931, p. 348). • Ursus horribilis Ord Grizzly Bear

There seems to be no record of this species, present or past, from the study • Mustela frenata area. However, in view of the wide ranging Lichtenstein Long- tailed of individuals and of records of their Weasel presence in nearby highlands in the past, it appears likely that occasional in- dividuals entered the region. An individual was found dead on a road amidst croplands near the junction of the ponderosa pine-Douglas fir zone with the Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta Co . : pinyon- juniper zone. Bailey's records, which Navajo Mtn., near Chromo (Warren, 1942, p. are not backed up by specimens, indicate 38). distribution through at least the major river valleys of the region. ACCOUNTSOFSPECIES 47

Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Co . : one mile north of Juanita, Archuleta C o . , 2 mi. N of Ignacio (1). NEW MEXICO: San C o l o . One specimen was trapped among Juan Co.: Fruitland (Bailey, 1931, p. 328); rocks within the pinyon-juniper zone in Liberty (Bailey, 1931, p. 328); near New Mexico. Farmington (Bailey, 1931, p. 328). Warren (1942, p. 77) states that they "do not go above the Transition zone, 8,000 feet being about the limit in Co lo rad o. " • Mustela vison Schreber Mink Localities: COLORADO: __ La Plata C o . : Bondad (Van Gelder, 1959, p. 288). The mink probably occurs , at least NEWMEXICO: _ San Juan Co.: Pine River, in small numbers, along all the permanent NW 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 W (1). streams of the study area. A single lower jaw was picked up in a pack rat nest; other- wise, no evidence was found. Bailey's records apparently are based mainly on • Mephitis mephitis reports. (Schreber) Striped Localities: COLORADO: Archuleta Co . : Skunk Gordon Creek near jct. with Piedra River (1). NEWMEXICO: ______San Juan Co . : Striped skunks are common in river vicinity of Laplata (Bailey, 1931, p. 325); valleys, mountain forests, and cultivated Animas and San Juan Rivers near Farming- lands from the upper Piedra River in the ton (Bailey, 1931, p. 325); Liberty (Bailey, north to the southern edge of the Junction 1931, p. 325); Fruitland (Bailey, 1931, p.325). Land Form; Bailey reports them from several places in the San Juan Valley south of this area. They were not found in sage- brush or grassland habitats, but may occur • Taxidea taxus there. (Schreber) Badger Localities: COLORADO: La Plata Badgers were found within the pin- C o . : Allison, E 1/2 of NW 1/4 Sec. 15, yon- juniper zone of the Junction Land Form T 32 N, R 6 W (1). Archuleta Co.: Gordon and are probably common throughout the Creek near jct. with Piedra River (1); Deep study area. Canyon, 4 mi. S and 1/2 mi. W of Chimney Rock (1); mouth of Sandoval Can-yon ( 1). Localities: COLORADO: __La Plata NEWMEXICO: San Juan Co.: Sambrito Co . : Allison (1). Archuleta Co . : NE of Creek, S 1/2 Sec. 15, T 32 N, R 6 W (2); Chromo (Warren, 1942, p. 85). NEW Pine River, SW 1/4 Sec. 8, T 30 N, R 7 W MEXICO: _San Juan Co.: San Juan River, (1); Pine River, NW 1/4 Sec. 7, T 30 N, R 7 NW 1/4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 22, T 32 N, R 6 W W (1); Fruitland (Bailey, 1931, p. 332); (1); Pine River, SE 1/4 of NE 1/4 Sec. 18, T Blanco (Bailey, 1931, p. 333). 31 N, R 7 W (1); Lucero Ranch, W side of Pine River (1); throughout San Juan Val- ley (of New Mexico) (Bailey, 1931, p.345).  Felis concolor Kerr Mountain Lion The only indication that the mountain • Spilogale putorius lion presently enters the study area is a (Linnaeus) Spotted second hand report of a fight between two of Skunk these animals near the junction of the San This small skunk was seen in open Juan and Pine Rivers . It is likely that ponderosa pine forest two mil es east and 48 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

most of the country as far as the southern from the alluvium of an arroyo cut in Bancos edge of the Junction Land Form is visited by Canyon, T 31 N, R 4 W, Rio Arriba C o . , New this big cat on occasion. Mexico. However, there is a possibility that this specimen is of Pleisto cene, rather than About the third week of September, Recent, age. 1962, F. W. Eddy and Beth L. Dickey saw the carcass of an old male lion shot the same da y by Mrs. Ethridge, of Allison, Colo. ( F . W . E d d y , personal communica - • Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque) tio n, Jan. 1963). Skull and skin were to be Mul e Deer turned over to the Colorado Fish and Game Department for bounty. The locality was in The mule deer was observed through- Sec. 6, T 32 N, R 5 W, Archuleta C o . , Colo. out the study area to the southern edge of the Junction Land Form, but not south of that region.

