Brief Contents hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Preface xii Chapter 17 Carnivora 352 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Chapter 18 Rodentia and Lagomorpha 374 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh P art 1 Chapter 19 Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Introduction 1 and Sirenia 402 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Chapter 20 Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla 418 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Chapter 1 the Study of Mammals 2 Chapter 21 Cetacea 444 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Chapter 2 History of Mammalogy 8 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Chapter 3 Methods for Studying Mammals 22 Chapter 4 Phylogeny and Diversification of Mammals 50 P art 4 Chapter 5 Evolution and Dental Behavior and Ecol­ogy 467 Characteristics 62 Chapter 22 Communication, Aggression, Chapter 6 Biogeography 82 and Spatial Relations 468 Chapter 23 Sexual Selection, Parental Care, and Mating Systems 484 P art 2 Chapter 24 Social Behavior 500 Structure and Function 109 Chapter 25 Dispersal, Habitat Selection, and Migration 514 Chapter 7 Integument, Support, Chapter 26 Populations and Life History 530 and Movement 110 Chapter 27 Community Ecol­ogy 548 Chapter 8 Modes of Feeding 132 Chapter 9 Control Systems and Biological Rhythms 162 Chapter 10 Environmental Adaptations 176 P art 5 Chapter 11 Reproduction 214 Special Topics 569

Chapter 28 Parasites and Diseases 570 Chapter 29 Domestication and P art 3 Domesticated Mammals 590 Adaptive Radiation and Diversity 237 Chapter 30 Conservation 604 Chapter 12 Monotremes and Marsupials 242 Glossary 624 Chapter 13 tenrecoidea, Macroscelidea, References 644 Scandentia, Dermoptera, Credits 704 Solenodonta, Soricomorpha, and Erinaceomorpha 270 Index 707 Chapter 14 Chiroptera 288 Chapter 15 Primates 314 Chapter 16 Pilosa and Cingulata (Xenarthrans), Pholidota, —-1 and Tubulidentata 338 —0 vii —+1

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Chapter 30 Conservation 604 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Nature of the Problem 605 Solutions to Conservation Problems 616 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Case Studies 619 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Summary 622 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Suggested Readings 623 Discussion Questions 623 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Glossary 624 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh References 644 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Credits 704 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Index 707 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hn hk io il sy SY ek eh

—-1 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch00_7P.indd 11 12/19/17 6:06 PM References 697

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Joseph/Mammal Vessey; Figure 27.8: Leonard Lee Rue III/ courtesy of Rexford D. Lord Jr.; 17.20: Images Library of the American Society Visuals Limited; 27.9: Photo by Stephen H. —-1 Photo courtesy of Rexford D. Lord, Jr. of Mammalogists; 20.23a: George Vessey. —0 —+1

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Chapter 28 Control and Prevention; 28.11: Chapter 30 Chapter opener: © Dr. Stanley Flegler/ Photograph from Centers for Disease Chapter opener: © Rod Williams/Bruce Visuals Unlimited; Figure 28.1: Courtesy Control and Prevention; 28.14: Photo Coleman, Inc.; Figure 30.1a: © Len Rue, of Roy C. Anderson; 28.4: Photograph by from Centers for Disease Control and Jr./Visuals Unlimited; 30.2: © Frank J. Gathany, Public Health Image Library; Prevention; 28.16: Science VU-­FIP/Visuals Lambrecht/Visuals Unlimited; 30.5a: © 28.5: Photo from Centers from Disease Unlimited. Asa C. Thoresen/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Control and Prevention; 28.6: Photograph 30.5b: © Michael Freeman/Bruce from Centers for Disease Control and Chapter 29 Coleman, Inc.; 30.6: Photo by D.G. Prevention; 28.7a: Photo from Centers of Chapter opener: Photograph by Joshua Huckaby, Mammal Slide Library American Disease Control and Prevention; 28.7b: © Lutz; Figure 29.6: Judy Rains; 29.7a: Society Mammalogists; 30.7: © Rod Dr. Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited; 28.9: Photograph by Joshua Lutz; 29.7b: Williams/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 30.10: Lee © Bruce Iverson/Science Photo Library/ Photograph by Brian Gratwicke; 29.8,a,b: C. Drickamer; 30.12: Photo by A.H. Photo Researchers, Inc.; 28.10: Courtesy of George Feldhamer; 29.11: Shoemaker/American Society Photograph from Centers for Disease George Feldhamer. Mammalogists.

Line Art Figure 6.3: After W. Hamilton, U.S. Figure 14.16a: From J. E. Hill and J. D. Geological Survey as appeared in Carla W. Smith, Bats: A Natural History. Natural Montgomery and David Dathe, Earth Then History Museum, London. Reprinted by Line art in this book ­were adapted from and Now, 3rd edition. Copyright © 1997 permission. and inspired by a number of scholarly McGraw-­Hill Companies, Inc., Dubuque, Figure 15.27: From Cleveland sources, some new to the fourth edition, Iowa. All Rights Reserved. Reprinted by P. Hickman, Jr., et al., Integrated Principles some redrawn from earlier editions. permission. of Zoology, 10th edition. Copyright © Although we have endeavored to give Figure 9.12: From D. M. Madison, 1996 McGraw-­Hill Companies, Inc., credit wherever possible, we are certain “Activity Rhythm and Spacing” in Biology Dubuque, Iowa. All Rights Reserved. that some sources of inspiration have of New World Microtus, R. Tamarin (ed.), Reprinted by permission. been missed. We apologize for any 1985, 8:373–­419, 1985 American Society Figure 19.8a: From H. F. Osborn, oversights. of Mammalogists. Reprinted by permis- Proboscidea Volume II, American Museum sion of the author. Press. Reprinted by permission of Ameri- Figure 2.3: Illustration from Mark Figure 11.20: After C. R. Austin and R. can Museum of Natural History. Catesby. V. Short, eds., Reproduction in Mammals, Figure 20.4: From Storer and Usinger, Figure 5.12: From Cleveland P. Hickman, vol. 4, Reproductive Patterns, 1972 in Elements of Zoology, 2nd edition. Jr., et al., Integrated Principles of Zoology, Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr., et al., Inte- Copyright © 1961 California Academy of 10th edition. Copyright © 1996 McGraw-­ grated Principles of Zoology, 10th Sciences. Reprinted by permission. Hill Companies, Inc., Dubuque, Iowa. edition. Copyright © 1996 McGraw-­Hill Figure 23.1: From D. Muller-­Schwarze, All Rights Reserved. Reprinted by Companies, Inc., Dubuque, Iowa. All “Pheromones in Black-­tailed Deer” in Animal permission. Rights Reserved. Reprinted by Behavior, 19: 141–­152, 1971. Academic permission. Press, London. Reprinted by permission.

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550-57954_Feldhamer_ch07_7P.indd 706 12/19/17 4:27 PM Index hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Aardvark, 52, 55, 85, 136, 271, 272, 338, 348–­349 African climbing mouse, Mount Kahuzi, 395 Agriculture burrow system of, 304, 348, 348 African elephant, 3f, 272, 403, 403f, 614 and bats, 298 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh convergent evolution of, 89, 90f communication and vocalizations of, 404, 473 and domestication of animals, 2, 3, 3f, 591, 601f, dentition of, 76, 136, 348–349, 349f compared to Asian elephant, 403, 403f 601–­602 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh diet of, 348 dentition of, 406 Ailuridae, 240, 352, 367 economics and conservation of, 349 ears of, 405, 405f Ailuropoda melanoleuca, 140, 151, 356, 609, 610f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh fossil history of, 250 economics and conservation of, 408 Ailuropodidae, 366, 367 morphology of, 348–349, 349f as exploited captive, 599 Ailurops hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Aardwolf, 89, 90f, 358 feet of, 405, 405f, 614 melanotis, 263 diet of, 136, 338, 358–­359, 359f gestation period of, 227 ursinus, 262 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh South African, 30 as keystone species, 555 Ailurus fulgens, 151, 352, 367 Abert’s squirrel, 3f morphology of, 404, 405, 405f Akodon, 396 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Abiotic pro­cesses seed dispersal by, 153 Alarm calls, 469, 476–­477, 507 in ecosystem, 548 thermal window of, 204, 405 of Belding’s ground squirrel, 501, 507, 507f, 517 in habitat selection, 518–­519 tusks of, 406 dispersal affecting, 517 in historical biogeography, 86–­88 African grass rat, 397 as social behavior, 501, 503, 507 Abomasum, 145f, 146, 578 African green monkey, 481 Alaskan red-­backed vole, 197 Abrocoma African grivet, 587 Albinism, 113 bennettii, 391 African hammer-­headed bat, 480, 496 Albumin, 33f boliviensis, 391 African hedgehog, 286f Alcelaphus buselaphus, 440f Abrocomidae, 240, 377f, 391 African honey badger, 558 Alces alces, 436 Acanthocephalans, 570, 579, 579f African lion diseases and parasites of, 572, 572f Accidental hosts, 572 dispersal of, 515, 516, 516f feeding of, 156, 156f Acerodon, 299 as predator, 405 habitat selection of, 520 Acetabulum, 121 African maned rat, 396 as prey, 503 Achilles’ tendon, 122, 122f African mole-­rat, 386, 394, 511 Alcorn’s pocket gopher, 383 Acid rain, 610 African palm civet, 362 Alexander, Annie M., 15 Acinonyx jubatus, 6f, 110, 352 African pouched rat, 395 Algae on sloths, 342, 343 claws of, 116 giant, 395 Alimentary system. See Digestive system inbreeding of, 515 in landmine detection, 395 Allactaga, 393 photographic identification of, 24 African rhinoceros, 425 Allantois, 223f, 224 Acomys, 397 African savanna, comparative phylogeography of Allee effect, 503 cahirinus, 114, 506 ungulates in, 98–­100, 99f Alleles, microsatellite analysis of, 34–­35, 35f, 40 Aconaemys, 391 African sleeping sickness, 574, 574f, 579f Allelopathic agents, 518 Acouchi, 158f, 389 African spiny mouse, 397, 506 Allenopithecus, 331f Acratocnus odontrigonus, 340 African striped weasel, 364 nigrovirdis, 330 Acritoparamys, 377 African white-­tailed rat, 395 Allen’s rule, 102, 184–­185 Acrobates, 263–264 African wild cat, 615 Allen’s swamp monkey, 330 pygmaeus, 230, 264, 264f African wild dog, 141, 363 Alliances, 501–502­ Acrobatidae, 238, 263–264 dispersal of, 517 in dominance interactions, 480–481 Acrobatobia, 573 dominance interactions of, 481 Allocebus, 153, 320 Acrocodia, 423 hunting by, 353, 477 Allografts, 223 Active dispersal, 88–­89 polyandry in, 497 Allolactation, 508 Adapiformes, 317 social behavior of, 503 Allometry, 180 Adaptations Afrosoricida, 52, 55, 56, 272 Allopatry, 551, 551f communication in, 469 Afrotarsius, 317 Allozyme electrophoresis, 33 environmental, 176–212­ Afrotheria, 53, 55, 56, 97, 239, 270, 272, 348, 402 Alopex lagopus, See also Vulpes lagopus, 14, 114, 182, hypothermia in, 191, 192, 193 Age estimates 185f, 186, 544, 556 outbreeding affecting, 517 baculum in, 217 Alouatta, 328, 472, 571f social behavior in, 505 dentition in, 76, 78 Alpaca, domestication of, 428, 591f, 593f, 598 Adaptive radiations, 89, 132 horns in, 118 Alpine marmot, 487 Addax, 440f Agenesis, dental, 79 Alpine musk deer, 436 Adipose tissue Age structure of population, 533, 533f Alston’s singing mouse, 472 in blubber, 183, 183f Aggression, 478–­479 Altricial young, 231 brown, 178, 196, 197f communication in, 470, 476 Altruistic behavior in hump of camels, 210–­211 dominance in, 481 alarm calls in, 501, 507 white, 183, 196 hormone levels in, 168, 497 evolution of, 505 Adrenal gland infanticide in, 481–­482, 505 kin selection theory on, 506 exhaustion of, 540 pheromone signals in, 470 of meerkats, 360 hormones of, 168, 231, 481, 536, 540 population regulation in, 541 reciprocal, 306, 508–­510 in stress response, 168, 540 siblicide in, 482, 494 Alveolus, dental, 76 Adrenocortical hormones, 168, 231 in territory, 479 remnant, 414 in dominance interactions, 481 Aging, 535–536­ Amami rabbit, 400 population density affecting, 536, 540 Agonistic behavior, 478–­479 Amazonian manatee, 402, 413, 415 Aepyprymnus, 265 in groups, 504 Ambergris, 144, 464, 613 rufescens, 32f, 265 Agorophius, 453 Amblyomma 584 Aerodynamics of flight in bats, 291–­293, 293f, Agouti, 389 Amblysomus hottentotus, 127, 191 522 food-­storing behavior of, 158f Ambulocetidae, 452 Aethalops alecto, 299 Mexican, 389 Ambulocetus, 452 Aethechinus, 193 red-­rumped, 389, 390f Amebelodontidae, 407f African antelope, 427, 489, 512 Ruatan Island, 389 American badger, 24, 193, 361, 363 African ass, 423, 598 Agouti, 388 American bison, 610 African blue monkey, 477 paca, 602 American black bear, 366 —-1 African buffalo, 99f, 503, 558 Agouti hair, 113 American mink, 363 —0 707 —+1

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American Museum of Natural History, 14 Antechinus, 219, 221, 257–258 Arctic ground squirrel, 14, 192 American Philosophical Society, 11, 13 Antelope, 426 defense of territory, 480 American pika, 399, 399f, 616 African, 427, 489, 512 hibernation of, 194–­195, 195f American Society of Mammalogists, 5, 14, 15 desert, 211 Arctic hare, 186, 186f, 400 formation of, 17 four-­horned, 439, 439f Arctocebus, 324 trapping guidelines of, 23 habitat degradation affecting, 611 Arctocephalinae, 370 women in, 18 heat adaptations of, 211, 211f Arctocephalus 368f, 370, 371, 485 American water shrew, 138, 139, 280 intrasexual selection of, 489 Arctonyx collaris, 363 Ameridelphia, 52, 238, 251 locomotion of, 124f Area biogeography, 92 Ametrida centurio, 305 pronghorn. See Pronghorn Area chronograms, 93, 97, 98f Ammospermophilus leucurus, 208, 209f royal, 439 Area cladograms, 92f, 92–­95, 93f, 95f Amnion, 223f sable, 613 Area relationships in cladistic biogeography, 92 Amniota, 62–­64, 67f social behavior of, 512 Areas of endemism, 91 evolution of, 73–­76 water conservation of, 201, 211, 211f Arena or lek mating system, 480, 480f temporal openings in skulls of, 62, 63f Antelope ground squirrel, 208, 209f Arenaviruses, 586 Amorphochilus schnablii, 308, 308f Antigens, 169 Argali, 593f, 596 Amphibious species, 128, 129f Antilocapra 12, 118, 427, 434, 435 Argentine plains viscacha, 390 Amphicitis, 367 Antilocapridae, 241, 419f, 426, 427f, 434–­435 Armadillo, 54, 55, 97, 136, 338, 339, 343–­346 Amphilestids, 69 head ornamentation of, 425f delayed implantation in, 229–­230, 346 Amphiorycteropus, 349 Antitragus in bats, 291 dentition of, 77, 79, 133f, 345 Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), Antlers, 118 diet of, 133f, 136, 345 40 asymmetrical, 488 diseases and parasites of, 574 Ampullary glands, 216, 216f of deer, 118, 436–­437, 438f, 488, 489 distribution of, 344–­345, 345f Amylase, salivary, 146 palmate, 437, 438f fossil history of, 340 Anal glands, 164, 355 and sexual selection, 487, 488, 488f, 489 giant, 79, 340, 345, 346f of beavers, 381 shed during mating season, 118 in Great American Interchange, 96, 97f of hyenas, 471, 471f tines or points of, 437 long-­nosed, 344, 344f, 346 of mustelids, 363–­364 trophy hunting for, 613 metabolic rate of, 339f protrusable, 359 velvet covering of, 118, 437 pink fairy, 345 of skunks, 115, 355, 364 Antrozous pallidus, 135, 200, 310 placenta of, 346 of weasels, 115, 355 Aonyx, 355 six-­banded, 344f Anal sacs, 355 Aotus trivirgatus, 318 three-­banded, Brazilian, 346 Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), 40 Ape, 333–­335 vertebrae of, 339f Anapsids, 62, 63f cooperation of, 502 yellow, 346 Ancestral area chronogram, 97, 98f endangered species, 609 Armenian birch mouse, 393 Ancodonta, 419f, 440 parental care of offspring, 493 Armenian whiskered bat, 310 Ancylostoma duodenale, 578 Aplodontia, 149, 378, 379 Armored shrew, 283 Andean bear, 366 Aplodontidae, 240, 377f, 378, 379 Arousal from hibernation, 195–­196 Andean caenolestid, 254 Apocrine glands, 111f, 115, 201 of bears, 192–­193 Andean cat, 358 Apodemus, 149, 583 Arrector pili muscle, 112 Andean hairy armadillo, 344f, 346 flavicollis, 26 Arteriovenous anastomoses, 183, 204 Anderson’s gerbil, 553–­554 sylvaticus, 490, 543 Arthropods, 570, 579–­584, 580f Andrew’s beaked ­whale, 462f Apomys, 397 Artibeus, 151–­152, 228, 306, 306f Androgens, 218 Apophyses, vertebral, 121, 283, 283f Artificial selection, 601, 616 Angle of attack, 292, 293f Appalachian masked shrew, 40 of cattle, 596 Angolan hairy bat, 311 Appendages of dogs, 595 Angolan talapoin monkey, 330 Allen’s rule on, 102, 184–­185 Artiodactyla, 51, 55, 56, 85, 241, 402, 405, 418–­419, Angora hair, 113 cold adaptations of, 183–­185, 184f 426–442­ Angwantibo, 324 countercurrent heat exchange in, 184, 184f brain cooling of, 202 Anhui musk deer, 435, 436 heat adaptations of, 205 coloration of, 185 Anisogamy, 484–­485, 491, 494 Appendicular muscles, 122 domestication of, 428, 429, 593f, 596f Ankarana sportive lemur, 321 Appendicular skeleton, 118, 121–­122 economics and conservation of, 427–­428 Ankle joint, 121 Aproteles bulmerae, 300 foot of, 418, 419f, 426 Annual molt, 114 Aquatic mammals fossil history of, 427, 427f, 453f Anomaluridae, 240, 377f, 380, 383 blubber of, 183, 183f morphology of, 426 Anomaluromorpha, 240, 376, 376f, 377f, 383–­384 carnivorous, 143–­144, 352, 353 phyloge­ne­tics of, 426, 427f Anomalurus, 383 insulating fur of, 183 ruminant, 144, 145, 147 Anomodontia, 63, 65f kidneys of, 199, 199f suborders and families of, 241, 419f, 426–­442, Anosmia, 525 marine. See Marine mammals 427f, 428–­442 Anoura Aquatic mole, 199f terrestrial, 426–­442 Ant Arabian oryx, 23, 211 trends in journal articles on, 18 mammals eating. See Ant-­eating mammals captive breeding of, 619–­620 Aru flying fox, 300 and rodent interactions, 554, 554f conservation of, 619f, 619–­620 Arvicanthis, 397 Antagonistic actions of hormones, 168 Arboreal mammals Arvicola terrestris, 25 Antarctic blue ­whale, 473 diurnal, 171 Arvicolinae, 396 Antarctic fur seal, 485 evolution of, 317–­318 Ascaris lumbricoides, 578, 579f Antarctic minke ­whale, 455 koalas, 150f, 261f, 260–­261 Ascending ramus, mandibular, 317 Anteater, 54, 97, 338, 339, 342–­343 locomotion of, 125–­126, 126f Ascertainment bias, 35 banded, 611 Arboreal theory, 317–­318 Asian elephant, 402, 403, 403f, 404, 614 collared, 136f Archaeoceti, 445, 453f communication and vocalizations of, 404, 473 convergent evolution of, 89, 90f Archaeodelphis, 453 compared to African elephant, 403, 403f dentition of, 77, 133f Archaeonycteris, 297 dentition of, 406 diet of, 133f Archaeopteropus, 297 economics and conservation of, 408 giant, 136, 341f, 342–­343, 344f Archaeothryis, 87 as exploited captive, 599 in Great American Interchange, 96, 97f Archaeotraguludus krabiensis, 432 morphology of, 404 lesser, 343 Archonta, 53, 54, 239, 270 tusks of, 406 metabolic rate of, 339f Arctic collared lemming, 544 Asian false vampire bat, 141, 302 pygmy, 343 Arctic fox, 14, 114 Asian flat-­headed cat, 358 scaly, 338, 346–­348. See also Pangolin cold adaptations of, 182, 185, 185f, 186 Asian mongoose, 393, 611 silky, 136, 339, 343 coloration of, 186 Asian onager, 598 tongue of, 136, 136f ears of, 185, 185f Asian rhinoceros, 425 Ant-­eating mammals, 136, 338–­339, 342 fur of, 182, 186 Asiatherium, 95 convergent evolution of, 89, 90f as introduced species, 556 Asiatic black bear, 155, 366 -1— numbats, 257, 338 as predator, 544, 556 Asiatic lion, 610 0— pangolins, 346–348­ in trophic cascade, 556 Asiatic wild ass, 423 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 708 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 709

Aspect ratio of bat wings, 293, 293f Sunda stink, 364 bird-­eating, 141 Ass, 419, 423 winter torpor in, 193 bird-­like noctule, 141 African, 423, 598 Baiji, 461, 604 blossom, 152, 193 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Asiatic wild, 423 Baikal seal, 371 body size of, 288, 299 domestication of, 593, 596f, 598 Baiomys, 206 broad-nosed,­ 306 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh signals of, 469 Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 14 brown. See Brown bat hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Syrian wild, 423 Baird’s beaked ­whale, 446f brown fat of, 196–­197, 197f Assembly rules, 548, 559 Baird’s tapir, 423, 424 bulldog, 143, 307f, 307–­308 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Association cortex, 166, 166f Bait marking, 25 bumblebee, 302 Astragalus, 419, 419f, 420f, 426 Balabac mouse deer, 432 carnivorous, 141–­143, 288 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Asymmetry of paired traits, fluctuating, 488 Balaena mysticetus, 183, 448, 457, 621, 621f character displacement in, 551 Ateles, 328–­329 Balaenidae, 241, 450, 455f, 456–­458 classification of, 45 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Atelidae, 239, 315f, 326, 328–­329, 329f Balaenoptera, 455 cold adaptations of, 193 Atherurus, 385 acutorostrata, 455, 621, 621f common, 310 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Atlantic spiny rat, 392 bonaerensis, 455 communication of, 304, 470, 505 Atlantic tree rat, 392 borealis, 455, 621, 621f community assembly rules for, 559 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Atlantogenata, 55, 56 brydei, 455 in competition for resources, 478–­479 Atlas, cervical, 121 edeni, 455 daily torpor of, 193 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Auditory bullae musculus, 227, 237, 444, 473, 522, 621, 621f dawn, 300 in carnivores, 355 omurai, 455 decline in population of, 134 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh in heteromyids, 382, 382f physalus, 449f, 455, 621, 621f delayed development in, 228, 229, 289 in primates, 316, 316f Balaenopteridae, 241, 450, 455f, 455–­456, 457 delayed fertilization in, 228, 229, 288–­289 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Auditory canal, external, 164, 165f Balantiopteryx infusca, 304 delayed implantation in, 289 Auditory sense, 470f, 471–­473. See also Hearing Baleen, 445 dentition of, 77, 142, 142f, 305, 306f Audubon, John James, 16 economic value of, 453 digestive system of, 142, 142f Auroch, domestication of, 593f, 596, 596f and filter feeding, 450–­451, 451f diseases and parasites of, 298, 318, 571, 573, 574, Australian faunal region, 83, 84f, 85 structure of, 450, 450f, 451f 585, 586f Australian hopping mice, 200 Baleen ­whale, 143, 426, 444, 445, 454–­458 disk-­winged, 308f, 308–309­ Australian sea lion, 371 compared to toothed ­whale, 445, 445f dispersal of, 517 Australidelphia, 52, 238, 251 diet of, 448f diversity of, 288 Australomyobia, 573 feeding by, 445, 450–­451, 451f, 454 Ebola virus spread by, 318 Australopithecus, 335, 336 hunting of, 613 echolation of, 128, 135, 143, 164, 289, 291, Australosphenida, 51 migration of, 522 293–­296, 304, 472–­473 Automated DNA sequencing, 36, 36f phyloge­ne­tics of, 455, 455f economics and conservation of, 134, 289, 298, Autopodium, 121 size of, 445, 446f, 454 300, 609, 610, 612 Avahi, 321–­322, 609 sounds of, 473 evolution of, 128 Avoidance mechanisms Balionycteris maculata, 299 false vampire, 141, 291, 292f in cold adaptations, 179, 180f, 180–­196 Baluchitherium grangeri, 421 fish-­eating, 143, 288, 307f, 307–­308, 310 in heat adaptations, 206–­211 Bamboo in panda diet, 151 fisherman, 143 Awn, 113 Bamboo lemur, 323 fishing, 292f, 307f, 307–­308 Axial muscles, 122 Bamboo rat, 394 flat-­headed, 293f Axial skeleton, 118, 121 Banded anteater, 611 flight of.See Flight of bats Axis, 437 Banded hare-­wallaby, 266 Florida bonneted, 311 Axis, cervical, 121 Banded mongoose, 23, 501 flower, 306 Aye-­aye, 85, 138, 140f, 319, 323f, 323–­324 Bandicoot, 52, 76, 258–­260 flying fox.See Flying fox endangered species, 609 desert, 260 folivorous, 151 eastern barred, 252f fossil history of, 128, 296–­298, 297f Babesia, 574–­575 gestation period of, 226, 227f, 249 free-­tailed. See Free-­tailed bat Babesiosis, 574–­575 giant, 259 frog-­eating, 141 Babirusa, 429–­430, 431f long-­nosed, 226, 227f, 259 fruit. See Fruit bat Baboon, 328, 330, 512 mouse, 259 fruit-­eating, 135, 306, 306f, 478–­479 alliances of, 502, 502f northern brown, 226, 259 funnel-­eared, 308f, 312 dispersal of, 515 pig-footed,­ 258 gestation period of, 227 dominance interactions of, 480, 481 placenta of, 223f, 224, 226, 248 ghost, 302 hamadryas, 502, 515 rabbit-­eared, 258–259, 259f, 260 ghost-faced,­ 307 home range of, 479, 479f Seram Island, 259 giant noctule, 141 observation of social interactions of, 27f southern brown, 259f golden-­tipped, 135 olive, 481, 502f, 509 western barred, 260 gray, 612 pigmented skin patches of, 112 Bank vole great eve­ning, 141 reciprocal altruism of, 509 habitat degradation affecting, 611 guano of, 298 sex ratio in populations of, 486–­487 and Lyme disease, 583 habitation degradation affecting, 610, 612 yellow, 486–­487 sex ratio in populations of, 486 habitation destruction affecting, 609 Babyrousa, 429 Banner-­tailed kangaroo rat, 473, 517 hairy, 311 Beach mouse, 172 Banteng, domestication of, 593f, 597, 614 hammer-­headed, 299, 480, 496, 504 Backbone, 121 Barbary macaque, 330, 332f hearing of, 164, 164f Background extinction, 89 Barbary striped grass mouse, 397f heart-­nosed, 293f, 302 Bacteria, 570, 571 Bare-­backed fruit bat, Philippine, 300 heterothermy in, 177 Lyme disease from, 581–­583 Bare-­faced tamarin, Brazilian, 328 hibernation of, 193, 196–­197, 197f, 522 plague from, 579–­581 Bare-­tailed woolly opossum, 254 hoary, 114, 522 Rocky Mountain spotted fever from, 583–­584 Barred bandicoot hog-­nosed, 85, 288, 292f, 302–­303 tularemia from, 584 eastern, 252f homing of, 525, 525f, 526, 526f, 527 Bactrian camel, 428 western, 260 homologous characters of, 43, 44 domestication of, 593f, 598 Barrelettes, 138 horseshoe.­ See Horse­ shoe­ bat Baculum, 217, 217f, 355, 355f Barren-­ground caribou, 523, 523f Indiana. See Indiana bat Badger, 201, 363 Basal metabolic rate, 29, 29f, 30, 180 insectivorous, 134, 135, 156, 170–­171, 228, 288, American, 24, 193, 361, 363 Basilosauridae, 453 550, 550f Eurasian, 363 Basilosaurus, 55, 449f introduced predators affecting, 615 Eu­ro­pe­an, 11, 153, 361 isis, 453 latitudinal gradient in diversity of, 103 hog, 363 Basophils, 169 leaf-­nosed. See Leaf-­nosed bat honey, 363, 558 Bassaricyon, 365 lek mating system of, 480, 496, 504 Japa­nese, 193 Bassariscus, 365 life span of, 289, 535–­536 mutualistic relationships of, 558 Bat, 288–­312 long-­eared, 310, 551 Palawan stink, 364 in Australian faunal region, 85 long-­nosed, 135, 152 rock, 408 bent-­winged, 311 long-­tongued, 152, 299 —-1 scent glands of, 115 big-­eared, 298, 310, 612 long-­winged, 311 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 709 12/19/17 4:29 PM 710 Index

Bat (continued ) Gray’s, 462f Bet-­hedging theory, 493, 537 mastiff, 311 Hector’s, 462f Bettong, 32f, 265–­266 mating patterns of, 289 Hubbs’s, 446f, 462f Bettongia, 265–­266 metabolic rate and senescence of, 535–­536 Shepherd’s, 461 Bewick, Thomas, 16 migration of, 299, 522 Stejneger’s, 462f Bezoar goat, 593f, 596 monkey-­faced, 300 strap-­toothed, 462f Bhulan, 462 morphology of, 289–­296 True’s, 462f Bias, ascertainment, 35 moths as prey of, 472–­473 Bear, 366–­367 Bicornuate uterus, 221, 222f, 319 mouse-­tailed, 292f, 303 Andean, 366 Bifid tragus, 302 mustached, 292f, 294f, 307 brown, 23, 155, 192, 366 Bifurcated reproductive tract of marsupials, 248 naked, 311 delayed implantation in, 229, 366 Big bang breeders, 219, 221, 534 naked-­backed, 307 dentition of, 133f, 354f, 366 Big brown bat, 25, 134, 197f, 294f, 298 nectar-­eating, 133f, 135, 152, 153f, 156, 288 diet of, 133f, 155, 366 brown fat of, 197f in neotropical faunal region, 85 hibernation of, 192–­193, 366 echolocation of, 294f New World, 135, 291, 292f homing of, 525f homing of, 526, 526f, 527 niche space of, 550, 550f hunting of, 614 insectivory of, 298 in oceanic faunal region, 85 locomotion of, 125, 126f PIT tagging of, 25 pallid, 135, 200, 310 population growth, 617 social vocalizations of, 304 Pel’s pouched, 293f skull of, 133f thermoregulation of, 193, 197f phyloge­ne­tics of, 53–­54, 56, 290f sloth, 155, 366 Big-­eared bat, 298, 310, 310f pollination by, 151, 152, 153f, 298, 300 spectacled, 366, 367f Big-­footed mouse, long-­tailed, 395 population regulation, 541, 542f sun, 155, 366 Bighorn sheep, 118 rabies of, 585, 586f in trophic cascades, 556 circannual reproduction of, 172, 172f Rapoport’s rule on, 103 winter lethargy of, 192–­193, 366 conservation of, 619, 619f red, 227 Bear cuscus, 262–­263 diseases and parasites of, 578 reproduction of, 288–­289 Bearded saki monkey, 329–­330 habitat selection of, 520, 520f roosting habits of, 289, 291, 300, 300f Bearded seal, 143f netting of, 23 roundleaf, 301–­302 Beaver, 13, 16–­17, 199f population viability analysis, 619, 619f sac-­winged, 292f, 303–304­ Canadian, 381, 382 reproductive effort of, 534, 535 sanguinivorous, 142–­143, 288, 305 cold adaptations of, 183, 184, 188 Rocky Mountain, 489 seed dispersal by, 151, 152, 298, 300 communal nesting of, 188 social behavior of, 503–­504 sexual dimorphism of, 496 diseases and parasites of, 575, 584 sperm competition in, 489, 489f sharp-­nosed, 303, 303f ecological impact of, 382 Big long-­nosed bat, 152 sheath-­tailed, 303–­304 Eu­ro­pe­an, 381 Big naked-­backed bat, 307 short-­tailed, 291f, 309, 309f, 615 food-­storing behavior of, 158f, 159 Big pocket gopher, 383 silver-haired,­ 228 fur of, 183, 378, 382 Bilby, 258, 259–­260, 260f skeletal anatomy of, 121 hunting and trapping of, 16f, 382, 613 Bilharzia, 576 skull of, 133, 133f, 135, 141, 305f, 306f lodge behavior of, 381 Binomial nomenclature, 11 slit-­faced, 291, 292f, 293f, 304–­305, 305f morphology of, 381, 382f Biodiversity, 37, 563–­564 smoky, 291f, 308, 308f mountain, 149, 378, 379, 379f centers of, 83 social behavior of, 504 swimming of, 128, 382 conservation of, 606 songs of, 304, 473 Beaver fever, 575, 575f in Ethiopian faunal region, 85 southwestern myotis, 551 Begging behavior, 494 evenness in, 563 spear-­nosed, 305, 508 Behavior gradients in, 103–­105, 104f, 105f, 559 suborders and families of, 241, 289, 290f, 299–­312 aggression and competition in, 478–­479 in nearctic faunal region, 84 sucker-­footed, 85, 291, 309f, 309–­310 agonistic, 478–­479 in Oriental faunal region, 85 sword-­nosed, 306 communication in, 468–­478 in palearctic faunal region, 84 tent-­building, 306, 306f of community, 548–­566 in rainforests, 88 thumbless, 308, 308f dispersal in, 514–­517 species richness in, 563–­564 tongue of, 152, 153f of domesticated mammals, 592–­593, 600 subspecies in, 39 tube-­lipped, 152, 153f and ecol­ogy, 467 in successional communities, 560 tube-­nosed, 310 and ge­ne­tic factors in population regulation, Biogeography, 82–107­ vampire. See Vampire bat 540–541­ analytical, 91–93­ vespertilionid, 193 habitat selection in, 517–­521 area, 92 vision of, 54, 163, 291, 293, 299 homing in, 524–­527 cladistic, 92f, 92–­93, 93f water conservation of, 204 mating systems in, 494–­497 deep and shallow history in, 94 whiskered, 310 migration in, 521–­524 ecological, 83, 100–­105 whispering, 294 observation of, 27f, 27–­28 faunal regions in, 83, 84f, 84–­86 white, 306 parental investment in offspring in, 491–­493 global provincialism of mammal distribution in, white-­lined, 303, 517 parent-­offspring conflicts in, 493–­494 83–­86 white nose syndrome of, 4, 298, 298f, 613 and physiological factors in population historical, 82–­83, 86–­100 white-­shouldered, 305 regulation, 539–540­ island, 561–­562, 564, 615 wind-­assisted dispersal of, 89 playful, 478, 478f of marsupials, 94–­96, 95f wing-­gland, 311 of population, 530–­546 panbiogeography, 92 wings of, 54, 127–­128, 128f, 522 sexual selection in, 487–­490 phyloge­ne­tic, 92 yellow-shouldered,­ 306 singing. See Songs regionalization in, 83–­84 yellow-­winged, 302 social, 500–­513. See also Social behavior species range in, 82, 83f Bat Conservation International, 298 spatial relations in, 479–­482 taxon, 92, 93 Bat-­eared fox, 79, 136, 362 subspecies differentiation in, 39 transition zones in, 83, 85 Bateman gradient, 485 Behavioral ecol­ogy, 467 vicariance, 90–­91, 91f Bathyergidae, 240, 377f, 386–­387, 415, 511 Behavioral syndromes, 510 Bioinformatics, 36 Bathyergus janetta, 386 Beisa oryx, 99f Biological communication, 469. See also Batodon, 271 Belding’s ground squirrel Communication Bawean deer, 437 alarm calls of, 501, 507, 507f, 517 Biological community, 548 Baylisascaris, 572 dispersal of, 516, 517f Biological control, 572, 578, 611, 615 Beach strandings of marine mammals, 164, 526 kin recognition of, 476 Biological rhythms, 170–­174 Beaked ­whale, 461–­462, 462f signaling pheromones of, 470 Biological species concept, 41, 42 Andrew’s, 462f Beluga ­whale, 164f, 458, 458f, 459 Biology Baird’s, 446f Bemaraha woolly lemur, 322 historical theories of, 11, 15–­16 Blainville’s, 446f, 461, 462f Bends (decompression sickness), 449 of zoo animals, 15 Cuvier’s, 446f Bennett’s chinchilla rat, 391 Biomagnification pro­cess, 610 dentition of, 461, 462f Bent-­winged bat, 311 Biomes, 84 echolation of, 461 Bergmann’s rule, 101–­102, 102f, 181 refugia in, 88 -1— Gervais’s, 462f Bering land bridge, 89 Biotic pro­cesses, 88–­89 0— ginkgo-toothed,­ 462f Berthe’s mouse lemur, 321 in ecosystem, 548 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 710 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 711