• Lynx rufus (Schreber) Bobcat The mule deer may be found in riparian growth and croplands along per- Evidences of bobcats were found in manent streams and also in ponderosa pine - the upper Piedra River spruce forest, in Doug las fir forest and pinyon-juniper far ponderosa pine- Douglas fir forest, and from any permanent water. within the pinyon -juniper zone. Bailey records them from the San Juan Valley south of the Junction Land Form. They may • Antilocapra americana (Ord) be expected anywhere north of the San Juan Pronghorn River and in areas of rough topography to the south. At one time, the pronghorn apparent- ly was plentiful in the grasslands of north- Localities: COLORADO: _Archuleta western New Mexico; at present, they are Co . : Gordon Creek near jct. with Piedra almost absent. It is doubtful if the species River (1); near mouth of Archuleta Canyon occurs north of the Blanco Land Form. It (1); Villareal Canyon, about 3 mi. SE of was not observed within the study area Juanita (1). NEW MEXICO: San Juan Co.: during the period of investigation, but small Fruitland (Bailey, 1931, p. 291). Rio Arriba numbers are reported from the grasslands Co . : Dulce (Bailey, 1931, p. 294). south of the San Juan. One pronghorn has been observed in the Reservoir area (F . W . E d d y , personal communication, Jan., 1963). The animal • Cervus canadensis Erxleben Wapiti was seen several times from 1 June to 8 June 1962 on large sagebrush flats. That such occurrences are unusual was shown by The wapiti, or elk, has been observed the surprise of local workmen. It was first along Stollsteimer Creek near the mouth of seen in the SE 1/4 Sec. 16, T 32 N, R 6 W; Archuleta Canyon. J. Sand s, of the New it was later sighted in the SW 1/4 Sec. 22, Mexico Department of Game and Fish, says T 32 N, R 6 W. that sightings of this animal have been made on Carracas Mesa, in the vicinity of the Colorado- New Mexico state line just east of • Ammotragus lervia Pallas the Reservoir area. Barbary Sheep The University of New Mexico Col- This North African bovid has been lection of Vertebrates includes an antler introduced in recent years into the Largo Canyon region east of the study area. DISCUSSION

A vast biological change occurs be- of interspecific relationships of the organ- tween the northern checkpoint and the south- isms, a large number of life forms are un- ern edge of the study area. At Gordon Creek, able to span the area from the upper Sono- the northern checkpoint, there is a well- ran grasslands of the south to the boreal watered forested area subject to heavy snows forests and meadows of the north. Taking into and frequent sub- zero temperatures in consideration only those organisms for which winter, frequent sh owers and relatively cool there is reasonable knowledge of dis tribution temperatures in summer. The growing season and ecological tolerances, it may be seen that is brief. To find these general moisture and in a transect from the area of the upper Piedra temperature conditions at sea level, a River to the grasslands in the vicinity of journey of many hundred miles to the north Gallegos Canyon, some twenty species appear would be required. in the more northerly areas but are absent in the extreme south; some twenty-nine species In the south, the growing season is appear somewhere within the southern l ong, but precipitation is scanty. Hot days portions but are absent in the extreme north and rather cool nights in summer, cold (Gordon Creek area). Four species seem absent temperatures in winter, are the general both in the north and in the south, but occur rule. A treeless expanse, frequently lack ing between these two extremes. Some of these significant vegetative cover, is the re sult. relationships are shown in Figures 9, 10, and 11. One species, represented by two nominal Between these two extremes lies an sub -species, is present in the north and interm ediate area where, in general, change south, but has not been found in the central in climate is quite gradual. The biota, portion of the study area. governed in part by the climate, also changes rather gradually, allowing a finer Eight groups in which the members distinction of distributional differences and, possess approximately common range limit- to some degree, ecological tolerances, than ations within such a transect may be tenta - would be the case were the climatic changes tively delineated. A ninth group spans the more abrupt. Perhaps unfortunately, the area. Composition of these groups is given in land changes somewhat more abruptly than Figure 12. the climate. The sudden changes in eleva - tion and topography wrought by the The factors affecting the composition Junction Land Form and, to a lesser degree, of the various groups cannot be sorted out the Blanco Land Form, serve to make more with any great degree of accuracy at pres - difficult the interpretation of climatic effects ent, but possible explanations have been upon the biota --but at the same time, allow advanced for individual species in some study of the effects of this portion of the cases in the specific or generic accounts. In environment upon organisms. some groups, part or all of the organ-isms concerned probably have a common Because of the changes in climate background, having evolved to fit a similar and physiography and probably also because set of circumstances (for example, the