Bipartite uterus, 221, 222f Blood-­eating mammals, 142f, 142–­143 body size of, 446f Bipedal locomotion, 123 bats, 142–­143, 288, 305. See also Vampire bat signature whistles of, 476 Birch mouse, 194, 393 Blood flow social behavior of, 461, 468, 502 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Bird-­eating bat, 141 in arteriovenous anastomoses, 183, 204 stomach of, 448f Bird-­like noctule bat, 141 in brain cooling, 202, 202f Bottlenose ­whale, 449 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Birds in countercurrent heat exchange, 184, 184f, 202, 205 Bounding movements, 123, 323, 325 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh bats eating, 141 maternal and fetal, 224 Bovidae, 98, 241, 419f, 426, 427f, 435, 438–­440, 596 diversity of, 237 Blood flukes, 575, 576 feeding strategies of, 439, 441f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hybridization of, 615 Blossom bat, 152, 193 horns of, 118, 205, 425f, 439, 439f, 440f mutualistic relationships of, 558 Blowholes of ­whales, 447 intrasexual selection of, 489 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh songs of, 304 Blow of ­whales, 450 subfamilies of, 438, 438f, 439f Birth. See Parturition Blubber, 183, 183f, 367, 446, 448 Bovinae, 440, 596 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Birth place Blue-­eyed black lemur, 323 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 586f, 587 dispersal from, 514–­517 Blue-­eyed spotted cuscus, 263 Bowhead w­ hale, 183, 456–­457 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh and habitat preference, 520 Blue monkey baleen of, 451f Birth rate, 530 African, 477 blubber of, 448 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh for humans, 607 alarm calls of, 477 conservation of, 621, 621f life table on, 533, 534f hunting of, 613 hunting of, 454f, 458 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh and population density, 539 sound window for, 472 life span of, 457 senescence affecting, 535 Blue ­whale, 444, 456 Bowman’s capsule, 198 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Bison, 426 Antarctic, 473 Box traps, 23, 23f American, 610 baleen of, 451f Brachiation, 126 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh conservation of, 604 conservation of, 621, 621f of Hylobatidae, 333, 333f Eu­ro­pe­an, 616 feeding by, 451 Brachidelphis mazeasi, 461 habitat degradation affecting, 611 forelimbs of, 448f Brachyodont teeth, 77 habitat destruction affecting, 610 gestation period of, 227 Brachyphyllinae, 151 hybridization of, 616 migration of, 522 Brachytarsomys villosa, 395 nutritional condition of, 29 size of, 237, 445, 446f Brachyteles, 328 wood, 4, 616 songs of, 473 arachnoides, 329, 490, 609 Bison, 4, 604, 616 Blue wildebeest, 558 hypoxanthus, 329 Black and white ruffed lemur, 323, 609 Boar, wild, 431f, 593f, 597 Bradycardia Black-­backed gorilla, 335 Body fat index, 29 in pinnipeds, 368 Black-­backed jackal, 359 Body mass and size, 29 in ­whales, 449 kin selection of, 507–­508, 508f of bats, 288, 299 Bradypodidae, 239, 339, 340, 342 Black bear, 126f, 155, 192, 229, 366, 525f Bergmann’s rule on, 101–­102, 102f, 181 Bradypus, 150, 342 American, 366 and brain size, 166 torquatus, 342 Asiatic, 155, 366 in cold adaptations, 102, 180f, 180–­181, 191 tridactylus, 342 delayed implantation in, 229 Dehnel’s phenomenon in, 191 variegatus, 279, 342, 342f gallbladder of, 614 domestication affecting, 600 Brain, 76, 166f, 166–­167 homing of, 525f and energy requirements, 180–­181 in circannual rhythms, 173 hunting of, 614 and evaporative cooling, 205f, 206 cooling of, 202, 202f omnivorous, 155 and extinctions, 613 encephalopathy of, spongiform, 586f, 587 winter lethargy of, 192 and gestation periods, 227–­228 evolution of, 166, 167 Black-­bearded saki, 330 in heat adaptations, 205f, 205–­206 interaction with endocrine system, 168, 170 Black-­bellied hamster, 199f and home-­range size, 479 neocortex of, 468 Black-­bellied pangolin, 346 in insular gigantism and dwarfism, 100 in primates, 315 Black colobus monkey, 330 island rule on, 100–­101, 101f regions of, 166, 166f Black Death, 580, 581 limiting similarity in, 552f, 553 size of, compared to body mass, 166 Black dorcopsis, 267 and macroecol­ogy, 565, 565f species differences in, 166 Black-­faced lion tamarin, 328 of marsupials, 248 of tarsiers, 166, 326 Black-­faced spider monkey, 329 and metabolic rate, 29, 29f, 180f, 180–­181 in thermoregulation, 196 Black-­footed cat, 358 and mortality, 282f Branding as marking technique, 24 Black-­footed ferret, 4, 364, 610 sexual dimorphism in, 484 Brazilian bare-­faced tamarin, 328 Black howler monkey, Yucatan, 329 of shrews, 191, 280, 281, 282f Brazilian free-­tailed bat, 27, 311, 311f, 473 Blackish shrew opossum, 254 winter decline in, 191 echolocation of, 294f Black leaf monkey, white-­rumped, 332 Boky-boky,­ 362 social behavior of, 505 Black lemur, blue-­eyed, 323 Bolivian chinchilla rat, 391 songs of, 304, 473 Black musk deer, 436 Bone marrow, 169 Brazilian gracile mouse opossum, 534 Black rat, 3, 580 Bonin flying fox, 300 Brazilian porcupine, 387f Black rhinoceros, 425, 614 Bonneted bat, Florida, 311 Brazilian slender opossum, 254 Black-­shouldered opossum, 254 Bonobo, 333, 334 Brazilian three-­banded armadillo, 346 Black-­spotted cuscus, 263 Boomer, 379 Breakbone fever, 587 Black-­tailed jackrabbit, 205, 399, 399f, 400f Bootstrapping, 45 Breeding programs, 15, 24 Black-t­ailed prairie dog, 12 Borealestes serendipitus, 70f Breeding season diseases of, 612 Boreoeutheria, 56 antler shedding in, 118 dispersal of, 515 Bornean orangutan, 333, 334, 490 of brown antechinus, 221 social behavior of, 504–­505 Bornean slow loris, 316 competition in, 479 Black w­ hale, 457 Borneo Bay cat, 358 estrous cycle in, 219–­220 Black wildebeest, 171 Boromys, 392 Breeds, 600–­601 Bladder, 198, 198f, 218f Borrelia, 583 of cats, 598 Blainville’s beaked w­ hale, 446f, 461, 462f burgdorferi, 583 of cattle, 596 Blarina, 136 Bos, 45, 439, 558 of dogs, 594f, 595 body mass of, 191, 282f frontalis, 593f, 597 formation of, 592 brevicauda, 135f, 135–­136, 149, 190, 191, 468, gaurus, 593f, 597 of pigs, 597, 597f 553 grunniens, 593f, 597 Bridled nailtail wallaby, 267 food supply affecting population growth of, indicus, 593f, 596 Bristles, 113 537, 537f javanicus, 593f, 597, 614 Broad-­faced potoroo, 266 winter activity of, 190 mutus, 593f, 597 Broad-­nosed bat, Choco, 306 Blarinini, 281f namadicus, 593f Broad-­striped mongoose, 362 Blastocerus dichotomomus, 437 primigenius, 593f, 596 Brocket deer, 436, 437 Blastocyst, 221–­222, 224, 228, 230 taurus, 8, 45, 593f, 596, 597 Bronze quoll, 90 Blastomeres, 243 Boto, 461 Brooks parsimony analysis, 93 Blind mole-­rat, 84, 394, 526–­527 Bottlenose dolphin, 164f, 460, 460f, 461 Brotomys, 392 Blond capuchin, 328 alliances of, 481, 502 Brow-­antlered deer, 437, 613 —-1 Blond titi monkey, 330 beach stranding of, 462 Brown antechinus, 219, 221, 221f —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 711 12/19/17 4:29 PM 712 Index

Brown bandicoot Calcium levels, 168 Cannon bones, 426 northern, 226, 259 Calibration points in estimation of divergence Canthumeryx sirtense, 434 southern, 259f time, 47 Canyon mouse, 200 Brown bat, 526, 526f, 527 California gray ­whale, 522 Capacitation, 218 big. See Big brown bat California ground squirrel, 173 Cape golden mole, 274 homing of, 526, 526f, 527 California harbor porpoise, 459 Cape ground squirrel, 209, 209f, 219 little, 192, 193, 228, 522 California mouse, 492, 495 Cape hare, 114 migration of, 522 California sea lion, 27, 368, 371 Caperea marginata, 454, 456 Brown bear, 23, 155, 366 California vole, 545, 545f Cape rock elephant shrew, 275 hibernation of, 192 Callicebus, 329–­330 Capillaria, 578 placenta of, 225f Callimico goeldii, 326, 613 Capra Brown deer, Philippine, 437 Callistomys pictus, 392 aegagrus, 593f, 596 Brown-­eared opossum, 254 Callithrix, 326, 328, 492, 571f hircus, 8, 593f, 596 Brown fat, 178, 196, 197f Callorhinus ursinus, 183, 370, 371 ibex, 211 Brown greater galago, 486 Callosciurinae, 380 Capreolinae, 436, 436f, 437f Brown-­headed spider monkey, 329 Callosciurus prevostii, 100 Capreolus Brown hyena, 79, 358, 359, 360 Callosities on right ­whale, 457, 457f capreolus, 229, 437, 486, 488 Brown lemming, Siberian, 544 Callospermophilus, 154, 173, 194, 506 delayed implantation in, 229, 437 Brown lemur, Sanford’s, 323 Calomyscidae, 240, 377f, 394, 396 pygargus, 229 Brown mongoose, Indian, 360 Calomyscus, 394 Caprolagus hispidus, 400 Brown rat Caloprymnus campestris, 266 Capromyidae, 240, 377f, 392, 393 diseases and parasites of, 580 Caluromyidae, 254 Capromys pilorides, 393 as introduced species, 615 Caluromys, 254 Captive animals, 15, 23–­24, 28 population regulation, 540 Caluromysiops irrupta, 254 Capture, in mark-­recapture studies, 26–­27 sex ratio in populations of, 487 Calyx, renal, 198 CAPTURE computer program, 27 Brown-­throated sloth, 342, 342f, 343 Camber of bat wing, 292, 293f Capuchin monkey, 326–­328 Bruce effect, 490, 540 Camel, 426, 427, 428 Capybara, 375, 375f, 389, 389f Brush-­furred mouse, 397 Bactrian, 428, 593f, 598 farming of, 602 Brush mouse, 520 domestication of, 428, 429, 591f, 593, 593f, 596f, social behavior of, 511 Brush-­tailed bettong, 266 598 Caquetá titi, 330 Brush-­tailed mulgara, 257 dromedary. See Dromedary camel Caracal, 358 Brush-­tailed porcupine, 385 economics and conservation of, 428, 429 Caracal caracal, 358 Brushtail possum, 252f, 262–­263, 263f foot of, 419f Carapace of armadillos, 345–­346, 345f Bryde’s ­whale, 455 fossil history of, 421 Caravanning of shrews, 281, 282f baleen of, 451f hump of, 210–­211, 428 Carbon dioxide body size of, 446f as introduced species, 429 and climate change, 87, 88, 118 Bubalus, 100, 593f, 597 locomotion of, 428 and field metabolic rate, 29–­30 Bubble-­netting technique of ­whales, 455, 504 one-­humped, 428, 598 Cardioderma cor, 293f, 302 Bubo in plague, 580, 581f pelage of, 204, 210 Care-­giving for offspring, parental investment in, Bubonic plague, 19, 378, 505, 580, 581f sweating of, 201, 204, 210 491–­493 Buffalo thermal windows of, 204 Ca­rib­be­an monk seal, 371 African, 99f, 503, 558 two-­humped, 428 Caribou, 437 domestication of, 593f, 596f water conservation of, 209–­211, 428 antlers of, 118, 437, 438f survivorship curve of, 533f Camelidae, 241, 419f, 426, 427f, 428, 430f, 598, 613 barren-­ground, 523, 523f water, 100, 597 Camelus, 428, 593f cold adaptations of, 182, 184, 186 Buffon, Georges, 10–­11 bactrianus, 428, 593f, 598 coloration of, 186 Buffy-­headed marmoset, 328 dromedarius, 204, 428, 593f, 598 countercurrent heat exchange in, 184 Bulbourethral glands, 216, 216f ferus, 428, 593f digestive system of, 147 Bulldog bat, 143, 307f, 307–­308 Cameroon scaly-­tailed flying squirrel, 383 fur of, 182, 186 lesser, 308 Camouflage migration of, 523, 523f, 524f Bulmer’s fruit bat, 300 adaptive value of, 113 regulation of population, 539 Bumblebee bat, 302 color of pelage in, 113–­114, 172, 172f, 186, 343, wolf as predator of, 353f Bunodont teeth, 77 353, 354f Carlito syrichta, 326 Bunolagus monticularis, 400 seasonal molt in, 114 Carnassial teeth, 77, 140, 141f, 256, 354f, 354–­355, Bunopithecus, 333 Campbell’s desert hamster, 492 356, 357 Bunyaviruses, 586 Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, 203, 203f of hyenas, 358 Burchell’s zebra, 422, 558 Canadian beaver, 381, 382 Carnivora, 55, 56, 140, 240, 352–­372 Bureau of Biological Survey, 14 Canadian lynx, 13 coloration of, 185, 185f Burramyidae, 238, 262, 263, 263f, 573 Cane rat, 386, 386f distribution of, 181 Burramys parvus, 157, 207, 207f, 262 Canidae, 240, 352, 362–­363 dominance interactions of, 480–481 Burrowing, 123, 126–­127, 127f dentition of, 140, 354f food hoarding or caching of, 157 of aadvarks, 304, 348, 348 diet of, 140, 141, 356 fossil history of, 356–­357, 357f convergent adaptations in, 274, 274f diseases and parasites of, 578 monogamy of, 495 defense of territory in, 480 food hoarding and caching of, 157 morphology of, 352, 354–­356 ge­ne­tic factors in, 520 play of, 478, 478f phyloge­ne­tics of, 352–­353, 353f of moles, 284, 284f skull of, 358f social behavior of, 500, 501, 503 Burt, William H., 17, 17f Caniformia, 240, 352, 355, 362–­371 suborders and families of, 240, 352–­353, 353f, Bushbaby, 153, 319, 325, 325f Canine teeth, 77, 78, 78f 357–371­ Bush dog, 141, 185, 219, 362 character displacement in, 551–­552 winter torpor of, 193 Bush hyrax, 408 dental formula on, 79 Carnivores, 140–144,­ 352–372­ Bushy-­tailed opossum, 249, 254 fluctuating asymmetry in, 488–­489 aerial, 141–143­ Caniniform teeth, 340, 341f aquatic, 143–­144, 352, 353 Cacajao, 4, 329 Canis bats as, 141–­143, 288 Caching of food. See Hoarding or caching of food aureus, 172 body size of, 181, 356 Cacomistle, 365 familiaris, 610 dentition of, 77, 78, 133f, 140–­141, 142, 143–­144, Cactus mouse, 200, 206, 208f latrans, 119f, 120f, 201, 362, 400, 557, 611, 615 354–­355, 356 Cactus wren, 203, 203f lupus, 4, 8, 141, 182, 256, 481, 501, 531, 592, 593f, in desert areas, 201 Caenolestes, 254, 255f 594, 594f, 604, 611 digestive system of, 134f, 140, 142, 142f, 144 Caenolestid, 254, 255f lupus dingo, 362, 551 diseases and parasites of, 574, 576, 577, 578, 579, Caenolestidae, 238, 254, 573 lupus familiaris, 19, 357, 593f, 594 583, 585 Calaby’s pademelon, 267 lycaon, 362, 363f domestication of, 357, 593f Calamian deer, 437 mesomelas, 359, 484, 507 economics and conservation of, 357 Calcar in bats, 291, 291f rufus, 363, 615 folivorous, 151 -1— Calcarine fissure, 315 simensis, 362, 363 food hoarding and caching of, 157, 158f, 190 0— Calcitonin, 168 Cannomys badius, 394 in food webs, 610 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 712 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 713

fossil history of, 356f, 356–­357, 357f Cebidae, 239, 315f, 326–­328, 492 in­de­pen­dent, 44 habitat degradation affecting, 610 Cebuella, 153 molecular, 43–44 hypercarnivorous, 141 Cebus, 327–­328, 327f, 475 phyloge­ne­tic analysis of, 43–­44, 45 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh milk of, 117f Cecum, 145f, 146, 148, 150, 151 variation in, 43 morphology of, 352, 354–­356 Celebes crested macaque, 318–­319 Cheek pouch, 148, 149, 394–­395 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh omnivorous, 355 Cellulolytic enzymes, 145 Cheekteeth, 77 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh population density of, 543 Cellulose, digestion of, 145, 148, 148f of Cynodontia, 63 population regulation, 541, 542f Cementum, 76, 77f of elephants, 406, 406f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh skull of, 355, 355f, 356f, 357f Cenozoic era, 64f, 68, 71–­73 laminae of, 406 terrestrial, 140–­141 Centers for Disease Control, 574 of numbats, 257 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Carolliinae, 151 Centers of diversity, 83 Cheetah, 6f, 352, 358 Carpal bones, 75, 121 Central American Tylomyinae, 396 claws of, 116, 358 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh of bats, 128, 128f, 289 Centrale bone, 355, 356f ecotourism affecting, 616 Carpentarian pseudantechinus, 258 Central hare-­wallaby, 267 inbreeding of, 515 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Carrion, 356 Central ner­vous system, 166–­167, 166f locomotion of, 110, 111f, 125 Carrying capacity of environment, 493, 538, 538f, Centrum of vertebra, 121 photographic identification of, 24 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh 539 Cephalopachus bancanus, 326 risk of predation, 558 Carson, Rachel, 606 Cephalorhynchus Cheirogaleidae, 153, 239, 315f, 320–­321 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Cascade golden-­mantled ground squirrel, 154 heavisidii, 445 Cheirogaleus, 153, 193, 320, 322 Caspian seal, 371 hectori, 461 Cheiromeles, 311 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Castor, 159 Ceratotherium Chevron bones, 446 canadensis, 13, 16–­17, 183, 378, 381, 584, 613 cottoni, 424 Chevrotain, 426, 432, 435 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh fiber, 199f, 381 simum, 424, 614 Chilean huemul, 437 Castor glands, 381 Cercartetus, 206, 262, 263f Chilean shrew opossum, 254 Castoridae, 239, 277f, 381–­382 Cercocebus, 330, 331f Chilonatalus, 312 Castorimorpha, 239, 376, 376f, 377f, 381–­383 Cercopithecidae, 239, 315f, 330–­332, 331f, 493 Chimarrogale, 138 Castorocauda, 112 social systems of, 330, 331f, 332 Chimpanzee, 333, 334, 334f Cat, 357–­358 subfamiles of, 331f altruistic behavior of, 509–­510 African wild, 615 Cercopithecinae, 330, 331f brain of, 166 Andean, 358 Cercopithecus, 330, 331f co­ali­tions of, 502 black-­footed, 358 ascanius, 477 common, 333, 334, 334f, 490 Borneo Bay, 358 diana, 613–­614 diet of, 150 brain of, 166 lomamiensis, 316 dispersal of, 517 breeds of, 598 mitis, 472, 613 dominance interactions of, 480 carnivorous diet of, 140–­141 Cerebral cortex, 166, 166f, 315, 318 economics and conservation of, 318 character displacement in, 551–­552 Cerebral hemi­spheres, 166 endangered species, 609 communication of, 478 Cervical vertebrae, 121 lactation of, 215 dentition of, 77, 140–­141, 357 Cervidae, 241, 419f, 426, 427f, 435, 436–­438 pygmy, 333, 334 diseases and parasites of, 574, 577 cold adaptations of, 187 skeletal anatomy of, 121 domestic, 357, 478, 543, 591f, 593, 593f, 598–­599, head ornamentation of, 425f sperm competition in, 490 610, 611 intrasexual selection of, 489 vagina size in, 490 early carving of, 9f subfamilies of, 436, 436f Chinchilla, 390, 390f fishing, 358 Cervinae, 436, 436f, 437f dentition of, 375f flat-­headed, 358 Cervix, 217, 218f, 220 domestication of, 593f, 602 house, 3f, 120f, 393, 469, 615 Cervus, 436 fur of, 378, 390 hybridization of, 615 elaphus, 3, 228, 343, 436, 485, 524, 587, 601 long-tailed,­ 390 as introduced species, 610, 611, 615 elaphus canadensis, 487 social behavior of, 511 locomotion of, 123 nippon, 3, 437, 540, 551, 601, 609 South American, 378 placenta of, 225f Cestodes, 575, 577 Chinchilla, 378, 390, 390f skeleton of, 120f Cetacea, 9, 418, 419f, 426, 427f, 440, 444–­464 Chinchilla rat, 391 skull of, 358f dentition of, 143 Chinchillidae, 240, 377f, 389–­390 Catagonus wagneri, 430 diet of, 143 Chinese jumping mouse, 393 Catania, Kenneth, 138, 139 economics and conservation of, 453–­454 Chinese pangolin, 346, 348 Catarrhini, 330–­336 fossil history of, 452–­453 Chinese river dolphin, 461, 604 Catesby, Mark, 10, 10f migration of, 522 Chinese water deer, 77, 435, 436, 437, 438f Cattle, 8, 45, 427, 439 milk of, 117f Chipmunk, 10f, 136 ancestors of, 596f morphology of, 445–­452 cheek pouches of, 148 artificial selection of, 596 parvorders and families of, 241, 444, 454–­464 circannual rhythms in, 173 breeds of, 596 phyloge­ne­tics of, 55, 56 cliff, 550, 551f commensal relationships of, 558 social behavior of, 501, 504 competition in niche, 550, 551f, 553, 553f dentition of, 145 swimming of, 129, 445–­446, 447f diseases and parasites of, 573, 583 digestive system of, 146, 420 Cetartiodactyla, 55, 56, 418 distribution of, 550, 551f, 553, 553f diseases and parasites of, 572, 612 Cetotheriidae, 456 eastern, 611 domestication of, 439–­440, 592f, 593, 593f, 596f, Cetotheriopsis, 453 food hoarding and caching of, 157, 159 596–­597, 614 Chacoan peccary, 430, 431, 431f, 432 habitat fragmentation affecting, 611 horns of, 118 Chaerephon tomensis, 312 and island biogeography, 563f humped, 593f, 596, 596f Chaeropodidae, 238, 259 least, 553 humpless, 593f, 596 Chaeropus ecaudatus, 259 observation of, 27 milk of, 232, 233 Chaetodipus, 206, 382 Uinta, 550, 551f placenta of, 225, 225f hispidus, 40, 41f yellow-­pine, 553 vampire bats affecting, 142, 298, 305–­306 intermedius, 103 Chiriqui singing mouse, 472 Caudal undulation of ­whales, 446 penicillatus, 552f Chiromyiformes, 323–­324 Caudal vertebrae, 121 Chaetomys subspinosus, 388 Chironectes minimus, 254 Causation, proximate and ultimate, 484, 515, 516 Chaetophractus, 344–­346, 344f Chiropotes, 329, 330 Cave habitat, degradation of, 612 Chagas disease, 574, 574f, 579f, 580f Chiroptera, 53, 54, 56, 241, 288–­312 Cave paintings, 8, 9f, 407, 408f Chalchalero viscacha-­rat, 392 diet of, 133, 134, 141–­143, 151, 288 Cavernous sinus, 202, 202f Chalicotheriidae, 420, 420f suborders and families of, 241, 289, 290f, Cavia, 379, 388 Chalicotherium, 420f 299–­312 aperea, 593f Chambius kasserinensis, 276 Chiropterochory, 151 intermedia, 389 Chaotung vole, 200 Chiropterogamy, 151 porcellus, 388, 489, 593f Characters, heritable, 43–­44 Chisel-­toothed kangaroo rat, 200 Caviidae, 240, 377f, 388–­389 anatomical, 43 Chital deer, 437 Caviinae, 388 correlation of, 44 Chitty’s model of population regulation, 540, 541f Cavy, 388, 389, 389f displacement of, 551f, 551–­553 Chlaenius, 136 —-1 C‑banding, 32 homologous, 43–44­ Chlamyphorus truncatus, 345 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 713 12/19/17 4:29 PM 714 Index

Chlorocebus, 331f Climbing rat, 396 Commission on International Trade in Endangered aethiops, 112, 477, 515, 587 Clines, 39 Species (CITES), 616 sabaeus, 343, 481 Clinging to trees, 125, 126f Common bat, 310 Choco broad-­nosed bat, 306 Clitoris, 220 Common chimpanzee, 333, 334, 334f, 490 Choeronycteris mexicana, 152 Cloaca, 214, 217 Common dolphin, 446f Choeropsis, 440, 442 of monotremes, 243 Common eland, 99f Choloepidae, 340 Cloning procedures, 34 Common genet, 360 Choloepus, 150, 341–­342 Closed-­rooted teeth, 76 Common gundi, 385f didactylus, 227, 340, 341 Clyomys, 38 Common hippopotamus, 440, 441, 442, 442f hoffmanni, 340, 342 Coagulating glands, 216, 216f Common marmoset, 492 Chorioallantoic placenta, 223f, 224, 224f, 226, 248 Coali­ tions,­ 490, 501–502­ Common minke w­ hale, 455 Choriomeningitis, lymphocytic, 586 and dispersal of lions, 516 Common opossum, 485 Chorion, 223f, 224 in dominance interactions, 480–481 Common shrew, 191, 551, 551f and placenta types, 224–­225, 226f in reciprocal altruism, 509 Common tenrec, 272 Chorionic villi, 222f, 223f, 224 Coati, 365–­366 Common vampire bat, 305, 306, 306f, 509 Choriovitilline placenta, 223, 223f, 224, 224f, 226 Coccyx, 121 Common vole, 560 of marsupials, 248 Cochlea, 244 Common warthog, 98, 99f, 429 Chowsingha, 439 Cochliomyia hominivorax, 571f Common wombat, 224, 261, 261f Christmas Island pipistrelle, 310 Coefficient of competition, 549 Communal nesting, 187–­189, 188f, 501, 503 Chromosomes, 32f, 32–­33 Coelom, extraembryonic, 223f Communication, 468–­478 diploid number of, 32 Coendou, 387, 387f about predators, 501, 503, 507, 507f G‑bands on, 32, 32f Coevolution of host and parasite, 93, 572–­573 adaptive, 469 of monotremes, 243 Cohort life tables, 532 alarm calls in, 469, 476–­477, 501, 503, 507 morphology of, 32 Coimbra Filho’s titi, 330 of bats, 304, 470 Chronic wasting disease, 586f, 587 Cold-­blooded animals, 176 biological, 469 Chronogram, area, 93, 97, 98f Cold temperature, adaptations to, 178–­197 displays in, 468 Chrotopterus auritus, 305 activity level in, 190–­191 electric fields in, 475 Chrysochloridae, 239, 271, 274 Allen’s rule on, 102, 184–­185 by felids, 358, 469 Chrysochloris asiatica, 274 appendages in, 183–­185 functions of, 475–­478 Chrysocyon brachyurus, 219, 363 avoidance mechanisms in, 179, 180f, 180–­196 intraspecific, 471f Chrysospalax trevelyani, 274 Bergmann’s rule on, 101–­102, 181 modes of, 470–­475 Cimolestes, 356 body size in, 102, 180f, 180–­181, 191 in play, 478, 478f Cingulata, 54, 239, 338, 339, 343–­346 coloration in, 185–­187 semantic, 477 dentition of, 76 dormancy in, 191–­196 sensory systems in, 470–­475, 476 fossil history of, 340 energy balance in, 179, 179f signals in, 468, 469–­470 Circadian rhythms, 170–­171 foraging zones in, 189–­190 syntax in, 304, 469–­470 Circannual rhythms, 170, 171–­173 insulation in, 178, 181–­183 of w­ hales, 304, 444, 454–­455, 456, 469, 470, 473 Cistugidae, 241, 311 metabolism in, 180f, 180–­181 Community, 548–­566 Cistugo, 311 microclimatic modifications in, 182, 187–­189 assembly rules for, 548, 559 Civet, 360f, 360–­362 re­sis­tance mechanisms in, 179–­180, 180f, 196–­197 biodiversity in, 560, 563–­564 Civet oil, 362 social behavior in, 187–­189, 188f biological, 548 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 606 thermogenesis in, 178, 196–­197 climax, 560 Clades, 44, 45 Coleura seychellensis, 304 development of, 560–­561 Cladistic biogeography, 92f, 92–­93, 93f Collar, neck, 24, 24f energy flow in, 559–­560, 560f Cladogenesis model, 93 with GPS technology, 26 food webs in, 559–­560, 560f, 561f Cladograms with radio transmitters, 25, 25f function of, 559–­561 area, 92f, 92–­93, 93f, 94, 95f Collar bone, 121 guilds in, 555–­556 on primates, 319f Collared anteater, 136f interspecific competition in, 549–­554 Clark, William, 11, 12–­13 Collared lemming, 186, 191, 544 landscape ecolo­ gy of, 564–­565 Classification, 45, 237–­241 Collared peccary, 430, 431, 431f, 432, 432f macroecolo­ gy of, 565 binomial nomenclature in, 11 Collared pika, 399 mutualism in, 558 evolutionary, 45 Colobinae, 330, 331f patterns in, 561–­565 hierarchical systems of, 45 Colobine monkey, 330, 332 plant-­herbivore interactions in, 558 historical systems of, 9, 11 Colobus, 330, 331f predators in, 554–­558 Linnaean system of, 11 guereza, 146, 146f species interactions in, 549–­559 phyloge­ne­tic, 45, 51 Colobus monkey structure of, 548, 549–­559 Simpson approach to, 50–­56 black, 330 succession in, 560–­561, 561f Clavicle, 121, 259 diet of, 150 Comparative anatomy, 38 Claviculate species, 315 digestive system of, 145–­146, 146f, 150, 330 Comparative phylogeography, 93–­94 Claws, 116–­117, 117f olive, 330 of savanna ungulates in Africa, 98–­100, 99f of carnivores, 355 red, 318, 330 Compass of climbing mammals, 116, 125 Colocolos, 256 magnetic, 526–­527 dew, 419f Colombian woolly monkey, 329 sun, 525–­526, 526f retractable, 116, 117f Colon, 146, 148, 150, 150f, 151 Competition, 478–­479 in xenarthrans, 341f Color of pelage, 113–­114, 185f, 185–­187 character displacement in, 551–­553 Clean Air Act (1964), 606 adaptive value of, 186 co­ali­tions and alliances in, 502 Cleidoic eggs, 62, 243 as camouflage, 113–­114, 172, 172f, 186, 343, 353, coefficient of, 549 Clethrionomys, 89, 611 354f in community, 549–­554 Cliff chipmunk, 550, 551f Gloger’s rule on, 102–­103, 185 dispersal in, 515–­516 Climate change, 4, 87 in heat adaptation, 204 dominance in, 480–­481 in African savanna, 98–­100 of lemurs, 323 in habitat selection, 518, 553–­554 conservation concerns in, 616 of predators, 353, 354f horns and antlers in, 118 global warming in, 557, 606, 616 seasonal changes in, 115f, 172, 172f, 186–­187, 364, interspecific, 17, 472, 539, 549–­554 horn studies in analysis of, 118 400 intrasexual selection in, 489–­490 hot­house conditions in, 87, 88 in sexual dichromatism, 323 intraspecific, 504–­505, 539 ice ages in, 87–­88 Color vision, 163 limiting similarity in, 552, 553f ocean temperatures in, 453f Colostrum, 232 in past, ghost of, 554 polar bears affected by, 192 Colugo, 53, 85, 270, 278f, 278–­279 in population regulation, 539, 543 population cycles in, 545, 546 classification of, 316 postconception, 490 refugia in, 88 dentition of, 279, 279f removal experiments on, 553–­554 trophic cascades in, 556, 557 economics and conservation of, 279 and reproductive success, 485 Climax community, 560 fossils of, 279 and sex ratio of population, 485–­487 Climbing animals, 123, 125–­126, 126f gliding of, 127, 279 of siblings, 494 -1— claws of, 116, 125 morphology of, 279, 279f sperm, 457, 489f, 489–­490, 491 0— Climbing mouse, 395 Commensal relationships, 375, 558 Competitive exclusion principle, 549, 551, 553 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 714 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 715

Competitive release, 550, 553 in philopatric species, 517 Crocuta Complement system, 169 of sperm, 490 crocuta, 27, 358, 471 Composite signals, 469, 469f Coordination of movements, communication signals dentition and diet of, 141f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Concealed ovulation, 512 in, 475–­476 Crown groups, 56–­57 Concordance, genealogical, 94, 94f Coprophagy, 148–­149, 376, 400, 148f Crown of tooth, 76, 77, 77f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Conduction of heat, 178 Copulation Crusafontia, 278 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Condylarthra, 402, 420, 427, 453f and delayed fertilization, 228 Crypsis, 113 Condyle, mandibular, 78, 78f, 317 and induced ovulation, 219 Cryptomanis gobiensis, 348 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Condylura cristata, 137, 137f, 139, 282, 284, 475 Copulation plug, 216, 489 Cryptomys Conenose bugs, 579f Core area of home range, 479, 479f damarensis, 387, 502 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Conepatus, 364 Cornea, 163 hottentotus, 219, 386 chinga, 361 Cornell University, 17 zechi, 386 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh semistriatus, 265f Coronoid pro­cess, 141f Cryptoprocta ferox, 362 Cones and rods, 163 Corpus albicans, 218, 218f Cryptotis parva, 189 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Conflicts Corpus callosum, 76, 244 Ctenodactylidae, 240, 377f, 385, 415 between parent and offspring, 493–­494 Corpus cavernosa, 217 Ctenodactylomorphi, 377f, 385 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh siblicide in, 494 maxillaris, 457 Ctenodactylus, 385 Congruence, 92–­93, 92f Corpusles, renal, 198 gundi, 385f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Connochaetes Corpus luteum, 30, 218, 218f, 219, 222 Ctenomyidae, 240, 377f, 391 gnou, 171, 440f Correlational studies on population regulation, Ctenomys, 101, 102, 391 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh taurinus, 19f, 147, 524, 558 543 Cuban greater funnel-­eared bat, 312 Conservation, 3–­4, 604–­623 Corridor routes in active dispersal, 89 Cuban solenodon, 135f, 279, 280f, 615 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh of aardvarks, 349 Cortex Culpeo fox, 543 of Arabian oryx, 619–­620 ce­re­bral, 166, 166f, 315, 318 Cultural issues in conservation, 614, 616 of artiodactyls, 427–­428 hair, 113 Culture, social learning of, 504 of bats, 134, 289, 298, 300, 609, 610, 612 renal, 198, 198f, 199f Cuniculidae, 240, 377f, 388, 389 of caenolestids, 254 Cortisol, 231 Cuniculus 388, 388f of carnivores, 357 Coruro, 392, 392f Cuon alpinus, 141, 362 case studies of, 619–­622 Corynorhinus, 298, 310 Cup-­shaped discoid placenta, 224, 225f in climate change, 616 rafinesquii, 310f Curation of museum specimens, 38 of colugos, 279 townsendii, 612 Cursorial locomotion, 123, 124 cultural and religious issues in, 614, 616 Cosmopolitan distribution of rodents, 374 Cuscomys oblativa, 391 of didelphimorphs, 252–­253 Costal cartilage, 121 Cuscus, 260, 260f, 262–­263 of diprotodonts, 261 Cotton-­headed tamarin, 327f, 328 Cusps, dental, 64 in disease problems, 612–­613 Cotton rat, 586 patterns of, 77 of elephants, 408, 614 Cottontail rabbit, 3, 102, 398–­399, 398f of tribosphenic molars, 71, 71f of elephant shrews, 276 Cotton-­top tamarin, 327f, 328 unicuspid, 77 global strategy development in, 608 Cotyledonary placenta, 224, 225f Cuticle of hair, 113, 114f in habitat degradation, 610–­612 Coues, Elliott, 16 Cuvier’s beaked ­whale, 446f in habitat destruction, 608–­610 Cougar, 24f Cycle of dormancy, 194–­196 historical interest in, 604–­605 eyes of, 163f Cycle sequencing, automated, 36, 36f in hybridization, 615–­616 pelage of, 358 Cycles in population, 400, 539–­540, 541, 544–­546 of hyraxes, 411 population growth, 617 Cyclopedidae, 239, 339, 343 of insectivores, 271 as predator, 424 Cyclopes, 136 of island populations, 614–­615 Countercurrent heat exchange, 184, 184f, 203, 205 didactylus, 339 of lagomorphs, 398–­399 brain cooling in, 202 Cyclophyllidea, 577 legislation on, 606, 616, 617 in ­whales, 448–­449 Cynarioides, 66f of marsupial moles, 268 Countershading, 113–­114 Cynocephalidae, 278–­279 of microbiotheres, 256 Cow. See Cattle Cynocephalus, 279 of monotremes, 245 Cowper’s gland, 216, 216f Cynodontia, 63, 64–­66, 65f, 73f, 75f, 89 museum efforts in, 15 Coyote, 362, 363 Cynogale bennettii, 362 of pangolins, 348 dentition of, 133f Cynognathids, 64 of peramelemorphians, 259 diet of, 133f, 201 Cynognathus, 66f, 73f of perissodactyls, 422 facial region of, 120f Cynomys, 380, 497, 503 of primates, 318–­319 habitat degradation affecting, 611 gunnisoni, 612 recording and discovery of species in, 4 hybridization of, 615 habitat destruction affecting, 610 risk assessment in, 608 as predator, 400, 507, 557 ludovicianus, 12, 515, 612 of rodents, 378–­379 skull of, 119f, 133f Cynopterus sphinx, 228, 300 of Santa Cruz Island fox, 620, 620f Coypu, 378, 392–­393 Cystic hydatid disease, 577 of sirenians, 413 Crabeater seal, 143, 143f, 368, 368f Cystophora cristata, 215, 232, 371 in species exploitation, 613–­614 Crab-­eating macaque, 587 Cytochrome b gene, 44 species survival plans in, 618 Crab-­eating raccoon, 365f Cytoge­ne­tics, molecular, 32–­33 of treeshrews, 278 Crab-­eating rat, 396 of ­whales, 14, 14f, 453–­454, 621f, 621–­622 Cranium. See Skull Dactylonax palpator, 264 Contact calls of monkeys, 475 Craseonycteridae, 241, 292f, 302–­303 Dactylopsila, 138, 264 Context of signals, 470 Craseonycteris thonglongyai, 288, 302–­303 Daily torpor, 191, 192 Continental drift, 71–­72, 72f, 82, 86f, 86–­87, 90 Cratogeomys, 114 Dalanistes, 453 Convection of heat, 178, 204 Crenulations of gray ­whales, 456 Dall sheep, 182, 531, 532f Convergent evolution, 89, 237, 264 Crepuscular activity, 170 Dall’s porpoise, 446f, 459, 460 of ant-­eating mammals, 89, 90f, 339 Crescent nailtail wallaby, 267 Dama of bats, 54, 296, 309 Crested porcupine, 385, 386f dama, 3, 437, 601 character homology in, 44 Crest-­tailed mulgara, 257 mesopotamica, 437 of fossorial mammals, 274, 274f Cretaceous period, 64f, 69f Damaliscus korrigum, 480, 496 of insectivores, 89, 90f, 137, 138, 339 Creutzfeldt-­Jakob disease, 586f Damara mole-­rat, 387, 502 of marsupials, 52, 264 Cricetidae, 240, 377f, 394, 396 Dams of beavers, 382 of nectarivorous mammals, 152 Cricetinae, 396 Dart guns, 23 of rodents, 375 Cricetomyinae, 394, 395 Darwin, Charles, 11, 12, 15 of saltatorial locomotion, 125 Cricetomys gambianus, 395 on population growth, 531 Cooperation, 500–513­ Cricetus cricetus, 199f on sexual selection, 487, 488 ecological factors affecting, 511f, 511–­512 Critical temperatures, upper and lower, 178f, on social behavior, 505 evolution of, 505, 506 178–179­ Darwin, Erasmus, 11–­12 of females in care of young, 501, 501f Crocidura, 281 Dassie rat, 386 in hunting for food, 477, 503–­504 russula, 40 Dasycercus of non-­kin, 508 sicula, 282f blythi, 257 —-1 of parents in care of offspring, 491–­492 Crocidurinae, 280, 281, 281f cristicauda, 136–­137, 137f, 201, 257 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 715 12/19/17 4:29 PM 716 Index

Dasypodidae, 239, 339, 343–­346 Schomburgk’s, 437 of fruit bats, 299, 299f Dasyprocta, 389, 390f sex ratio in populations of, 485, 486, 486f, 487 of herbivores, 78, 78f, 141f, 144–­145, 148, 150, Dasyproctidae, 240, 377f, 389 sika. See Sika deer 151, 153–­154 Dasypus, 136, 346 social behavior of, 504 heterodont, 74, 77 hybridus, 346 threatened species of, 609, 610 of hippopotamus, 440–­441, 442f novemcinctus, 96, 229–­230, 339, 345, 346, 346f Visayan spotted, 437 homodont, 74, 76–­77 pilosus, 346 white-tailed.­ See White-­tailed deer of honey possums, 264, 265f sabanicola, 344f Deer fly fever, 584 of hyenas, 79, 141f, 354f, 358, 359f Dasyure, three-­striped, 42 Deer mouse, 25, 103, 114, 154, 396 of hyrax, 410, 411f Dasyuridae, 238, 255, 257 communal nesting and huddling of, 188–­189 of insectivores, 71, 76, 133, 133f, 136, 271, 271f diseases and parasites of, 573 copulation plug of, 489 and jaw bones, 119 placenta of, 223f, 224 diseases and parasites of, 580, 586 of Lagomorpha, 77, 144, 374, 398, 398f Dasyuromorphia, 52, 238, 256–­257 food supply affecting population growth of, 537, of macropodids, 266, 266f Dasyurus, 90, 193, 256–­257 537f and mammary gland evolution, 116 Databases on mammalogy, 5, 6 forest, 519, 519f of manatees, 78, 415 Data matrix in phyloge­ne­tics, 44, 45 grassland, 519, 519f of marsupial moles, 268 Daubentonia habitat selection of, 518, 519f, 519–­520 of marsupials, 248, 248f, 250–­251, 251f, 252, 252f, madagascariensis, 138, 140f, 323f, 323–­324, 609 homing of, 525 258, 260, 267 robustus, 324 interspecific competition of, 553, 554 mesial drift of, 266, 385, 406, 406f, 415 Daubentoniidae, 239, 315f, 323f, 323–­324 and island biogeography, 562, 563f of Mesozoic mammals, 68 David’s echymipera, 260 laboratory, 519, 519f of metatherians, 52 Davis, D. E., 16 predation risk affecting foraging of, 557 of monotremes, 77, 244 Davy’s naked-­backed bat, 307, 307f spatial abilities of, 527 of musk deer, 435, 436f Dawn bat, 300 Deer tick, 583 of numbats, 79, 257 Dayak fruit bat, 231 Defense behaviors, 501, 503 occlusal surfaces of, 64, 69, 77, 78f, 141f Day length in female defense polygyny, 496 of omnivores, 155 and circadian rhythms, 170 in group defense of resources, 504 pectinate, 279, 279f and circannual rhythms, 172, 173 in resource defense polygyny, 496 phyloge­ne­tic analysis of, 44 and molting, 170, 186 in territory protection, 479–­480 of platypus, 77, 245 Dead reckoning in homing pro­cess, 525 Definitive hairs, 113 of primates, 315, 316, 316f, 319, 320f, 325 Death rate, 530. See also Mortality Definitive hosts, 571 replacement of teeth in, 78 Deceit, 469 Deforestation, 608–­610, 609f of rodents, 76, 77, 144, 148, 374, 375f, 375–­376, Decidua, uterine, 222 Degu, 391, 391f, 543 378f Deciduous placenta, 225 Dehnel’s phenomenon, 191 of shrews, 77, 78, 136, 280, 281f Deciduous teeth, 78 Deinotheriidae, 406 and sibling competition, 494 Decompression sickness, 449 Deinotherium, 407f of sloths, 340, 341f Deer, 426, 427, 436–­438 Delanymyinae, 395 structure of teeth in, 76–­78, 77f, 78f antlers of, 118, 436–­437, 438f, 488, 489 Delanymys brooksi, 395 supernumerary, 79 Bawean, 437 Delany’s swamp mouse, 395 of treeshrews, 76, 277, 278 brocket, 436, 437 Delayed development, 220f, 228, 229 tribosphenic molars in, 71, 71f brow-­antlered, 437, 613 of bats, 228, 229, 289 of vampire bats, 77, 142, 142f, 305, 306f Calamian, 437 Delayed fertilization, 218, 220f, 228, 229 of ­whales, 77, 79, 133f, 143, 449f, 452, 461, 462f Chinese water, 77, 435, 436, 437, 438f of bats, 228, 229, 288–­289 of Xenarthra, 339 chital, 437 Delayed implantation, 220f, 228–­230, 229f zalambdodont, 268, 271, 271f dentition of, 77, 78, 78f, 79, 79f, 133f in armadillos, 229–­230, 346 Derby’s woolly opossum, 254 diet of, 133f, 144–­145, 437 in bats, 289 Dermacentor, 583f, 584 diseases and parasites of, 572, 572f, 583, 587 in bears, 229, 366 Dermal papilla, 111f, 112 Eld’s, 168, 437 in mustelids, 229, 364 Dermatitis, 579f fallow, 3, 437, 488, 504, 601 Delayed ovulation, 228 Dermatocranium, 118, 119 farming of, 601, 601f Delphinapterus leucas, 458 Dermis, 112 fluctuating asymmetry of, 488 Delphinidae, 241, 459, 460–­461 Dermoptera, 53, 54, 239, 270, 278–­279 foot of, 419f Delphinus delphis, 526 Descriptive studies on population regulation, 543 in Great American Interchange, 96, 97f Deltatheridium, 95 Desert bandicoot, 260 habitat selection of, 520 Demes, 564 Desert hamster, Campbell’s, 492 hog, 437 Dendrohyrax, 408, 409, 410f Desert hedgehog, 201, 285, 286f homing of, 524 Dendrolagus, 230, 266, 267 Desert kangaroo rat, 382f, 473 hunting of, 437, 613 Dendromurinae, 395 Desert rat-­kangaroo, 266 interspecific competition of, 551 Dendromus, 395 Desert regions intrasexual selection of, 489 Dengue fever, 579f, 580f, 587 granivory in, 149 introduced species of, 551 Density of population, 536, 538–­539, 543, 544, 545 heat adaptations in, 197–­211 and island biogeography, 563f and logistic growth, 538 kidneys in, 198–­199, 199f Javan, 437 Dentine, 76, 77f rodents in, 394f lactation of, 232 Dentition, 76–­79 soil temperature in, 208f lateral metacarpal splints of, 436, 437f of aardvarks, 76, 136, 348, 349f ungulates in, 211, 211f life table on, 532 in age estimation, 76.78 upper critical temperature in, 179 locomotion of, 123 anomalies in, 79 Desert warthog, 429, 430 marsh, 437 of carnivores, 77, 78, 133f, 140–­141, 142, 143–­144, Desert woodrat, 200 migration of, 524 354–355,­ 356 Desmalopex microleucopterus, 4 mouse, 426, 432, 432f character displacement in, 551–­552 Desman, 282, 284 mule, 524 of colugos, 279, 279f sensory receptors on nose of, 137, 284 muntjac, 32, 436, 437 of cynodonts, 63, 64 Desmana moschata, 199f, 284 musk, 77, 426, 435–­436, 436f deciduous teeth in, 78 Desmarest’s hutia, 393 pelage of, 113, 437 as digging tool, 127 Desmodontinae, 305 Pére David’s, 437, 438f, 610, 610f dilambdodont, 271, 271f Desmodus Philippine brown, 437 diphyodont, 68, 116 draculae, 306 Philippine spotted, 437 of dolphins, 143–­144, 452, 460, 460f rotundus, 142, 142f, 305, 306, 306f, 509, 585 population regulation, 539, 539f, 540 of dugong, 414, 414f Destructive sampling, 29 range of, 520 of early prototherians, 68–­70, 70f Development, delayed, 220f, 228, 229 red. See Red deer of early therians, 70 of bats, 228, 229, 289 reindeer, 531, 531f, 545, 556, 599, 600, 600f of elephants, 77, 78f, 144, 403, 403f, 406, 406f Dev­il facial tumor disease, 4, 255–­256, 612–­613 reproductive effort of, 534, 535f of elephant shrews, 276 Dew claw, 419f in resource competition, 479 evolutionary trends in, 74, 79 Dhole, 141, 362 roaring of, 477, 477f fluctuating asymmetry in, 488–­489 Diacodexis, 427, 427f -1— roe, 229, 437, 486, 488 and food habits, 76, 132–­133, 133f, 141f Diademed sifaka, 322f 0— scent glands of, 115, 165, 165f, 437, 470–­471, 471f formula describing, 78–­79, 79f as endangered species, 609 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 716 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 717

Diaemus youngi, 142, 305, 306 extinction of, 58, 68, 71, 89 Divergence times, estimation of, 46–­47 Diana monkey, as pet, 613–­614 size of, 68 calibration points in, 47 Diapause, embryonic, 220f, 230f, 230–­231 Diphylla ecaudata, 142, 305 in comparative phylogeography, 94 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Diaphragm, 76 Diphyllobothrium latum, 577 fossil rec­ords in, 46, 46f, 47, 57, 59 Diapsida, 62, 63f Diphyodont dentition, 68, 78, 116 interval estimates in, 46 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Diastema between teeth, 77–­78 Diploid number of chromosomes, 32 molecular clock in, 46, 47, 57, 59 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Diatomyidae, 240, 377f, 385 Diplomesodon pulchellum, 282 for monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians, Diatomys, 385 Dipodidae, 239, 377f, 393–­394 56–­57 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Dibbler, southern, 258 Dipodoidea, 377f, 393–­394 for placental mammals, 58–­59 Dice, Lee R., 17, 17f Dipodomys, 149, 206, 382, 382f, 554, 556 point estimates in, 46 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, 425 deserti, 382f, 552f Diversification, 89 Diceros bicornis, 425, 614 gravipes, 383 of Cenozoic mammals, 71 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Dicerotinae, 424 habitat degradation affecting, 612 in extinctions, 89 Dichromatism, sexual, 323 ingens, 383 hypothesis on rate of, 103 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Diclidurus, 303 insularis, 383 intraordinal, 58 Dicotyles, 430 margaritae, 383 of Mesozoic mammals, 68 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Dicrostonyx, 182, 186 merriami, 30, 149, 200, 204, 552f of placental mammals, 58f, 58–­59 groenlandicus, 544 microps, 200 Diversity. See Biodiversity hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Dictyocaulus filaria, 578 spectabilis, 473, 517, 552f Diving Dicynodontia, 63 stephensi, 383 decompression sickness in, 449 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Didactyly, 52 Diprotodont dentition in marsupials, 251, 252f, 266, of pinnipeds, 368–­369 of marsupials, 251, 252f 266f of ­whales, 449–­450, 463 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Didelphidae, 238, 253, 534 Diprotodontia, 52, 238, 260–­268 Djarthia, 95 Didelphimorphia, 52, 238, 251–­254 Dipus sagitta, 394f DNA analysis, 4, 18, 19–­20, 32–­37 Didelphis, 252, 253 Discoid placenta, 224, 225f amplification in, 34, 35 marsupialis, 253f, 485 Discrete signals, 469, 469f in intraspecific variations, 39–­40 virginiana, 44, 96, 97f, 115, 215, 226–­227, 227f, Diseases, 4, 570–­587 microsatellite analysis in, 34–­35, 35f 250, 361, 583 bats associated with, 298, 318, 571, 573, 574, 585, mitochondrial, 36–­37, 37f Didelphous reproductive systems, 220 586f of molecular characters, 43 Diestrus, 220 conservation concerns in, 612–­613 of museum specimens, 38–­39 Diet defense mechanisms against, 169 in phylogeography, 40 carnivorous, 140–­144 in dense colonies, 505 in poaching problems, 614 and dentition, 76, 132–­133, 133f pigs associated with, 430, 579 of population viability, 619 and digestive system, 133, 134f reservoirs and vectors for, 3, 19, 571 sequencing methods in, 33–­37 and facial region shapes, 119, 120f rodents associated with, 378, 379f, 573, 574, Dobsonia chapmani, 300 and foraging methods, 155–­157. See also Foraging 575, 577, 578, 580, 581, 583, 585, 586, Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 50 methods 586f Docodonta, 51, 69, 70, 70f in heat adaptations, 200–­201 and social behavior, 505 Dog herbivorous, 144–­155 Disjunct distribution, 83, 90 African wild, 141, 353, 363, 477, 481, 497, 503, 517 insectivorous, 133–­140 Disk-­winged bat, 308–­309, 308f breeds of, 594f, 595 of marsupials, 150, 150f, 248 Dispersal, 88–89,­ 514–517­ bush, 141, 362 and modes of feeding, 132–­160. See also Feeding causes of, 515–­516, 518 communication of, 477, 478, 478f and nutritional condition, 28–­29 deep and shallow history of, 94 dentition of, 77, 140, 354f nutritional requirements in, 28 examples of, 516 diet of, 140, 141 omnivorous, 155 extinction, and cladogenesis model of, 93 diseases and parasites of, 574, 577, 584, 585, 586 physiological mea­sures of, 28f, 28–­29 of females, 517, 518 domestic, 19, 357, 362, 478, 478f, 591, 591f, 592, of primates, 315, 328 fence effect in, 541 593f, 594f, 594–­595, 601, 610, 611 and socioecol­ogy, 328 in Great American Interchange, 96 eyes of, 163f stable isotope analysis of, 31–­32 habitat selection in, 517–­521 in Great American Interchange, 96, 97f taste sense affecting, 165 and homing pro­cess, 514, 524–­527 hearing of, 164f Diffuse placenta, 224, 225f in ideal free distribution, 521 hunting by, 477, 478f Digastric digestive system, 145f, 145–­146 inbreeding and outbreeding as factors in, 515, as introduced species, 610, 611, 615 Digenea, 576 516–517­ placenta of, 225f Digestive system and island biogeography, 561–­562, 562f play of, 478, 478f of carnivores, 134f, 140, 142, 142f, 144 land bridges in, 89, 90 rabies in, 584, 585, 586 and diet, 133, 134f, 146–­147 of marsupials, 94–­96, 96f, 249–­251, 251f raccoon, 193 digastric, 145f, 145–­146 in migration, 514, 521–­524 skull of, 358f efficiency of, 146–­147 natal, 514–517­ Dog tick, 584 of elephants, 145f, 403 population regulation in, 541 Dolichotinae, 388 foregut fermentation in, 145f, 145–­146 and reciprocal altruism, 508 Dolichotis, 388, 388f of herbivores, 134f, 144, 145f, 145–­147, 148, 150f, sink populations in, 541 Dolphin, 445, 460–­461 150–­151 timing of, 90 alliances of, 481, 502 hindgut fermentation in, 145f, 146–­147 and vicariance, 90–­91, 91f, 93 blubber of, 448 of hyraxes, 409, 409f Displays, 468 body size of, 446f, 460 of insectivores, 133, 134f, 338–­339 Disruptive coloration, 114 bottlenose. See Bottlenose dolphin monogastric, 145f, 146–­147 Distoechurus, 263 classification of, 45 of omnivores, 155 pennatus, 263 common, 446f of ­whales, 446, 448f Distribution of mammals conservation concerns, 613 of Xenarthra, 338–­339 allopatric, 551 dentition of, 143–­144, 452, 460, 460f Digging, 123, 126–­127, 127f body size affecting, 181 diet of, 143–­144, 460, 461 Digitigrade locomotion, 123 competition affecting, 550 echolocation of, 452, 452f Dilambdodont teeth of insectivores, 271, 271f disjunct, 83, 90 electric fields detected by, 475 Dimetrodon, 63, 66f, 73f faunal regions in, 83, 84f, 84–­86 Guiana, 475 Dimorphism global provincialism in, 83–­86 hearing of, 164, 164f pelage, 172, 186 home range in. See Home range Heaviside’s, 445, 460 sexual, 39, 118, 487. See also Sexual dimorphism individual and generalized tracks in, 92 Hector’s, 461 Dinagat gymnure, 285 inferences on, 89–­90 homing of, 526 Dingo, 362 in removal experiments, 553–­554 observation of, 27 as introduced species, 551, 611, 615 of shrews, 280, 281f pelagic, 461 Dinocephalia, 63 species range in, 82, 83f pods of, 461 Dinomyidae, 240, 377f, 390–­391 sympatric, 551 right-­whale, 446f Dinomys branickii, 390 Diurnal mammals, 170, 171 Risso’s, 449f, 460, 460f Dinosaurs evolution of, 171 river, 461, 462, 462f, 604 diversification of, 89 observation of, 27 rough-­toothed, 446f —-1 emergence of, 63 vision of, 163, 163f short-­beaked saddleback, 526 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 717 12/19/17 4:29 PM 718 Index

Dolphin (continued ) Dusicyon, 153 Ecological biogeography, 83, 100–­105 signature whistles of, 476 australis, 363 gradients in species diversity, 103–­105 skull of, 452f Dusisiren, 413, 413f patterns in, 100–­103 smell sense of, 165 Dusky-­footed woodrat, 583 species richness in, 83 social behavior of, 481, 502, 504 Dwarf bushbaby, 325 Ecological dispersal, 88 sounds of, 473, 476 Dwarf coati, 366 Ecological release, 100, 102 spinner, 446f, 460, 460f, 461 Dwarf hippopotamus, Malagasy, 442 Ecol­ogy spotted, 446f, 461 Dwarfism, insular, 100 behavioral, 467 striped, 446f Dwarf lemur, 320 community, 548–­565 white-sided,­ 446f Madagascar fat-­tailed, 193 and cooperation, 511f, 511–­512 Domestication, 2, 3, 3f, 590–­602 Dwarf mongoose, 360, 360f, 501, 512 landscape, 564–­565 areas of origin of mammals in, 592f, cooperative rearing of young, 501, 501f and macroecol­ogy, 565 592–­593 dominance interactions of, 481 and parental investment, 492–­493 artificial selection in, 595, 601, 616 Dwarf sperm ­whale, 446f, 462–­463 and reproduction, 511f, 511–­512 of artiodactyls, 427 Dwarf tapeworm, 575 and socioecol­ogy, 328 behavioral and physiological characteristics in, Dyacopterus spadiceus, 231 Economic defendability of territory, 479–­480 592–­593 Economics of bovidae, 439–­440 Ear of aardvarks, 349 of carnivores, 357 Allen’s rule on length of, 102, 184–­185 of artiodactyls, 427–­428 common characteristics in, 600, 601f of bats, 291, 292f of bats, 289, 298 current initiatives in, 601–­602 countercurrent heat exchange in, 184 of caenolestids, 254 definition of, 590 of elephants, 405, 405f of carnivores, 357 as evolutionary pro­cess, 601 evolution of, 65–­66, 67f, 73, 76 of colugos, 279 examples of, 593f, 593–­600 external, 163 of didelphimorphs, 252–­253 exploited species in, 599–­600, 614 and hearing, 65–­66, 67f, 73, 163–­164. See also of diprotodonts, 261 history of, 8, 9, 591f, 591–­592 Hearing in ecotourism, 616 and hybridization, 616 heat adaptations of, 205 of elephants, 408 morphological effects of, 595, 595f, 600–­601 inner, 164, 165f of elephant shrews, 276 of pets, 599 of insectivores, 271 of insectivores, 271 stages of, 592, 601 of monotremes, 244 of lagomorphs, 398–­399 wild ancestors in, 593f ossicles of, 65, 67f, 119 of marsupial moles, 268 Dominance, 478, 479, 480–­481 tagging and marking of, in field research, 24 of microbiotheres, 255 alliances and co­ali­tions in, 480 Ear­drum, 164 of monotremes, 245 communication about, 476 Eared seal, 183, 370 of pangolins, 348 costs and benefits of, 481 Earless seal, 369f, 371 of peramelemorphians, 259 and intrasexual selection, 489 Earth Day, 606 of perissodactyls, 422 male dominance polygyny, 496 Earth pig, 348 of primates, 318–­319 and parental investment in care of offspring, 491, East African springhare, 384 of rodents, 378–­379, 379f 492f Eastern American mole, 127f of sirenians, 413 and sex ratio of population, 485–­487 Eastern barred bandicoot, 251f of treeshrews, 278 skin pigmentation in display of, 112 Eastern chipmunk, 611 of ­whales, 453–­454, 464 Donkey, domestication of, 593f, 598 Eastern cottontail rabbit, 398f, 398–­399 Ecosystem, 548 Doppler shift in bat echolocation, 295, 296f Eastern gorilla, 333, 608 bottom-­up effects in, 556 Dorcopsis atrata, 267 Eastern gray kangaroo, 125f, 201, 224 niche in, 549. See also Niche Dormancy, 191–­196 Eastern hare-­wallaby, 267 plant-­herbivore interactions in, 558 Dormouse, 381, 381f Eastern hoolock gibbon, 333 top-­down control of, 556 food-­storing behavior of, 158f Eastern long-­beaked echidna, 242 Ecotourism, 19, 19f, 616 hibernation of, 194 Eastern mole, 282, 284 Ectodysplasin, 44 Doubly labeled water in metabolic rate mea­sure­ment, Eastern pygmy possum, 263f Ectoparasites, 570, 571 29–­30 Eastern rock elephant shrew, 275 Ectophylla alba, 306 Douglas squirrel, 159 Eastern spotted skunk, 229, 229f Ectothermy, 176, 177 Driftless area, 88, 88f Eastern voalavo, 395 Ec­ua­dorian­ sac-winged­ bat, 304 Drill, 330 Eastern wolf, 362, 363f Edaphosauria, 63 Dromedary camel, 209–­211, 428 Eastern woodrat, 12, 159, 396f Eden’s ­whale, 455 domestication of, 428, 429, 593f, 598 East Eu­rope­ an­ vole, 545 Edentata, 54, 339, 346 eyes of, 163f Ebola virus and hemorrhagic fever, 318, 586–­587, Edentate species, 76, 77, 244 heat storage and loss in, 210, 210f 613 Edible dormouse, 381, 381f insulation of, 204, 210 Eccrine glands, 111f, 115, 201 Educational role of museums, 6, 15, 18 as introduced species, 429 Echidna, 51, 89, 90f Eggs. See also Ovum pelage of, 204, 210 diet of, 246 of monotremes, 51, 232f, 233, 242, 243 urine of, 200, 210 eggs of, 232f, 233, 247 shelled or cleidoic, 62, 243 water conservation of, 209–­211 fossil rec­ords of, 57 Egyptian fruit bat, 299 Dromiciops, 52 long-­beaked, 82, 242, 244f, 245, 246 Egyptian mongoose, 361 australis, 573 quills of, 113, 246 Egyptian slit-­faced bat, 293f, 304 gliroides, 52, 254–­255, 255f short-­beaked, 193, 242, 244f, 245, 246f Ehrlich, Paul and Anne, 606 Dryolestidae, 70 skull of, 244f Eidolon helvum, 151, 293f, 299, 300, 522 Dryomys nitedula, 381 spiny, 77 Eimer’s organs, 137, 137f, 284, 475 Duck-­billed platypus. See Platypus Echimyidae, 240, 377f, 391, 392 Eira barbara, 363 Ductus deferens, 216, 216f Echinococcosis, 577 Eland, 201, 439 Dugong, 85, 367, 402, 411, 413–­415, 444 Echinococcus, 577 common, 99f dentition of, 414, 414f Echinops telfairi, 272 diet and water sources of, 201 economics and conservation of, 413 Echinosorex gymnurus, 285, 285f heat adaptations of, 201, 211 feeding by, 414, 415f Echolocation, 164 threatened species, 610 fossil history of, 413 of bats, 128, 135, 143, 164, 289, 291, 293–­296, western giant, 610 habitation destruction affecting, 610 304, 472–­473 Elaphodus cephalophus, 437 size of, 412f of desmans, 284 Elaphurus davidianus, 437, 610 skull of, 413, 414f evolution of, 296 Eld’s deer, 168, 437 swimming of, 129 of shrews, 282 Electric fields for communication, 475 Dugong, 413 of solenodons, 280 Electrophoresis, 33–­36, 36f dugon, 411, 610 of tenrecs, 272 Elegant water shrew, 280 Dugongidae, 239, 411, 413–­415 of w­ hales, 164, 452, 452f, 458, 461, 463, Elephant, 52, 55, 402, 403–­408 Duiker, 440 463f African. See African elephant Dum Dum fever, 575 Echymipera, 52, 259 Asian. See Asian elephant -1— Dunnart, 40, 257, 251f, 258f Echymipera, 258, 259 brain of, 166 0— Duplex uterus, 220–­221, 222f Ecogeographic rules, 100–­103, 181 communication and vocalizations of, 404, 469, 473 +1—

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conservation of, 408, 614 of primates, 318–­319 Eptesicus dentition of, 77, 78f, 144, 403, 403f, 406, 406f Red Data List on, 238, 613 furinalis, 228 digestive system of, 145f, 403 regulations on trade in, 616 fuscus, 25, 134, 193, 197f, 294f, 298, 304, 526, hn hk io il sy SY ek eh early rec­ords on, 10 species survival plans on, 618 526f, 527 ears of, 405, 405f Endangered Species Act, 606, 618 Equidae, 241, 419, 422–­423 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh as exploited captive, 408, 599–­600 Endemism, 82–­85, 91, 94 fossil history of, 421f, 421–­422, 422f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh foot of, 405, 405f, 614 Endocrine disrupters, 611 signals of, 469 forest, 403, 404 Endocrine system, 162, 167–­169 Equus, 114, 147, 421f, 422–­423, 449f, 558, 593f, hn hk io il sy SY ek eh fossil history of, 406–­408 chemicals affecting function of, 611 597–­598 gestation period of, 227, 404 in circannual rhythms, 173 Eremitalpa, 274, 274f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh herds of, 404 in embryonic diapause, 231 Erethizon dorsatum, 96, 387 home range of, 403–­404 functional aspects of, 168–­169 Erethizontidae, 240, 377f, 387–­388 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh homologous characters of, 43 glands and hormones in, 167f, 168 Erignathus barbatus, 143f Indian, 599–­600 hypothalamic-­pituitary, 167–168­ Erinaceidae, 240, 285–­286 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh as keystone species, 555, 556f integration with ner­vous and immune systems, Erinaceomorpha, 52, 240, 270, 284–­286 locomotion of, 123 170, 170f diseases and parasites of, 573 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh morphology of, 404–­406, 405f, 406f in lactation, 231–­232 Erinaceus, 193 reproduction of, 404 in mating, 497 europaeus, 199f, 285, 286f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh savanna, 403, 404, 406, 555 in molt cycle, 186 frontalis, 286f seed dispersal by, 153 Endogone, 138 Eritherium azzouzorum, 406 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh skull of, 405, 405f, 407f Endometrium Ermine, 114, 186 survivorship curve of, 533f in gestation, 222, 222f, 224 Erythrocecus, 331f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh thermal windows of, 204, 405 in ovulation, 218–­219 Erythrocytes, 76 trunk of, 405–­406 Endoparasites, 570–571­ in ­whales, 449 tusks of, 77, 407, 614 Endotheliochorial placenta, 225, 226f Eschrichtiidae, 241, 450, 455f, 456 Elephantidae, 403, 407, 407f Endothelioendothelial placenta, 225, 226f Eschrichtius robustus, 183, 456, 522 Elephantiformes, 406, 407f Endothermy, 72, 76, 176 Estemmosuchus, 112 Elephant seal, 143f body size in, 102 Estivation, 179, 191, 192, 206 dominance interactions of, 491, 492f evolution of, 177 Estradiol, 218, 231 intrasexual competition of, 489 thermoregulatory adaptations in, 102, 112 Estrogen, 30, 31, 168, 218 migration of, 523, 523f Endurance in locomotion, 123, 124–­125 in ovulation, 218 northern. See Northern elephant seal Energy in parturition, 231 reproductive success of, 485 balance in cold, 179, 179f Estrous cycle, 219f, 219–­220 sexual dimorphism of, 484, 492f, 496 body size affecting requirements for, 180–­181 concealed ovulation in, 512 skull asymmetry of, 488 exchange of, 177f, 177–­178 timing of insemination in, 487 southern, 144, 183, 371 flow in community, 559–­560, 560f vaginal smear technique in, 220 vocalizations of, 489 in food webs, 559–­560, 560f, 561f Estrus, 30, 219, 220 Elephant shrew, 52, 55, 85, 199f, 270, 275f, 275–­276, Enhydra lutris, 353, 363, 555, 613 Etendeka round-­eared sengi, 275 276f Entoconid of tribosphenic molars, 71, 71f Ethiopian faunal region, 83, 84f, 85 dentition of, 76 Entrance to winter dormancy, 194–­195 Ethiopian wolf, 362 Elephantulus, 275–­276, 276f Enucleate cells, 76 Ethmoid bone, 118 Elephas, 403 Environment Euarchonta, 53 maximus, 403, 404, 473, 599 adaptations to temperature of, 176–­212 Euarchontoglires, 53–­54, 56, 97, 239–­240 Elevation anthropocentric perspective of, 3 Eubalaena, 449f, 457, 621, 621f and gradients in species diversity, 104–­105, carry­ing capacity of, 493, 538, 538f, 539 Eucalyptus, 151, 152, 154 105f climate change affecting, 4. See also Climate and habitat destruction, 609 and life zones, 14, 548 change and habitat fragmentation, 611 in migration, 524 conservation of, 3–­4. See also Conservation in koala diet, 150, 150f, 261 Elias’s Atlantic spiny rat, 392 constraints on reproduction on, 511f, 511–­512 Eudorcas thomsonii, 558 Eligmodontia typus, 200 ecogeographic rules on adaptations to, Eulemur, 322–­323 Eliomys, 194 100–­103 Eulipotyphla, 53, 56 Eliurus, 395 endangered or threatened species in, 3–­4 Eumelanin, 113, 114 Elk, 3 human activities affecting, 604, 605–­612 Eumetopias jubatus, 24, 368f antlers of, 487, 488f and life-­history traits, 536–­537 Eumops, 311 diseases and parasites of, 587 life zones in, 14, 548 Euoticus, 325 gestation period of, 228 and parental investment in care of offspring, Eupantotheria, 70 homing of, 524 492–­493 Euphractus sexcinctus, 344f, 346 Irish, 487 rodent damage in, 3 Eupleres, 362 migration of, 524 Enzootic disease, 571 Eupleridae, 240, 352, 362 North American, 487, 488f Enzyme immunoassy, 31 Eupleriinae, 362 nutritional condition of, 29 Eomaia, 70– ­71 Eurasian badger, 363 risk of predation, 558 Eomanis, 348 Eurasian pygmy shrew, 551, 551f runaway selection of, 487 Eonycteris, 299, 300 Eurasian wild pig, 429 in trophic cascades, 556 Eosinophils, 169 Eu­ro­pe­an badger, 11, 153, 361 white rump patch of, 343 Eosiren, 413 Eu­ro­pean­ beaver, 381 wolf as predator of, 31 Eospalax, 394 Euro­ pe­ an­ bison, 616 Ellobius, 396 Eothenomys olitor, 200 Eu­ro­pe­an hedgehog, 199f, 285, 286, 286f Elodes, 136 Eotheroides, 413 Euro­ pe­ an­ mink, 364 Emballonura semicaudata, 304 Eothryis, 87 Eu­ro­pe­an mole, 137f, 157, 271f Emballonuridae, 241, 292f, 293f, 303–­304 Eotitanosuchia, 63 Eu­ro­pe­an rabbit, 122, 397, 572 Emballonuroidea, 289, 303–­305 Eozapus setchuanus, 393 as introduced species, 572, 615 Embryonic development, 221–­228, 222f, 223f Epauleted fruit bat, 299f population regulation, 543 diapause in, 220f, 230f, 230–­231 Epidemics Euro­ pe­ an­ rat, 378 implantation in, 221–­222 of hemorrhagic fevers, 586 Eu­ro­pe­an roe deer, 229, 437 placenta in, 222–­226 of plague, 580, 581 delayed implantation of, 437 Emigration, 530 Epidermis, 111, 111f, 112 sex ratio in populations of, 486 and landscape ecol­ogy, 564 Epididymis, 216, 216f Eu­ro­pe­an water shrew, 135, 135f, 282 Enamel, dental, 76, 77f Epipodium, 121 Eusociality, 502 Encephalitis, 580f Epipubic bones in monotremes, 244 evolution of, 511f Encephalopathy, 586f, 587 Epitheliochorial placenta, 225, 226f, 319 of mole-­rats, 387, 502, 503f, 511, 511f Endangered species, 3–­4, 238 Epithelium, uterine, 224–­225, 226f Euthemorphic molars, 71 of bats, 298 Epitheria, 54, 56 Eutheria (eutherians), 51, 52–­53, 56, 67, 68f, 70 human influences on, 608 Epizootic disease, 571 ancestral area chonogram for, 97, 98f of monotremes, 245 Epomophorus, 151, 299, 299f in Austrialian faunal region, 85 —-1 of numbats, 257 Epomops, 299, 299f classification of, 238, 239–­241 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 719 12/19/17 4:29 PM 720 Index

Eutheria (eutherians) (continued ) worldwide distribution of, 608f Feet, 75, 75f compared to metatherians, 247, 247f Extraembryonic membranes, 223f, 225 of elephants, 405, 405f, 614 dentition of, 71, 78, 79 Extremities. See Limbs of hyrax, 118, 410, 410f divergence of, 56–­57, 97 Extrinsic factors in population regulation, 541, of macropodids, 267, 267f diversification of, 59, 68 542f, 544 of marsupials, 251, 252, 252f, 260, 260f earliest known, 70–­71 Exxon Valdez oil spill, 610 paraxonic, 55 embryonic development of, 223, 223f Eyes pentadactyl, 245 gestation period of, 226, 247f of bats, 291, 299 of platypus, 245, 245f historical biogeography of, 97–­98 of primates, 316, 316f, 318 schizodactylous, 260, 260f lactation of, 247f and vision, 163, 163f. See also Vision of ungulates, 418, 419f, 426 locomotion of, 71 in walking and running, 123 northern, 56 Facial region webbing of, 128 placenta of, 223, 223f, 224–­226 of ­horse­shoe bat, 301, 301f Felidae, 240, 352, 357–­358 reproduction of, 214, 220–­221 of primates, 119, 120f, 315, 319, 320f dentition of, 140–­141, 354f, 357 Euungulata, 241 Factorial design of research, 543–­544 diet of, 140–­141, 356, 358 Evaporation, 178, 201–­203 Facultative delayed implantation, 229 food hoarding and caching of, 157 and body size, 205f, 206 Facultative monogamy, 495 skull of, 358f cooling in, 178–­179, 201–­203 Facultative parasites, 570 Feliformia, 240, 352, 355, 357–­362 Event-­based methods in cladistic biogeography, 93 Falanouc, 362 Felinae, 357 Everglades National Park, 611 Falkland Island wolf, 363 Felis Evolution Fallopian tubes, 217, 220 catus, 3f, 120f, 357, 393, 469, 543, 598–­599, anatomical trends from amniotes to mammals in, Fallow deer, 3 615 73f, 73–­76 antlers of, 437 libyca, 615 ancestors of mammals in, 62–­67 farming of, 601 nigripes, 358 brain changes in, 166, 167 fluctuating asymmetry of, 488 sylvestris, 542, 593f, 610, 615 characteristics of modern mammals in, 76 Persian, 437 sylvestris liberica, 599 circadian activities in, 171 social behavior of, 504 Felovia, 385 classification based on, 45 False killer ­whale, 446f Female defense polygyny, 496 convergent. See Convergent evolution False potto, 324 Females dentition in, 76–­79 False pregnancy, 219 dispersal of, 517, 518 divergence times in, 46–­47. See also Divergence False vampire bat, 141, 291, 292f, 302 pregnancy of, 226–­228. See also Gestation times, estimation of Asian, 141, 302 reproductive system of, 217–­226, 243, 243f, 248 in domestication, 601 giant, 302 spatial abilities of, 527 of echolocation, 296 greater, 302f urogenital system of, 218f of first mammals, 68–­73 lesser, 302 Femur, 121 of flight in bats, 128, 296 Linnaeus’, 305 Fence effect, 541 historical biogeography in, 82–­83 Peter’s woolly, 305 Fenestra ovalis, 66, 67f historical theories of, 11–­12, 16 Fasciola, 576 Fenestrated rostrum in lagomorphs, 398, 398f of ­horse, 421f, 421–­422, 422f Fascioliasis, 576 Fennec, 201, 363 host-­parasite coevolution in, 93, 572–­573 Fat Fennecus zerda, 363 of humans, 335f, 335–­336 in blubber, 183, 183f Ferae, 240–­241 of life-­history traits, 536–­537 brown, 178, 196, 197f Feral hog, 3, 430 mammalian grade of, 66, 67 in hump of camels, 210–­211 Feral ­house cat, 393 mitochondrial DNA sequences in, 37 white, 183, 196 Fermentation molecular clock in, 46 Fat dormouse, 381, 381f in foregut, 145f, 145–­146, 147 of monogamy, 495 Fat mouse, 395 in hindgut, 145f, 146–­147 mosaic, 167, 244 Fat sand rat, 200 Fernandez’s sword-­nosed bat, 306 by natural selection, 2, 16. See also Natural Fat-­tailed dunnart, 252f, 258f Ferret, 173 selection Faunal regions, 83, 84f, 84–­86 black-­footed, 4, 364, 610 of pelycosaurs and therapsids, 63–­67 areas of endemism in, 91 circannual rhythms in, 173 phenotypic variation in, 39 biogeography of, 94 domestication of, 591f, 593, 593f phyloge­ne­tic tree in, 43 Fawn hopping-­mouse, 200 Ferret-­badger, 363 of population regulation, 541–­543 Feathers, 112 Fertility rate, 530, 537 of primates, 171, 314, 316, 317–­318, 335–­336 Feather-­tailed possum, 263 for humans, 607 sexual selection in, 487 Feather-tailed­ treeshrew, 276–277­ life table on, 533, 534f of social behavior, 505–­512 Feathertail glider, 230, 263, 264f and population density, 539 species in, 40 Feces senescence affecting, 535 synapsid lineage in, 62–­63 bat guano, 298 Fertilization, 218, 220, 221, 228 of therapsids, 75f in dietary evaluation, 28 delayed, 218, 220f, 228, 229, 288–­289 of ­whales, 444, 445, 450, 452–­453, 453f feeding on, 148f, 148–­149 hormone levels at time of, 487 Exafroplacentalia, 56 in heat adaptations, 199–­200 Ferungulata, 55, 56 Excrescences on head of right ­whales, 457, 457f monitoring of, 25 Fibula, 121 Exemplars of species, 44 in territorial marking, 471 Field metabolic rate, 29–­30 Expectation of further life, life table on, 531, 532f water content of, 150, 200 Field research, 5, 23–­28 Exploitation Fecundity rate marking techniques in, 24, 24f of captive mammals, 599–­600 life table on, 533, 534f mark-­recapture studies in, 26–­27 in competition for resources, 478 and population density, 539 monitoring in, 24–­27 conservation concerns in, 613–­614 senescence affecting, 535 observation in, 5, 27f, 27–­28 Explorations and expeditions, 12–­14 Feeding, 132–160­ parasite collection in, 571 Explosive Model, 58, 58f, 59 carnivorous, 140–144­ on population regulation, 543–­544 Exponential population growth, 530–­531, 531f, and dentition, 76, 77, 132–­133, 133f trapping in, 23f, 23–­24 538, 538f and digestive system, 133, 134f Field vole, 543 Extinction, 89 foraging strategies in, 155–­157 Fight or flight response, 481 background, 89 herbivorous, 144–­155 Fijian free-­tailed bat, 312 body size as factor in, 613 hoarding or caching of food for, 136, Fijian monkey-­faced bat, 300 of cynodonts, 66 157–­159 Filiform sperm of monotremes, 244 of dinosaurs, 58, 68, 71 insectivorous, 133–­140 Filoviruses, 586, 587 dispersal, extinction, and cladogenesis model on, omnivorous, 155 Filter feeding by baleen ­whales, 450–­451, 451f 93 social learning of, 504, 504f Filter route in active dispersal, 89 in habitat destruction, 604 Feeding niche in Great American Interchange, 96, 97f in habitat fragmentation, 564 and dentition, 76, 77 Finless porpoise, 459–­460 human influences on, 608, 609 insectivorous, 133 Finnish mountain hare, 546 on islands, 561, 562f, 615 interspecific competition in, 549–­550 Fin ­whale, 455, 456 -1— loss of species in, 4 of marsupials, 95, 96 baleen of, 451f 0— mass, 89 of pantotheres, 70 body size of, 446f +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 720 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 721

conservation of, 621, 621f, 622 and population growth, 537, 537f, 543–­544, 544f, gray, 186, 354f homing of, 526 545 as introduced species, 551, 556 migration of, 522, 526 reciprocal altruism in sharing of, 509, 509f island, 219 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh skull of, 449f social behavior in hunting for, 477, 503–­504 and island biogeography, 562, 563f Fires, habitat degradation from, 612 and socioecol­ogy of primates, 328 kit, 557 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Fish-­eating mammals, 143–­144 in territory, 479–­480 monogamy of, 495 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh bats, 143, 288, 307f, 307–­308, 310 Food webs, 559–­560, 560f, 561f as predator, 543, 544, 557 Fisher, 186, 364 biomagnification pro­cess in, 610 red. See Red fox hn hk io il sy SY ek eh delayed implantation of, 229 pollution affecting, 610 Santa Cruz Island, 620, 620f as predator, 388, 400 Foraging methods, 155–­157 seed dispersal by, 153 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh trapping of, 357 of carnivores, 140 swift, 185, 185f Fisherman bat, 143 cold adaptations in, 189–­190 Fox squirrel, 113, 380 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Fishing bat, 292f, 307f, 307–­308 energy and time used in, 156, 157 Fragmentation of habitat, 88, 610, 611, 615 Fishing cat, 358 of granivorous mammals, 149 landscape ecol­ogy in, 564 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Fissipedia, 353 and habitat selection, 521 Franciscana, 461 Fitness heat adaptations in, 208–­209 Francisella tularensis, 584 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh competition for food affecting, 510 of herbivores, 147, 156 Franklin’s ground squirrel, 88 inbreeding and outbreeding affecting, 515, of insectivores, 135, 138, 139 Free-­tailed bat, 291, 292f, 294f, 311f, 311–­312, hn hk io il sy SY ek eh 516–­517 marginal value theorem on, 157 473, 522 inclusive, 506 optimal, 155–156­ Brazilian, 27, 294f, 304, 311, 311f, 473, 505 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh and intersexual selection, 487–­489 predation risk affecting, 557–­558 colony size of, 311 Five-­toed jerboa, 393 of shrews, 189, 281 Fijian, 312 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Flagging behavior, 474 Foramina, 118, 121, 119f Mexican, 134, 522 Flat-­headed bat, Moloney’s, 293f Foregut fermentation, 145f, 145–­146, 147 Midas’, 293f Flat-­headed cat, 358 Forest dormouse, 381 migration of, 311, 522 Flatworms, 570 Forest elephant, 403, 404, 555 roosting of, 311 Flaviviruses, 586 Forest hog, 429 social behavior of, 505 Fleas, 505, 570 Forest mouse, 397 songs of, 304 collection methods, 571 Forest musk deer, 435, 436 Tomé, 312 diseases associated with, 579f, 579–­580, 580f, Forests Frequency of sound, 164, 295, 295f, 471–­472, 476 581f, 612 destruction of, 608–­610, 609f infrasonic, 164, 473 oriental rat, 580, 580f fires in, 612 ultrasonic, 472–473­ Flehmen, 471 and habitat fragmentation, 611 Freshwater mammals, 84 Flies, 570 Forked-­crowned lemur, 320 Frog-­eating bat, 141 diseases associated with, 579, 579f Forked-­marked mouse lemur, 153 Frugivorous mammals, 151–­152 Flight of bats, 54, 123, 127–­128, 128f, 289–­293 Formosan leaf-­nosed bat, 302 bats, 135, 306, 306f, 478–­479. See also Fruit bat aerodynamics of, 291–­293, 293f, 522 Fossa (Crytoprocta), 362 competition between, 478–­479, 505 anatomy in, 127–­128, 128f, 289, 291, 291f Fossa, mandibular, 355, 355f Fruit bat, 54, 151–­152, 292f angle of attack in, 292, 293f Fossa fossana, 362 body size of, 288 evolution of, 128, 296 Fossils, 9–­10, 38 Bulmer’s, 300 in migration, 522 of artiodactyls, 427, 427f Dayak, 231 wind-­assisted, active dispersal in, 89 of bats, 296–­298, 297f dentition of, 133f, 151, 299, 299f Floating ribs, 121 of caenolestids, 254 Ebola virus spread by, 318 Florida bonneted bat, 311 of carnivores, 356f, 356–­357, 357f echolation of, 128 Florida manatee, 411, 413, 415, 414f of colugos, 279 Egyptian, 299 Florida panther of dasyuromorphians, 256 epauleted, 299f hybridization of, 616 of didelphimorphs, 252 facial features of, 299, 299f as threatened species, 610 of diprotodonts, 260 fulvous, 300 Flower, William Henry, 16 of elephants, 406–­408 hammer-­headed, 299, 496 Flower bat, Puerto Rican, 306 of elephant shrews, 276 long-­tongued, 299 Fluctuating asymmetry in paired traits, 488 in estimation of divergence times, 46, 46f, 47, migration of, 522 Fluke infections, 570, 575, 576, 576f 57, 59 Old World, 151, 289, 298, 299–­300, 300f Fluke of ­whale tail, 446, 447f of hyraxes, 410 Philippine bare-­backed, 300 Fluorescence in situ hybridization, 33 of insectivores, 271 pygmy, 299 Flying fox, 4, 288, 300 Jefferson study of, 11 roosting of, 300, 300f Flying lemur, 278–­279 of lagomorphs, 398 rousette, 293 Flying squirrel, 127, 159, 380 of marsupial moles, 268 short-­nosed, 300 huddling and communal nesting of, 189 of marsupials, 57, 95, 250, 252, 254, 255, 256, 259, spotted-­winged, 299 patagium of, 380, 381f 260, 268 straw-­colored, 293f, 299, 300, 522 scaly-­tailed, 380, 383, 384f of microbiotheres, 255 torpor in, 193 southern, 189 of monotremes, 46, 46f, 57, 244–­245 tube-­nosed, 292f Focal animal sampling, 27, 27f of pangolins, 348 Fruit-­eating bat, 135 Folivorous diet, 149–­151, 150f of peramelemorphians, 259 in competition for fruits, 478–­479 of brush-­tailed possums, 262 of perissodactyls, 420–­422 great, 306f Follicle placental diversification in, 58–­59 solitary, 306 hair, 111f, 112 of primates, 314, 316–­318, 317f tent-­building, 306, 306f ovarian, 217–­218, 218f of rodents, 376–­378, 378f Fruit-­eating mammals, 151–152­ Follicle-­stimulating hormone, 167f, 168, 218, of sirenians, 413, 413f bats, 135, 306, 306f, 478–­479. See also Fruit bat 222, 231 of treeshrews, 278 competition between, 478–­479, 505 Food of whales,­ 452–453­ F statistics, 39 begging of offspring for, 494 of Xenarthra, 340, 340f Fukomys circannual rhythms related to availability of, 171, Fossorial mammals, 126–­127, 274, 274f. See also anselli, 527 172, 173 Burrowing mechowii, 386 communication in hunting for, 477 Four-­horned antelope, 439, 439f Fulvous fruit bat, 300 competition for, 478–­479 Four-­striped grass mouse, 518 Functional perspective in mammalogy, 2 efficiency of digestion, 146–­147 Four-­toed elephant shrew, 276 Functional response of predators, 543 and energy balance in cold, 179 Fox, 362, 363 Fundamental niche, 549 foraging for, 155–­157. See also Foraging methods Allen’s rule on ear length in, 102, 185 Fungi, 570 foregut fermentation of, 145f, 145–­146, 147 arctic. See Arctic fox mammals eating, 154–­155, 155f hindgut fermentation of, 145f, 146–­147 bat-­eared, 79, 136, 362 white nose syndrome of bats from, 4, 298, hoarding or caching of. See Hoarding or caching cold adaptations of, 185, 185f 298f, 613 of food conservation of, 620, 620f Funnel-­eared bat, 312, 308f in home range, 479 diseases and parasites of, 585, 586f Fur, 76. See also Pelage masting phenomenon, 543 domestication of, 593f, 616 Furipteridae, 241, 291f, 308 —-1 and nutritional condition, 29 farming of, 601 Furipterus horrens, 308, 308f —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 721 12/19/17 4:29 PM 722 Index