Fig. 11. Approximate distributions of member species of Group IX. DISCUSSION 53

total geographical ranges of the members of exist (thus Sceloporus graciosus may be Group V would seem to indicate similar prevented from entering portions of the origins). In other cases, similar environ- Junction Land Form because of the pres- mental requirements appear to limit crea- ence of S. undulatus). These and other tures of widely separate histories (as, for possible conditions account for the pattern example, Neotoma mexicana and Eutamias of distribution within the study area—it will quadrivittatus of Group IV—probably limit- be many years, however, before suffcient ed because of cover requirements). In yet data are available to explain adequately the other cases, competition may prevent ex- principle factors causing each species to tensions of an animal's range into an area form its pattern of distribution. where it is otherwise physically able to

Fig. 12. List of species composing nine groups of associated animals.

Group I. - Limits not within transect. Ambystoma tigrinum Rana pipiens Reithrodontomys megalotis Taxidea taxus Bufo woodhousei Thamnophis elegans Peromyscus maniculatus Mephitis mephitis

Group II. - Southern limits within transition life-zone. Bufo boreas Eutamias minimus Citellus lateralis Sorex vagrans Thomomys talpoides Neotoma cinerea orolestes

Group III. - Southern limits near northern edge Junction Land Form. Lampropeltis doliata Marmota flaviventris Microtus longicaudus Cervus canadensis Sylvilagus nuttalli Microtus montanus Zapus princeps

Group IV. - Southern limits near southern edge Blanco Land Form. Pseudacris nigrita Citellus variegatus Neotoma mexicana Erethizon dorsatum Eutamias quadrivittatus Castor canadensis Ondatra zibethicus Urocyon cinereoargenteus

Group V. - Northern limits south of the San Juan River. Holbrookia maculata Cnemidophorus inornatus Arizona elegans Citellus spilosoma

Group VI. - Northern limits within Blanco Land Form. Uta stansburiana Citellus leucurus Dipodomys ordi Neotoma cinerea arizonae Cnemidophorus tigris Perognathus flavus Dipodomys spectabilis Vulpes macrotis Antilocapra americana

Group VII. - Northern limits near north edge of Junction Land Form. Crotaphytus collaris Masticophis taeniatus Sylvilagus auduboni Peromyscus crinitus Sceloporus graciosus Pipistrellus hesperus Perognathus apache Onychomys leucogaster Neotoma stephensi

Group VIII. – Northern limits in northern portion of Arboles Land Form or north of main study area. Sceloporus undulatus Thamnophis cyrtopsis. Antrozous pallidus Thomomys bottae Phrynosoma douglassi Crotalus viridis Lepus californicus Neotoma albigula

Group IX. - Northern and southern limits within transect. Cnemidophorus velox Peromyscus boylii Peromyscus truei Microtus pennsylvanicus

APPENDIX A THE FISHES OF THE NAVAJO RESERVOIR DISTRICT by WILLIAM J. KOSTER

The following list is based upon an ex- naeus; the carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus; amination of over 3, 100 specimens captured the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas during 1959, 1960, and 1961. Fish were Rafinesque; the white sucker, Catostomus taken by seine, electric shocker, gill net, fry commersoni (Lacepee); the channel catfish, net, hook and line, and rotenone, The last Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque); the blue was used as a part of a fish-management catfish, Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque); and the program designed to remove, by thorough bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafines que. poisoning, the "rough" fish prior to stocking Two hybrid combinations were also found. the new lake with game species. Collections were One sucker was interpreted as a hybrid made at various points in the San Juan and between Catostomus commersoni and Pine Rivers from the Colorado-New Mexico Pantosteus delphinus and another as a cross Boundary down to the dam site, as well as in between Catostomus latipinnis and Pantosteus the only small stream in the impoundment delphinus. With the exception of the blue area, Sambrito Creek. The following catfish, which was observed among a catch of individuals in one way or another aided in channel catfish taken by a fisherman, securing specimens: D.Davies, A.E. specimens of the above are preserved at the Dittert, Jr., A.H. Harris, J. McClelland, University of New Mexico. D. Martin, H. Olson, and M. Seibel. Their aid is gratefully acknowledged.