Fur seal, 156, 369f, 370 Genitalia, 217, 220 Giraffa Antarctic, 485 of ­whales, 446, 448f camelopardalis, 112, 432–­433 Galapagos, 371 Genomes, 37, 37f camelopardalis thornicrofti, 433 New Zealand, 368f Geocapromys brownii, 393 Giraffe, 99f, 100, 426, 432–­434 northern, 164f, 183, 370, 371 Geoffroy’s Peruvian woolly monkey, 329 feeding behavior of, 433, 433f sex ratio of, 485 Geoffroy’s spider monkey, 329 horns of, 118, 425f, 433, 434f Fur trade, 13, 18–­19 Geographic information system (GIS), 26 pelage of, 433, 434f Fusiform morphology of marsupial moles, 268 Geology skull of, 433, 434f Lyell on, 12 Thornicroft’s, 433 Gabon talapoin, 330 time divisions in, 64f tongue of, 112, 433 Gait, 123, 124f Geomagnetic cues in navigation, 526–­527 Giraffe-­rhinoceros, 421 Galagidae, 239, 315f, 325 Geomyidae, 239, 277f, 381, 383 Giraffidae, 241, 419f, 426, 427f, 432–­434 Galago, 324–­325, 486 Geomys, 103, 383 head ornamentation of, 425f Galago, 153, 325 Gerbil, 199f Glacier Bay water shrew, 138 Galagoides, 325 Anderson’s, 553–­554 Glands Galapagos fur seal, 371 habitat selection of, 518, 553–­554 in endocrine system, 167f, 168 Galapagos sea lion, 371 hairy-­footed, 518 integumentary, 115–­116 Galea, 388 kidney of, 199f mammary. See Mammary glands Galemys pyrenaicus, 284 Gerbillinae, 559 in reproductive system, 216, 216f Galen, 10 Gerbillurus tytonis, 518 salivary, 202 Galeopterus, 279 Gerbillus scent-­producing, 115, 164–­165, 165f. See also Galerella sanguinea, 360 [allenbyi] andersoni, 553–­554 Scent glands Galericidae, 240, 284–­285 pyramidum, 199f sweat, 111f, 115, 201 Galictidinae, 363 Gerstmann-­Sträussler-­Scheinker syndrome, Glans penis, 217 Galidictis, 362 586f Glaucomys, 265, 380 Galidiinae, 362 Gervais’s beaked ­whale, 462f communal nesting of, 187 Gambian epauleted fruit bat, 299f Gestation, 215, 220, 221–­228 volans, 159, 189, 381f Gametes, 215 Bruce effect in, 490, 540 Glider and anisogamy, 484–­485 delayed development in, 228 feathertail, 230, 263, 264f Gandakasia, 452 duration of, 215, 226–­228, 227f greater, 150, 264, 264f Ganges River dolphin, 462, 462f of elephants, 227, 404 gummivorous, 153, 154 Gaur, domestication of, 597 and false pregnancy, 219 mahogany, 265 Gayal, domestication of, 597 immune response in, 223, 226 northern, 265 Gazella of marsupials, 214, 223, 226–­227, 242, 247, petaurid, 153, 264 gazella, 211 247f sugar, 264f granti, 211, 440f organ­ i­ za­ ­tional­ effects of prenatal hormone wrist-winged,­ 264 subgutturosa, 211 exposure in, 168–­169, 516 yellow-­bellied, 154 thomsonii, 110, 147, 211, 558 and parental investment in care of offspring, Gliding, 123, 127–­128, 380–­381 Gazelle, 111f 491, 500 of colugos, 127, 279 brain cooling of, 202 and parturition, 231 of flying squirrels, 380, 381f gestation and lactation of, 227f physiological mea­sures in, 30f, 30–­31 of marsupials, 264f Grant’s, 99f, 440f placenta in, 222–­226 Glires, 53, 54, 239–­240, 374 grazing of, 558, 558f placental scars after, 226 Gliridae, 240, 377f, 379, 381 heat adaptations of, 202, 211 postconception competition in, 490 Glironia venusta, 254 locomotion of, 125 and pseudopregnancy, 501 Glironiidae, 238, 254 mountain, 211 sex ratio during, 487 Glis, 194, 381 as prey, 503 of sloths, 227, 341–­342 Glissant locomotion, 279 sand, 211 Ghost bat, 302 Global conservation strategies, 608 Thomson’s. See Thomson’s gazelle Ghost-­faced bat, 307 Global positioning system (GPS), 26 G‑bands on chromosomes, 32, 32f Ghost lineage, 46, 46f Global synchronization of population cycles, 546 Gebe cuscus, 263 Ghost past competition, 554 Global warming, 557, 606, 616 Gel electrophoresis, 34, 35 Giant anteater, 136, 341f, 342–­343, 344f hot­house conditions in, 87, 88 Gemsbok, 99f, 488 Giant armadillo, 79, 340, 346, 346f Globicephala, 448f Genealogical concordance, 94, 94f Giant Atlantic tree rat, 392 Gloger’s rule, 102–­103, 185, 186 General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 540 Giant bandicoot, 259 Glomerulus, 198, 198f Genet, 360f, 360–­362 Giant eland, western, 610 Gloomy tube-­nosed bat, 310 Ge­ne­tics Giant false vampire bat, 302 Glossina, 574 of African savanna ungulates, 98, 100 Giant fossa, 362 Glucagon, 168 in aggression, 541 Giant golden mole, 274 Glucose blood levels, 168 in burrowing, 520 Giant ground pangolin, 346 Glyptodontidae, 96, 340 DNA analysis of. See DNA analysis Giant ground sloth, 340 Gnawing mammals, 147–­148 and genealogical concordance, 94, 94f Giant hutia, 393 Gnou, 440f in habitat selection, 519, 520 Giant jumping rat, Malagasy, 395 Goat, 8, 426 in hybridization, 615–­616 Giant kangaroo, 267 bezoar, 593f, 596 in inbreeding, 515, 517 Giant kangaroo rat, 383 domestication of, 439–­440, 591, 592f, 593, and inheritance of traits, 16 Giant mole-­rat, 386, 394 595–596,­ 601 insertion-­deletion events in, 55 Giant mouse lemur, 320 horns of, 595, 595f intraspecific variations in, 39–­40 Giant noctule bat, 141 mountain, 427 in kin recognition, 476, 506 Giant otter, 364f population regulation, 615 in kin selection theory, 506 Giant otter shrew, 271f, 273, 273f Gobiconodon, 69 in mating systems, 497 Giant panda, 140, 151, 366, 366f Goeldi’s marmoset, 326, 613 molecular techniques in analysis of, 4, 18, diet of, 356, 366 Golden bamboo lemur, 323 32–­37 habitat destruction affecting, 609, 610f Golden-­brown mouse lemur, 321 and phyloge­ne­tics, 43–­45 as threatened species, 609, 610f Golden hamster, 194, 200, 487, 593f in phylogeography, 40 Giant pouched rat, African, 395 Golden-­headed lion tamarin, 328 population, 16, 39 Giant squirrel, Malabar, 380f Golden jackal, 172 in population regulation, 540–­541, 541f, 542 Giant-­striped mongoose, 362 Golden lion tamarin, 319, 327–­328, 609 in population viability analysis, 619 Giant vampire bat, 306 Golden-­mantled ground squirrel, 173, 194 in social behavior, 505, 506, 508 Giardia, 573, 575, 575f Cascade, 154 in species concept, 42–­43 Giardiasis, 575, 575f hibernation of, 194 in subspecies differentiation, 39 Gibbon, 85, 126, 332–­333, 333f kin recognition of, 506 variability in, 619 Gigantism, insular, 100 Golden-­mantled tree kangaroo, 267 Genetta genetta, 360 Gilbert’s potoroo, 266f, 266 Golden mole, 52, 55, 85, 127, 270, 274 -1— Genettinae, 361 Giles’ planigale, 193 Cape, 274 0— Geniohyidae, 410 Ginkgo-­toothed beaked ­whale, 462f eyes of, 271 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 722 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 723

giant, 274 Gray wolf, 141, 256, 362, 363 Group selection, 505 Grant’s, 274 coloration of, 186 and population regulation, 542–­543 hibernation of, 193 conservation of, 357, 604, 605f, 618 Growth of population. See Population growth hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Hottentot, 127, 191 dominance interactions of, 481 Guam flying fox, 300 Namid Desert, 274f eastern, 362 Guanaco, 204, 428, 430f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh underground movement of, 127, 274 hybridization of, 615 domestication of, 593f, 598, 599f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Golden mouse, 114f, 396, 396f, 553 range of, 604, 605f hunting of, 613 Golden-­rumped elephant shrew, 276 Grazing Guano, bat, 298 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Golden-­rumped lion tamarin, 328 community ecol­ogy in, 558, 558f Guard hairs, 113 Golden snub-­nosed monkey, 332 course of succession in, 560–­561 Guenon, 330 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Golden-­tipped bat, 135 habitat degradation in, 611 Guiana dolphin, 475 Golden viscacha-­rat, 392 and migration, 147, 147f Guilds, 555–­556 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Golley, F. B., 16 Great American Interchange, 84, 96, 97f Guinea pig, 379, 388, 408 Gomphodonts, 64 Greater bamboo lemur, 323 copulatory plug of, 489 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Gomphotheriidae, 406–­407, 407f Greater bilby, 259, 260f domestic, 388, 489, 591f, 593f Gondwana, 56, 87, 87f, 89 Greater cane rat, 386 phyloge­ne­tics of, 54 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh and marsupial dispersal, 96f Greater false vampire bat, 302f as research animal, 379 Gopher Greater galago, 325 social behavior of, 511 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh diseases and parasites of, 573–­574 Greater glider, 150, 264, 264f Gulo gulo, 363 pocket. See Pocket gopher Greater hedgehog tenrec, 272 Gulping feeding method of ­whales, 450–­451, hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Gorgonopsians, 63 Greater ­horse­shoe bat, 294f 451f, 457 Gorilla, 333, 334f, 334–­335 Greater kudu, 98, 99f Gummivorous mammals, 153–­154 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh asymmetry in teeth of, 489 Greater long-­nosed bat, 306 Gundi, 385, 385f, 415 black-­backed, 335 Greater monkey-­faced bat, 300 common, 385f diet of, 150, 334–­335 Greater mouse deer, 432 Gunnison’s prairie dog, 612 disease-­related population decline of, 613 Greater mouse-­tailed bat, 303 Gymnobelideus leadbeateri, 153, 264 eastern, 333, 608 Greater naked bat, 311 Gymnure, 270, 285, 285f economics and conservation of, 318 Greater one-­horned rhinoceros, 425 as endangered species, 608, 609 Greater sac-­winged bat, 303, 304f Habitat degradation, 610–­612 facial region of, 120f Greater short-­tailed bat, 309 Habitat destruction, 608–­610, 609f, 610f gestation period of, 228 Greater spear-­nosed bat, 508 primates affected by, 318, 604, 606f habitat destruction affecting, 318 Great eve­ning bat, 141 Habitat fragmentation, 88, 610, 564, 611, 615 silver-backed,­ 335 Great fruit-­eating bat, 306f Habitat niche, 549–­550 skeletal anatomy of, 121 Great jerboa, 393 Habitat selection, 517–­521, 553–­554 sperm competition in, 490 Great leaf-­nosed bat, 302 Haemonchus contortus, 578 vagina of, 490 Green beard effect, 506 Hainan gymnure, 285 West African, 335 Green-­colored mammals, 343 Hair, 76. See also Pelage western, 318, 333 Greenland right ­whale, 457 development of, 112, 113f Gorilla Green monkey, 343, 481 growth patterns of, 113 beringei, 333, 608 Green ringtail possum, 264, 343 piloerection of, 178 gorilla, 120f, 150, 318, 333, 334f, 489, 613 Grevy’s zebra, 422, 423 structure and function of, 111f, 112–­115, 113f, Graafian follicle, 218f Grey mouse lemur, 102 114f, 115f, 178 Gracile capuchin monkey, 327 Griffin, Donald, 294 Hair follicle, 111f, 112 Gracile mouse opossum, 254, 534 Grinnell, Joseph, 15, 17, 17f Hair horns, 118 Gracilinanus, 254 Grison, 363 Hair root, 111f, 112 Graded signals, 469 Grivet monkey Hairy armadillo, 344f, 345, 346 Gradients in species diversity, 103–­105 African, 587 Hairy bat, 311 elevational and peninsular, 104–­105, 105f communication of, 477 Hairy-­footed gerbil, 518 latitudinal, 103–­104, 104f, 559 dominance interactions of, 481 Hairy-­legged vampire bat, 142, 305 Grampus griseus, 449f, 460, 460f Grizzly bear, 3, 12–­13, 13f, 102, 366 Hairy-­nosed otter, 364 Granivorous mammals, 149, 207, 554, 554f conservation of, 357 Hairy-­nosed wombat, 262 Grant’s gazelle, 99f, 440f size of, 356 Hairy-­tailed tree rat, 395 Grant’s golden mole, 274 in trophic cascades, 556 Haitian ground sloth, lesser, 340 Grasshopper mouse, 136, 137 Grooming behavior, 474f, 474–­475 Haitian solenodon, 135, 279 diet of, 201 of baboons, 27f Halichoerus grypus, 204, 494 southern, 201, 227f, 490 Groove-­toothed swamp rat, 397 Hall, E. Raymond, 17, 17f testes size and sperm competition in, 490 Ground cuscus, 263f Hallux, opposable, 260 Grass mouse, 396–­397, 397f, 518 Ground pangolin, 346, 347f Hamadryas baboon, 502, 515 Grass rat, African, 397 Ground sloth, 11, 96, 339, 340 Hamilton, William J., Jr., 17, 17f Graviportal species, 123 Ground squirrel, 380 Hamilton’s rule, 506 Gray bat, 612 alarm call of, 469, 501, 503, 507, 507f, 517 Hammer-­headed bat, 299, 480, 496, 504 Gray-­cheeked mangabey, 330 antelope, 208, 209f Hamster, 396 Gray fox, 186, 354f arctic, 14, 192, 194–­195, 195f, 480 black-­bellied, 199f Gray kangaroo Belding’s, 470, 476, 501, 507, 507f, 516, 517, 517f Campbell’s desert, 492 eastern, 125f, 201, 224 burrow system of, 480 digging and burrowing of, 127 western, 230, 267 California, 173 domestication of, 593f Gray langur, 332 cape, 209, 209f, 219 food-­storing behavior of, 158f northern plains, 613 circannual rhythms in, 173 golden, 200, 487 postconception competition in, 490 defense of territory by, 480 homing of, 525 Gray mongoose, Indian, 361 diseases and parasites of, 580 mouse-­like, 394 Gray mouse lemur dispersal of, 516, 517f sex ratio in populations of, 487 kin selection of, 508 dormancy of, 193, 194–­195, 195f Siberian, 186 lesser, 320f Franklin’s, 88 torpor of, 194 Gray’s beaked ­whale, 462f golden-­mantled, 154, 173, 194, 506 Handicap hypothesis on sexual selection, Gray seal, 204, 494 heat adaptations of, 208–­209, 209f 488 Gray squirrel, 113, 158–­159, 380 hibernation of, 193, 194–­195, 195f Handley’s slender mouse opossum, 254 homing of, 525 homing of, 526, 526f Hands and island biogeography, 563f kin recognition of, 476, 506 phalangeal bones of, 121 Gray ­whale, 455, 456 long-tailed,­ 503 prehensile, 125–­126 baleen of, 451f, 456 ovulation in, 219 of primates, 315, 316 blubber of, 183 reproduction of, 215 Hantavirus, 19, 586 body size of, 446f, 456 Richardson’s, 194 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 586 feeding by, 450, 456 scramble polygyny in, 496 Hanuman langur monkey, 332, 481 hunting of, 454f, 456 social behavior of, 503 Hapalemur, 322, 323 —-1 migration of, 456, 522 thirteen-­lined, 380f, 496, 526, 526f Haplonycteris fischeri, 228 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 723 12/19/17 4:29 PM 724 Index

Haplorrhini, 239, 314, 315f, 325–­336 Helarctos malayanus, 155, 366 Hippocamelus, 437 compared to Strepsirrhini, 319, 320f, 325 Helictidinae, 363 Hippocampus in homing pro­cess, 525, 527 fossils of, 317 Heliophobius argenteocinereus, 415 Hippocrates, 9 phylogeny and characteristics of, 319f Helogale parvula, 360, 481, 501 Hippopotamidae, 55, 241, 418, 419f, 426, 427f, skull of, 320f Helper repayment model, 487 440–­442, 444 Haplotypes, 37, 40, 42 Hematocrit in ­whales, 449 Hippopotamus, 55, 99f, 418, 426, 440–­442 Haramiyoidea, 70 Hemicentetes semispinosus, 233, 272, 273f common, 440, 441, 442, 442f Harbor porpoise, 446f, 459, 460 Hemiechinus, 201, 285, 286f dwarf Malagasy, 442 Harbor seal, 143f, 204, 368, 368f Hemigalinae, 361 locomotion of, 123, 124f Hare, 374, 397, 400 Hemochorial placenta, 225, 226f, 325 pygmy, 440, 441, 442 arctic, 186, 186f, 400 Hemoendothelial placenta, 225, 226f skull and dentition of, 440–­441, 442f Cape, 114 Hemoglobin, 44 survivorship curve of, 533f cold adaptations of, 182, 184, 185, 186 Hemorrhagic disease of rabbits, 572 Hippopotamus, 440, 442, 442f compared to rabbits, 400 Hemorrhagic fevers, 318, 586–­587 Hipposideridae, 241, 301, 301f, 301–­302 countercurrent heat exchange in, 184 with renal syndrome, 586 Hipposiderinae, 300 dentition and diet of, 141f Heptaxodontidae, 393 Hipposideros, 302 diseases and parasites of, 584 Herbivores, 144–­155 Hippotragus niger, 613 ear and tail length of, 102, 185 coprophagy of, 148f, 148–­149 Hispid hare, 400 economics and conservation of, 398–­399 dentition of, 78, 78f, 141f, 144–­145, 148, 150, 151, Hispid pocket mouse, 40, 41f hispid, 400 153–154­ Histamine, 169 Japa­nese, 184 digestive system of, 134f, 144, 145f, 145–­147, 148, Histocompatibility complex, major, 476, 506 morphology of, 398 150f, 150–­151 Histoire Naturelle (Buffon), 10 mountain, 186, 187, 546 diseases and parasites of, 576, 577 Histoplasmosis, 298 Patagonian, 388, 388f folivorous, 149–­151 Historical biogeography, 82–­83, 86–­100 phyloge­ne­tics of, 54 foraging strategies of, 147, 156 abiotic pro­cesses in, 86–­88 population cycles of, 539–­540, 541, 544, 545f, foregut fermentation of, 145f, 145–­146 biotic pro­cesses in, 88–­89 545–­546 frugivorous, 151–­152 inferences in, 89–­94 seasonal changes in pelage color, 172, 172f, 186, gnawing, 147–­148 History of mammalogy, 8–­20, 9f 187, 400 granivorous, 149 Hoarding or caching of food, 136, 155, 156, 157–­159, snowshoe. See Snowshoe hare grazing of, 558, 558f, 560–­561, 611 158f springhare, 383, 384, 384f gummivorous, 153–­154 in cold adaptations, 190 Hare-­wallaby, 266, 267 hindgut fermentation of, 145f, 146–­147 defense of territory in, 480 Harmonics in bat echolocation, 295, 296f as keystone species, 555 of granivorous mammals, 149 Harp seal, 204, 204f, 371 mycophagous, 154–­155 landmarks in, 525 Hartebeest, 99f, 440f nectarivorous, 152–­153 larder hoarding in, 157 Harvest mouse, 396, 553 nonruminant, 134f, 144 of mycophagous mammals, 154 Harvey, William, 229 and plant interactions, 149, 558 scatter hoarding in, 157 Hassianycteris, 297 production efficiency of, 560 Hoary bat, 114, 522 Hawaiian monk seal, 371 ruminant, 134f, 144, 145–­146, 147 Hodotermes, 136 Haypiles of pikas, 159 skull of, 144 Hoe-­tuskers, 406 Hearing, 163–­164, 164f, 165f in trophic cascades, 556 Hoffmann’s pika, 399–­400 of bats, 291, 293–­295 Herodotius pattersoni, 276 Hoffman’s two-­toed sloth, 340, 343 as channel of communication, 470f, 471–­473, HeroRats, 395 Hog, 3, 429–­430 473f Hero shrew, 283, 283f Hog badger, 363 and evolution of ear, 65–­66, 67f, 73 Herpestes, 3, 360–­361, 393, 610–­611 Hog deer, 437 frequency of sound in, 164, 295, 295f, 471–­472, Herpestidae, 240, 352, 360, 360f Hog-­nosed bat, 85, 288, 292f, 302–­303 473, 476 compared to Viverridae, 360, 360f Hog-­nosed skunk, 364 of marine mammals, 164, 473 dentition of, 354f Molina’s, 361 Heart, 76 Herpestinae, 360 striped, 364f Heart-­nosed bat, 293f, 302 Heterocephalus glaber, 215, 386–­387, 502 Holarctic faunal region, 84 Heat (estrus), 219, 220 Heterodont dentition, 74, 77 Holoclemensia, 95 Heat adaptations, 197–­211 Heterohyrax brucei, 408 Holotherians, 46, 46f appendages in, 102, 205 Heteromyidae, 239, 277f, 381, 382–­383 Homeostasis, 162 avoidance strategies in, 206–­211 community assembly rules for, 559 Homeothermy, 176 body size in, 102, 102f, 205–­206 estivation of, 206 Home range, 479, 479f brain cooling in, 202, 202f food-­storing behavior of, 159 biogeography of, 82–­83 of camels, 209–­211 granivorous, 149 core area of, 479, 479f dormancy in, 206 heat adaptations of, 205, 206, 207, 382 early research on, 17 evaporative cooling in, 201 metabolic rate of, 205 GIS and GPS technologies in study of, 26 insulation in, 204–­205 skull of, 382, 382f homing pro­cess in return to, 514, 524–­527 metabolic rate in, 205 Heteromys, 149, 382–­383 migration from, 521–­524 respiratory heat exchange in, 184, 203–­204 Heteropsomys, 392 pheromone signals in, 471 saliva in, 202–­203 Heterothermy, 177, 205 radiotelemetry studies of, 25, 26f sweating and panting in, 201–­202 Hexaprotodon liberiensis, 440 ranging outside of, 514 thermoregulation in, 201–­206 Hibernating gland, brown fat as, 196 tradition of, 520–­521 water economy in, 198–­201 Hibernation, 191, 192–­196, 206, 207 Homing, 514, 524–­527 Heat exchange, 177f, 177–­178 arousal from, 192–­193, 195–­196 displacement distance affecting, 525, 525f countercurrent, 184, 184f, 202, 203, 205 brown fat in, 196–­197, 197f landmarks in, 525 respiratory, 184, 203–­204 circannual rhythms in, 171, 173 magnetic compass in, 526–­527 Heather vole, 396 and delayed fertilization, 228 orientation and navigation in, 524–­527 Heat load, 205f, 205–­206 endocrine system in, 168 path integration in, 525 Heat production in thermogenesis, 178, 196–­197, food hoarding for, 157 sun compass in, 525–­526, 526f 197f of hedgehogs, 286 Hominidae, 239, 315f, 332, 333f, 333–­336 Heaviside’s dolphin, 445, 460 heterothermy in, 177 parental care of offspring, 493 Hector’s beaked w­ hale, 462f and migration of bats, 522 phyloge­ne­tics of, 333f Hector’s dolphin, 461 of tenrecs, 193, 272 Homo, 334, 335 Hedgehog, 52, 53, 270, 271, 285–­286, 286f thermoregulation in, 177, 178, 196–­197, 197f erectus, 335, 335f African, 286f Hierarchy or pecking order, 480, 481 floriensis, 336 desert, 201, 285, 286f Highland desert mouse, 200 habilus, 335, 335f Eu­ro­pe­an, 199f, 285, 286, 286f Highways, habitat fragmentation from, 611, 612f sapiens, 2, 166, 333, 335, 335f hibernation of, 193, 286 Hill’s ­horse­shoe bat, 301 Homodont dentition, 74, 76–­77 quills of, 113, 286, 286f Himalayacetus, 452 Homologous characters, 43–­44 skull, dentition, and diet of, 133, 133f, 136 Himalayan musk deer, 436 Homoplasy, 44, 45 -1— torpor of, 285–­286 Hindgut fermentation, 145f, 146–­147 Honey badger, 363 0— Heimal threshold, 189 Hip joint, 121 African, 558 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 724 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 725

Honey possum, 265, 265f kin recognition of, 476, 507 Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, 375, 389, 602 dentition and tongue of, 265, 265f population regulation, 540 Hydrodamalis, 413 diet of, 152, 154f, 265 priming pheromones of, 470 gigas, 411 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh embryonic diapause of, 230, 265 radio transmitter collars placed on, 26 Hydromys, 397 Hooded seal, 215, 371 as research animal, 379 chrysogaster, 199f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh lactation of, 232, 233 urine of, 200 Hydropotes inermis, 77, 435, 436 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Hoof, 116–­117, 117f Howler monkey, 328–­329, 329f Hydropotinae, 436 classification based on, 9 calls of, 329, 472, 475 Hydrurga leptonyx, 143f, 144, 371 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh of ungulates, 418 as endangered species, 329 Hyemoschus aquaticus, 432 Hookworm, 578 habitat selection of, 521 Hyena, 358–­360 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Hoolock, 333 mantled, 521 anal glands of, 471, 471f Hoolock gibbon, eastern, 333 Maranhao red-­handed, 329 brown, 79, 358, 359, 360 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Hopping mouse, 200 in trophic cascade, 556 communication of, 477 Hormones, 162, 167–­169, 218 yellow fever virus in, 571f dentition of, 79, 141f, 354f, 358, 359f, 494 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh in aggression, 168, 497 Yucatan black, 329 diet of, 358 antagonistic actions of, 168 Hubbs’s beaked w­ hale, 446f, 462f dominance interactions of, 480 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh in dominance interactions, 481 Huddling in groups, 187–­189, 188f food hoarding and caching of, 157 in embryonic diapause, 231 by camels, 210 pelage of, 359 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh in estrous cycle, 219, 219f mutualism in, 510 as predator, 353, 477, 558 in flight or fight response, 481 Huemul, 437 pseudopenis of females, 359, 359f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh in lactation, 231–­232 Human, 333, 335–­336 siblicide of, 482, 494 and mating systems, 497 age structure for population of, 533, 533f spotted. See Spotted hyena hn hk io il sy SY ek eh in molt cycle, 186 brain of, 166 striped, 358, 359f, 360 or­gan­i­za­tion­al effects of, 168–­169, 516 diseases and parasites of, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, territorial marking by, 471, 471f and parental care of offspring, 492 579–­587 vocalizations of, 359 in parturition, 231 diving of, 449 Hylobates, 333 pituitary, 168, 218, 222, 231 domestication of animals by, 590–­602 pileatus, 333f population density affecting, 536, 540 embryonic development of, 222f Hylobatidae, 239, 315f, 332–­333, 333f in pseudopregnancy, 501 evolution of, 335f, 335–­336 locomotion of, 333, 333f reproductive, 30, 31 genome of, 55 phyloge­ne­tics of, 333, 333f in stress response, 168, 481, 540 gestation period of, 228 Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, 429 Horns, 118 habitat destruction and degradation by, 604, 605, Hylomys, 285, 285f asymmetrical, 488 608–­612 Hymenolepsis nana, 575 of bovidae, 118, 205, 425f, 439, 439f, 440f hearing of, 164f Hyoid apparatus, 119, 120f of giraffes, 118, 425f, 433, 434f homing of, 526 Hypercarnivory, 141 of goats, 595, 595f hybridization of species by, 615–­616 Hyperoodon ampullatus, 449 of pronghorn, 434, 435f indirect introduction of diseases by, 612 Hypocones, 71 of rhinoceros, 118, 425, 425f, 426, 426f, 614 kin recognition of, 476 Hypoconid of tribosphenic molars, 71, 71f as thermal windows, 205 life expectancy of, 536 Hypoconulid of tribosphenic molars, 71, 71f trophy hunting for, 613 mammary glands of, 116f Hypodermis, 112 of unicorn, 459 milk of, 233 Hypogeomys antimena, 395 Horse, 419 placenta of, 225 Hypothalamus, 167f, 167–­168 dentition of, 133f, 144 population growth of, 606–­608, 616–­617 in circadian rhythms, 171 diet of, 133f, 144 sex ratio in populations of, 487 suprachiasmatic nucleus of, 171 digestive system of, 145f, 146, 420 smell sense of, 476 in thermoregulation, 178, 202 domestic, 423, 591f, 593, 593f, 596f, 597–­598, 598f spatial abilities of, 527 Hypothermia, 178 economics and conservation of, 422, 423 species exploitation by, 599–­600, 613–­614 adaptive, 191, 192, 193 evolution of, 421f, 421–­422, 422f sperm of, 489 Hypsignathus monstrosus, 299, 480, 496, 504 foot of, 419f vision of, 163, 163f Hypsiprymnodon moschatus, 230, 265 locomotion of, 124f walking and running of, 123, 123f Hypsiprymnodontidae, 238, 260, 265 mane of, 598, 598f Humerus, 121 Hypsodont teeth, 77, 266 phyloge­ne­tics of, 422f of bats, 291f, 292 Hyracoidea, 56, 239, 271, 408–­411 placenta of, 225 of ­whales, 446, 448f Hyracotherium, 421f, 422 Przewalski’s, 423, 598f Hump Hyrax, 52, 55, 402, 408–­411 signals of, 469 of camels, 210–­211, 428, 598 bush, 408 skull of, 133f, 144, 449f of cattle, 593f, 596, 596f dentition of, 410, 411f wild and free-­roaming, 423 Humpback w­ hale, 455, 455f digestive tract of, 409, 409f Horse­shoe bat, 288, 291, 292f, 300–­301, 301f, 302 baleen of, 451f economics and conservation of, 411 facial features of, 301, 301f body size of, 446f feet of, 118, 410, 410f greater, 294f conservation of, 621f, 622 fossil history of, 410 Hill’s, 301 feeding by, 455, 504, 504f middorsal gland of, 410, 410f Maclaud’s, 301 hunting of, 454f morphology of, 409–­410 Madura, 301 migration of, 522 rock, 409, 409f, 410 Ziama, 301 songs of, 304, 456, 473, 473f tree. See Tree hyrax Horsfield’s tarsier, 326 Humpless cattle, 593f, 596 vocalizations of, 409 Host of disease, 571f, 571–­572 Hunting, 8, 13–­14 Hystricidae, 240, 377f, 385–­386 accidental, 572 and conservation, 357, 604, 613 Hystricognathi, 376, 377f, 378f, 385–­393 definitive, 571, 575 of deer, 437, 613 Hystricomorpha, 240, 376, 376f, 377f, 385–­393 intermediate, 571–­572, 575 illegal. See Poaching Hystrix cristata, 385, 386f mortality of, 571f, 571–­572 by predators. See Predators and parasite coevolution, 93, 572–­573 social behavior in, 477, 478f, 503–­504 Ia io, 141 and parasite specificity, 573–­574, 574f of ­whales, 13–­14, 453–­454, 456, 457–­458, 464, 613, Iberian lynx, 358 Hothouse conditions, 87, 88 614f, 616, 621 Ibex, Nubian, 211 Hotson’s jerboa, 393 Hunting dogs, painted, 503 Icaronycteris, 128, 297, 297f Hottentot golden mole, 127, 191 Hutia, 393, 611 Ice ages, 87–­88 House cat, 3f, 393 Hyaena hyaena, 358, 359f refugia in, 88 communication of, 469 Hyaenidae, 240, 352, 358–­360 Ichneumia albicauda, 360 interbreeding with wild cat, 615 dentition of, 354f Ichthyolestes, 452 skeletal anatomy of, 120f diet of, 356 Ichthyomys, 396 House mouse, 19, 137, 379, 397 food hoarding and caching by, 157 Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, 194, 380f, 496, 526 biological control of, 578 Hyaeninae, 358 Ictidosaur, 66f communal nesting of, 501 Hyaenodontidae, 356f Ictonyx striatus, 364 diseases and parasites of, 574f Hybridization, conservation concerns in, 615–­616 Ideal free distribution, 521 eyes of, 163f Hydatid disease, cystic, 577 Ideal preemptive distribution, 521 —-1 habitat selection of, 520 Hydrochoeridae, 375f, 377f, 389 Ili pika, 400 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 725 12/19/17 4:29 PM 726 Index