In a discussion of the possibility of using such fish remains as might be found A total of fourteen species, six native in archaeological ruins as clues to past con- and eight introduced, was found in the area. ditions in the region, Koster (1961) listed ten The native species include: the speckled species known to occur natively in the upper dace, Rhinichtys osculus (Girard); the bony- Colorado River Basin. Of these ten, eight tail, Gila robusta Baird and Girard; the might reasonably have been expected in the Colorado squawfish, Ptychocheilus Navajo Reservoir District on geographic lucius Girard; the flannelmouth ground. Six actually were found, and it is sucker, Catostomus latipinnis Baird possible that two species, the cutthroat and Girard; the blue-head sucker, trout, Salmo clarki Richardson, and the Pantosteus delphinus (Cope); and the humpback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus (Abbott), mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi Girard. were present and missed. The discovery in Most of these species were common and the Pine River of the brown trout, a distributed throughout the area. The taxonomic and ecologic cognate of the squawfish was the exception. Only six cutthroat suggests that conditions in the Pine specimens were taken and all were River at least, are not far from being from the San Juan proper. The suitable for cutthroats. Since tributary introduced species include: the streams a short distance to the north are brown trout, Salmo trutta Lin- THE FISHES OF THE NAVAJO RESERVOIR DISTRICT 55

inhabited by trout and the cutthroat is the be rash to conclude that there had been a native trout of the area, it is conceivable major change in the ecology of the area. that, particularly in winter, a few cutthroat: Other than the introduced competitors, the might work into the area. There are, how- chief hindrance to trout appears to be ever, no records or reports of cutthroats temperature. The presence of trout in ever having been taken within the impound- the Pine River and the persistence into ment area. The presence of the humpback July of temperatures low enough for trout sucker is suggested by an angler's report in the San Juan River just above its con- of the occasional capture of a "humpie", a fluence with the Pine indicate that a rela- humpbacked fish. Because this was the tively slight change in regional temperature only species reported but not taken, crew would permit trout to survive throughout members of the New Mexico State Game the area. Indeed, it is possible that some and Fish Department who aided in the pre- trout were able to exist throughout the impoundment poisoning of the area were impoundment area before the activities of urged to be on a special look-out for "hum- white man modified the streams. The pies." They found none. reduction of stream cover by cutting and grazing and the reduction of stream flow by diverting water for irrigation have un- At present, despite the existence doubtedly resulted in an elevation of the of a few brown trout in the Pine River, all stream temperatures. Conversely, just as the waters in the impoundment area would only a minor change in temperature would be classified by fisheries' biologists as be required to permit trout to persist over non-trout waters. Existing conditions, the entire area, so a relatively minor shift in however, are so close to those tolerated the opposite direction would completely eliminate by trout that if trout remains should be them. found in the archaeological sites, it would

APPENDIXB BIRDSNOTEDINTHENAVAJO RESERVOIRDISTRICT by DAVID M. NILES

Parts of the period from July 21 to Cathartes aura (Linnaeus) August 24, 1961 were spent near or within Turkey Vulture the projected e mpoundment area of the Navajo R e se r vo ir, and a record was kept of all birds Near Ignacio, July 23, farmland; rim seen. The following list presents the locality, of Pine River Canyon above LA 4 2 69 , Aug. 14, date and noted habitat of all birds re- corded, pinyon- juniper woodland; LA 4380, Aug. 18, and supplements previous work done in the big sage and cottonwoods along r iv e r , area (Dittert, et al, 1961, pp. 31-32; White pinyon-junipe r on nearby slopes. and Behle, 1961). Accipiter striatus Vieillot Information on the breeding status Sharp -shinned Hawk of a species in the area can be found in White and Behle (1961) for all but four of the Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 11, ri- birds listed here. Sharp- shinned hawks and parian woodland. Marsh Hawks are probably permanent resi- dents; MacGillivray's Warblers and Wilson's Buteo jamaicensis (Gmelin) Warblers are probably transients. Other than Red- tailed Hawk marking records involving immature birds with an asterisk, I have made no fur ther Approx. 1 mi. NW of Allison, Aug. 21, attempt to separate probable resident and farmland; T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan Co., transient species. N.M., Aug. 24, big sage. For precise localities of Laboratory of Anthropology (LA) sites readers are re ferred Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus) to Dittert, et al (op cit. ). Golden Eagle *Approx. 1 mi. N of Allison, Aug. 17, Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus) mixed farmland and pinyon-juniper. Black- crowned Night Heron Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus) *Near Allison, Aug. 10, marshy stream Marsh Hawk surrounded by farmland. Near Ignacio, Aug. 23, farmland.

Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus Falco sparverius Linnaeus Mallard Sparrow Hawk Near Allison, J uly 23, Aug. 10, Approx. 1/2 mi. NE of Alliso n, Aug. farmland; approx. 1 mi. N of Allison, Aug. 21, 10, small stream in farmland. mixed farmland and pinyon -juniper woodland. BIRDS NOTED IN THE NAVAJO RESERVOIR DISTRICT 57

Callipepla squamata (Vigors) Selasphorus platycercus (Swains on) Broad -tailed Hummingbird Scaled Quail T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M., *T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M. Aug. 24, big sage. July 24, mixed juniper -big sage.

Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin) Rallus limicola Vieillot Rufous Hummingbird Virginia Rail LA 4380, Aug. 18, mixed big sage and *Approx. 1 mi. NW of Allison, Aug. 21, riparian woodland. small cattail choked stream in farmland. Megaceryle alcyon (Linnaeus) Belted Kingfisher Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus Killdeer Allison, Aug. 10, brush lined stream; Piedra River near Arboles, Aug. 22, riparian Allison, Aug. 10, 'muddy margin of a woodland. brush and cattail lined stream in farmland.

Colaptes cafer (Gmelin) Actitis. macularia (Linnaeus) Red- shafted Flicker Spotter Sandpiper Allison, Aug. 10, 16, riparian thickets, Pine River at LA 4 26 9 , Aug. 14, s an dy pinyon-juniper and farmland; Pine River at river margin; LA 4380, Aug. 18, river mar - LA 4269, Aug. 11, riparian woodland; LA gin. 4380, Aug. 18, pinyon-juniper and riparian woodland. Zenaidura macroura (Linnaeus) Mourning Dove Asyndesmus le w is (Gray) Allison, July 23, Aug. 10, farmland; T L e wis' Woodpecker 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N . M . , J u l y 23, Aug . 2, 23, steeply cut washes, sparse Piedra River near Arboles, Aug. 9, juniper; rim of Pine River Canyon above LA 22, riparian woodland. 4269, Aug. 14, pinyon-juniper. Dendrocopos villosus (Linnaeus) Bubo virginianus (Gmelin) Hairy Woodpecker Great Horned Owl Allison, Aug. 10, telephone pole in T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M., farmland; Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 14, July 24, steeply cut wash, sparse juniper; riparian woodland; T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M., Aug. 23, mixed juniper- Pine River at LA 4 26 9, Aug. 14, riparian woodland. big sage.

Chordeiles minor (F or ste r ) Dendrocopos pubescens (Linnaeus) Common Nighthawk Downy Woodpecker T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M., July 24, Aug. 2, steeply cut washes, sparse Allison, Aug. 17, cottonwoods border- juniper; Allison, Aug. 16, 23, farmland. ing field. 58 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

Tyrannus verticalis Say Hirundo rustica Linnaeus Western Kingbird Barn Swallow

Allison, July 21, deciduous trees in Near Ignacio, July 23, farmland; Piedra town; Piedra River near Arboles, Aug. 22, River near Arboles, Aug. 9, under bridge over riparian woodland. r iv er ; Allison, Aug. 10, farmland, LA 4380, Aug. 18, over r i v e r .

Myiarchus cinerascens (Lawrence) Ash- throated Flycatcher Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (Vieillo t) Cliff Swallow T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M., July 24, steeply cut wash, sparse juniper. Piedra River near Arboles, Aug. 9, under bridge over r i v e r .