Ilium, 121 In situ hybridization, 32–­33 Jackal, 362 Imbricate scales of pangolins, 347 Insomnia, fatal familial, 586f black-­backed, 359, 507–­508, 508f Imitation, and social learning, 504 Institutional animal care and use committees, 23 golden, 172 Immigration, 530 Insulation kin selection of, 507–­508, 508f and island biogeography, 561–­562, 562f blubber in, 183, 183f monogamy of, 495 and landscape ecol­ogy, 564 in cold adaptation, 178, 181–­183 parental care of offspring, 491–­492, 507–­508, 508f Immune system, 162, 169–­170 fur in, 181–­183, 182f, 187 silver-­backed, 484, 491–­492 integration with ner­vous and endocrine systems, in heat adaptation, 204–­205 Simien, 363 170, 170f nests in, 189 Jackrabbit or­ga­ni­za­tion and function of, 169f, 169–170­ snow cover in, 189–­190 black-­tailed, 205, 399f, 400f placenta affecting, 223 Insulin, 168 heat adaptations of, 205 stress affecting, 168, 170, 540 Integumentary system, 110–­118 skull, dentition, and dietary habits of, 133f trophoblast affecting, 226 glands in, 115–­116 Tehuantepec, 400 Impala, 99f hair in, 112–­115. See also Hair Jaculus jaculus, 199f Implantation, 221–­222 skin in, 111–­112. See also Skin Jaguar, 354f, 424 delayed, 220f, 228–­230, 229f structure and functions of, 110–­116 Jaguarundi, 358 variations in, 228 Interdigital glands, 164, 165f Jaliscan spiny pocket mouse, 383 Imprinting, and habitat selection, 519, 520 Interferences in competition for resources, 478, 479 Jamaican greater funnel-­eared bat, 312 Inbreeding Interleukin, 232 Jamaican hutia, 393 cooperative behavior in, 517 International ­Union for the Conservation of Nature Japa­nese badger, 193 dispersal in avoidance of, 515 (IUCN), 608, 616 Japa­nese hare, 184 of naked mole-­rat, 511 Red Data List, 238, 613 Japa­nese macaque, 316, 330, 481, 504 optimal, 517 International Whaling Commission (IWC), 616, Japa­nese sea lion, 371 population viability analysis in, 619 621, 622 Javan deer, 437 Inbreeding depression, 515, 516–­517, 619 Intersexual selection, 487–­489 Javan mouse deer, 432 Incan caenolestid, 254 Interspecific competition, 17, 549–­554 Javan pig, 430 Incisor teeth, 76, 77, 78 character displacement in, 551–­553 Javan rhinoceros, 425 dental formula on, 79 limiting similarity in, 552, 553f Javan slit-­faced bat, 304 procumbent, 133 in population regulation, 539, 543 Javan slow loris, 325 Inclusive fitness, 506 removal experiments on, 553–­554 Jaw bones, 66f, 67f, 73–­74, 76, 119 Incrassated tails, 251, 257 resource utilization curves in, 550f of carnivores, 141f, 355, 355f Incus, 67f, 119, 164, 165f songs in, 472 of cynodonts, 64–­66 Indiana bat Intervertebral discs, 121 fluctuating asymmetry of, 488 as endangered species, 298, 310, 522 Intervertebral foramina, 121 of herbivores, 141f habitation degradation affecting, 612 Intrasexual selection, 487, 489–­490 of primates, 316, 317 homing of, 525f postconception competition in, 490 of rodents, 378f migration of, 522 sperm competition in, 489–­490 Jaw muscles, 73, 74f, 78, 78f, 119 Indian chevrotain, 432 Intraspecific communication, 471f of carnivores and herbivores, 141, 141f, 144, 148 Indian elephant, 599–­600 Intraspecific competition, 504–­505 of cynodonts, 64 Indian flying fox, 300 in regulation of population, 539 of rodents, 376, 376f Indian mongoose, 3, 360–­361 Intraspecific variation, 39–­40 Jefferson, Thomas, 11, 12, 13, 605 Indian muntjac deer, 32 Bergmann’s rule on, 101–­102, 102f Jerboa, 393–­394, 394f Indian rhinoceros, 425 morphometric studies of, 38 food-­storing behavior of, 158f Indian tiger, 614 Intrinsic factors in population regulation, 541–­542, kidney of, 199f Indicator models of sexual selection, 487–­488 542f, 544 Jird, Tristram’s, 553–­554 Indo-­Pacific finless porpoise, 459 Introduced species, 551, 556 Josephoartigasia monesi, 391 Indri, 321, 322, 322f, 609 in biological control, 572 Journal of Mammalogy, 5, 17–­18 Indricotherium transouralicum, 421 habitat degradation from, 610, 611 Journals on mammalogy, 5, 17–­18 Indriidae, 239, 315f, 321–­322, 322f and hybridization, 615, 616 Jumping, 125 Indri indri, 321, 322f, 609 on islands, 615 Jumping mouse, 148, 393 Induced ovulation, 219, 220f Introgression, 615 Juramaia, 56 Indus River dolphin, 462 Ira­ni­an jerboa, 393, 394 Jurassic period, 64f, 69f Infanticide, 481–­482, 490, 492, 505, 510 Irish elk, 487 Justinian Plague, 581 and concealed ovulation, 512 Iris of eye, 163 and cooperative rearing of young, 501 Ischiopubic symphysis, 121 Ka’apor capuchin, 328 and intrasexual selection, 490 Ischium, 121 Kala-­azar, 575, 579f and population regulation, 541 Island fox, 219 Kangaroo, 260, 266–­267, 267f Infections. See Diseases Island rule, 100–­101, 101f eastern gray, 125f, 201, 224 Inferences Islands embryonic diapause of, 230f, 230–­231 biogeographic, 89–­94 biogeography of, 561–­562, 564, 564f, 615 giant, 267 phylogeographic, 94 conservation concerns on, 614–­615 infanticide of, 482 Inflammatory response, 169, 540 as faunal region, 84f, 85–­86 lactation of, 232–­233, 267 Infrasound frequencies, 164, 473 introduced species on, 615 placenta of, 223f, 224 Inia geoffrensis, 461 mountaintop as, 564f red, 230f, 230–­231, 232–­233, 248, 266 Iniidae, 241, 461, 462 as refugia, 88 tree, 230, 266, 267 Innominate bones, 121 size of, and distance from mainland, 562, 563f western gray, 230, 267 Insectivora, 51, 52, 270, 271 Isolation of populations Kangaroo Island dunnart, 258 Insectivores, 52–­53, 56, 133–­140, 270–­287 biological species in, 41 Kangaroo mouse, 149, 382 aerial, 133–135­ in continental drift, 86 estivation of, 206 bats as, 134, 135, 156, 170–­171, 228, 288, 550, 550f and dispersal, 90–­91, 91f interspecific competition of, 553 brain of, 167 in habitat fragmentation, 564 predation risk affecting foraging of, 557 circadian rhythms of, 170–­171 intraspecific variations in, 39–­40 torpor and euthermy of, 208f dentition of, 71, 76, 133, 133f, 136, 271, 271f in island biogeography, 562 Kangaroo rat, 30, 149, 382, 382f in desert areas, 201 of marsupials, 94–­96 banner-­tailed, 473, 517 digestive system of, 133, 134f, 338–­339 peripheral model, 92 body size and evaporative cooling of, 206 economics and conservation of, 271 in refugia, 88 chisel-toothed,­ 200 food-­storing behavior of, 158f Isoodon, 226, 257–­259, 259f desert, 266, 382f, 473 foraging styles of, 135 Isotopes, radioactive, 31–­32 diet of, 200, 554 fossils of, 271 DNA probe labeled with, 33 dispersal of, 517 kidneys of, 199f in marking techniques, 24 estivation of, 206 morphology of, 271 in metabolism studies, 29 food-­storing behavior of, 158f, 159 orders and families of, 270, 272–­286 Isotopic ratios, 31 giant, 383 population regulation, 541, 542f Iteroparity, 492, 534 habitat degradation affecting, 612 -1— Insensible water loss, 201–­204 Ivory, 370, 406, 408, 408f, 599, 614 hearing of, 473 0— Insertion-­deletion ge­ne­tic events (indels), 55 Ixodes, 583 interspecific competition of, 554 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 726 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 727

in keystone guild, 555–­556 logistic population growth in, 538 and gradient in species diversity, 103–­104, 104f, Margarita Island, 383 parasite collection for, 571 559 Merriam’s, 200, 207–­208 physiological mea­sures in, 28–­31 and Rapoport’s rule, 103 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh musky, 265 postconception competition in, 490 Laurasia, 87 predation risk affecting foraging of, 557 specimen analysis in, 37–­39 Laurasiatheria, 53, 55, 56, 97, 240–­241 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh respiratory heat exchange in, 203, 203f stable isotope analysis in, 31–­32 LaVal’s disk-­winged bat, 308 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh San Jose Island, 383 Lactation, 115–­116, 220, 231–­233 Lavia frons, 302 San Quintin, 383 and allolactation, 508 Law of the minimum, 537 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Stephen’s, 383 composition of milk in, 115–­116, 117f, 232–­233 Leadbeater’s possum, 153, 265 water conservation of, 200, 203–­204 duration of, 215, 226, 227f Leaf-­eating mammals, 149–­151, 150f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Karoo Ice Age, 87 letdown of milk in, 116, 231–­232 Leafleted leaf-­nosed bat, 302 Karoo round-­eared sengi, 275 of males, 231 Leaf-­nosed bat, 301–­302 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Karyotypes, 32, 32f of marsupials, 247, 247f, 249 New World, 288, 291, 292f, 305–­306 Kashmir musk deer, 436 of monotremes, 243 Old World, 301f, 305 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Kazbeg birch mouse, 393 and nursing of non-­offspring, 501, 501f, 502f, orange, 204 Kekenodon, 453 508 Leaping, and arboreal clinging, 125, 126f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Kenyan spotted hyena, 27 and parental investment in care of offspring, Learning Kenyapotamus coryndoni, 442 491, 500 social, 504 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Keratin in pseudopregnancy, 501 of traditions in habitat selection, 520–­521 in baleen, 450 and reproductive effort, 534, 535f Least chipmunk, 553 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh in horns, 118 of treeshrews, 278 Least shrew, 189, 488 in stomach of Xenarthra, 338 water conservation in, 200 Least weasel, 88, 229, 356, 363, 364 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Kerivoula papuensis, 135 Lactogenic hormone, 231 in food chain, 559, 560f Kerodon, 389, 389f Lactose, 232 Leghold traps, 23 Keystone guilds, 556 Lagidium, 390, 390f Legislation on conservation issues, 606, 617 Keystone predators, 554–­556 Lagomorpha, 54, 239, 374, 397–­400 Leishmania, 573, 575 Khasia cordillerensis, 255 coloration of, 185 Leishmaniasis, 575 Kidneys, 198f, 198–­199, 199f coprophagy of, 148, 148f, 400 Lek mating system, 480, 480f, 496, 504 anatomy of, 198, 198f, 216f, 218f dentition of, 77, 144, 374, 398, 398f Lemming, 396 and endocrine system, 168 diseases and parasites of, 583, 584, 584f, 585, collared, 186, 191, 544 functions of, 198–­199 586f dentition of, 375f in heat adaptations, 198–­199 domestication of, 593f fur of, 182, 186 relative medullary thickness, 199 economics and conservation of, 398–­399 population cycles of, 378, 544, 544f urine concentration by, 199 families of, 397f, 399–­400 population regulation, 540 of vampire bats, 143 food-­storing behavior of, 158f, 159 predators of, 544 Killer ­whale, 144 fossil history of, 398 Siberian brown, 544 body size of, 446f, 460 gnawing of, 147–­148 Lemming fever, 584 false, 446f infanticide of, 482 Lemmus, 182, 378, 544 as predator, 456, 458, 461, 555 milk of, 117f Lemniscomys, 397, 397f reproduction of, 536 morphology of, 397–­398 Lemur, 319, 322f, 322–­323, 512 Kinkajou, 365, 365f phyloge­ne­tics of, 53, 397f blue-­eyed black, 323 Kin recognition, 476, 506–­507 population cycles of, 400 dwarf, 193, 320 phenotype matching in, 476, 506 Lagorchestes, 200, 266–­267 endangered and threatened species, 323, 609 Kin selection, 494, 506–­508, 517 Lagostomus, 390 flying, 278, 279 and population regulation, 542–­543 Lagostrophus fasciatus, 266 forked-­crowned, 320 Kinship, 502 Lagothrix, 328–329­ golden bamboo, 323 Kit fox, 557 Lake Alaotra gentle lemur, 323 greater bamboo, 323 Kleiber’s rule, 180 Lama, 428 gummivorous, 153 Klipspringer, 440f glama, 428, 430f, 593f, 598 habitat destruction affecting, 609 Knee joint, 121 guanicoe, 204, 428, 593f, 598, 613 Lake Alaotra gentle, 323 Koala, 150, 150f, 261f, 260–­261 pacos, 428, 593f, 598 locomotion of, 323 diet of, 150, 150f, 156, 261, 279 Laminae of cheekteeth, 406 mouse. See Mouse lemur digestive system of, 150f, 261 Laminar flow, 446 pelage colors of, 323 feet of, 260f Lamotte’s roundleaf bat, 302 placenta of, 225 placenta of, 223f, 224, 248, 261 Land bridges, 89, 90 ring-­tailed, 126f, 322, 322f, 323, 609 Kob, 98, 99f Great American Interchange in, 96 ruffed, 323, 609 lek mating system of, 496 Landmarks in homing pro­cess, 525 Sanford’s brown, 323 Uganda, 496 Landmine detection with giant African pouched rat, sportive, 321, 321f Kobus 395 torpor of, 193 ellipsiprymnus, 440f Landscape ecol­ogy, 564–­565 white-­collared, 323 kob, 496 Langur monkey, 328 woolly, 321, 322, 609 Kogia, 462 gray, 332, 490, 613 Lemur, 322, 323 Kogiidae, 241, 462–­463 infanticide of, 481 catta, 126f, 322, 322f, 609 Kokopellia, 70, 95 postconception competition in, 490 Lemuridae, 239, 315f, 321, 322f, 322–­323 juddi, 250 Laonastes aenigmamus, 385 Lemuriformes, 85, 88, 89, 317, 320–­323 Kozlov’s pika, 399 Laonastidae, 385 Lemur-­like primates, 317 Krill, 143, 156, 450, 451, 455 Laotian rock rat, 385 Lens of eye, 163 K-­selected species, 493, 536–­537 Laparoscopy, 31 Leontopithecus, 319, 326, 328, 609 and carry­ing capacity of environment, 493, 538, Laparotomy, 30–31­ Leopard, 358 539 La Plata river dolphin, 461 hunting of, 613 in successional communities, 560 Larder hoarding, 157 snow, 358 Kudu, greater, 98, 99f Large-­antlered muntjac, 437 Leopard seal, 143f, 144, 371 Kuehneotherium, 70 Large hairy armadillo, 346 Leopardus jacobita, 358 Kuehnoetheriidae, 70 Large intestine, 145f, 146 Leopoldamys, 149 Kuhneon, 70 Large slit-­faced bat, 305 Lepilemur, 321, 321f, 322 Kunekune pig, 597f Large treeshrew, 278 Lepilemuridae, 239, 315f, 321, 321f Kuntinaru boliviensis, 340 Larva migrans, visceral, 578–­579 Leporidae, 239, 397, 398, 400 Kuru, 586f Lasionycteris noctivagans, 228 Leprosy, 346 Lasiorhinus, 262 Leptin, 183 Labia majora and minora, 220 Lasiurus, 310 Leptomys, 4 Laboratory mouse, 490, 519, 519f, 538, 540, 593f, 602 borealis, 227 Leptonychotes weddellii, 183 Laboratory rat, 593f, 602 cinereus, 114 Leptonycteris Laboratory research, 28–­39 Lassa fever, 586 curasoae, 306 animal models in, 19, 318, 490, 614 Latitude nivalis, 152, 306 —-1 ge­ne­tics and molecular techniques in, 32–­37 and body size, 181 yerbabuenae, 135 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 727 12/19/17 4:29 PM 728 Index

Leptorycteropus, 349 man-­eating, 31–­32 Long-­nosed bat, 306 Lepus, 400 mane of, 474, 474f Long-­nosed caenolestid, 254 americanus, 13, 172, 172f, 182, 186, 187, 399, mutualism of, 510 Long-­nosed potoroo, 154, 155f, 266f 539–540­ nursing of non-­offspring, 501, 501f, 508 Long-­tailed big-­footed mouse, 395 arcticus, 186, 186f pelage of, 358 Long-­tailed chinchilla, 390 californicus, 205, 399, 399f personality and behavioral syndromes of, 510 Long-­tailed ground squirrel, 503 capensis, 114 as predator, 405, 503, 558 Long-­tailed pangolin, 346, 347f dentition and diet of, 141f reproductive success of, 485, 485f Long-­tailed porcupine, 385 diseases and parasites of, 584 social behavior of, 503, 504, 505, 507, 508, 510, 516 Long-­tailed pygmy possum, 262 ear and tail length of, 102, 185 species range of, 82, 83f Long-­tailed tenrec, 272, 273f timidus, 186, 400, 546 testes size and sperm competition in, 490 Long-­tailed weasel, 140, 186, 229, 364 Lesser anteater, 343 threatened species of, 610 Long-­tongued fruit bat, 152, 299 Lesser bamboo rat, 394 Lion tamarin, 319, 326–­328, 609 Long-­winged bat, 311 Lesser bilby, 260 Lipotes vexillifer, 461 Lontra Lesser bulldog bat, 308 Lipotidae, 461 canadensis, 357 Lesser bushbaby, 325, 325f Lipotyphla, 240, 270 felina, 364 Lesser cane rat, 386 Literature resources on mammals, 5 provocax, 364 Lesser false vampire bat, 302 Litter size, 215, 227, 228 Loop of Henle, 198, 198f, 199 Lesser Haitian ground sloth, 340 of bats, 289 Lophiomyinae, 396 Lesser long-­nosed bat, 306 of lemurs, 323 Lophiomys imhausi, 396 Lesser Mascarene flying fox, 300 and number of mammary glands, 233 Lophocebus, 330, 331f Lesser mouse deer, 432, 432f of tenrecs, 233, 272 Lophodont teeth, 77, 78f, 144 Lesser mouse lemur, gray, 320f Little brown bat, 192 Lophs, 77 Lesser mouse-­tailed bat, 303 delayed fertilization in, 228 Lophuromys, 397 Lesser naked bat, 311 hibernation of, 193 Lord Howe long-­eared bat, 310 Lesser panda, 367 migration of, 522 Lordosis posture in estrus, 30 Lesser short-­tailed bat, 309 Little pocket mouse, 206, 208f, 553 Loris, 319, 324f, 324–­325 Lesser yellow-­shouldered bat, 306 Little white-­shouldered bat, 305 slender, 324 Lestodelphys halli, 251 Liver fluke, 576 slow, 153, 316, 324, 324f, 325 Lestoros inca, 254 Liver nematode, 578 Loris, 324–­325, 324f Lesueur’s hairy bat, 311 Livestock Lorisidae, 239, 315f, 324f, 324–­325 Lesula monkey, 316 diseases and parasites of, 572, 576, 578, 612 Lorisiformes, 85, 324–­325 Lethargy in winter, 192–­193 domestication of, 2, 3, 3f, 8, 18, 602 Lower critical temperature, 178, 178f Lewis, Meriwether, 11, 12–­13 and habitat degradation, 611 Lowland gorilla, 489 Leydig cells, 215 and habitat destruction, 609 Lowland Red Forest rat, 395 Liberian mongoose, 360 predators of, 357 Lowland tapir, 423, 424f Liberiictis kuhni, 360 vampire bats affecting, 142, 298, 305–­306 Lice, 570 Llama, 426, 427, 430f Loxodonta, 403 diseases associated with, 579, 579f domestication of, 428, 591f, 593, 593f, 598 africana, 3f, 153, 204, 227, 272, 403, 404, 405, 473, host specificity of, 573 Llanocetus, 453 555, 599 Liebig’s law of the minimum, 537 Llanos long-­nosed armadillo, 344f cyclotis, 403, 408, 555 Life expectancy, 531, 532f, 534 Lobodon carcinophagus, 143, 143f, 368 Loyalty bent-­winged bat, 311 Life-­history traits in population, 533–­537 Lobtail technique in feeding by w­ hales, 504, 504f Lumbar vertebrae, 121 Life span Locomotion, 76 Lumholtz’s tree kangaroo, 230 of bats, 289, 535–­536 and active dispersal, 88–­89 Lunate bone, 355, 356f and reciprocal altruism, 508 of carnivores, 356 Lund’s Atlantic tree rat, 392 Life tables, 531–­532, 532f climbing, 123, 125–­126, 126f Lunge feeding by ­whales, 450–­451, 451f, 455, 457 Life zones, 14, 548 digging and burrowing, 123, 126–­127, 127f Lungs Limbs gliding and flying, 123, 127–­128, 128f, 279 and countercurrent heat exchange, 184 Allen’s rule on, 102, 184–­185 of Hylobatidae, 333, 333f in diving, 449 of carnivores, 356 jumping and ricocheting, 125, 125f, 126f Lungworm, 578 cold adaptations of, 183–­185 in migration, 522 Luteinizing hormone, 167f, 168, 218, 222, 231 of digging mammals, 127 modes of, 123–­129 Lutra sumatrana, 364 evolution of, 74, 74f pacing, 428 Lutrinae, 363 in gliding and flying, 127 saltatorial, 125, 126f Lycaenops, 75f of macropodids, 267, 267f scansorial, 71 Lycalopex culpaeus, 543 mesaxonic, 419, 419f swimming, 123, 128–­129, 129f Lycaon pictus, 141, 353, 497, 503, 517 paraxonic, 419f, 426 of tarsiers, 125, 326 Lydekker, Richard, 16 skeletal anatomy of, 121–­122 of ungulates, 123, 124, 418 Lyell, Charles, 11, 12, 12f of ungulates, 418, 419, 419f walking and running, 123f, 123–­125, 124f Lyme disease, 19, 19f, 580f, 581–­583, 582f in walking and running, 123–­124 Logistic equation, 538, 545 Lymphatic system, 169, 169f of ­whales, 446, 447f, 448f Logistic growth of population, 537–­538, 538f, 539 Lymph nodes, 169 Limiting factors on population, 537 Lonchorhina, 306 Lymphocytes, 169 Limiting similarity, 552f, 553 Lone star tick, 584 Lynx Limnocyon, 356f Long, Stephen, 14 Canadian, 13 Limnogale mergulus, 272 Long-­beaked echidna, 245, 246 conservation of, 617 Linnaean classification system, 11 eastern, 242 eyes of, 163f Linnaeus, Carolus, 11, 11f Sir David’s, 242 Iberian, 358 Linnaeus’ false vampire bat, 305 skull of, 244f population cycles of, 544, 545f, 545–­546 Linnaeus’ two-­toed sloth, 340 western, 82, 242 as predator, 400, 545f, 545–­546 Linné, Carl von, 11, 11f Long-­clawed mouse, 396 Lynx, 400 Liomys, 149, 382–­383 Long-­eared bat, 310 canadensis, 13, 544 Lion, 10, 358 character displacement in, 551 pardinus, 358 Asiatic, 610 Lord Howe, 310 Lysozyme, 232 communication of, 358, 469 New Caledonia, 310 Lyssavirus, 584 conservation of, 613 northern, 298, 298f cooperative rearing of young, 501, 501f, 508 Long-­eared desert hedgehog, 285, 286f Maastrichtidelphys meurismeti, 250 dentition of, 354f Long-­eared gymnure, 285 Macaca, 330, 331f dispersal of, 515, 516, 516f Long-­fingered triok, 138, 264 arctoides, 332f feeding habits of, 32 Long-­footed potoroo, 266 assamensis, 332f foraging behavior of, 156 Long Fuse Model, 58, 58f, 59 cyclopis, 332f hunting of, 613 Longissimus dorsi muscle, in nutritional assessment, fascicularis, 332f, 587 inbreeding of, 515 29 fuscata, 330, 332f, 481 -1— infanticide of, 482, 490, 505 Long-­nosed armadillo, 344, 344f, 346 mulatta, 28, 173, 318, 318f, 319, 328, 332f, 472, 0— kin selection of, 507, 508 Long-­nosed bandicoot, 226, 227f, 259 486, 493, 502, 532, 614 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 728 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 729

nemestrina, 332f Mammalogy Marmoset, 153, 327 sylvanus, 330, 332f definition of, 2–­3 buffy-­headed, 328 tail length of, 185 emergence as science, 17–­20 common, 492 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh thibetana, 332f first interests in, 8, 9f, 9–­10 dentition and diet of, 133f, 153–­154 tonkeana, 319 history of, 8–­20 Goeldi’s, 326, 613 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Macaque, 330 hot topics in, 4 gummivorous, 153–­154 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Barbary, 330, 332f importance of, 3–­4, 8–­9, 18–­20 monogamy of, 495 Celebes crested, 318–­319 mathematics and statistics in, 22 parent care of offspring, 492, 495 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh cooperation of, 502 in 19th-­century, 12–­17 skull of, 133f crab-­eating, 587 research methods in, 22–­48. See also Research yellow fever virus in, 571f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh dominance interactions of, 480, 481 resources on, 4–­6 Marmosops, 219, 221, 254 economics and conservation of, 318, 318f role of women in, 14, 15, 17–­18 Marmot, 380 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Japa­nese, 316, 330, 504 in 17th- and 18th-­century, 10–­12 alpine, 487 in laboratory research, 614 Mammary glands, 2, 76, 115–­116, 116f, 214, 231, diseases and parasites of, 585 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh phyloge­ne­tics of, 332f 233, 233f hibernation of, 192, 193–­194 rhesus. See Rhesus macaque evolution of, 116 Old World, 196 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh sex ratio in populations of, 486 in lactation period, 220, 231–­233 sex ratio in populations of, 487 sound sensitivity of, 472 of marsupials, 233, 233f, 243 thermogenesis of, 196 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh tail length of, 185 of monotremes, 115, 116, 116f, 233, 243 Marmota, 127 Maclaud’s h­ orse­shoe bat, 301 of primates, 233, 315 alpina, 196 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, 579 Mammoth, 407, 407f, 408f hibernation of, 192, 194 Macroderma, 302 Mammut americanum, 407 marmota, 487 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Macroecol­ogy, 565 Mammuthus primigenius, 407 monax, 173, 194, 204, 540, 585 Macroglossus, 152 Mammutidae, 406, 407f Marsh deer, 437 minimus, 299 Manatee, 85, 367, 402, 411, 444 Marsh rabbit, 611 Macroparasites, 570, 572 Amazonian, 402, 413, 415 Marsh shrew, 138 Macrophages, 169, 170 anatomy of, 121, 412f Marsupialia, 52, 57, 251 Macropodidae, 238, 260, 266f, 266–­267, 267f, boat propeller wounds of, 413, 414f Marsupial mole, 52, 127, 249, 267–­268, 268f, 274 415 body size of, 412f, 415 external features of, 268, 268f Macropodiformes, 260, 265–­267 communication and vocalizations of, Marsupial mouse, 249, 255, 257 Macropus, 232, 266 415–­416 diseases and parasites of, 573 eugenii, 32f, 201, 230, 267 dentition of, 78, 415 gestation and lactation of, 227f fuliginosus, 230 economics and conservation of, 413 semelparous, 534 giganteus, 125f, 201, 224 Florida, 411, 413, 414f, 415 Marsupials (metatherians), 242, 247–­268 greyi, 267 habitation destruction affecting, 610 adaptive hypothermia of, 193 rufogriseus, 534 migration of, 415 area cladogram on, 94, 95f rufus, 230f, 230–­231, 248, 266 population viability analysis, 619 in Austrialian faunal region, 85 Macroscelidea, 52, 55, 239, 270, 275–­276 swimming of, 129 body temperature of, 177, 189, 193, 196 Macroscelides, 199f, 275–­276 West Indian, 411, 413, 415, 619 brown fat of, 196 Macroscelididae, 239, 275–­276 Manavi long-­winged bat, 311 classification of, 51, 52, 237–­238, 251, 253f Macrotarsomys ingens, 395 Mandible, 76, 119, 355, 355f community assembly rules for, 559 Macrotis, 258, 260, 260f condyle of, 78, 78f, 317 compared to eutherians, 247, 247f Macrotus californicus, 228 fluctuating asymmetry of, 488 dentition of, 71, 76, 78, 79, 248, 250–­251, 252, Madagascar fossa of, 355, 355f 258, 260 habitat loss in, 604, 606f Mandrill, 330, 488 diet of, 150, 150f, 248 as refugia, 88 Mandrillus, 330, 331f diseases and parasites of, 573, 574 threatended species in, 609 sphinx, 488 dispersal of, 94–­96, 96f, 249–­250, 251f Madagascar fat-­tailed dwarf lemur, 193 Mane distribution of, 83, 89, 90, 249–­250 Madagascar “hedgehog,” 272, 273f of h­ orse, 598, 598f diversity of, 103, 248 Madagascar mongoose, 362 of lion, 474, 474f dormancy of, 206 Mad cow disease, 587 Maned rat, African, 396 embryonic development of, 223, 223f, 230 Madura ­horse­shoe bat, 301 Maned sloth, 342, 343 evolution of, 52, 56–­57, 67, 68, 68f, 70, 249–­250 Maelestes, 58 Maned wolf, 219, 363 feet of, 250, 252, 252f Magnetic compass in homing, 526–­527 Maneuverability during locomotion, 123, 124 food-­storing behavior of, 157, 158f Mahogany glider, 265 Mangabey, 330 fossils of, 57, 95, 250, 252, 254, 255, 256, 259, Major histocompatibility complex, 476, 506 Mange, 580f 260, 268 Malabar giant squirrel, 380f Manidae, 241, 346 gestation of, 214, 223, 226–­227, 227f, 242, 247, Malabar large spotted civet, 362 Manis, 136, 346 247f, 248 Malabar spiny tree mouse, 394 Mantiqueira Atlantic tree rat, 392 gliding of, 264f Malagasy civet, 362 Mantled guereza, 146, 146f hibernation of, 207 Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus, 442 Mantled howling monkey, 521 immune system of, 226 Malagasy giant jumping rat, 395 Manubrium, 65–­66, 291 lactation of, 117f, 247, 247f, 249 Malagasy mongoose, 362 Manus of platypus, 245, 245f locomotion of, 248, 264f Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus, 442 Mara, 388, 388f mammary glands of, 233, 233f, 243 Malaria, 575, 580f Maranhao red-­handed howler monkey, 329 metabolic rate and senescence of, 535 Malayan pangolin, 346, 348 Marbled polecat, 364 nectarivorous, 152 Malayan slit-­faced bat, 304 Marburg virus, 587 newborn, size of, 248–­249, 249f Malayan tapir, 423, 424 Margarita Island kangaroo rat, 383 New World, 534, 573 Male dominance polygyny, 496 Marginal value theorem on foraging, 157 orders and families of, 238, 251–­268 Males Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972), 606 origin of crown-­group, 57 dispersal of, 515–­516, 517, 518 Marine mammals, 4, 84 phyloge­ne­tics of, 51, 52, 56, 95, 95f lactation of, 231 anthropogenic noise affecting, 164 placenta of, 223f, 223–­224, 238, 248 reproductive system of, 215–­217, 216f, 248 beach strandings of, 164, 526 population regulation, 541, 542f spatial abilities of, 527 blubber of, 183, 183f pouch of, 214, 247, 248, 249f urogenital system of, 216f environmental temperature variations experi- Rapoport’s rule on, 103 Malleus, 65, 67f, 119, 164, 165f enced by, 176 reproduction of, 214, 220, 242, 247–­249 Malthus, Thomas, 11, 12, 530 habitation degradation affecting, 610 saliva spreading of, 202 Mammalia, 73f hearing of, 164, 473 semelparity of, 534 classification of, 237–­241 swimming of, 129 social thermoregulation of, 189 common features of, 2 trends in journal articles on, 18 sperm of, 253, 253f crown group for, 56 Marine otter, 364 thermogenesis of, 196 mammary glands of, 76 Marinkelle’s sword-­nosed bat, 306 torpor of, 193 reasons for study of, 3–­4, 8–­9, 18–­20 Marking techniques in field research, 24–­27, 24f zoogeography and early radiations of, 249–­250 Mammaliaformes, 68 Mark-­recapture studies, 26–­27 Marsupionta, 51–­52, 249 —-1 Mammalian grade of evolution, 66, 67 Marmosa, 219, 221, 251 Marsupium, 214, 247, 248, 248f —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 729 12/19/17 4:29 PM 730 Index

Marten, 363, 364 frugivorous, 151 Mexican free-­tailed bat, 134 coloration of, 186 nectarivorous, 152 decline in population of, 134 dentition of, 354f thermoregulation of, 193 migration of, 522 as predator, 400 Megaderma, 141, 302, 302f Mexican funnel-­eared bat, 308f trapping of, 357 Megadermatidae, 241, 291, 292f, 293f, 302 greater, 312 Martes, 363 Megalibgwilia ramsayi, 245 Mexican lesser-­long nosed bat, 135 americana, 357, 364, 400 Megaloceros giganteus, 487 Mexican long-­tongued bat, 152 coloration of, 186 Megalohyrax, 410, 411f Miacidae, 357, 357f pennanti, 186, 229, 357, 364, 388 Megalonychidae, 239, 339, 340–­342 Mice. See Mouse zibellina, 357, 364 Megalonyx, 11 Michoacan pocket gopher, 383 Martinae, 363 Megaptera novaeangliae, 455, 473, 504, 522, Mico, 326 Masked shrew, 197, 282f 621f Micocebus, 153 Appalachian, 40 Megatherium americanum, 340 Microbat, 54 phylogeography of, 40 Meissner’s corpuscles, 111f, 112 Microbiotheria, 52, 95, 238, 251, 254–­256 in successional communities, 560 Melanin, 112, 113 Microbiotheriidae, 238, 254–­255, 573 Masseter muscles, 74f, 78, 78f, 119 Melanism, 113 Microbiotherium, 255 of carnivores and herbivores, 141, 141f, 144, 148 Melanocyte-­stimulating hormone, 167f Microcebus, 102, 193, 320–­322, 320f, 508, 512 of cynodonts, 64 Meles, 363 Microchiroptera, 54, 289 of rodents, 376, 376f anakuma, 193 delayed development of, 228 Mass extinction, 89 meles, 11, 153, 361 diet of, 134, 151 Massoutiera, 385 Melinae, 363 echolocation of, 293–­294, 297 Mastiff bat, 311 Mellivora capensis, 363, 558 fossils of, 297 Masting phenomenon, 543 Mellivorinae, 363 hearing of, 291, 293–­294 Mastodon, 406, 407 Melogale, 363 thermoregulation of, 193 Mastomys natalensis, 397, 586 Melursus ursinus, 155, 338, 366 Microclimate modification in cold adaptation, 182, Mate-­guarding behavior, 489 Melville, Herman, 621 187–­189 Mating season Mendel, Gregor, 16 Microdipodops, 149, 206, 382, 552f, 553 antler shedding in, 118 Mendoza tuco-­tuco, 391 Microfauna, symbiotic, 402 of brown antechinus, 221 Meningeal worm, 572, 572f Microgale, 272, 273f competition in, 479 Meniscoessus robustus, 70f Microhyrax lavocati, 410 estrous cycle in, 219–­220 Menstrual cycle, 220 Microparasites, 570, 571, 572 Mating success, and reproductive success, 485 Mentawi Islands sureli monkey, 332 Microperoryctes murina, 259 Mating systems, 494–­497 Mephitidae, 240, 352, 364–­365 Microsatellite analysis, 34–­35, 35f of big bang breeders, 219, 221, 534 Mephitinae, 364 in intraspecific variations, 39, 40 dominance interactions in, 481 Mephitis, 364 Microtus, 89, 378, 396, 490, 527, 536, 540 inbreeding and outbreeding in, 515, 516–­517 mephitis, 139, 187, 585 agrestis, 543 kin recognition in, 476, 507 Merino sheep, 204 arvalis, 560 leks in, 480, 480f, 496, 504 Meriones tristrami, 553–­554 californicus, 545 monogamy in, 495, 527 Mermaids, 411 diseases and parasites of, 584 neuroendocrine control of, 497 Meroblastic eggs, 243 duodecimcostatus, 541 and parental investment, 491 Merriam, C. Hart, 14, 15, 548 levis, 545 polyandry in, 495, 496–­497 Merriam’s kangaroo rat, 200, 207–­208 montanus, 172–­173, 173f, 219 polygyny in, 494, 495, 496, 527 Merychippus, 421f ochrogaster, 148, 197, 495, 544 promiscuity in, 495, 497, 527 Mesaxonic limbs, 419, 419f oeconomus, 173 reproductive effort in, 492 Mesethmoid bone, 119 pennsylvanicus, 174f, 191, 215, 489, 492, 521, 525f, sexual selection in, 487–­490 Mesial drift of teeth, 266, 385 527, 536, 559 and spatial ability, 527 in elephants, 406, 406f pinetorum, 527 territory in, 480, 480f, 496 in manatees, 415 xanthognathus, 188, 188f Maxilla, 74, 74f, 76, 119, 119f Mesocricetus Midas’ free-­tailed bat, 293f Maxwell, Martha A., 14 auratus, 194, 200, 487, 525, 593f Mid-­domain effect, 103 Mayr, Ernst, 50, 51 brandti, 194 Middorsal gland of hyrax, 410, 410f Mazama, 437 Mesonychians, 55 Migration, 514, 521–­524, 530 6-­MBOA (6-­methoxybenzoxazolinone), 173, 173f Mesoplodon, 452, 461, 462f of bats, 299, 522 Meadow vole, 174f Mesozoic era, 64f, 68, 69f circannual rhythms in, 171 in food chain, 559, 560f Message of display, 468 gene flow in, 39 habitat selection of, 521 Metabolic rate, 29 hair analysis in studies of, 522 homing of, 525f basal, 29, 29f, 30, 180 of manatees, 415 hormones of, 497 and body size, 29, 29f, 180f, 180–­181 of pinnipeds, 523, 523f life history of, 536 in cold adaptations, 180–­181 of ungulates, 147, 147f, 523f, 523–­524, 524f microsatellite length in, 497 endocrine regulation of, 168 of ­whales, 456, 522, 526 parent care of offspring, 492 field, 29–­30 Milk, 115–­116, 231–­233 polygyny of, 497 in heat adaptation, 205 composition of, 115–­116, 117f, 232–­233 population regulation, 540 interrelationship of characteristics in increase of, letdown of, 116, 231–­232 reproduction of, 215 72–­73 of treeshrews, 278 as r-­selected species, 493 mass-­specific, 180 water content of, 200 spatial abilities of, 527 physiological mea­sures of, 29f, 29–­30 Milk teeth, 77, 78 sperm competition in, 489 and senescence, 535 Mimetillus moloneyi, 293f in successional communities, 560 and thermoregulation, 177, 178, 179f Mindanao treeshrew, 278 Meaning of display, 468 total, 180, 180f Minimum area change, 93, 97, 98f Mearns, Edgar Alexander, 14 in Xenarthra, 339, 339f Miniopteridae, 241, 310–­311 Mediterranean monk seal, 371 Metabolic water, 200 Miniopterus, 228–­229, 311 Mediterranean pine vole, 541 Metacarpal bones, 121, 426 Mink, 18, 284, 364 Mediterranean shrew, 135 of bats, 128, 128f American, 363 Medulla of deer, 436, 437f domestication of, 593f, 616 of hair, 112–­113 in locomotion, 123, 124, 125 Eu­ro­pe­an, 364 of kidney, 198, 199, 199f Metacone of tribosphenic molars, 71, 71f farming of, 601–­602 Meerkat, 156 Metapodial bones, 426 trapping of, 357 cooperative rearing of young, 501 Metapopulations, 564 Minke ­whale feeding in groups, 156 Metatarsal bones, 122, 426 Antarctic, 455 slender-­tailed, 136 in locomotion, 123, 124, 125 baleen of, 451f social behavior of, 156, 360, 501, 508 Metatarsal glands, 164, 165f, 471f body size of, 446f Megabats, 54 Metatherians. See Marsupials (metatherians) common, 455 Megachiroptera, 54, 289 Metestrus, 220 conservation of, 621, 621f -1— delayed development of, 228 Metoldobotes stromeri, 276 Miocaperea pulchra, 456 0— fossils of, 297 Mexican agouti, 389 Miohippus, 421f +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 730 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 731

Miopithecus, 330, 331f broad-­striped, 362 Monophyletic species, 43, 43f, 51 Mirimiri acrodonta, 300 compared to civets, 360, 360f of bats, 298 Mirounga, 143f cooperative rearing of young, 501, 501f and origin of mammals, 67, 68f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh angustirostris, 356, 469, 484, 523, 523f dentition of, 354f Monotremata, 238, 242–­246 leonina, 144, 183, 371 diet of, 360, 361 Monotrematum, 89 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Mirza, 153 dominance interactions of, 481 sudamericanum, 245 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh coquereli, 320 dwarf, 360, 360f, 481, 501, 501f, 512 Monotremes, 51–­52, 67, 68f, 242–­246 Mites, 570, 571 Egyptian, 361 ancestors of, 68, 242 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh collection methods, 571 giant-­striped, 362 in Austrialian faunal region, 85 diseases associated with, 579, 579f habitat degradation from, 610, 611 body temperature of, 177, 243 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh myobiid, 573, 574f Indian, 3, 360, 361 classification of, 237, 238 specificity of, 573 as introduced species, 610, 611, 615 dentition of, 77, 244 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Mithan, domestication of, 593f, 597 Liberian, 360 distribution of, 89 Mitochondria Malagasy, 362 divergence of, 56–­57 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh in brown fat, 196 narrow-­striped, 362 echidna. See Echidna DNA in, 36–­37, 37f, 40 re­sis­tance to snake venom, 360, 361 economics and conservation of, 245 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Model-­based methods in phyloge­ne­tics, 44 ring-­tailed, 362 eggs of, 51, 232f, 233, 242, 243 Model-­free methods in phyloge­ne­tics, 44, 45 slender, 360 families of, 238, 242, 245–­246 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Moeritheriidae, 406 white-­tailed, 360 fossil rec­ords of, 46, 46f, 57, 244–­245 Moeritherium, 407f Monito del monte, 254–­255, 255f mammary glands of, 115, 116, 116f, 233, 243 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Molariform teeth, 77 diseases and parasites of, 573 morphology of, 244 marsupial, 248f Monitoring methods in field research, 24–­27 placenta of, 223f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh of rodents, 375, 375f Monkey platypus. See Platypus Molar teeth, 77 Allen’s swamp, 330 reproduction of, 214, 242, 243, 243f dental formula on, 79 Angolan talapoin, 330 skull of, 244, 244f and diet, 140, 141f blue, 472, 477, 613 Monotypic groups, 242 of marsupials, 248, 248f calls of, 329, 472, 475, 477 Monozygotic polyembryony, 229–­230, 346 of primates, 316, 316f capuchin, 326–­327, 328 Montane monkey-­faced bat, 300 quadritubercular, 71 colobine, 330, 332 Montane vole tribosphenic, 71, 71f, 76 colobus, 145–­146, 146f, 150, 318, 330 circannual reproduction of, 172–­173, 173f Mole, 52, 270, 271, 282–­284 conservation of, 613 ovulation of, 219 aquatic, 199f cooperation of, 502 Montezuma, 15 digging and burrowing of, 127, 127f, 284, 284f Diana, 613–­614 Moojen’s Atlantic spiny rat, 392 eastern, 127f, 282, 284 digestive system of, 145–­146, 146f, 150 Moonrat, 270, 285, 285f Eimer’s organs of, 137, 137f, 475 diseases and parasites of, 571f, 587 Moose, 436, 437 electric fields detected by, 475 dispersal of, 515, 515f antlers of, 437, 438f Eu­ro­pe­an, 137f, 157, 271f dominance interactions of, 481 diet of, 156, 156f food caching of, 157, 158f folivorus, 150 diseases and parasites of, 572, 572f golden. See Golden mole green, 343, 481 habitat selection of, 520 marsupial, 52, 127, 249, 268f, 267–­268 grivet, 477, 481 homing of, 524 morphology of, 282, 284f habitat selection of, 521 as prey, 31, 503 sensory receptors on nose of, 137, 137f, 284, howler. See Howler monkey range of, 520 475, 475f infanticide of, 481 Mops midas, 293f skull, dentition, and feeding habits of, 133, 133f, kin selection of, 507 Morgan, Lewis H., 16–­17 136 in laboratory experiments, 614 Morganucodon, 68, 112 star-­nosed, 137, 137f, 139, 282, 284, 475, 475f langur. See Langur monkey Morganucodontidae, 68–­69, 70 touch sense of, 165 Lesula, 316 Mormoopidae, 241, 291, 292f, 294f, 307 winter activity of, 191 life table on, 532 Mormoops, 307 Molecular clock, 46, 47, 57, 59 macaque. See Macaque Moropus, 420f Molecular techniques, 4, 18, 19–­20, 32–­37 New World, 89, 126, 317 Morphology, 38, 39, 40–­41 analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) in, 40 night, 318, 328 of aardvarks, 348, 349f DNA sequencing in, 33–­37 Old World, 125–­126, 330–­332, 331f, 493, of bats, 289–­296 in estimation of divergence times, 46, 47 502 of carnivores, 352, 354–­356 in situ hydridization in, 32–­33 parental care of offspring, 493, 493f of colugos, 279, 279f in intraspecific variations, 39–­40 parent-­offspring conflicts of, 493 domestication affecting, 595, 595f, 600–­601 species boundaries in, 42 as pet, 613–­614 of elephants, 404–­406, 405f, 406f Mole-­rat, 386–387­ placenta of, 225f of elephant shrews, 275f, 276 African, 386, 394, 511 red-­tailed, 477 of hyraxes, 409–­410 blind, 84, 394, 526–­527 rhesus. See Rhesus macaque of insectivores, 271 Damara, 387, 502 saki, 329 intraspecific variations in, 39 dentition of, 375f snub-­nosed, 150, 332 of lagomorphs, 397–­398 food-­storing behavior of, 158f, 159 social learning of, 504 of monotremes, 244 giant, 386, 394 sperm competition in, 490 of primates, 316, 316f naked. See Naked mole-­rat spider, 328, 329, 490 of rodents, 375f, 375–­376, 376f Namaqua dune, 386 squirrel, 327, 328, 472 of sirenians, 411–­412, 412f Natal, 219 sureli, 332 subspecies differentiation in, 39 navigation by, 526–­527 tail of, 126 of treeshrews, 278 sandy, 394 talapoin, 330 of whales,­ 445–452­ silvery, 415 threating display of, 477f Mortality, 530 social behavior of, 387, 502, 503f, 511, 511f titi, 329–330­ in dominance interactions, 481 Togo, 386 uacari, 329, 330 in human population, 607 Zambian, 527 vervet, 112, 504, 515, 515f intrauterine, 487 Mole vole, 396 white-­fronted, 327f life tables on, 531, 532f Molina’s hog-­nosed skunk, 361 white-­rumped black leaf, 332 of parasite host, 571f, 571–­572 Moloney’s flat-­headed bat, 293f woolly, 328, 329 and population density, 539 Molossidae, 241, 291, 292f, 293f, 294f, 311–­312 yellow fever virus in, 571f and senescence, 535 Molossus, 311 Monkey-­faced bat, 300 and survivorship curve, 532f, 532–­533 Molting, 114f, 114–­115, 115f, 186 Monk seal, 368f, 371 Mosaic evolution Moluccan babirusa, 429 Monocytes, 169 of brain, 167 Monachinae, 371 Monodelphis, 219, 221, 251, 254 of monotremes, 244 Monachus, 368f, 371 Monodon monoceros, 458 Moschidae, 241, 419f, 426, 427f, 435–­436 Monestrous species, 219 Monodontidae, 241, 458–­459 Moschiola, 432 Mongoose, 360, 360f Monogamy, 495–­496 Moschus, 77, 435–­436 Asian, 393, 611 and spatial abilities, 527 Mosquitoes, diseases associated with, 579, 579f, 587 —-1 banded, 23, 501 Monogastric digestive system, 145f, 146–­147 Mouflon, 593f, 596 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 731 12/19/17 4:29 PM 732 Index

Mountain beaver, 149, 378, 379, 379f songs of, 472 frenata, 140, 186, 229, 364 Mountain degu, 391 spatial abilities of, 527 as introduced species, 615 Mountain gazelle, 211 sperm cooperation in, 490 lutreola, 364 Mountain goat, 427 spiny, 114, 382, 397 nigripes, 4, 364 Mountain hare, 186, 187, 546 in successional communities, 560 nivalis, 88, 229, 356, 363, 559 Mountain lion, 117f, 133f survivorship curve on, 532 as predator, 501 Mountain paca, 388 tree, 395 putorius, 173, 593f Mountain pygmy possum, 207, 207f, 262 ultrasonic vocalizations of, 472 seasonal changes in pelage color, 172, 186 Mountain sheep, 427, 520, 524 white-­footed. See White-­footed mouse vison, 114, 593f Mountain tapir, 423, 424 white-­tailed, 395 Mustelidae, 240, 352, 353, 363–­364 Mountaintop, island biogeography of, 564f winter activity of, 191, 194 anal scent glands of, 363–­364 Mountain viscacha, 390 wood, 490 delayed implantation in, 229, 364 Mountain zebra, 99f, 422 yellow-­necked, 26 dentition of, 77, 354f, 363 Mount Kahuzi African climbing mouse, 395 Mouse bandicoot, 259 diet of, 356 Mouse, 394 Mouse deer, 432, 432f, 426 economics of, 364 alarm pheromones of, 477 Mouse lemur, 193, 320 food hoarding and caching of, 157 beach, 172 Berthe’s, 321 hunting by, 140 biological control of, 578 forked-­marked, 153 pelage of, 364, 364f birch, 194, 393 giant, 320 Mustelinae, 363 Bruce effect on population of, 490, 540 golden-­brown, 321 Musth, 404 brush, 520 gray, 102, 320f, 508 Mutualism, 508, 510, 558 brush-­furred, 397 kin selection of, 508 Myadinae, 364 burrowing of, 520 northern rufous, 321 Mycophagous mammals, 154–­155, 155f cactus, 200, 206, 208f Sambirano, 321 Mycorrhizal fungi, 154–­155 California, 492, 495 Mouse-­like hamster, 394 Mydaus, 364 canyon, 200 Mouse opossum, 254 Mylodon listai, 340 climbing, 395 Mouse-­tailed bat, 292f, 303 Mylomygale, 276 cooperative rearing of young, 502f Movement. See Locomotion Myobia musculinus, 574f copulatory plugs of, 489 Muellerius capillaris, 578 Myobiid mites, 573, 574f deer. See Deer mouse Muir, John, 606 Myocastor coypus, 115, 378, 392 Delany’s swamp, 395 Mule, 596f Myocastoridae, 240, 377f, 392–­393 dentition of, 148 Mule deer Myodes, 89 diet of, 149, 201 diseases and parasites of, 587 diseases and parasites of, 584 diseases and parasites of, 573, 574f, 578, 580, homing of, 524 gapperi, 114, 189 583, 586 migration of, 524 glareolus, 486, 583, 611 domestication of, 593f, 594 scent glands of, 470–­471, 471f rutilus, 197 fat, 395 Mulgara, 136–­137, 137f, 257 Myoglobin, 44 food-­storing behavior of, 158f Multituberculata, 70, 70f in ­whales, 449 foraging of, 189, 557 fossil rec­ords of, 46, 46f, 51 Myohyrax, 276 forest, 397, 519, 519f Mungos mungo, 23, 501 Myoictis, 42 gestation and lactation of, 227f, 501, 502f, 508 Mungotictis decemlineata, 362 Myometrium, 222, 222f golden, 114f, 396, 396f Mungotinae, 360 Myomorpha, 239–­240, 376, 376f, 377f, 393–­397 granivorous, 149 Muntiacus, 32, 436–­437 Myoprocta, 389 grass, 396, 397, 397f, 518 Muntjac deer Myorycteropus, 349 grasshopper, 136, 137, 201, 227f, 490 Indian, 32 Myospalacinae, 394 grassland, 519, 519f large-­antlered, 437 Myospalax, 394 habitat fragmentation affecting, 611, 612f red, 436 Myotis habitat selection of, 518, 519f, 519–­520 Murexia melanurus, 114f long-eared,­ 551 harvest, 201, 396 Muridae, 240, 375f, 377f, 394, 396–­397 southwestern, 551 hibernation of, 194 Murie’s sheep, 532 Myotis, 297f, 310, 311 highland desert, 200 Murina tenebrosa, 310 adversus, 143 homing of, 525, 526 Muriqui, 328, 329, 609 albescens, 228 hopping, 200 Muroidea, 377f, 394–­397 auriculus, 551 house. See ­House mouse Mus, 397 bajastanicus, 310 huddling and communal nesting of, 187, 188–­189, domesticus, 470, 593f delayed fertilization in, 228 191, 501, 503, 510 musculus, 19, 26, 137, 200, 379, 490, 501, 540, evotis, 551 inbreeding and outbreeding of, 515, 517 574f, 578, 593f grisescens, 612 interspecific competition of, 552f, 553, 554 Muscles lucifugus, 192, 193, 228, 522 and island biogeography, 562, 563f anatomy of, 122, 122f septentrionalis, 298, 298f jumping, 148, 393 of jaw. See Jaw muscles sodalis, 298, 522, 525f, 612 kangaroo, 149, 206, 208f, 382, 553, 557 in locomotion, 124 vivesi, 143, 310 kin recognition of, 476, 507 Museums, 5–­6, 6f, 14–­15, 17, 18 yanbarensis, 310 laboratory, 490, 519, 519f, 538, 540, 593f, 602 collections of, 5–­6, 6f, 14–­15, 17, 18, 37–­39 Myoxidae, 381 in landscape ecol­ogy, 564 as educational institutions, 6, 15, 18 Myrmecobiidae, 238, 257 life history of, 536 research of, 6, 6f, 15, 28–­39 Myrmecobius fasciatus, 30, 136, 257, 258f, 338, 611 life table on, 532 specimen analysis, 37–­39 dentition of, 79 long-clawed,­ 396 Musk, 363–­364, 435 reproduction of, 249 long-­tailed big-­footed, 395 Musk deer, 77, 426, 435–­436 Myrmecophaga, 136 and Lyme disease, 583 skull and dentition of, 435, 436f tridactyla, 342, 344f marsupial, 227f, 249, 255, 257, 534, 573 Musk ox, 147 Myrmecophagidae, 239, 339, 342–­343 mitochondrial genome of, 37f insulating fur of, 182f, 182–­183 Myrmecophagy, 136, 338, 342. See also Ant-eating­ monogamy of, 495 social behavior of, 503, 506 mammals Natal multimammate, 397 Muskrat, 129f, 396 Mystacina, 309 New World, 396 diseases and parasites of, 584 Mystacinidae, 241, 309 nursing of non-­offspring, 501, 502f, 508 fur of, 183, 378, 379f Mysticeti, 241, 419, 426, 444, 445, 454–­458 oldfield, 520 huddling of, 187, 188, 188f compared to Odontoceti, 445, 445f, 449f parental care of offspring, 492 pectoral girdle of, 244f filter feeding of, 450–­451, 451f pocket. See Pocket mouse swimming of, 128, 129f fossil history of, 453, 453f population growth of, 537, 537f, 538, 538f, Musk shrew, 280 morphology of, 447f 543, 583 Musky rat-­kangaroo, 230, 265 phylogeny of, 455f population regulation, 540, 543 Mustached bat, 292f, 294f, 307 skull of, 449f postconception competition of, 490 Mustela, 115f, 544 sounds of, 473 rock, 395 body size and distribution of, 181 Mystromyinae, 395 -1— semelparous, 534 character displacement in, 552 Mystromys albicaudatus, 395 0— shrew, 408 erminea, 187, 364, 544 Myxomatosis virus as biological control, 572 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 732 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 733

Myzopoda habitat degradation affecting, 612 North American weasel, 552 aurita, 291, 309, 309f, 310 lepida, 200 North Atlantic right ­whale, 457, 458 schliemanni, 309, 310 Neotominae, 396 Northern bettong, 266 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Myzopodidae, 241, 291f, 309–­310 Neotragus, 439, 440f Northern brown bandicoot, 226, 259 Neotropical faunal region, 83, 84f, 85 Northern chevrotain, 432 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Nails, 116–­117, 117f Neovison vison, 18, 284, 357, 363, 601–­602 Northern elephant seal, 356, 371 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Nailtail wallaby, 267 Nephrons, 198 deceit by, 469 Naked-­backed bat, 307, 307f Ner­vous system, 162–­167 dominance interactions of, 481, 491, 492f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Naked bat, 311 central, 166–­167. See also Brain intrasexual competition of, 489 Naked mole-­rat, 386–­387, 387f, 502f integration with endocrine and immune system, migration of, 523, 523f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh division of labor of, 387, 504 170, 170f reproductive success of, 485 eusociality of, 387, 502, 503f, 504, 511, 511f in mating, 497 sexual dimorphism of, 484, 496 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh inbreeding of, 511 regeneration in, 167 skull asymmetry of, 488 reproduction of, 215, 233, 387 sensory, 162–­166 vocalizations of, 489 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Nalacetus, 452 in thermoregulation, 196 Northern fur seal, 164f, 183, 370, 371 Namaqua dune mole-­rat, 386 Nesomyidae, 240, 377f, 394–­395, 396 Northern glider, 265 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Namib Desert golden mole, 274, 274f Nesomyinae, 395 Northern hairy-­nosed wombat, 262 Namib round-­eared sengi, 275 Nesomys lambertoni, 395 Northern long-­eared bat, 298, 298f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Nandinia binotata, 362 Nesophontes, 280 Northern marsupial mole, 267, 268 Nandiniidae, 240, 352, 362 Nesting, communal, 187–­189, 188f, 501, 503 Northern muriqui, 329 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Napaeozapus, 194, 393 Netting techniques, 23 Northern night monkey, 318 Nares of ­whales, 447 Neural arches, 121 Northern pika, 399 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Narrow-­ridged finless porpoise, 459, 460 Neurocranium, 118, 119 Northern plains gray langur, 332, 490, 613 Narrow-­striped mongoose, 362 Neuroendocrine control of mating, 497 Northern pocket gopher, 200 Narwhal, 458, 458f, 459, 459f Neurosecretions, 168 Northern pudu, 436, 437 Nasalis, 331f Neurotransmitters, 167 Northern quoll, 257 Nasua, 365–366­ Neutrophils, 169 Northern right ­whale, 449f Natal dispersal, 514–­517 New Caledonia long-­eared bat, 310 Northern rufous mouse lemur, 321 Natalidae, 241, 311 New Guinea big-­eared bat, 310 Northern seal, 371 Natality (birth rate), 530 New Guinean spiny bandicoot, 259 fur, 164f, 183, 370, 371 for humans, 607 New World bat, 135 Northern short-­tailed shrew, 135f, 135–­136, 149, Natal mole-­rat, 219 leaf-­nosed, 288, 291, 292f, 305–­306 190, 468 Natal multimammate mouse, 397 New World marsupial, 534, 573 body mass during winter, 191 Natal multimammate rat, 586 New World monkey, 89, 126, 317 food hoarding of, 157, 190 Natalus, 308, 308f, 312 New World mouse, 396 interspecific competition of, 553 National Conservation Commission, 606 New World opossum, 249 Northern tamandua, 343, 344f National Museum of Natural History, 5, 6f, 14 New World porcupine, 387–­388 Northern three-­toed jerboa, 394f National parks, 606, 615 New World rat, 396 Northern white rhinoceros, 424 National Wilderness Act (1964), 606 New Zealand fur seal, 368f North Pacific right­ whale, 457, 458 National Zoological Park, 5 New Zealand sea lion, 371 Norway rat, 19, 44, 379, 397 Naturalists, 10–­11 New Zealand short-­tailed bat, 309, 309f brain of, 166 Natural Resources Board, 606 Next-­generation sequencing, 36 diseases and parasites of, 580 Natural selection, 2, 16 Niche, 17, 549–­550 economic effects of, 379f and group selection, 505 feeding. See Feeding niche population regulation, 540 and life-­history traits, 534, 537 fundamental, 549 as research animal, 379 and reciprocal altruism, 508 interspecific competition in, 549–­550 sex ratio in populations of, 487 and senescence, 535 overlap of, 549 Nose and sexual selection, 487, 488 phyloge­ne­tic niche conservatism, 559 in countercurrent heat exchange, 184, 203–­204 Nature Conservancy, 616, 620 realized, 549 of ­horse­shoe bats, 301, 301f Nature reserves, 617 tropical niche conservatism model, 103 in smell sense, 164. See also Smell sense landscape ecol­ogy of, 564 Nictating membrane of beavers, 381 of ­whales, 447 Navigation in homing pro­cess, 524–­527, 526f Night monkey, 318, 328 Notharctus, 317 Nearctic faunal region, 83, 84f, 84–­85, 88 Nine-­banded armadillo, 96, 339, 345 Notiomys edwardsii, 396 Necator americanus, 578 delayed implantation in, 229–­230 Notomys, 200 Neck, cervical vertebrae in, 121 distribution of, 344, 345f Notoryctemorphia, 52, 238, 251, 267–­268 Neck collar, 24, 24f, 25, 25f, 26 size of, 346f Notoryctes, 267, 268f, 268 Necrolemur, 317 vertebrae of, 339f Notoryctidae, 238, 267, 274 Necromanis, 348 Ningaui timealeyi, 248 Notoungulates, 96 Nectarivorous mammals, 152–­153, 154f Ninoziphius platyrostris, 462 Nubian ibex, 211 bats, 133f, 135, 152, 153f, 288 Nipples or teats, 233 Nubian wild ass, 598 Nectogale, 138, 280 Niumbaha superba, 310 Nucleus pulposus, 121 Necton, 450 Noctilio, 143, 307–­308 Nullarbor dwarf bettong, 266 Needle-­clawed bushbaby, 325 Noctilionidae, 241, 288, 292f, 307–­308 Nulliparous females, 226 Nelson’s pocket mouse, 383 Noctilionoidea, 289, 305–­310 Numbat, 30, 89, 90f, 136, 256–­257, 257f Nematodes, 570, 572, 572f, 577–­579 Noctule bats, 141 dentition of, 79, 257 specificity of, 573 Nocturnal mammals, 170, 171 diet of, 256, 338 Nementchatherium senarhense, 276 bats as, 289 habitat degradation affecting, 611 Neobalaenidae, 241, 454, 455f, 456 in Mesozoic era, 68 reproduction of, 249, 256 Neocortex, 468 observation of, 27 Numerical response of predators, 543 Neofelis, 357 vision of, 163, 163f Nunataks, 88 Neofiber, 396 Nomascus, 333 Nutria, 115, 392f, 392–­393 Neomyini, 281f Nomenclature, binomial, 11 fur of, 378, 392f, 393 Neomys, 136, 138, 281, 282 Nondeciduous placentas, 225 Nutrition. See Diet anomalous, 135 Nonshivering thermogenesis, 178, 196–­197, 197f Nyctalus, 141 fodiens, 25, 135, 135f Nonvector zoonoses, 584–­587 Nyctereutes procyonoides, 193, 585 Neophoca cinerea, 371 Noolbengers, 154f Nycteridae, 241, 291, 292f, 293f, 304–­305 Neophocaena, 459–460­ Norepinephrine, 196 Nycteris, 293f, 304–­305 Neotamias, 159 North African elephant shrew, 275 Nycticebus, 324 Neoteny, 600 North American badger, 24 coucang, 153 Neotetracus sinensis, 285 North American chipmunk, 573 javanicus, 325 Neotoma, 396, 480 North American elk, 487, 488f, 524 kayan, 316 body size and distribution of, 181 North American mastodon, 407 Nyctiellus, 312 diseases and parasites of, 572 North American pika, 399, 399f Nyctimene, 292f floridana, 12, 159, 396f North American porcupine, 387 albiventer, 193 —-1 fuscipes, 583 North American water shrew, 280 Nyctophilus, 310 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 733 12/19/17 4:29 PM 734 Index

Obdurodon dicksoni, 244 Ophiophagous mammals, 361 Otariinae, 370 Obligate delayed implantation, 228–­229 Opossum, 55 Otic centers, 118 Obligate monogamy, 495 black-­shouldered, 254 Otocyon megalotis, 79, 136, 362 Obligate parasites, 570 Brazilian slender, 254 Otolemur, 325 Observational research, 5, 27f, 27–­28 brown-eared,­ 254 crassicaudatus, 325, 486 Occipital bones, 118 bushy-­tailed, 249, 254 Otopteropus cartilagonodus, 228 Occipital condyles, 74, 74f, 76 common, 485 Otospermophilus beecheyi, 173 Occlusal surfaces of teeth, 64, 69, 77, 78f, 141f diet of, 28f Otter, 140, 353, 363 Oceanic islands, 84f, 85–­86, 88 diseases and parasites of, 573, 583 giant, 364f Ochotona, 159, 397 economics and conservation of, 252–­253 hairy-­nosed, 364 argentata, 399 eyes of, 163f marine, 364 collaris, 399 gestation and lactation of, 226–­227, 227f river, 364 dauurica, 159 gracile mouse, 534 sea, 363, 364, 555, 555f hoffmanni, 400 in Great American Interchange, 96, 97f, 250 vestigial claws of, 355 hyperborean, 399 Handley’s slender mouse, 254 Otter civet, 361, 362 iliensis, 400 mammary glands of, 115, 233, 233f Otter shrew, 272–­274 koslowi, 399 mouse, 534 giant, 271f, 273, 273f pallasi, 159, 399 New World, 249 Ourebia ourebi, 488 princeps, 159, 399, 399f, 517, 616 nipples of, 233, 233f Outbreeding, 515, 516–­517 Ochotonidae, 239, 397, 398, 399–­400 Patagonian, 251 Outbreeding depression, 516–­517 Ochrotomys nuttalli, 114f, 396, 396f, 553 placenta of, 224 Outgroups in phyloge­ne­tics, 44, 45 Octodon, 391 rat, 249, 254 Out-of-­ ­the-­tropics model, 103 degus, 391, 391f, 543 reproduction of, 215, 248 Ovary, 167f, 214, 217–­220 pacificus, 392 sex ratio in populations of, 485 anatomy of, 218f Octodontidae, 240, 377f, 391–­392 shrew, 254, 573 examination of, 30–­31 Octodontomys gliroides, 391 single-striped,­ 254 ova produced by, 215, 217 Octomys mimax, 391, 392f South American, 253f in ovulation, 218f, 218–­219 Oculotrema hippopotami, 576 tail of, 251 Overpopulation, 12 Odobenidae, 240, 352, 367, 369f, 369–­370 Virginia. See Virginia opossum Ovibos moschatus, 147 Odobenus rosmarus, 77, 205, 369, 614 water, 254 insulating fur of, 182f, 182–­183 Odocoileinae, 436 woolly, 254 social behavior of, 503 Odocoileus Optimal foraging, 155–­156 Oviducts, 217, 218f, 220 habitat selection of, 520 and habitat selection, 521 Ovis hemionus, 470, 524, 587 Orange leaf-­nosed bat, 204 ammon, 593f, 596 lactation of, 232 Orangutan, 333, 334, 334f, 609 aries, 8, 593f, 596 virginianus, 3, 19, 19f, 23f, 79, 79f, 114, 168, 487, Bornean, 333, 334, 490 canadensis, 23, 118, 172, 172f, 489, 503, 520, 520f, 524, 539, 551, 611 communication of, 475–­476 578, 619 Odontoceti, 241, 419, 426, 444, 445, 458–­464 Ebola virus infections of, 318 dalli, 182, 531 compared to Mysticeti, 445, 445f, 449f lactation of, 215, 233 orientalis, 593f, 596 dentition of, 77, 445, 452 sperm competition in, 490 vignei, 593f, 596 echolation of, 452, 452f Sumatran, 333, 334, 475–­476 Ovulation, 30, 218–­219 fossil history of, 453, 453f Orbiculus leaf-­nosed bat, 302 concealed, 512 morphology of, 447f Orbit, 119, 119f delayed, 228 skull of, 449f, 452, 452f Orbital forcing, 87 and estrous cycle, 219 Odor. See Smell sense Orcinus orca, 144, 458, 461, 555 induced, 219, 220f Oil spills, 610 Oreonax flavicaudus, 328 rate mea­surement,­ 30 Okapi, 118, 426, 433, 434, 435f Oreotragus oreotragus, 440f spontaneous, 219, 220f, 288 Olalla Brother’s titi, 330 Oribi, 488 Ovum, 215, 217 Oldfield mouse, 520 Oriental faunal region, 83, 84f, 85 and anisogamy, 484–­485 Old World fruit bat, 289, 298, 299–­300, 300f Oriental rat flea, 580, 580f fertilization of, 220, 228 Old World leaf-­nosed bat, 301f, 305 Orientation in homing pro­cess, 524–­527 in monozygotic polyembryony, 229–­230 Old World marmot, 196 Origins of orders, 58 Owilfordia olseni, 579f Old World monkey, 125–­126, 330–­332, 331f, 493, Ornithorhynchidae, 238, 242, 244, 245 Ox 502 Ornithorhynchus anatinus, 233, 242, 475 giant wild, domestication of, 596 Old World porcupine, 375f, 385–­386, 387, 388 Orthogeomys lanius, 383 musk, 147, 182f, 182–­183, 503, 506 Old World sucker-­footed bat, 309f Orycteropodidae, 239, 348 Oxyaena, 356f Olfaction. See Smell sense Orycteropus afer, 136, 271, 304, 338, 348, 349 Oxyaenidae, 356f Olfactory cortex, 166, 166f Oryctolagus cuniculus, 122, 397, 543, 572, 593f, 615 Oxygen, and basal metabolic rate, 29 Oligokyphus, 378f Oryx, 201, 440f Oxytocin, 116, 168, 231, 232, 233 Olingo, 365 Arabian, 23, 211, 619f, 619–­620 and mating systems, 497 Olinguito, 365 Beisa, 99f Olive baboon captive breeding of, 619–­620 Paca, 388, 388f, 389 alliances of, 502f conservation of, 619f, 619–­620 farming of, 602 dominance interactions of, 481 diet and water sources of, 201 skull of, 388, 388f reciprocal altruism of, 509 heat adaptations of, 201, 211 Pacarana, 390f, 390–­391 Olive colobus monkey, 330 Oryx Pachylemur, 322 Oliver’s warty pig, 430 beisa, 201 Pachyostotic bones, 412 Omasum, 145f, 146 gazella, 440f, 488 Pacific flying fox, 300 Omiltreme rabbit, 400 leucoryx, 23, 211, 619 Pacific sheath-­tailed bat, 304 Ommatophoca rossii, 143f Oryzomys, 396 Pacing locomotion of camels, 428 Omnivorous mammals, 141, 144, 155 palustris, 586 Pacinian corpuscles, 111f, 112, 404 Omura’s w­ hale, 455 Oryzorictes, 272 Packrat, 396f Onager, 423, 598 Os baculum, 217, 217f, 355, 355f Pademelon, 267 Ondatra zibethicus, 129f, 183, 378, 396, 584 Os clitoris, 220 Paenungulata, 52, 55, 402 One-­horned rhinoceros, 153 Osmoregulation, 198 Painted hunting dogs, 503, 504 greater, 425 Os penis, 217, 217f, 355, 355f Painted tree rat, 392 On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 531 Ossicles, 65, 67f, 119, 164, 165f Paired sperm of marsupials, 253, 253f Onychogalea, 267 Ossicones of giraffes, 433, 434f Pakicetidae, 452 Onychomys, 136, 137 Ostertagia, 578 Pakicetus, 452 leucogaster, 137 Ostrich, 237 Palaeochiropteryx, 297 torridus, 201, 490 Otaria byronia, 370 Palaeomastodon, 407f Onychonycteris finneyi, 128, 297 Otariidae, 240, 352, 367, 368f Palaeotupaia sivalicus, 278 Open-­rooted teeth, 76 female defense polygyny of, 496 Palate, primary, 119 -1— Operational sex ratio, 485 morphology of, 369f Palatine bones, 74, 74f, 119, 119f 0— Ophiacodontia, 63 swimming of, 129 Palau Island flying fox, 300 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 734 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 735

Palawan pangolin, 346 Paratheria, 54 molting of, 114f, 114–­115 Palawan stink badger, 364 Parathyroid gland, 168 of mustelids, 364, 364f Palearctic faunal region, 83, 84, 84f, 88 Parathyroid hormone, 168 piloerection of hairs in, 178 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Paleontology, 10 Paraxonic limbs, 419f, 426 of predators, 353, 354f Paleozoic era, 64f Pardofelis badia, 358 of rodents, 378 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Pale-­throated sloth, 342, 343 Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, 572 root of hairs in, 111f, 112 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Pallid bat, 135, 200, 310 Parental investment, 491–­493 seasonal changes in, 172, 172f, 186–­187 Pallid hairy dwarf porcupine, 388 ecological factors affecting, 492–­493 in sexual dichromatism, 323 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Palmate antlers, 437, 438f in monogamy, 495 shaft of hairs in, 111f, 112 Palm civet, 361, 362 in promiscuity, 497 of sloths, 342, 343 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Pan, 334 and reproductive success, 491, 491f structure and function of hairs in, 111f, 112–­115, endangered species, 609 sex differences in, 491–­492, 500 113f, 114f, 115f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh paniscus, 333 Parent and offspring relationships, 491–­494 on tail of phalangerids, 263f troglodytes, 166, 215, 318, 333, 334f, 490, 502, 517 agonistic behavior in, 478 thermal windows in, 204, 204f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Panbiogeography, 92 communication in, 478 in thermoregulation, 112, 178 Panda conflicts in, 493–­494, 510 Pelagic species of dolphins, 461 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh diet of, 151 duration of de­pen­den­cy in, 493 Peleng tarsier, 326 giant, 140, 151, 356, 366, 366f, 609, 610f ecological factors affecting, 492–­493 Pelomys, 397 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh habitat destruction affecting, 609, 610f kin selection theory of, 507–­508 Pel’s pouched bat, 293f lesser, 367 manipulation by parent in, 510–­511 Pelvic bones, 74, 75f, 121 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh red, 151, 367 population density and food supply affecting, Pelvic girdle, 121 threatened species, 609, 610f 536 Pelvis, renal, 198, 199f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Pandemics, 581 in promiscuity, 497 Pelycosauria, 63, 65f Pangaea, 71–­72, 72f, 87, 87f, 95 protective behavior in, 478 Pelycosaurs, 63 Pangolin, 54, 56, 89, 90f, 338, 346–­348 sex differences in, 491–­492 extinction of, 89 black-­bellied, 346 social learning in, 504 in ice age, 87 Chinese, 346, 348 Parous females, 226 skull of, 66f dentition of, 77, 348 Parsimony, 45, 91 Penguins, 144 diet of, 136, 347, 348 Brooks parsimony analysis, 93 Peninsular effect, 105 economics and conservation of, 348 minimum area change, 93, 97, 98f Penis, 216f, 217 fossil history of, 348 Parturition, 2, 231 Penis bone (os baculum), 217, 217f, 355, 355f ground, 346, 347, 347f afterbirth in, 225 Pentadactyl feet, 245 long-­tailed, 346, 347f circadian rhythms in, 171, 171f Pen-­tailed treeshrew, 276–­277 Malayan, 347, 348 hemorrhage after, 226 Pentalagus furnessi, 400 morphology of, 347f, 347–­348 in marsupials, 248 Peramelemorphia, 52, 238, 258–­260 Palawan, 346 ovulation and estrus after, 219, 220 Perameles, 226, 227f, 251f, 258–­260 Philippine, 346 Passive dispersal, 88 Peramelidae, 238, 257, 259 scales of, 113, 347f, 347–­348 Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, 25 Perameloidea, 52 skull of, 347f, 348 Pasting, territorial marking in, 471, 471f Peramuridae, 70 thick-­tailed, 346 Patagium, 127, 128, 264 Peramus, 70 tongue of, 152, 347 of flying squirrels, 380, 381f Peratherium africanum, 250 tree, 346 Patagonian hare, 388, 388f Percy Island flying fox, 300 white-bellied,­ 346 Patagonian opossum, 251 Pére David’s deer, 437, 438f, 610, 610f Panther, Florida, 610, 616 Patella of bandicoots, 259 Pericote, 396 Panthera, 357 Path integration in homing pro­cess, 525 Perineal scent glands, 164, 361–­362 leo, 10, 82, 83f, 358, 405, 469, 485, 501, 515, 613 Patriocetus, 453 Perineal swelling, 330 leo persica, 610 Paucidentomys vermidax, 397 Peripheral isolation model, 92 onca, 354f, 424 Paucituberculata, 52, 238, 251, 254 Perissodactyla, 55, 56, 241, 402, 405, 418, 419–­426, pardus, 613 Peale Museum, 13 427f tigris, 3, 120f, 352, 424, 613 Pearson’s tuco-­tuco, 391 diet of, 147 uncia, 358 Pecari, 430–­431 domestication of, 593f, 596f Pantherinae, 357 Peccary, 426, 430–­432, 431f, 432f economics and conservation of, 422 Panting, 201–­202 skull, dentition, and dietary habits of, 133f families in, 241, 419, 422–­426 Pantotheres, 70 Pecking order, 480 foot of, 418, 419f Papilla Pecora, 419f fossil history of, 420f, 420–­422 dermal, 111f, 112 Pectinate dentition of colugos, 279, 279f morphology of, 419–­420 renal, 198, 198f, 199, 199f Pectinator, Speke’s, 385 Perodicticus, 153, 324 ret­i­nal, of fruit bat, 299 Pectinator spekei, 385 Perognathus, 149, 206, 382–­383, 552f, 553 of tongue, in pygmy possums, 262, 263f Pectoral girdle, 121, 126 Peromyscus, 19, 149, 394, 396, 490, 497, 536 Papio, 330, 331f, 480, 512 of monotremes, 243, 244f body mass changes during winter, 191 anubis, 481 Pedetes, 384 body size of, 180 cynocephalus, 486 Pedetidae, 240, 377f, 383, 384 boylii, 520 hamadryas, 502, 515 Pedicle of disk-­winged bats, 308 californicus, 492, 495 Pappogeomys, 383 Pelage, 76, 113–­115 communal nesting of, 187, 189, 191, 501 Paraceratherium, 421 of camels, 204, 210 crinitus, 200 Paracone of tribosphenic molars, 71, 71f as camouflage, 113–­114, 172, 172f, 186, 343, 353, eremicus, 200, 206 Paradoxurinae, 361 354f estivation of, 206 Paraechinus, 285 of Carnivora, 353, 354f home range of, 25, 26 Paragonimus, 576, 576f clipping patterns as marking technique, 24 insulation of, 205 Parahyaena brunnea, 79, 358 as cold adaptation, 181–­183, 182f interspecific competition of, 554 Paramyidae, 377 color of, 102–­103, 113–­114, 172, 185–­187. See also leucopus, 19, 19f, 120f, 189, 191, 194, 501, 515, 518, Paramys, 377, 378f Color of pelage 532, 553, 554, 572, 583, 611, 612f Paranomalurus, 383 communication function of, 343, 469, 473–­474 maniculatus, 25, 103, 114, 154, 189, 489, 519, 520, Parantechinus apicalis, 257 of deer, 113, 437 552f, 553, 554, 580 Paranthropus, 335, 335f development of, 112, 113f maniculatus bairdii, 518, 519 Paranyctimene, 292f dimorphism of, 172, 186 maniculatus gracilus, 519 raptor, 193 of felids, 358 metabolic rate of, 180, 197 Parapithecus, 317, 317f and fur trade, 13, 18–­19 nesting material used by, 189 Parasites, 3, 570–­574 of giraffes, 433, 434f parasites of, 571 in biological control methods, 572, 578 growth of hairs in, 113 polionotus, 156, 172, 520 collection methods, 571 as heat adaptation, 204, 210 thermogenesis of, 196 in dense colonies, 505 as insulation, 181–­183, 182f, 187 torpor of, 192, 194 effects on host populations, 571f, 571–­572 of lemurs, 323 winter activity of, 191, 194 host-­parasite coevolution, 93, 572–­573 length and density of, 182, 182f Peroryctes broadbenti, 259 —-1 specificity of, 573–­574, 574f in migration studies, 522 Persian fallow deer, 437 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 735 12/19/17 4:29 PM 736 Index

Personality of animals Phyllomys, 392 Pika, 374, 385, 397, 399f, 399–­400 and behavioral syndromes, 510 Phyllonycteris major, 306 American, 399, 399f, 616 and reproductive effort, 535 Phyllostomidae, 151, 241, 288, 292f, 298, 305–­306 climate change affecting, 616 Peruvian plains viscacha, 390 community assembly rules of, 559 collared, 399 Peruvian shrew opossum, 254 diet of, 151, 305 dispersal of, 517 Peruvian woolly monkey, 328–­329 Phyllostomus hastatus, 305, 508 economics and conservation of, 398 Petauridae, 238, 263, 264 Phyloge­ne­tics, 4, 43–­45 food-­storing behavior of, 159, 399 Petaurista, 380 of Afrotheria, 55 Hoffmann’s, 399–­400 Petauristinae, 380 of Artiodactyla, 426, 427f ili, 400 Petauroides, 150, 264, 264f of bats, 53–­54, 56, 290f Kozlov’s, 399 Petaurus, 153–­154, 264, 264f in biogeography, 92 morphology of, 398 Peter’s disk-­winged bat, 308 bootstrapping assessment in, 45 northern, 399 Peter’s woolly false vampire bat, 305 of Boreoeutheria, 56 Sardinian, 400 Petrodromus tetradactylus, 275, 276 of Carnivora, 352–­353, 353f Pike, Zebulon, 13 Petrogale concinna, 266 of Cetartiodactyla, 55 Pilbara ningaui, 248 Petromuridae, 240, 377f, 386 character analysis in, 43–­44, 45 Pileated gibbon, 333f Petromus typicus, 386 classification based on, 45, 51 Piliocebus, 330 Petromyidae, 386 of community ecol­ogy, 559 Piliocolobus, 331f Petromyscinae, 395 data matrix in, 44, 45 badius, 318 Petropseudes dahli, 264 divergence times in, 46–­47, 56–­57 Piloerection, 178 Pets and diversification of mammals, 50–­60 Pilosa, 54, 239, 338, 339, 340–­343 domesticated, 2, 3, 3f, 8, 599, 602 of Euarchontoglires, 53–­54 Pi­loting in homing pro­cess, 525 exploited species as, 613–­614 of eutherians, 52–­53 Pi­lot w­ hale, 446f, 448f Pezosiren portelli, 413, 413f of Hominidae, 333f Pinchot, Gifford, 606 Phacochoerus, 429 of ­horse, 422f Pineal gland, 171, 173 Phaeomelanin, 114 of Hylobatidae, 333, 333f Pine vole, Mediterranean, 541 Phalangeal bones, 121 of Lagomorpha, 53, 397f Pink fairy armadillo, 345 of bats, 128 of Laurasiatheria, 56 Pink river dolphin, 461 in locomotion, 123, 124, 125–­126 of macaques, 332f Pinnae, 163 of ­whales, 446, 448f of marsupials, 51, 52, 56, 95, 95f of insectivores, 271 Phalanger, 262–­263, 263f of metatherians, 52 Pinnipedia (pinnipeds), 353, 367–­371 Phalangeridae, 238, 260, 262–­263, 263f, 381 model-­based and model-­free approaches to, body shape of, 367, 367f Phalangeriformes, 260, 262–­265 44–45­ dentition of, 143, 143f, 144, 368, 368f Phalangers, marsupial, 380 monophyletic groups in, 43, 43f, 51 diet of, 143, 143f, 144, 368 Phaner, 153, 320 of monotremes, 51–­52 diving capabilities of, 368–­369 Pharotis imogene, 310 in niche conservatism, 559 eyes and vision of, 368 Phascolarctidae, 238, 261 outgroups in, 44, 45 fossil history of, 357 Phascolarctos cinereus, 150, 150f, 224, 260, 261f, 279 parsimony in, 45 hearing of, 368 Phascolosorex doriae, 114f of Placentalia, 56 locomotion of, 356 Phataginus, 346, 347f of primates, 315f, 319f migration of, 523, 523f Phenacomys, 396 reconstruction of, 43–­45 milk of, 117f Phenotypes sister groups in, 43 sexual dimorphism of, 356 matching pro­cess in kin recognition, 476, 506 and species boundaries, 41, 42 skeletal characteristics of, 367, 368f variations in, 39 taxon sampling in, 44 skull of, 368, 368f Pheomelanin, 113 of tenrecs, 272, 272f swimming of, 129 Pheromones, 115, 470–­471, 477 timing of mammalian radiations in, 56–­59 Pinworm, 573 as alarm signal, 477 tree depiction of, 43, 43f, 45, 53f Pipanacoctomys aureus, 392 priming, 168, 470 of Xenarthra, 54–­55, 340f Pipistrelle, Christmas Island, 310 in urine, 470–­471, 471f, 477, 540 Phylogeography, 42 Pipistrellus murrayi, 310 Philander, 251 comparative, 93–­94, 98–­100, 99f Piscivorous mammals, 143–­144 Philantomba walteri, 440 inferences in, 94 bats as, 143, 288, 307f, 307–­308, 310 Philippine bare-­backed fruit bat, 300 intraspecific, 40, 41f, 93 Pitfall traps, 23 Philippine brown deer, 437 Physeter Pithecia pithecia, 125 Philippine flying lemur, 279 catodon, 13, 14f, 462, 621f Pitheciidae, 239, 315f, 326, 329–­330 Philippine mouse deer, 432 macrocephalus, 444 Pituitary gland, 167f, 168 Philippine pangolin, 346 Physeteridae, 241, 462, 463–­464 hormones of, 168, 218, 222, 231 Philippine spotted deer, 437 Physiological mea­sures, 28–­31 in lactation, 231–­232 Philippine tarsier, 326 of metabolism, 29f, 29–­30 Placenta, 76, 214, 222–­226 Philopatric species, 514, 516, 517 of nutrition, 28f, 28–­29 in afterbirth, 225 Phiomia, 407f of reproduction, 30f, 30–­31 of armadillos, 346 Phlebotomus papatasi, 575f Piebald shrew, 282 epitheliochorial, 319 Phoca Pig, 19, 155, 426, 427, 428–­430 of eutherians, 223, 223f, 224–­226 groenlandica, 204, 204f, 371 breeds of, 597, 597f hemochorial, 325 hispida, 143f, 183 dentition of, 77, 78f, 429, 494 of koalas, 223f, 224, 248, 261 vitulina, 143f, 204, 368, 368f digestive system of, 155 of metatherians (marsupials), 223f, 223–­224, Phocarctos hookeri, 371 diseases and parasites of, 430, 579 238, 248 Phocidae, 240, 352, 369, 371 domestic, 430, 591f, 592f, 593, 593f, 596f, 597, nutrient exchange in, 224 female defense polygyny of, 496 597f of primates, 225, 319, 325 morphology of, 369f economics and conservation of, 430 villi of, 224, 225f swimming of, 129 Eurasian wild, 429 Placentalia, 56, 59 Phocinae, 371 foot of, 419f Placental mammals, 67, 214. See also Eutheria Phococetus, 453 foraging of, 157 (eutherians) Phocoena, 459 Kunekune, 597f diversification of, 58f, 58–­59 Phocoenidae, 241, 459–­460 mammary glands of, 233 evolutionary separation from marsupials, 57 Phocoenoides dalli, 459 Oliver’s warty, 430 Placental scars, uterine, 30, 30f, 226 Phodopus penis of, 217 Plagiodontia, 611 campbelli, 492 placenta of, 225, 225f Plague, 579f, 579–­581, 580f, 612 sungorus, 186, 187, 194 population control, 620 bubonic, 19, 378, 505, 580, 581f Pholidota, 54, 56, 241, 338, 346–­348 sibling competition, 494 pneumonic, 580, 581 Phonic lips, 452 Vietnam­ ese­ pot-bellied,­ 597f septicemic, 580, 581 Phosphatherium escuilliei, 406 Visayan warty, 430 worldwide distribution of, 581, 582f Photoperiods Pig-­footed bandicoot, 259 Plains viscacha, Peruvian, 390 circadian rhythms in, 170 Pigmentation, 112 Plains viscacha rat, 32, 391 -1— circannual rhythms in, 172, 173 and color of pelage. See Color of pelage Plains zebra, 99f, 422, 423, 423f 0— molting in, 170, 186 Gloger’s rule on, 185 Planigale, Giles’, 193 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 736 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 737