Sayornis saya (Bonaparte) Aphelocoma coerulescens (Bosc) Say's Phoebe Scrub Jay

Allison, Aug. 10, farmland; LA 4380, Pine River at LA Aug. 11, riparian Aug. 18, riparian woodland. 4 26 9 , woodland; approx. 1 1/2 mi. N of Allison, Aug. 16, pinyon- juniper; LA 4380, Aug. 18, Contopus sordidulus Sclater pinyon- juniper. Western Wood Pewee Pica pica (Linnaeus) Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 14, ri- Black- billed Magpie parian woodland; LA 4380, Aug. 18, riparian woodland. Allison, Aug. 10, farmland; Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 14, pinyon- juniper; Piedra River near Arboles, Aug. 22, riparian woodland. Eremophila alpestris (Linnaeus) Horned Lark Corvus corax Linnaeus Common Raven T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M., July 24, Aug. 24, bare area in steeply cut wash and open areas among big sage. T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M., July 24, sparsely vegetated canyon; Pine River at LA 4 2 69 , Aug. 11, pinyon-juniper; LA Tachycineta thalassina (Swains on) 4380, Aug. 18, mudflats in r i v e r . Violet-green Swallow Gymnorhinus cyanocephala Wied Near Ignacio, July 23, farmland; Alli - Pinyon Jay son, Aug. 10, 15, farmland; LA 4380, Aug. 18, over river; T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan Co., N.M. Aug. 24, big sage and sparse juniper. Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 11, pinyon- juniper; approx. 1 1/2 mi. N of Allison, Aug. 16, pinyon-juniper.

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Vieillot) Parus atricapillus Linnaeus Rough- winged Swallow Black- capped Chickadee

Allison, Aug. 16, farmland; LA 4380, Pine River at LA 4 26 9 , Aug. 14, ri- Aug. 18, over r i v e r . parian woodland. BIRDS NOTED IN THE NAVAJO RESERVOIR DISTRICT 59

Parus inornatus Gambel Turdus migratorius Linnaeus Plain Titmouse Robin

Rim of Pine River Canyon above LA Allison, July 21, Aug. 10, deciduous 4269, Aug. 14, pinyon-juniper; LA 4380, trees , riparian thickets, pinyon- juniper; Pine Aug. 18, pinyon-juniper. River at LA 4269, Aug. 11, 14, riparian woodland. Psaltriparus minimus (Townsend) Common Bushtit Sialia mexicana Swains on Western Bluebird Rim of Pine River Canyon, above LA 4269, Aug. 14, pinyon-juniper; LA 4380, Allison, July 21, Aug. 16, deciduous Aug. 18, pinyon-juniper. trees in town, farmland; *Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 14, riparian woodland; LA 4380, Aug. 18, riparian woodland. Sitta carolinensis Latham White -breasted Nuthatch Sialia currucoides (Bechstein) Allison, July 21, deciduous trees in Mountain Bluebird town; Rim of Pine River Canyon above LA 4269, Aug. 14, pinyon-juniper; 1 1/2 mi. N Allison, Aug. 10, farmland. of Allison, Aug. 16, pinyon-juniper.

Troglodytes aedon Vieillot Polioptila caerulea (Linnaeus) House Wren Blue- gray Gnatcatcher

Pine River at LA 4 26 9 , Aug. 11, brushy Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 11, 14, under story of riparian woodland; approx. 1 brush underneath cottonwoods; LA 4380, mi. N of Allison, Aug. 21, stream side vege- Aug. 18, riparian woodland and big sage; tation in mixed pinyon- juniper, farmland. T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N . M . , A u g . 23, mixed juniper and big sage. Catherpes mexicanus (Swainson) Canyon Wren Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus Loggerhead Shrike Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 11, rocky slope in pinyon- juniper. T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M., July 24, mixed juniper and big sage. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say) Rock Wren Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus Starling T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M., July 23, Aug. 23, sparsely vegetated washes, Allison, Aug. 15, trees in town. some juniper; Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 11, rocky slope in pinyon-juniper. Vermivora virginiae (Baird) Virginia's Warbler Mimus polyglottos (Linnaeus) Mockingbird Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 14, brushy understory of riparian woodland; T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N . M . , A u g . Allison, Aug. 10, riparian thickets. 23, mixed juniper and big sage. 60 ECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSOMEVERTEBRATES

Dendroica petechia (Linnaeus) Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus) Yellow Warbler Red Winged Blackbird

Allison, July 21, Aug. 16, deciduous Near Ignacio, July 23, farmland and trees in town and low riparian vegetation; cattail marshes; Allison, Aug. 10, 15, 21, Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 11, 14, brushy farmland and cattail marshes. understory of riparian woodland; LA 4380, Aug. 18, riparian woodland. Icterus bullocki (Swains on) Bullock's Oriole Dendroica nigrescens (Townsend) Black- throated Gray Warbler Approx. 1 mi. N of Allison, Aug. 16, riparian growth and pinyon- juniper. Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 14, brushy under story of riparian woodland and pinyon- Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler) juniper; T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan Co., N.M., Brewer's Blackbird Aug. 24, mixed juniper and big sage.