Planigale gilesi, 193 resource defense, 496 Old World, 375f, 385–­386, 387, 388 Plankton, 450 scramble, 496 pallid hairy dwarf, 388 Plant-­eating mammals, 144–­155. See also Herbivores and spatial ability, 527 quills of, 113, 385, 386f, 387f, 388 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Plantigrade foot posture, 123, 125 threshold in, 496 South American, 387 Plasmodium, 573, 575 Polymerase chain reaction, 34, 34f, 35 thin-­spined, 388 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Platacanthomyidae, 240, 394, 396 Polymorphism, 32, 39, 43 Porcupine-­shaped rodent, 376 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Platacanthomys lasiurus, 394 amplified fragment length, 40 Porpoise, 445, 459–­460 Platanista, 462 Polyphyletic groups, and origin of mammals, 67, 68f conservation of, 613 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Platanistidae, 241, 461, 462 Polyprotodont dentition in marsupials, 251, 252f Dall’s, 446f, 459, 460 Plate tectonics, 86f, 86–­87, 90 Pomphorhynchus yamagutii, 579f diet of, 133f, 143–­144 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Platacanthomyidae, 377f Pongo echolocation of, 452 Platyhelminths, 570, 575–­577 abelli, 333 finless, 459, 460 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Platypus, 51, 233, 242, 245f, 245–­246 endangered species, 609 harbor, 446f, 459, 460 dentition of, 77, 245 pygmaeus, 215, 233, 333, 334f, 490 skull and dentition of, 133f, 143–­144 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh digestive system of, 135 Pontoporia blainvillei, 461 smell sense of, 165 eggs of, 233, 245 Pontoporiidae, 241, 461 spectacled, 459 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh electric fields detected by, 475 Population, 530–­546 Possum external features of, 245, 245f age structure of, 533, 533f brushtail, 251f, 262–­263, 263f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh fossil rec­ords of, 46, 46f, 57, 89, 245 allopatric, 551 diseases and parasites of, 573 insectivorous feeding of, 135 biological control of, 572, 578 feather-­tailed, 263 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh sensory receptors in bill of, 135, 137, 245, 246, 475 conservation of, 604–­623 hibernation of, 207, 207f skull of, 244f cycles in, 400, 539–­540, 541, 544–­546 honey, 152, 154, 230, 265, 265f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh venom gland of, 245, 246f density of, 536, 538–­539, 543, 544, 545 Leadbeater’s, 153, 265 Platyrrhini, 326–­330 as fast, medium, or slow, 537 placenta of, 223f Platyrrhinus chocoensis, 306 F statistics on, 39 pygmy. See Pygmy possum Playful behavior, 478, 478f ge­ne­tics of, 16, 39 ring-­tailed, 150, 260, 260f, 263–­264, 343 Plecotus, 228, 298 growth of. See Population growth scaly-­tailed, 262 Plenochirus jogori, 228 habitat selection affecting, 521 striped, 138, 264 Plesiadapis tricuspidens, 317f inbreeding and outbreeding in, 515, 516–­517 Postcanine teeth, 77 Plesiometacarpalian splints in deer, 436, 437f on islands, 561–­562 Postconception competition, 490 Plesiomorphic characteristics, 251 isolation of. See Isolation of populations Postjuvenile molt, 114, 114f Pliny the Elder, 10 life-­history traits of, 533–­537 Posture in walking and running, 123 Pliohippus, 421f life tables on, 531–­532, 532f Potamogale velox, 271f, 273, 273f Pneumonic plague, 580, 581 limiting factors on, 537 Potamogalidae, 239, 272–­274 Poaching mark-­recapture studies of, 26–­27 Potamosiren, 413 conservation concerns in, 408, 419, 614 and metapopulation, 564 Pot-bellied­ pig, Vietnam­ ese,­ 597f of elephants, 408, 614 pro­cesses in, 530–­533 Potoroidae, 154, 155, 238, 260, 265–­266 of manatees, 413 regulation of, 539–­544. See also Population Potoroo, 154, 155f, 266f, 265–­266 of rhinoceroses, 425, 426f regulation Potorous, 154, 155f, 266f, 265–­266 Pocket gopher, 103, 114, 200, 383, 383f reproductive effort of, 534–­535 Potos flavus, 365 food-­storing behavior of, 158f reproductive rate of, 493 Potto, 153, 324 fossorial adaptations of, 383, 383f sex ratio of, 485–­487 Pouched bat, Pel’s, 293f touch sense of, 165 survivorship curve of, 532f, 532–­533, 533f Pouched rat, 394–­395 Pocket mouse, 103, 149, 382, 383 sympatric, 551 Pouch of marsupials, 214, 247, 249, 248f estivation of, 206 viability analysis of, 618–­619 Powder tracking, 25 hispid, 40, 41f Population growth, 12, 530–­531, 537–­546 Prairie dog, 380 interspecific competition of, 553 density affecting, 538–­539 black-­tailed, 12, 504–­505, 515, 612 little, 206, 208f, 553 equilibrium in, 538, 539 diseases and parasites of, 505, 612 Nelson’s, 383 exponential, 530–­531, 531f, 538, 538f dispersal of, 515, 518 predation risk affecting foraging of, 557 food supply affecting, 537, 537f Gunnison’s, 612 silky, 553 habitat selection affecting, 521 habitat destruction affecting, 610 spiny, 382–­383 of humans, 606–­608, 616–­617 promiscuity of, 497 urine of, 200 law of the minimum on, 537 social behavior of, 503, 504–­505, 518 white-­eared, 383 limiting factors in, 537 white-­tailed, 505 Podogymnura aureospinula, 285 logistic, 537–­538, 538f, 539 Prairie vole, 148 Pods, dolphin, 461 rate of increase in, 530–­531 hormones of, 497 Poebrotherium wilsoni, 428 regulation of, 539–­544 microsatellite length of, 497 Poecilogale albinucha, 364 Population regulation, 539–­544 monogamy of, 495, 497 Poikilothermy, 176–­177 behavioral-­genetic factors affecting, 540–­541 population regulation, 544 and production efficiency, 560 behavioral-­physiological factors affecting, thermogenesis of, 197 Polar bear, 14, 102, 155, 353, 366 539–­540 Precocial young, 231 climate change affecting, 192, 616 biological controls in, 572 Predators, 352, 554–­558 cold adaptations of, 183, 186, 187 cause-­and-­effect relationships in, 543 alarm calls about, 469, 476–­477, 507, 507f coloration of, 185f, 186, 187 Chitty’s model of, 540, 541f carnivores as, 140–­144, 353, 354f diet of, 192, 366 cycles in, 544–­546 circadian rhythms of, 170–­171 insulating fur of, 183 density-­related factors affecting, 539 food hoarding and caching by, 157 size of, 356 dispersal in, 541 foraging behavior of, 156 spot patterns in identification of, 24 evolution of, 541–­543 functional response to available prey, 543 summer-­fall fasting of, 192 extrinsic factors in, 541, 542f, 544 habitat degradation from, 610, 611 Polecat, 363–364­ field studies of, 543–­544 and habitat selection, 518 Poliocitellus franklinii, 88 group selection in, 542–­543 indirect effects of risk from, 557–­558 Pollex, 251 intrinsic factors in, 541–­542, 542f, 544 as introduced species, 556, 572, 610, 611, 615 Pollination by bats, 151, 152, 153f, 298, 300 self-­regulation in, 541–­542, 542f on islands, 615 Pollution, 608 Population viability analysis (PVA), 618–­619 keystone, 554 –­556 and acid rain, 610 Porcula salvanius, 429 killing techniques of, 140 and habitat degradation, 610–­611 Porcupine, 96 numerical response to available prey, 543 Polyandry, 495, 496–­497 Brazilian, 387f pelage color of, 186 Polyembryony, monozygotic, 229–­230, 346 brush-­tailed, 385 population density of, 543 Polyestrous species, 219, 220 crested, 385, 386f in population regulation, 539, 543–­544, 544f, 545, Polygamy, 495 dentition of, 375f 545f, 554 Polygyny, 494, 495, 496, 500 food-­storing behavior of, 158f prey of. See Prey of predators dispersal in, 515–­516 in Great American Interchange, 96, 97f removal of, 556 female defense, 496 long-­tailed, 385 social behavior in protection against, 501, 503 hormones in, 497 New World, 387–­388 social behavior of, 477, 478f, 503–­504 —-1 male dominance, 496 North American, 387 in trophic cascades, 554–­556 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 737 12/19/17 4:29 PM 738 Index

Pregnancy. See Gestation Proechimys, 392 Puerto Rican ground sloth, 340 Prehensile hands, 125–­126 Proestrus, 220 Pulp cavity of teeth, 76, 77f Premaxilla, 76, 77, 119, 119f Professional mammalogy organizations, 5 Pulpy nucleus, 121 Premolar teeth, 77–­79 Progesterone, 31, 168, 218, 231 Puma Prenatal hormone exposure, or­gan­i­za­tion­al effects Progestin, 218 concolor, 24f, 117f, 358, 424 of, 168–­169 Prolactin, 31, 168, 231–­232 concolor coryi, 610, 616 Preorbital glands, 165, 165f and parental care of offspring, 492 concolor cougar, 616 Preputial glands, 164, 216, 216f Prolagus sardus, 400 jagonaroundi, 358 Presbytis, 331f, 332 Prolemur, 322, 323 Pusa, 366, 371 Prey of predators, 125, 156 Promiscuity, 495, 497 Pygathrix, 331f alarm calls of, 469, 476–­477, 507, 507f and spatial ability, 527 brelichi, 150 circadian rhythms of, 170–­171 Proneotherium repenningi, 357 Pygmy anteater, 343 foraging behavior of, 557–­558 Pronghorn, 12, 118, 426, 427, 434–­435, 435f Pygmy chimpanzee, 333, 334 functional response of predators to, 543 black jaw patch of, 435f Pygmy fruit bat, 299 indirect effects of predation risk on, 557–­558 foot of, 419f Pygmy hippopotamus, 440, 441, 442 numerical response of predators to, 543 horns of, 434, 435f Pygmy hog, 429, 430 population of, 543 Sonoran, 435 Pygmy possum, 157, 158f, 206, 207, 207f, 262, 263f social behavior of, 501, 503 white rump patch of, 343 diseases and parasites of, 573 Primates, 53, 54, 70, 314–­336 Propalaeohoplophorus, 340f hibernation of, 207, 207f arboreal, 171, 317–­318 Propithecus, 321, 322, 322f, 609 tongue of, 262, 263f circadian rhythms of, 171 Propodium, 121 Pygmy raccoon, 366 cladogram on, 319f Propotto, 297 Pygmy right ­whale, 451f, 454, 455, 456 classification of, 45, 239, 314, 315f, 316 Prorastomidae, 413 Pygmy shrew, 237, 280 coloration of, 185 Prorastomus, 413 character displacement in, 551, 551f communication signals of, 475–­476 Prosimian primates, 319, 541, 542f Eurasian, 551, 551f concealed ovulation of, 512 Prostaglandins, 231 white-­toothed, 280 copulatory plugs of, 489 Prostate gland, 216, 216f Pygmy sperm ­whale, 446f, 462–­463 dentition of, 315, 316, 316f, 319, 320f, 325 Protein electrophoresis, 33, 33f Pygmy spotted skunk, 365 diet of, 315 Proteles cristatus, 30, 136, 338, 358, 359f Pygmy three-­toed sloth, 342, 343 dispersal of, 515 Protelidae, 358 Pyramids, renal, 198 dominance interactions of, 480 Protelinae, 358 Pyrenean desman, 284 economics and conservation of, 318–­319 Protictis, 357f Python, as introduced species, 611 evolution of, 171, 314, 316, 317–­318, 335–­336 Protistans, 574f, 573–­575 facial region of, 119, 120f, 315, 319, 320f Protocetidae, 453 Quadritubercular molars, 71 food-­storing behavior of, 158f Protocone of tribosphenic molars, 71, 71f Quadrupedal locomotion, 123, 128, 129 fossil history of, 314, 316–­318, 317f Protohummus dango, 386 Quagga, 423, 423f gestation period of, 228 Protosiren, 413 Quills, 113 grooming behavior of, 27f, 474f, 474–­475 Protosirenidae, 413 of echidnas, 113, 246 group size of, 328 Protostrongylus rufescens, 578 of hedgehogs, 113, 286, 286f habitat destruction affecting, 609 Prototheria, 51–­52, 67, 68f, 68–­70, 73f, 242 of porcupines, 113, 385, 386f, 387f, 388 habitat of, 315–­316, 318, 604, 606f classification of, 237, 238 of tenrecs, 272 haplorrhini, 325–­336 dentition of, 68–­70, 70f Quoll, 90, 193, 256–­257 latitudinal gradient in diversity of, 103 Protrusable anal scent glands, 359 lemur-­like, 317 Protungulatum donnae, 9 Rabbit, 374, 397, 400 locomotion of, 125–­126 Provincialism of mammal distributions, 83–­86 Amami, 400 mammary glands of, 233, 315 in continental drift, 86 biological control of, 572 menstrual cycle of, 220 faunal regions in, 83, 84f, 84–­86 classification of, 45 milk of, 117f Proximate causation, 484 compared to hares, 400 monogamy of, 495 of dispersal, 515, 516 coprophagy of, 148 morphology of, 316, 316f Przewalski’s h­ orse, 423, 598f cottontail, 3, 102, 398 mycophagy of, 154 Psammomys, 200 diseases and parasites of, 572, 584 ordinal characteristics of, 315–­316 Pseudantechinus, 257 domestication of, 591f, 593f, 594 parental care of offspring, 492 Pseudocheiridae, 238, 264 ear and tail length of, 185 parent-­offspring conflicts of, 493 Pseudocheirus peregrinus, 150 economics and conservation of, 398–­399, 609 phylogeny of, 315f, 319f Pseudochirops archeri, 264, 343 Eu­ro­pe­an, 122, 397, 543, 572, 615 placenta of, 225, 319, 325 Pseudopenis of female hyena, 359, 359f in Great American Interchange, 96, 97f reproduction of, 315 Pseudophyllidea, 577 as introduced species, 615 sex ratio in populations of, 486 Pseudopotto martini, 324 and island biogeography, 563f skull of, 316, 316f, 317, 317f Pseudopregnancy, 219, 501 jackrabbit. See Jackrabbit social behavior of, 328, 501, 502, 504 Pseudoryx nghetinhensis, 440 marsh, 611 sperm competition in, 489–­490 Pseudotaria muramotoi, 357, 370 morphology of, 398 strepsirrhini, 319–325­ Pteralopex, 300 Omiltreme, 400 suborders and families of, 239, 314, 315f Pteronotus, 294f, 307, 307f phyloge­ne­tics of, 54 wet-­nosed, 319 Pteronura brasiliensis, 364f population regulation, 541, 542f, 543 Primelephas, 407 Pteropodidae, 151, 241, 289, 292f, 293f, 299f, riverine, 400 Priming pheromones, 470 299–­300 robust, 400 Priodontes, 79, 346, 346f compared to other bat families, 290f rock, 408 Prionailurus, 358 migration of, 522 threatened species, 609 Prion diseases, 586f, 587 Pteropodoidea, 299–300­ Tres Marias, 400 Prionodontidae, 240, 352 Pteropus, 288, 292f, 300 volcano, 400, 609 Priscakoala lucyturnbullae, 261 body size of, 299 Rabbit-­eared bandicoot, 258, 260f, 259–­260 Prisoner’s Dilemma, 509 roosting, 300f Rabbit fever, 584 Proboscidea, 55, 239, 271, 402, 403–­408 Pterygoideus muscle, 141, 144, 148 Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, 572 Procavia capensis, 409, 409f Ptilocercidae, 239, 276–­277 Rabies, 19, 584–­586 Procervulus, 438 Ptilocercus, 277, 278 in bats, 298 Procolobus, 330, 331f Ptilodus, 70f, 378f mortality of host in, 571f Procoptodon goliah, 267 Puberty, endocrine system in, 168 in raccoons, 365, 366 Procumbent incisors, 133 Pubis, 121 in skunks, 365 Procyon Pudu, 172 Raccoon, 365f, 365–­366 cancrivorus, 365f antlers of, 437, 438f crab-­eating, 365f lotor, 23, 25, 155, 187, 357, 365, 562, 572, 585, 611 northern, 436, 437 dentition of, 133f, 365 pygmaeus, 366 Pudu diet of, 133f, 155, 365f Procyonidae, 240, 352, 364, 365–­366, 367 mephistophiles, 436 diseases and parasites of, 572, 585, 586f -1— Production efficiency, 560 puda, 172 dispersal of, 96 0— Productivity, 560 Puerto Rican flower bat, 306 in Great American Interchange, 96, 97f +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 738 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 739

habitat degradation affecting, 611 viscacha, 32, 391, 392 Rensch’s rule, 39 huddling of, 187 water, 397 Reproduction, 214–­234 and island biogeography, 562, 563f white, 200 anisogamy in, 484–­485 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh mating systems of, 25 Rate of living theory, 535 of “big bang” breeders, 219, 221, 534 placenta of, 225f Rat flea, oriental, 580, 580f circannual rhythms in, 171, 172–­173 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh pygmy, 366 Rat-­kangaroo, 265–­266 and communication, 476 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh rabies in, 365, 366 Rat opossum, 249, 254, 255f competition in, 485 ringtail, 365 Rattus, 19, 149, 378, 397 dominance interactions in, 481 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh trapping of, 23, 357 habitat degradation from, 610 ecological factors affecting, 511f, 511–­512 Raccoon dog, 193, 585 as introduced species, 518 effort in, 492, 534–­535, 535f, 537 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Radiation of heat, 178, 186–­187, 204 norvegicus, 19, 44, 166, 379, 379f, 487, 540, 593f, endocrine system in, 168, 170 Radiations of mammals 615 female anatomy in, 215–­226 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh adaptive, 89 rattus, 3, 615 gestation period in, 215, 226–­228 in Cenozoic era, 71 Ratufa, 380, 380f iteroparity in, 534 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh of marsupials, 95 Ratufinae, 380 live births in, 2, 242 timing of, 56–­59 Ray, John, 11 male anatomy in, 215–­217 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Radioactive tagging, 24 Realized niche, 549 of marsupials, 214, 220, 242, 247, 248–­249 Radioimmunoassay technique, 30, 31 Recapture, in mark-­recapture studies, 26–­27 mating season in. See Mating season hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Radioisotopes, 31–­32 Reciprocal altruism, 508–­510 mating systems in, 494–­497. See also Mating DNA probe labeled with, 33 of vampire bats, 306, 509, 509f systems hn hk io il sy SY ek eh in marking techniques, 24 Reciprocal monophyly of haplotypes, 42 of monotremes, 214, 242, 243, 243f in metabolism studies, 29 Recognition of kin, 476, 506–­507 of numbats, 248, 257 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Radiotelemetry, 5, 25–­26, 26f Reconciled tree method, 93 optimum number of offspring in, 491 Radius, 121 Red-­backed vole, 114 and parental investment in offspring, 491–­493 of bats, 128, 128f, 289, 291f Alaskan, 197 and parent-­offspring conflicts, 493–­494 of ­whales, 446, 448f Red bat, 227 perineal swelling of receptive females, 330 Rafinesque’s big-­eared bat, 310f Red-­bellied gracile mouse opossum, 253 physiological mea­sures of, 30f, 30–­31 Rafting, dispersal in, 88, 89 Red blood cells, 76 of primates, 315 Rainforests in ­whales, 449 seasonal, 170 biodiversity in, 88 Red colobus monkey, 330 in semelparity, 219, 221, 492, 534 destruction of, 608–­609 western, 318 sex ratios in, 485–­487 fragmentation of, 88 Red Data List of IUCN, 238, 613 sexual selection in, 487–­490 Range of species, 82, 83f Red deer, 436 social behavior affecting, 505 competitive release in, 550 farming of, 601 species differences in, 214–­215, 228–­231 home range in. See Home range life table on, 532 success in. See Reproductive success Rangifer tarandus, 147, 437, 531, 600 population regulation, 539 Reproductive effort, 492, 534–­535, 535f antlers of, 118 reproductive effort of, 534, 535f in bet-­hedging, 537 fur of, 182 roaring of, 476, 477f Reproductive rate, 493 migration of, 523 sex ratio in populations of, 485, 486, 486f and exponential growth, 531 population regulation, 545 Red Forest rat, lowland, 395 and kin selection, 507, 508 Ranging behavior, 514 Red fox, 113, 256, 266, 362 life table on, 533, 534f Rapoport’s rule, 103 diseases and parasites of, 585 Reproductive skew, 485 Rat, 19 ears of, 185f Reproductive success, 481, 485, 485f African grass, 397 as introduced species, 551 and anisogamy, 484–­485 African maned, 396 and island biogeography, 562, 563f Bateman gradient on, 485 African white-­tailed, 395 as predator, 400, 543 habitat selection affecting, 521 alarm pheromones of, 477 Red-­handed howler monkey, Maranhao, 329 inbreeding affecting, 515 bamboo, 394 Red kangaroo, 266 and inclusive fitness, 506 black, 3, 580 body size of, 248 and mating success, 485 brain of, 166 embryonic diapause of, 230f, 230–­231 of offspring, 487 brown, 487, 540, 580, 615 lactation of, 232–­233 and parental investment, 491, 491f cane, 386, 386f Red muntjac deer, 436 in polygyny, 494 chinchilla, 391 Red-­necked wallaby, 534 and reproductive effort, 535 climbing, 396 Red-­nosed tree rat, 392 and sex ratio of population, 485 coprophagy of, 149 Red panda, 151, 367 Reproductive value, life table on, 533, 534f cotton, 586 Red ruffed lemur, 323 Reptiles crab-­eating, 396 Red-­rumped agouti, 389, 390f compared to mammals, 75f, 75–­76 dassie, 386 Red squirrel, 154, 159 limbs of, 74, 74f diseases and parasites of, 580, 586 food supply affecting reproduction of, 543 mammal-­like, 63, 67f, 68f, 76 domestication of, 594 growth rate of offspring, 536 in Mesozoic era, 68 Eu­ro­pe­an, 378 and island biogeography, 563f Reptilia, 63 groove-­toothed swamp, 397 life-­history traits of, 534 Research, 22–48­ habitat degradation from, 610 Rocky Mountain, 102 in captive settings, 5 hearing of, 164f Red-­tailed monkey, 477 factorial design in, 543–­544 as introduced species, 518, 610, 615 Red-­toothed shrew, 193, 280 in field, 5, 23–­28, 543–­544. See also Field research kangaroo. See Kangaroo rat Red-­vested tree rat, 392 fossils in, 9–­10 laboratory, 593f, 602 Red viscacha-­rat, 391, 392 historical, 8–20­ lowland Red Forest, 395 Red wolf, 363, 615 in laboratories and museums, 6, 6f, 15, 28–­39. See Malagasy giant jumping, 395 Refugia, 88 also Laboratory research mole-rat.­ See Mole-­rat for African savanna ungulates, 98, 100 on migration, 522 natal multimammate, 586 Regeneration of nerves, 167 molecular techniques in. See Molecular New World, 396 Regionalization, biogeographic, 83–­84 techniques Norway. See Norway rat Reindeer, 556 on population regulation, 543–­544 population regulation, 540 as exploited captive, 599, 600, 600f primates used in, 318 pouched, 394, 395 population growth, 531, 531f radiotelemetry in, 5 rice, 396, 586 population regulation, 545 removal experiments in, 553–­554, 556 rock, 391, 392f Reithrodontomys, 126 resources for, 4–­6 roof, 484, 615 megalotis, 201, 552f, 553 systematic methods in, 39–­47 sex ratio in populations of, 487 Relapsing fever, 579f, 580f on ultradian rhythms, 173–­174, 174f sexual dimorphism of, 484 Relative medullary thickness, 199 in zoos, 5, 6f, 15 spatial abilities of, 527 Relaxin, 231 Reserves, 617 spiny, 38, 392 Religious issues in conservation, 614, 616 landscape ecolo­ gy of, 564 tree. See Tree rat Remingtonocetidae, 452, 453 Reservoirs for diseases, 3, 19, 571 tufted-­tailed, 395 Remnant alveoli, 414 Re­sis­tance mechanisms in cold adaptation, 179–­180, —-1 urine of, 200 Removal experiments, 553–­554, 556 180f, 196–­197 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 739 12/19/17 4:29 PM 740 Index

Resource defense polygyny, 496 feeding by, 450, 457, 458f fossorial, 127 Resources forelimbs of, 448f fur of, 114, 114f, 378 competition for, 478–­479, 495, 495f Greenland, 457 gnawing of, 147–­148 dominance interactions in access to, 480 hunting of, 454f, 457–­458, 621 granivorous, 149, 207, 554, 554f group defense of, 504 life span of, 457 habitat degradation affecting, 611 in home range, 479 North Atlantic, 457, 458 heat adaptations of, 197, 200, 205, 207–­209 human destruction and degration of, 607–­612 northern, 449f homing of, 525, 526 in territory, 479–­480, 496 North Pacific, 457, 458 hystricognathous, 376, 378f Resources for mammalogisits, 4–­6 pygmy, 451f, 454, 455, 456 hystricomorph, 376, 376f Respiratory system skull of, 449f infanticide of, 482, 492 countercurrent heat exchange in, 184, 203–­204 southern, 457 insulation of, 205 in diving, 449 Right-­whale dolphin, 446f interspecific competition of, 552f, 553 Reston virus, 587 Rinderpest, 572 jaw bones of, 378f Rete mirabile, 184 Ringed seal, 143f, 183, 366 in keystone guilds, 556 Reticulum of digestive system, 145f, 146 Ring-­tailed lemur, 126f, 322, 322f, 323, 609 kidneys of, 199f Ret­i­na, 163, 171 locomotion of, 323 kin recognition of, 476 Rhesus macaque, 28, 173 threatened species, 609 limiting similarity between, 552f, 553 cooperation of, 502 Ring-­tailed mongoose, 362 masseter muscles of, 376, 376f economics and conservation of, 318, 318f Ring-­tailed possum, 150, 260, 260f, 263–­264, 343 metabolic rate of, 205 extended family of, 493f Ringtail raccoon, 365 milk of, 117f grooming behavior of, 474f Rio Beni titi, 330 molting of, 114, 114f kin selection of, 507 Rio Mayo titi, 330 monogamy of, 495 in laboratory research, 614 Risk assessment in mammal conservation, 608 morphology of, 375f, 375–­376, 376f life table on, 532 Risso’s dolphin, 449f, 460, 460f mouse-­shaped, 376 parental care of offspring, 493f Risso’s ­whale, 446f myomorph, 376, 376f parent-­offspring conflicts of, 493 Ritualized signals, 469 in neotropical faunal region, 85 sex ratio in populations of, 486 River dolphin, 461–­462, 462f, 604 nocturnal, 171 socioecol­ogy of, 328 Riverine rabbit, 400 in oceanic faunal region, 85 sound sensitivity of, 472 River otter partuition of, 171 threating display of, 477f southern, 364 as pests, 615 ultradian rhythms of, 174 trapping of, 357 phyloge­ne­tics of, 53, 54 in urban areas, 318f Roads, habitat fragmentation from, 611, 612f population cycles of, 378 Rhinarium, 319, 320f Roan, 99f population regulation, 541, 542f, 544 Rhinoceros, 419 Roaring by red deer, 476, 477f porcupine-­shaped, 376 African, 425 Robust rabbit, 400 predation risk affecting foraging of, 557 Asian, 425 Robust tufted capuchin, 328 reproduction of, 215 black, 425, 614 Rock badger, 408 saliva spreading of, 202–­203 economics and conservation of, 422, 424–­425, Rock cavy, 389f sciurognathous, 376, 378f 426, 426f Rock hyrax, 408, 409, 409f, 410 sciuromorph, 376, 376f foot of, 419f Rock mouse, 395 skull of, 148, 375, 375f fossil history of, 421 Rock rabbit, 408 social behavior of, 511 horns of, 118, 425, 425f, 426, 426f, 614 Rock rat, 391, 392f spatial abilities of, 527 Indian, 425 Loatian, 385 squirrel-­shaped, 376 Javan, 425 Rock ringtail possum, 264 suborders and families of, 239–­240, 377f, 379–­397 one-­horned, 153, 425 Rock wallaby, pygmy, 266 trapping of, 23 seed dispersal by, 153 Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep, 489 trends in journal articles on, 18 square-lipped,­ 424f Rocky Mountain red squirrel, 102 in trophic cascades, 556 Sumatran, 425 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 579f, 580f, 583–­584 ultradian rhythms of, 173 white, 424f, 424–­425, 426, 614 Rocky Mountain wood tick, 584 urine of, 200 Rhinoceros, 153, 425 Rodentia (rodents), 3, 19, 70, 374–­397 water conservation of, 200, 204 Rhinocerotidae, 241, 419, 424–­426 aomaluromorph, 376 winter activity of, 191 fossil history of, 421 in Austrialian faunal region, 85 Rodrigues flying fox, 300 head ornamentation of, 425f Bergmann’s rule on, 101 Rods and cones, 163 Rhinocerotinae, 424 biological control of, 615 Roe deer, 229 Rhinolophidae, 241, 292f, 294f, 300–­301, 301f body size of, 552f, 553 delayed implantation of, 437 Rhinolophinae, 300 castorimorph, 376 Eu­ro­pe­an, 229, 437, 486 Rhinolophoidea, 54, 289, 300–­303 classification of, 239–­240 fluctuating asymmetry of, 488 Rhinolophus, 228, 294f, 301, 301f cold adaptations of, 187–­189 sex ratio in populations of, 486 Rhinonycteris aurantius, 204 color vision of, 163 Siberian, 229 Rhinopithecus, 331f, 332 communal nesting of, 187, 189, 191, 501, 511 Romerolagus diazi, 400 Rhinopoma, 303 community assembly rules of, 559 Roofing bones of skull, 119 Rhinopomatidae, 241, 292f, 303 competition with ants, 554, 554f Roof rat, 484, 615 Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 584 competition with early primates, 171 Roose­ ­velt, Theodore, 606 Rhizomyidae, 394 coprophagy of, 148f, 148–­149 Roosting habits of bats, 289, 291, 300, 300f Rhizomyinae, 394 copulatory plugs of, 489 Root of hair, 111f, 112 Rhizomys, 394 daily torpor of, 192 Root of tooth, 76, 77f Rhizophascolonus crowcrofti, 262 dentition of, 76, 77, 144, 148, 374, 375f, 375–­376, Rorqual ­whale, 450–­451, 454f, 455–­456, 457 Rhodocetus, 55 378f Ross seal, 143f Rhondo bushbaby, 325 in desert regions, 394f Rostrum, cranial, 382, 382f Rhynchocyon, 276 diet of, 149, 200, 207, 376, 554, 554f fenestrated, in lagomorphs, 398, 398f Rhyncholestes raphanurus, 254 digestive system of, 148 Rough-­toothed dolphin, 446f Rhynchomeles prattorum, 259 discovery of new species of, 4 Round-­eared sengi, 275 Rhynchonycteris naso, 303, 303f diseases and parasites of, 378, 379f, 573, 574, 575, Roundleaf bat, 301–­302 Ribs, 74, 75f, 121 577, 578, 580, 581, 583, 585, 586, 586f Roundworms, 570, 577, 578 Rice rat, 396, 586 distribution of, 374–­375 Rousette fruit bat, 293 Rice tenrec, 272 diversity of, 103, 105, 105f Rousettus, 293, 299 Richardson, John, 16 domestication of, 593f aegyptiacus, 151, 299 Richardson’s ground squirrel, 194 dormancy of, 192, 193–­194, 206 leschenaulti, 300 Rickettsia rickettsii, 583 economics and conservation of, 378–­379, 379f Royal antelope, 439 Ricochetal locomotion, 125, 125f, 126f estivation of, 206 r-­selected species, 493, 536–­537 Right ­whale in Ethiopian faunal region, 85 exponential growth of population, 531 baleen of, 451f farming of, 602 kin selection affecting, 507, 508 body size of, 446f feeding niche of, 549 life table on, 533, 534f -1— conservation of, 621, 621f food hoarding and caching of, 157, 158f, 190 in successional communities, 560 0— excrescences on head of, 457, 457f fossil history of, 376–­378, 378f Ruatan Island agouti, 389 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 740 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 741

Rucervus Scatter hoarding, 157 Seasonal molt, 114, 115f duvaucelii, 437 Scent glands, 115, 164–­165, 165f, 470–­471, 471f Sebaceous glands, 111f, 115 eldi, 168, 613 anal. See Anal glands Sebum, 115 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh schomburgki, 437 of deer, 115, 165, 165f, 435, 437, 470–­471, 471f Sectorial teeth, 77 Ruck flying fox, 300 of Viverridae, 361–­362 Seed dispersal, 153 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Ruffed lemur, 323, 609 of weasels, 115, 355 by bats, 151, 152, 298, 300 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Rufous bettong, 32f, 265 Schistosoma japonicum, 576 Seed-­eating mammals, 149 Rufous elephant shrew, 275, 275f, 276 Schistosomiasis, 576 Seggeurius amourensis, 410 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Rufous mouse lemur, northern, 321 Schizodactyly, 260, 260f Sei w­ hale, 455 Rumen, 145f, 146, 147 Schliemann’s sucker-­footed bat, 309, 310 baleen of, 451f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Ruminant herbivores, 144 Schneider’s roundleaf bat, 302 body size of, 446f dentition of, 145 Schomburgk’s deer, 437 conservation of, 621, 621f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh digestive system of, 134f Sciuridae, 240, 377f, 379, 380–­381 Selection foregut fermination of, 145f, 145–­146, 147 Sciurillinae, 380 artificial, 595, 596, 601, 616 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Ruminantia, 241, 419f, 426, 432–­440 Sciurillus, 380 group, 505, 542–­543 Runaway selection pro­cess, 487 Sciurinae, 380 kin, 494, 506–­508, 517, 542–­543 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Running, 123f, 123–­125, 124f Sciurocheirus, 325 natural. See Natural selection Rusa, 437 Sciurognathous rodents, 376, 378f runaway, 487 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Rus­sian desman, 284 Sciuromorpha, 240, 376, 376f, 377f, 379–­381 sexual, 476, 487–­490, 494 Sciurus, 159, 277 Selenodont teeth, 77, 144 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Sable, 99f, 357, 364 aberti, 3f of pseudocheirids, 264 Sable antelope, 613 carolinensis, 113, 158–­159, 380, 525 Selfish herds, 505–­506 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Saccolaimus peli, 293f niger, 113, 380 Self-­regulation of populations, 541–­542, 542f Saccopteryx, 303, 304, 304f, 517 vulgaris, 154, 199f Sella of ­horse­shoe bats, 301, 301f Sacculated stomach, 266 Scotinomys, 472 Semantic communication, 477 Sacral vertebrae, 121 Scott’s tree kangaroo, 267 Semelparity, 219, 221, 492, 534 Sacroiliac joint, 121 Scramble polygyny, 496 Semibrachiation, 328 Sac-­winged bat, 292f, 303–­304, 304f Scrapie, 586f Semicircular canals, 164, 165f, 244 Saddleback dolphin, short-­beaked, 526 Screaming hairy armadillo, 346 Seminal vesicles, 216 Saghatheriidae, 410 Screwworm fly, 571f Seminiferous tubules, 215, 216, 216f Sagittal crest, 119, 119f Scrotum, 215 Semnopithecus, 331f Saguinus, 326–­328, 327f, 512 Scutes, dermal, of armadillos, 345 entellus, 332, 490, 613 Sahafary sportive lemur, 321 Scutiosorex somereni, 282, 283, 283f Senescence, 535–­536 Saimiri sciureus, 472 Sea cow Sengi, 275f, 275–­276 Saki monkey, 125, 329–­330 fossil rec­ords of, 413, 413f Sensory channels, 470, 470f Salanoia concolor, 362 Steller’s, 411, 412f, 415 Sensory system, 162–­166 Salinoctomys loschalchalerosorum, 392 Seal, 85 brain areas in, 166f, 166–­167 Saliva Baikal, 371 in communication, 470f, 470–­475, 476 amylase in, 146 bearded, 143f hearing, 163–­164, 471–­473, 476. See also of insectivores, 135–­136 begging calls of, 494 Hearing spreading of, 202–­203 blubber of, 183 of moles, 137, 137f, 284, 475, 475f venomous, 135–­136 Caspian, 371 of platypus, 135, 137, 245, 246, 475 Salivary glands, 202 climate change affecting, 616 smell sense, 164–­165, 470–­471. See also Smell Saltatorial locomotion, 125, 126f crabeater, 143, 143f, 368, 368f sense Sambar, 437 dentition and diet of, 143, 143f, 144 taste sense, 165 Sambirano mouse lemur, 321 digestive system of, 144 touch sense, 165–­166, 470f, 474–­475 Sampling diving capabilities of, 368–­369 vision, 163, 163f, 470f, 473–­474. See also Vision in observational research, 27, 27f eared, 183, 370 Septicemic plague, 580, 581 taxon, 44 earless, 369f, 371 Sequencing methods, DNA, 33–­37 Sandflies, 575, 575f elephant. See Elephant seal alignment in, 44 Sand gazelle, 211 eyes and vision of, 368 automated cycle method, 36, 36f Sandhill dunnart, 258 female defense polygyny of, 496 in intraspecific variations, 40 Sandy mole rat, 394 fur. See Fur seal mitochondrial, 36–­37, 37f Sanford’s brown lemur, 323 gray, 204, 494 next-­generation, 36 Sanger sequencing method, 35–­36 harbor, 143f, 204, 368, 368f Sanger method, 35–­36 Sangihe tarsier, 326 harp, 204, 204f, 371 Seram Island bandicoot, 259 Sanguinivorous mammals, 142f, 142–­143 hearing of, 164, 164f, 368 Serengeti Plains ungulates, 147, 147f bats, 142–­143, 288, 305. See also Vampire bat hooded, 215, 232, 233, 371 Sertoli cells, 215, 216f San Jose Island kangaroo rat, 383 lactation of, 215, 232, 233 Setifer setosus, 272 San Quintin kangaroo rat, 383 leopard, 143f, 144, 371 Set point in body temperature, 178, 192 Santa Cruz Island fox, 620, 620f migration of, 523, 523f Severtzov’s birch mouse, 393 Santamartamys rufodorsalis, 392 monk, 368f, 371 Sewellel, 379 Saola, 440 northern, 371 Sex ratio of population, 485–­487 Sapajus, 327 placenta of, 225f and age structures, 533 Sarcophilus harrisii, 4, 255–­256, 551, 612 ringed, 143f, 183, 366 operational, 485 Sardinian pika, 400 Ross, 143f Sexual aggression and agonistic behavior, 478 Savanna elephant, 403, 404, 406 southern, 371 Sexual dichromatism, 323 as keystone species, 555 swimming of, 129 Sexual dimorphism, 39, 484, 487 Savanna ungulates, African, comparative phylogeog- thermal windows of, 204, 204f of bats, 496 raphy of, 98–­100, 99f Weddell, 183 of carnivores, 356 Say, Thomas, 14 Sea lion, 85, 369f, 370 of elephant seals, 484, 492f, 496 Scale effect in cold adaptations, 180 Australian, 371 of horns, 118 of ­whales, 448 California, 27, 368, 371 of lagomorphs, 398 Scales, 112 Galapagos, 371 Sexual selection, 487–­490 of pangolins, 113, 347f, 347–­348 Japa­nese, 371 indicator models of, 487–­488 Scalopus aquaticus, 127f, 282, 284 migration of, 523 intersexual, 487–­489 Scaly anteater, 338, 346–­348. See also Pangolin New Zealand, 371 intrasexual, 487, 489–­490 Scaly-­tailed flying squirrel, 380, 383, 384f southern, 370 and natural selection, 487, 488 Scaly-­tailed possum, 262 Steller, 24, 368f, 370, 370f odors in, 476 Scandentia, 52, 53, 239, 270, 276–­278 swimming of, 129 in polygyny, 494 Scan sampling in observational research, 27 Sea otter, 353, 363, 364 runaway, 487 Scaphoid bone, 355, 356f as exploited species, 613 and truth in advertising, 488 Scapula, 75f, 121 and global warming, 557 Seychelles sheath-­tailed bat, 304 of bats, 291, 292 as keystone predator, 555, 555f Sharp-­nosed bat, 303, 303f —-1 Scats. See Feces in trophic cascades, 555, 557 Sheath-­tailed bat, 303–­304 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 741 12/19/17 4:29 PM 742 Index