Near Ignacio, July 23, farmland; Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend) Allison, Aug. 10, 21, farmland. MacGillivray's Warbler Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson) Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 14, brushy Western Tanager understory of riparian woodland; T 27 N, R '11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M., Aug. 23, mixed Rim of Pine River Canyon above LA juniper and big sage. 4269, Aug. 14, pinyon- juniper.

Wilsonia pusilla (Wilson) Pheucticus melanocephalus (Swainson) Black- headed Grosbeak Wilson's Warbler

Allison, Aug. 10, farmland; approx. Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 14, brushy 1/2 mi. N of Allison, Aug. 21, riparian under story of riparian woodland; Allison, Aug. 15, 16, 21, deciduous trees and low ri parian thickets. vegetation. Guiraca caerulea (Linnaeus) Passer domesticus (Linnaeus) Blue Grosbeak House Sparrow Allison, Aug. 10, brush along small Allison, July 21– Aug. 21, farmyards stream surrounded by farmland; approx. 1/2 mi. N of Allison, Aug. 21, riparian and around dwellings. thickets.

Sturnella neglecta Audubon Carpodacus mexicanus (Muller) Western Meadowlark House Finch

Near Ignacio, July 23, farmland; Alli- T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M., son, Aug. 10, farmland. July 24, sparse juniper; LA 4380, Aug. 18, mixed big sage and riparian woodland. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte) Yellow-headed Blackbird Spinus pinus (Wilson) Pine Siskin Allison, Aug. 15, farmland. Approx. 1 mi. N of Allison, Aug. 16, BIRDSNOTEDINTHENAVAJORESERVOIRDISTR ICT 61

Spinus tristis (Linnaeus) Amphispiza bilineata (Cassin) American Goldfinch Black- throated Sparrow

Allison, Aug. 10, brush along road and *T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan C o . , N.M., small stream in farmland. July 23, Aug. 2, sparse juniper in deeply cut washes, mixed juniper and big sage. Spinus psaltria (Say) Lesser Goldfinch Spizella passeri na (Bechstein) Chipping Sparrow Allison, July 21, Aug. 10, 16, deciduous trees in town, brushy areas in farmland and *Allison, Aug. 10, 15, brushy areas be- riparian thickets. side road and mixed pinyon- juniper, big sage; rim of Pine River Canyon above LA 4269, Aug. 14, pinyon-juniper; approx. 1 mi. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus) N of Allison, Aug. 16, 21, brushy areas along Rufous-sided Towhee roads or stre ams.

*Pine River at LA 4269, Aug. 11, Spizella breweri Cassin brushy understory in riparian woodland. Brewer's Sparrow

Pooecetes gramineus (Gmelin) Allison, Aug. l0, brushy area beside Vesper Sparrow road; T 27 N, R 11 W, San Juan Co., N.M., Aug. 24, big sage. Allison, Aug. 10, brushy thickets a- long small stream.

Chondestes grammacus (Say) Lark Sparrow

Allison, Aug. 15, brush on edge of field. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, J.A. Goldman, E.A. (cont'd) 1893 List of Mammals Collected by Mr. Charles P. 1933 New Mammals from Arizona, New Mexico, and Rowley in the San Juan Region of Colorado, Colorado. Journal Washington Academy of New Mexico and Utah with Descriptions of New Sciences, Vol. 23, pp. 463-473, Washing-ton, Species. Bulletin American Museum of Natural D.C. History, Vol. 5, pp. 69 -84, New York. 1944 Classification of Wolves. In: The Wolveofs North Bailey, V. America, by Young, S.P., and E.A. Goldman, pp. 1915 Revision of the Pocket Gophers of the 387-507. American Wildlife Institute, Genus Thomomys. North American Fauna, Washington, D. C. Vol. 39, pp. 1-136, Washington, D.C. Hall, E.R., and K.R.Kelson 1931 Mammals of New Mexico. North American 1959 The Mammals of North AmericaRonald. Press, Fauna. Vol. 53, pp. 1 -412, Washington, D.C. New York.

Cary, M. 1911 A Biological Survey of Colorado. North Hardy, E.L. American Fauna, Vol. 33, pp. 1-256, Wash- 1941 Climate of New Mexico. In: Climateand Man, ington, D.C. Yearbook of Agriculture, pp. 1011 -1024, U.S.Department of Agriculture, Wash ington, Dittert, A.E. Jr., J..J.Hester, and F.W. Eddy D.C. 1961 An Archaeological Survey of the Navajo Reservoir District, Northwestern New Mexico. Harris, A.H., and J.S.Findley Monograph of the School of American Re- 1962 Status of Myotilucifuguss phasma and search and Museum of New Mexico, No. 23, Comments on Variation in Myotis yumanensis. Santa Fe. Journal Mammalogy, Vol. 43 (2), pp. 192-199, Lawrence, Kansas. Finley, R .B .J r. 1958 The Wood Rats of Colorado: Distribution and Hoffmeister, D.F. Ecology. University of Kansas Publications 1951 Taxonomiandc Evolutionary Study of the Pinon Museum of Natural History, Vol. 10 (6), pp. Mouse, Peromyscus truei. Illinois Biological 213-522, Lawrence, Kansas. Monographs, Vol. 21 (4), Urbana Illinois.

Gittings, E.B. Hollister, N. 1941 Climate of Colorado. In: Climate and Man, 1916 A Systematic Account of the Prairie Dogs. Yearbook of Agriculture, pp. 798-808, North American Fauna, Vol. 40, pp. 1-37, U.S.Department of Agriculture, Washington, Washington, D.C. D.C.

Goldman, E.A. Howell, A.H. 1910 Revision of the Woodrats of the Genus 1914 Revision of the American Harvest Mice (Genus Neotoma. North American Fauna, Vol. 31, Reithrodontomys). North American Fauna, pp. 1-124, Washington, D.C. Vol. 36, pp. 1-97, Washington,D.C.

1932a Two New Rodents from Arizona. Pro- 1915 Revision of the American Marmots. North ceedings Biological Society of Washington, American Fauna, Vol. 37, pp. 1 -80, Vol. 45, pp. 89-91, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.

1932b Revision of the Woodrats of the Neotoma 1929 Revision of the American Chipmunks (Genera lepida Group. Journal Mammalogy, Vol. 13, Tamias and Eutamias). North American Fauna, (1), pp. 59-67, Lawrence, Kansas. Vol. 52, pp. 1-157, Washington, D.C. BIBLIOGRAPHY 63

Howell, A. H. (cont'd) Rodeck, H.G. 1938 Revision of the North American Ground 1961 Another Spotted Bat from New Mexico. Squirrels, with a Classification of the North Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 42, p. 401, American Sciuridae. North American Fauna, Lawrence, Kansas. Vol. 56, pp. 1-256, Washington, D.C. Schmidt, K, P, Jackson, H.H.T. 1953 A Check List of North American Amphib ianans d 1951 Classification of the Races of the Coyote. InThe: Reptiles. American Society Ichthyologists and Clever Coyote, by Young, S.P. and H.H.T. Herpetologists, University Chicago Press, Jackson, pp. 227-341. Stackpole Co., Chicago, Illinois. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Wildlife Institute, Washington, D.C. Setzer, H. W. 1949 Subspeciation in the Kangaroo Rat, Koster, William J. Dipodomys ordii. University Kansas Publica - 1961 Fish as Indicators of Past Environments pp. tions Museum Natural History, Vol. 1 (3), 28-29, In: An Archaeological Survey of the pp. 47 3-573, Lawrence, Kansas. Navajo Reservoir District Northwestern New Mexico. Dittert, A. E. Jr, J, J. Hester, F. W.Eddy. Monographs of the School of Stebbins, R.C. American Research and the Museum of New 1954 Amphibians and Reptiles of WesternNorth Mexico, Number 23, Santa Fe, New Mexico. America. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Maslin, T.P. Van Gelder, R.G. 1959 An Annotated Check List of the Amphibians and 1959 A Taxonomic Revision of the Spotted Skunks Reptiles of Colorado. University of Colorado (Genus Spilogale). Bulletin American Museum Studies, Series in Biology, Vol. 6, Boulder, Natural History, Vol. 117 (5), pp. 229-392, Colorado. New York.

Warren, E.R. Nelson, E, W, 1942 The Mammals of Colorado. University 1909 The Rabbits of North America. North Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. American Fauna, Vol. 29, pp. 1-314, Wash- ington, D.C. White, C,M., and W.H. Behle 1961 Birds of Navajo Reservoir Basin in Colorado Osgood, W.H. and New Mexico, 1960. In: Ecological Studies 1909 Revision of the Mice of the American Genus of the Flora and Fauna of Navajo Reservoir Peromyscus. North American Fauna, Vol. 28, Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, pp. 129-154. pp. 1-285, Washington, D.C. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 55, Salt Lake City.

LIST OF PREVIOUS NAVAJO PROJECT STUDIES

Study Number