Sheep, 8, 426 water. See Water shrew study skins, 37–­38, 38f bighorn. See Bighorn sheep white-­toothed, 40, 193, 280–­281, 281f tactile receptors in, 166 conservation of, 619, 619f winter activity of, 190, 192 in thermoregulation, 112, 178 Dall, 531, 532f Shrew gymnure, 285 water loss through, 203–­204 diseases and parasites of, 575, 578 Shrew-­mole, 282 Skull, 118–­119, 119f domestication of, 439–­440, 591, 591f, 592f, 593, Shrew mouse, 408 of aadvarks, 348, 349f 593f, 595–­596, 596f, 601 Shrew opossum, 254 of bats, 133, 133f, 135, 141, 305f, 306f habitat selection of, 520f, 520–­521 diseases and parasites of, 573 of carnivores, 355, 355f, 356f, 357f home range of, 521 Shrew-rat,­ 397 of colugos, 279, 279f homing of, 524 Shyness, 510, 535 and dietary habits, 133f insulation of, 204 Siamang, 333 domestication affecting, 600 life table on, 531, 532, 532f Siau Island tarsier, 326 of Dromiciops, 255, 255f migration of, 520, 520f, 524 Siberian brown lemming, 544 of elephants, 405, 405f, 407f mountain, 427, 520, 524 Siberian hamsters, 186, 194 of elephant shrews, 276, 276f Murie’s, 532 Siberian musk deer, 435, 436 fluctuating asymmetry of, 488 population growth of, 538, 538f Siberian roe deer, 229 of giraffes, 433, 434f reproductive effort of, 534, 535 Siblicide, 482, 494 of herbivores, 144 social behavior of, 503–­504 Sicilian shrew, 282f of heteromyids, 382, 382f sperm competition in, 489, 489f Sicista, 194, 393 of hippopotamus, 440, 442f survivorship curve on, 532 Sicistidae, 240, 377f, 393 of hyrax, 411f wool of, 595 Sifaka, 321, 322f, 609 of lagomorphs, 398, 398f Shepherd’s beaked w­ hale, 461 Sigmodon hispidus, 586 of macropodids, 266, 266f Shivering, 178, 196 Sigmodontinae, 396 of monotremes, 244, 244f Short-­beaked echidna, 193, 242, 245, 246f Signaling pheromones, 470 of mountain beaver, 379, 379f pectoral girdle of, 244f Signals, 468, 469–­470 of pacas, 388, 388f skull of, 244f composite, 469, 469f of pangolins, 347f, 348 Short-­beaked saddleback dolphin, 526 context of, 470 of primates, 316, 316f, 317, 317f Short-­eared elephant shrew, 276 deceit in, 469 of rodents, 148, 375, 375f Short Fuse Model, 58, 58f distance traveled, 469 of shrews, 280, 281f Short-­nosed fruit bat, 300 duration of, 469 of sirenians, 414f Short-­tailed bat, 291f, 309, 309f properties of, 469–­470 of sloths, 341f introduced predators affecting, 615 ritualized, 469 of solenodons, 280f Short-­tailed gymnure, 285, 285f sensory, 470f, 470–­475 telescoped, 447, 449f Short-­tailed shrew, 282 syntax of, 304, 469–­470 temporal openings in, 62, 63f, 66f, 73, 74f northern, 135f, 135–­136, 149, 157, 190, 191, Sika deer, 3, 437, 438f of ­whales, 447, 449f, 452, 452f 468, 553 farming of, 601 of wombats, 262, 262f Short-­tailed weasel, 364, 544 hunting of, 613 Skunk, 139, 364f, 364–­365, 365f Shoulder as introduced species, 551 anal scent gland of, 115, 355, 364 and pectoral girdle, 121, 126, 243, 244f population regulation, 540 communal nesting of, 187 and scapula, 75f, 121, 291, 292 threatened species, 609 daily torpor of, 193 Shrew, 52, 270, 271, 280–­282 Silky anteater, 136, 339, 343 delayed implantation of, 229, 229f asymmetry of mandible development in, 488 Silky pocket mouse, 553 diseases and parasites of, 585, 586f Bergmann’s rule on, 101 Silver-­backed chevrotain, 432 eastern spotted, 229, 229f body mass of, 191, 280, 281, 282f Silver-­backed gorilla, 335 hog-­nosed, 265f, 361, 364 caravanning of, 281, 282f Silver-­backed jackal, 484, 491–­492 pygmy spotted, 365 character displacement in, 551, 551f Silver-­haired bat, 228 re­sis­tance to snake venom, 361 classification of, 45 Silver pika, 399 striped, 187, 193, 265f, 364, 364f, 585 common, 191, 551, 551f Silvery-­brown tamarin, 328 Sleep, reduced heat production in, 183 community assembly rules of, 559 Silvery mole rat, 415 Sleeping sickness, 580f coprophagy of, 149 Simias, 331f African, 574, 574f, 579f dentition of, 77, 78, 136, 280, 281f Simien jackal, 363 Slender loris, 324, 324f diet of, 137–­138, 281 Simiiformes, 326–­330 Slender mongoose, 360 distribution of, 280, 281f Similarity, limiting of, 552f, 553 Slender opossum, 254 elephant. See Elephant shrew Simocetus, 453 Slender-­tailed meerkat, 136 food caching of, 157, 158f, 190 Simocyon batalleri, 367 Slit-­faced bat, 291, 292f, 293f, 304–­305, 305f food supply affecting population growth of, 537, Simplex uterus, 221, 222f Sloth, 54, 97, 338 537f Simpsom, George Gaylord, 50 algae on, 342, 343 foraging of, 189, 281 classification of mammals, 50–­56, 51f brown-­throated, 342, 342f, 343 in Great American Interchange, 96, 97f Singing behavior. See Songs dentition of, 340, 341f hero, 282, 283, 283f Singing mouse, 472 digestive system of, 150–­151 and island biogeography, 563f Single-­striped opossum, 254 feet of, 341, 341f least, 189, 488 Sinodelphys, 56, 57, 95, 250 folivorous, 150–­151 marsh, 138 Sir David’s long-­beaked echidna, 242 gestation period of, 227, 341–­342 marsupial, 255 Sirenia, 52, 55, 56, 239, 271, 367, 402, 411–­416, 444 in Great American Interchange, 96, 97f masked, 40, 197, 282f, 560 body size of, 412f ground, 11, 96, 339, 340 Mediterranean, 135 dentition of, 413 locomotion of, 125, 341 musk, 280 economics and conservation of, 413 maned, 342, 343 otter, 271f, 272–­274 families of, 239, 411, 413–­416 pale-­throated, 342, 343 pelage of, 187 fossil history of, 413, 413f pelage of, 342, 343 phylogeography of, 40 morphology of, 411–­412, 412f skeletal anatomy of, 121 piebald, 282 in oceanic faunal region, 85 skull of, 341f production efficiency of, 560 skull of, 414f thermoregulation of, 342 pygmy, 237, 280, 551, 551f Sister groups, 43, 45 three-toed.­ See Three-­toed sloth red-­toothed, 193, 280 Six-­banded armadillo, 344f tree, 339, 339f short-­tailed, 135f, 135–­136, 149, 157, 190, 191, Skeletal muscles, 122 two-­toed. See Two-­toed sloth 282, 468, 553 Skeletal system, 118–­122 Sloth bear, 155, 338, 366 Sicilian, 282f appendicular, 118, 121–12­ 2 Slow loris, 153, 316, 324, 324f, 325 skull of, 280, 281f axial, 118, 121 Small intestine, 146, 148 smoky, 40 of bat wings, 127–­128, 128f Small mouse-­tailed bat, 303 social thermoregulation of, 189 evolutionary trends in, 73f, 73–­76 Smell sense, 164–­165, 165f in successional communities, 560 Skin, 111f, 111–­112 as channel of communication, 470f, 470–­471, thermogenesis of, 197 of armadillos, 345 471f, 477 torpor of, 193 as defense mechanism, 169 in clan-­specific odor, 471 -1— toxins of, 135, 135f, 282 pigmentation of, 112, 185 in homing pro­cess, 525 0— tree. See Treeshrew structure and function of, 111f, 111–­112 of moonrats, 285 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 742 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 743

of mycophagous animals, 155 Sonoran pronghorn, 435 and intraspecific competition, 504–­505, 539 and pheromones, 470–­471, 477 Sorex, 138, 281 and intraspecific variation, 38, 39–­40, 101–­102, 102f and scent glands, 115, 164–­165, 361–­362, 470–­471, alaskanus, 138 and morphospecies, 40–­41 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh 471f araneus, 190, 191, 551 phyloge­ne­tics of, 41, 42, 43–­445 and sexual attraction, 476 bendirii, 138 phylogeography of, 40 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh underwater, 139 cinereus, 40, 191, 197, 282f, 488, 560 type specimens of, 42 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Smilodectes, 317 food supply affecting population growth of, Species-­area relationship, 562 Smilodon, 250f 537, 537f and macroecol­ogy, 565 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Sminthopsis, 40, 251f, 257, 257f fumeus, 40 Species range, 82, 83f Smithsonian Institution, 5, 14 hoyi, 237, 280 Species richness, 83, 563–­564 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh National Zoological Park, 5 minutus, 551 Species Survival Commission (SSC), 618 Smoky bat, 291f, 308, 308f palustris, 128, 138, 139, 183, 280 Species survival plans (SSP), 618 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Smoky shrew, 40 Soricidae, 240, 272, 280–­282 Specificity of parasites, 573–­574, 574f Smooth muscles, 122 Soricinae, 280 Specimens, museum, 37–­39, 38f, 42 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Smutsia, 346, 347f Soricini, 281f Spectacled bear, 366, 367f Snake-­eating mammals, 361 Soricomorpha, 52, 53, 240, 270, 280–­284, 573 Spectacled hare-­wallaby, 200 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Snake venom, re­sis­tance to, 360, 361 Sotalia guianensis, 475 Spectacled porpoise, 459 Snow cover Sound Spectral tarsier, 318 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh and foraging zones, 189–­190 in communication, 470f, 471–­473, 473f, 476 Speke’s pectinator, 385 heimal threshold in, 189 frequency of, 164, 295, 295f, 471–­472, 473 Speothos venaticus, 141, 185, 219, 362 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh and white pelage color, 186 hearing of. See Hearing Sperm, 215, 216, 216f, 217, 491 Snow leopard, 358 and signature whistles of dolphins, 476 and anisogamy, 484–­485 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Snowshoe hare, 13, 399, 400 underwater, 164, 473 competition between, 457, 489f, 489–­490, 491 length and density of hair, 182 wavelengths of, 294, 294f cooperation between, 490 population cycles of, 539–­540, 541, 544, 545f, Sound window, 472 counts of, 30 545–­546 South African aardwolf, 30 deformed, 489–­490 seasonal changes in pelage color, 172, 172f, 186, South African springhare, 384 fertilization of ovum, 218, 220, 228 187, 400 South American chinchilla, 378 of first and second male, 489 Snub-­nosed monkey, 150, 332 South American grass mouse, 396 of marsupials, 253, 253f Social behavior, 500–­513 South American opossum, 253f of metatherians, 52 alarm calls in, 501, 503, 507, 517 South American porcupine, 387 of monotremes, 244 Allee effect in, 503 South American river dolphin, 461 paired, 253, 253f benefits and costs of, 503–­505 South American tapir, 423, 424, 424f and sex ratio in populations, 486, 486f of bottlenose dolphins, 461, 468, 502 Southern birch mouse, 393 of ­whales, 457 of cercopithecine monkeys, 330, 331f, 332 Southern brown bandicoot, 259f Spermaceti, 463, 463f, 613 co­ali­tions and alliances in, 480, 490, 501–­502 Southern dibbler, 257 Spermatogenesis, 215 communal nesting in, 187–­189, 188f, 501, 503 Southern elephant seal, 144, 183, 371 Spermophilus as cue in circannual rhythms, 173 Southern flying squirrel, 189 beldingi, 501, 516 dispersal affecting, 517 Southern grasshopper mouse, 201, 227f, 490 lateralis, 506 division of labor in, 504 Southern hairy-­nosed wombat, 262 parryii, 14 dominance in, 476, 480–­481. See also Dominance Southern huemul, 437 tridecemlineatus, 194, 526 evolution of, 505–­512 Southern long-­nosed armadillo, 346 undulatus, 503 examples of, 500–­502 Southern marsupial mole, 267, 268f Sperm ­whale, 13, 14f, 144, 444, 463–­464 group selection in, 505 Southern muriqui, 329, 609 beach stranding of, 526 in hunting for food, 477, 503–­504 Southern right ­whale, 457 body size of, 446f, 463 kin recognition in, 506–­507 Southern river otter, 364 conservation of, 621, 621f in lek mating system, 480, 480f, 496, 504 Southern seal, 371 diving of, 449, 463 mutualism in, 510 elephant, 144, 183, 371 dwarf, 446f, 462–­463 of naked mole-­rats, 387, 502, 503f Southern sea lion, 370 echolation of, 463, 463f in near future, warning about, 476 Southern tamandua, 341f, 343 homing of, 526 in nursing of non-­offspring, 501, 501f, 502f, 508 Southern tree hyrax, 409 hunting of, 454f, 464 observation of, 27f Southern viscacha, 390f as predator, 463, 463f of primates, 328 Southern woolly spider monkey, 329 pygmy, 446f, 462–­463 reciprocal altruism in, 508–­510 Spalacidae, 377f, 396 spermaceti organ of, 463, 463f and selfish herd, 505–­506 Spalacinae, 394 Sphaerechinorhynchus serpenticola, 579f socioecol­ogy of, 328 Spalacopus cyanus, 240, 392, 392f Sphenacodontia, 63, 65f in thermoregulation, 187–­189, 188f Spalax, 159, 394, 526 Sphenoid bones, 118 Social status, communication of, 476 Spatial abilities, 527 Sphiggurus, 387–­388 Social tuco-­tuco, 391 Spatial relations, 479–­482 Spider monkey, 328–­329 Society, 500 aggression in, 478–­479, 481–­482 sperm competition in, 490 Socioecol­ogy, 328 communication signals in, 475–­476 Spilocuscus, 263 Soft-­furred tree mouse, 394 competition for resources in, 478–­479, 495, 495f Spilogale, 364 Soil Conservation Ser­vice, 606 dominance in, 480–­481 putorius, 229, 229f Soil temperature in desert regions, 208f home range in, 479, 479f pygmaea, 365 Solar forcing, 87 ideal free distribution in, 521 Spinal cord, 166, 167 Solenodon, 270, 279–­280, 280f and intraspecific variations in separated Spine, 74, 75f, 121 Cuban, 135f, 279, 280f populations, 39 of hero shrews, 283, 283f Haitian, 135, 279 and mating systems, 495, 495f regional specialization of, 121 skull of, 280f territory in, 479–­480, 480f of xanarthrans, 339, 339f threatened species, 615 Spear-­nosed bat, 305 Spine type of guard hairs, 113 toxin of, 135, 135f, 280, 280f greater, 508 Spinner dolphin, 446f, 460, 460f, 461 Solenodon social behavior of, 508 Spinous pro­cesses, vertebral, 121 cubanus, 279, 280f, 615 Speciation, 40 Spiny echidna, 77 paradoxus, 135, 135f, 279, 615 Species Spiny mouse, 114 Solenodonta, 240, 270, 279–­280 biological concept, 41, 42 African, 397, 506 Solenodontidae, 240, 279–­280 boundaries of, 40–­43 pocket, 382–­383 Solitary fruit-­eating bat, 306 definitions of, 40–­41 tree, 394 Somali elephant shrews, 276 dispersal of, 88–­89 Spiny pocket mouse, 382–­383 Somatic muscles, 122 diversity of, 103–­105, 563–­564 Spiny rat, 38, 392 Somatosensory cortex, 475, 475f evolutionary, 40 Spiny tree mouse, 394 Songs exemplars of, 44 Spirit specimens, 38, 39 of bats, 304, 473 ge­ne­tic concept of, 42–­43 Spix’s disk-­winged bat, 308, 308f of mice, 472 and interspecific competition, 17, 472, 539, 543, Splanchnocranium, 118 of pikas, 399 549–554­ Spleen, 169, 169f —-1 of ­whales, 304, 456, 473, 473f and intraspecific communication, 471f Spongiform encephalopathy, 586f, 587 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 743 12/19/17 4:29 PM 744 Index

Spontaneous ovulation, 219, 220f Stress Synapsida, 56, 62–­63, 73f, 242 Sportive lemur, 321, 321f in dominance interactions, 481 climate change affecting, 87 Spotted chevrotain, 432 fluctuating asymmetry in, 489 continental drift affecting, 86–­87 Spotted cuscus, 263 general adaptation syndrome in, 540 evolution of, 64, 66 Spotted deer, 437 hormone response to, 168, 481, 540 extinction of, 89 Spotted dolphin, 446f, 461 immune function in, 168, 170 jaw of, 64, 67f, 74f Spotted fever, Rocky Mountain, 579f, 580f, 583–­584 and population regulation, 540 major groups of, 65f Spotted hyena, 358, 359, 360 Striated muscles, 122 temporal openings in skull of, 63f, 74f dentition of, 494 Striped dolphin, 446f tympanic membrane of, 68f dominance interactions of, 480 Striped grass mouse, 397, 397f Syncerus caffer, 503, 558 Kenyan, 27 Striped hyena, 358, 359f, 360 Syndactyly, 52 pelage of, 359 Striped possum, 138, 264 of marsupials, 251, 252f siblicide of, 482, 494 Striped skunk, 187, 364, 364f Syndesmochorial placenta, 225, 226f territorial marking of, 471, 471f daily torpor of, 193 Synocnus comes, 340 vocalizations of, 359 diseases and parasites of, 585 Syntax of signals, 304, 469–­470 Spotted paca, 388 hog-­nosed, 265f Synteny, 33 Spotted skunk Striped weasel, African, 364 Syntopic species, 559 eastern, delayed implantation in, 229, 229f Struthio camelus, 237 Syrian wild ass, 423 pygmy, 365 Study skins, 37–­38, 38f Systematic methods, 39–­47 Spotted-­winged fruit bat, 299 Sturnira nana, 306 in classification, 45 Springhare, 383, 384, 384f Subspecies, 39 in estimation of divergence times, 46–­47 Square-­lipped rhinoceros, 424f phylogeography of, 40, 41f in intraspecific phylogeography, 40 Squirrel, 277, 380–­381 Subterranean species, 127 in intraspecific variation, 39–­40 Abert’s, 3f Subunguis, 116, 117f in museum collections, 37–­38 dormancy of, 193 Succession in community, 560–­561, 561f in phylogeny reconstruction, 43–­45 Douglas, 159 Sucker-­footed bat, 85, 291, 309f, 309–­310 in species boundaries, 40–­43 flying.See Flying squirrel Sugar glider, 264f Systematics Agenda 2000: Charting the Biosphere, 37, 38 fox, 113, 380 Suidae, 241, 419f, 426, 427f, 428–­430 Sznlinia gracilis, 251 gray, 113, 158–­159, 380, 525, 563f Suina, 419f, 426, 428–­432 ground. See Ground squirrel Sulawesi babirusa, 429 Tachyglossidae, 238, 242, 245–246, 246f growth rate of offspring, 536 Sumatran orangutan, 333, 334, 475–­476 Tachyglossus, 233, 246, 246f homing of, 525, 526, 526f Sumatran rhinoceros, 425 aculeatus, 193, 242, 246, 246f and island biogeography, 563f Sun bear, 155, 366 Tachyoryctes, 394 kidneys of, 199f Sun compass in homing, 525–­526, 526f Tachyoryctinae, 394 life-­history traits of, 534 Suncus, 280–­281 Tachypteron, 297 locomotion of, 125 Sunda flying lemur, 279 Tactile sensory system, 165–­166 Malabar giant, 380f Sunda stink badger, 364 as channel of communication, 470f, 474f, red. See Red squirrel Suni, 440f 474–475,­ 475f reproduction of, 215, 543 Sunspot activity, 546 in grooming behavior, 474f, 474–­475 tree, 380 Supernumerary dentition, 79 of star-­nosed mole, 475, 475f tri-­colored, 100 of numbats, 257 Tadarida, 311 Squirrel monkey, 327, 328, 472 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 171, 173 brasiliensis, 27, 134, 294f, 304, 311, 311f, 473, 505, 522 Squirrel-­shaped rodent, 376 Sureli monkey, 332 bregullae, 312 Stable isotope analysis, 31–­32 Suricata suricatta, 136, 156, 360, 501, 508 tomensis, 312 Stapes, 65, 67f, 119, 164, 165f Survivorship curves, 532f, 532–­533, 533f Taenia, 575, 576f, 577, 577f Star-­nosed mole, 137, 137f, 139, 282, 284 and reproductive effort, 534 Tagging methods, 24 electric fields detected by, 475 Sus with radio transmitters, 25, 25f sensory organs of, 475, 475f cebifrons, 430 Taiga musk deer, 435 Static life tables, 531–­532, 532f domesticus, 593f Taiga vole, 188, 188f Station-­keeping, 514, 521 oliveri, 430 Tailbone, 121 Steatomys, 395 scrofa, 3, 19, 155, 429, 494, 593f, 597 Tail fluke of ­whales, 446, 447f Stebbins, G. Ledyard, 50 scrofa domesticus, 597 Tailless tenrec, 233 Stegodontidae, 407, 407f verrucosus, 430 Tails Stegotetrabelodon, 407 Susu, 462 Allen’s rule on length of, 102, 185 Stejneger’s beaked ­whale, 462f Swamp monkey, Allen’s, 330 in arboreal locomotion, 126 Steller sea lion, 24, 368f, 370, 370f Swamp mouse, Delany’s, 395 of bats, 292f Steller’s sea cow, 411, 412f, 415 Swamp rat, groove-­toothed, 397 countercurrent heat exchange in, 184 Stem groups, 56 Sweat, 201, 202 as heat shield, 209, 209f Stenella, 460–­461, 460f of camels, 201, 204, 210 incrassated, 251, 257 Stenodermatinae, 151 Sweat glands, 111f, 115, 201 of macropodids, 266, 267f Stephen’s kangaroo rat, 383 Sweepstakes routes in active dispersal, 89 of opossums, 251 Stephenson box trap, 23f Swift fox, 185, 185f of phalangerids, 263f Steropodon, 46, 46f, 56 Swimming, 123, 128–­129, 129f of ­whales, 446, 447f galmani, 244 paraxial, 128, 129 Talapoin monkey, 330 Stink badger, 364 of water shrews, 138, 139 Talas tuco-­tuco, 391 Stomach of w­ hales, 129, 445–­446, 447f Talaud bear cuscus, 263 content analysis, 28, 152 Sword-­nosed bat, 306 Talonid of tribosphenic molars, 71, 71f in digastric digestive system, 145f, 145–­146 Syconycteris, 152, 193 Talpa europaea, 137f, 157, 271f keratinized, 338 Sylvilagus, 102, 398 Talpidae, 137, 240, 274, 282–­284 in monogastric digestive system, 145f, 146–­147 diseases and parasites of, 584 Tamandua, 341f, 343, 344f sacculated, 265 ear and tail length of, 185 Tamandua, 136f, 343, 344f of ­whales, 446, 448f floridanus, 3, 398f, 398–­399 Tamarin, 326, 327–­328, 512 Strandings of marine mammals, 164, 526 graysoni, 400 Brazilian bare-­faced, 328 Strap-­toothed beaked ­whale, 462f insonus, 400 cotton-­headed, 327f, 328 Stratum basale, 111, 111f, 112 palustris, 611 as endangered species, 609 Stratum corneum, 111f, 111–­112, 116 robustus, 400 lion, 319, 326, 327–­328, 609 Stratum granulosum, 111, 112 Symbiosis monogamy of, 495 Stratum lucidum, 112 in domestication, 601 parent care of offspring, 492, 495 Straw-­colored fruit bat, 293f, 299, 300, 522 microfauna in, 402 silvery-­brown, 328 Streaked tenrec, 233, 272, 273f parasites in, 570 Tamias, 159, 173, 553, 553f Strepsirrhini, 239, 314, 315f, 319–­325 of sloths and algae, 343 alpinus, 553f compared to Haplorrhini, 319, 320f, 325 Symmetrodonta, 70 amoenus, 553, 553f facial region of, 320f Sympatry, 551, 551f, 552, 554 diseases and parasites of, 573 -1— phylogeny and characteristics of, 319f Symphalangus syndactylus, 333 dorsalis, 550, 551f 0— skull of, 316f, 320f Symphysis, ischiopubic, 121 minimus, 553, 553f +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 744 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 745

speciosus, 553f regulation of. See Thermoregulation evolution of, 177 striatus, 10f, 27, 136, 148, 611 set point in, 178, 192 heat adaptations in, 197–­211 umbrinus, 550, 551f Temperature of environment hypothalamus in, 178 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Tamiasciurus adaptations to, 176–­212 insulation in, 204–­205 douglasii, 159 climate change affecting. See Climate change metabolic rate in, 177, 178, 179f, 205 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hudsonicus, 102, 159, 534, 536 extreme variations in, 176 pelage color in, 102 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Tammar wallaby, 32f, 201, 230, 267 Temporalis muscles, 78f, 141, 141f, 144 saliva in, 202–­203 Tana River mangabey, 330 Tenrec, 52, 85, 88, 270, 272 skin in, 112, 178 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Tapetum lucidum, 163, 277, 368 common, 272, 273f social behavior in, 187–­189, 188f Tapeworm, 570, 575, 576f, 577 greater hedgehog, 272 sweating and panting in, 115, 201–­202 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Tapir, 419, 423–­424 hibernation of, 193, 272 in ­whales, 447–­449 Baird’s, 423, 424 lactation of, 233 Therocephalians, 63–­64 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh economics and conservation of, 422, 424 litter size of, 233, 272 Theropithecus, 331f foot of, 419f long-­tailed, 272, 273f Thick-­tailed bushbaby, 325 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh fossil history of, 420–­421, 424 morphology of, 273f Thick-­tailed pangolin, 346 lowland, 423, 424f phyloge­ne­tics of, 272, 272f Thin-­spined porcupine, 388 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Malayan, 423, 424 rice, 272 Thirteen-­lined ground squirrel, 380f mountain, 423, 424 streaked, 233, 272, 273f homing of, 526, 526f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh seed dispersal by, 153 tailless, 233 scramble polygyny of, 496 South American, 423, 424, 424f web-footed,­ 272 Thomas’s big-­eared bat, 310 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh threatened species of, 609 Tenrec ecaudatus, 233, 272, 273f Thomomys, 114 Tapirella, 423 Tenrecidae, 239, 271 talpoides, 200 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Tapiridae, 241, 419, 423–­424 Tenrecoidea, 239, 270, 272–­274 Thomson’s gazelle, 110, 147 Tapirus, 421, 423, 424 Tent-­building bat, 306, 306f brain cooling of, 202 seed dispersal by, 153 Termite-­eating mammals, 136, 338 gestation and lactation of, 227f threatened species of, 609 aardwolves, 358–­359 grazing of, 558, 558f Tarpan, 423, 597 golden moles, 274 migration and diet of, 147, 147f Tarsal bones, 75, 121 numbats, 256–­257 as prey, 503 Tarsal glands, 164, 165f, 470–­471, 471f Terrestrial carnivores, 140–­141 Thoracic vertebrae, 121 Tarsier, 85, 139–­140, 317 Terrestrial insectivores, 135–­140 Thornicroft’s giraffe, 433 brain of, 166, 326 Territory, 478, 479–­480 Thorny-­headed worms, 570, 579, 579f Horsfield’s, 326 competition for resources in, 478–­479, 479–­480 Threatened species, 3–­4, 238, 609 locomotion of, 125, 326 early research on, 17 species survival plans on, 618 Peleng, 326 economic defendability of, 479–­480 Three-­banded armadillo, Brazilian, 346 Philippine, 326 GIS and GPS technologies in study of, 26 Three-­striped dasyure, 42 Sangihe, 326 mating in, 480, 480f Three-­toed jerboa, northern, 394f Siau Island, 326 pheromone signals in, 471, 471f Three-­toed sloth, 150, 279, 339, 340, 341, 342, 342f spectral, 318 in polygyny, 496 diet of, 342 western, 326f radiotelemetry studies of, 25, 26f feet and claws of, 341f, 342 Tarsiidae, 239, 315f, 326, 326f Testes, 30, 167f, 215, 216f pygmy, 342, 343 Tarsiiformes, 326 descended, 30 skull of, 341f Tarsipedidae, 238, 265, 265f size of, and sperm competition, 457, 490, 490f Thrinaxodon, 75f Tarsipes, 265 Testosterone, 30, 168, 170 liorhinus, 68f rostratus, 152, 230, 265, 265f and dispersal, 515 Thryonomyidae, 240, 377f, 386 Tarsius, 139–­140, 318, 326, 326f in dominance interactions, 481 Thryonomys, 386 brain of, 166 in hyraxes, 409 Thumb Tasmacetus shepherdi, 461 and parental care of offspring, 492 in bat wing, 128, 128f Tasmanian dev­il, 4, 255–­256 secretion of, 215 opposable, 126, 252 contagious cancer of, 255–­256, 612–­613 Tetonius, 317 Thumbless bat, 308, 308f extinction of, 551 Tetracerus quadricornis, 439, 439f Thylacine, 255, 256, 256f Tasmanian tiger, 255, 256, 256f Thailand leaf-­nosed bat, 302 Thylacinidae, 238, 256 Tasmanian wolf, 256 Thalamus in circadian rhythms, 171 Thylacinus cynocephalus, 255, 256, 256f, 551, 611 extinction of, 551, 611 Therapsida, 63, 65f, 67, 68, 68f, 73f Thylacomyidae, 238, 258, 259–­260 Taste sense, 165 evolution of, 75f Thylacosmilus, 250, 250f Tate’s triok, 265 extinction of, 89 Thylacotinga, 95 Tattoo marking, 24 in ice age, 87 Thylogale calabyi, 267 Taurotragus, 439 pectoral girdle of, 244f Thymus gland, 169, 169f derbianus derbianus, 610 skull of, 66f, 73 Thyrohyrax, 410 oryx, 201 thermoregulation of, 112 Thyroid gland, 168 Taxidea taxus, 24, 193, 201, 361, 363 Theria (therians), 73f, 242 Thyroid-­stimulating hormone, 167f Taxidiinae, 363 classification of, 237–­241 Thyroptera, 308–­309, 308f Taxon biogeography, 92, 93 early, 70–­71 Thyropteridae, 241, 308–­309 Taxonomy, 2, 11 eutheria. See Eutheria (eutherians) Thyroxin, 168 evolutionary, 51 metatheria. See Marsupials (metatherians) Tibetian water shrew, 138 of marsupials, 253f tribosphenic molars of, 71 Tibia, 121 revision of, 42 Theriimorphans, 46 Ticks, 570, 572 of ­whales, 444 Theriodontia, 63, 65f, 75f developmental stages of, 583, 583f Taxon sampling, 44 Thermal conductance, 178 diseases associated with, 574, 579, 579f, 581–­584 Tayassu, 430 Thermal windows, 204, 204f Tiger, 3, 352, 358 Tayassuidae, 241, 419f, 426, 427f, 430–­432 of elephants, 204, 405 hunting of, 613 Tayra, 363 Thermogenesis, 178, 196–­197 Indian, 614 Teats or nipples, 233 nonshivering, 178, 196–­197, 197f as predator, 424 Tectonic plates, 86f, 86–­87, 90 shivering, 178, 196 shape of facial region, 120f Teeth, 76–­79. See also Dentition Thermogenin, 196 Tiger quoll, 257 Tehuantepec jackrabbit, 400 Thermoneutral zone, 178, 178f Time divisions, geologic, 64f Teinolophos trusleri, 244 Thermoregulation, 2, 176–­178 Tines of antlers, 437 Telefomin cuscus, 263 appendages in, 205 Titanohyracidae, 410 Telemetacarpalian splints in deer, 436, 437f body size in, 102, 205–­206 Titanohyrax mongereaui, 410 Telencephalon, 166, 166f brain cooling in, 202 Titanophoneus, 66f, 73f Telescoped skull of ­whales, 447, 449f cold adaptations in, 178–­197 Titi monkey, 329–­330 Temperature of body countercurrent heat exchange in, 184, 184f, 202, blond, 330 average range in, 177 203, 205, 448–­449 Togian babirusa, 429, 430 critical temperatures in, 178f, 178–­179 endocrine system in, 168, 178 Togo mole-­rat, 386 in dormancy, 191–­192 energy exchange in, 177f, 177–­178 Tolypeutes tricinctus, 346 —-1 of monotremes, 177, 243 evaporative cooling in, 201 Tomé free-­tailed bat, 312 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 745 12/19/17 4:29 PM 746 Index

Tong ue large, 278 Tylomy inae, 396 of anteaters, 136, 136f Mindanao, 278 Tylopoda, 241, 419f, 426, 428 of echidnas, 246 morphology of, 278 Tympanic bone, 76, 119 of honey possums, 265, 265f parental care of, 278 Tympanic membrane, 65, 66, 67f, 68f of nectarivorous bats, 152, 153f Tree sloth, 339 Tympanoctomys barrerae, 32, 391 of numbats, 257 metabolic rate of, 339f Tympanoperiotic bones, 452, 452f of pangolins, 152, 347 Tree squirrel, 189, 380 Ty mpanum, 164 of pygmy possums, 262, 263f Tremarctinae, 366 Type specimens, 42 taste receptors on, 165 Tremarctos ornatus, 366, 367f Typhlomys cinereus, 394 Tonkean macaque, 319 Trematodes, 575–­576 Typhoid fever, 579f Toolache wallaby, 267 Trench fever, 580f Typhus, 580f, 583 Toothed ­whale, 426, 444, 445, 458–­464 Tres Marias rabbit, 400 compared to baleen w­ hale, 445, 445f Triassic period, 64f, 69f Uacari monkey, 329, 330 diet of, 448f Tribosphenic molars, 71, 71f, 76 Uganda kob, 496 echolation of, 452, 452f, 458 Trichechidae, 239, 411, 415–­416 Uinta chipmunk, 550, 551f hunting of, 613 Trichechus, 411 Ukari, new species of, 4 size of, 446f, 458 habitation destruction affecting, 610 Ulna, 121 sounds of, 473 inunguis, 402 of bats, 128, 128f, 289 straped-­toothed, 462f manatus, 411, 413, 415, 619 of w­ hales, 446, 448f Topi, 99f manatus latirostris, 415 Ultimate causation, 484 lek mating system of, 480, 480f, 496 manatus manatus, 415 of dispersal, 515, 516 Torpor, 191–­192, 206 senegalensis, 415 Ultradian rhythms, 170, 173–­174, 174f daily, 191, 192 Trichinella, 578, 578f Ultrasonography in reproductive tract studies, 31 of hedgehogs, 285–­286 Trichinellosis, 578, 578f Ultrasound frequencies, 164, 472 seasonal, 192 Trichinosis, 578, 578f Underfur, 113 Total metabolic rate, 180, 180f Trichostrongylus, 578 Undulation, caudal, of ­whales, 446 Touch sense, 165–­166 Trichosurus, 251f, 262–­263, 263f Unguiculate species, 315 as channel of communication, 470f, 474f, Trichuriasis, 578 Unguis, 116, 117f 474–­475, 475f Trichuris, 577–­578 Ungulates, 8, 56, 418–­443 in grooming behavior, 474f, 474–­475 Trichys fasiculata, 385 of African savanna, comparative phylogeography of star-­nosed mole, 475, 475f Tri-­colored squirrel, 100 of, 98–­100, 99f Townsend’s big-­eared bat, 612 Triconodon, 70f of African Serengeti Plains, 147, 147f Toxins, 135–­136 Triconodonta, 69, 70 dentition of, 144 of platypus, 245, 245f dentition of, 70f in desert regions, 211, 211f re­sis­tance to, 360, 361 fossil rec­ords of, 46, 46f, 51 diet of, 147, 147f of shrews, 135, 135f, 282 Trigon (Trigonid) of tribosphenic molars, 71, 71f diseases and parasites of, 574, 578 of solenodons, 135, 135f, 280, 280f Trinervitermes, 136 dominance interactions of, 480 Toxocara canis, 578 Trinomys, 392 even-­toed, 55, 419, 419f, 426 Toxoplasma gondii, 574 Triok, 138–­139, 264 head ornamentation of, 425f Toxoplasmosis, 574 long-­fingered, 138, 264 hoof of, 117 Trachops cirrhosus, 141 Tate’s, 265 intrasexual selection of, 489 Trachypithecus, 331f, 332 Tristram’s jird, 553–­554 as introduced species, 518 Tracking methods in field research, 24–­26 Tritheledonts, 64 lek mating system of, 480 with radiotelemetry, 5, 25–­26, 26f Tritubercular molars, 71 limb structure of, 418, 419f Tradition in habitat selection, 520–­521 Tritylodonts, 64, 376–­377 locomotion of, 123, 124, 418 Tragulidae, 241, 419f, 426, 427f, 432 Trophic cascades, 554 –­556, 557 mammary glands of, 116f Tragulina, 419f Trophoblast, 222, 222f, 226 migration of, 147, 147f, 523f, 523–­524, 524f Tragulus, 432, 432f Tropical niche conservatism model, 103 milk of, 117f Tragus in bats, 291, 292f Tropical pocket gopher, 383 mutualistic relationships of, 558 bifid, 302 Trotting, 123, 124f odd-­toed, 419, 419f Tranquilizer darts, 23 True’s beaked ­whale, 462f population regulation, 541, 542f Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 11 Trunk of elephants, 405–­406 sex ratio in populations of, 485–­486 Transferrin, 33f Truth in advertising, 488 survivorship curves of, 533f Transition zones, 83, 85 Trypanosoma, 574, 574f vampire bats affecting, 305 Transpirational water loss, 201–­204 Trypanosomiasis, 574, 574f Unguligrade mammals, 123 Trapping, 13 Tsetse fly, 574 Unicolored tree rat, 392 of beaver, 16f, 382, 613 Tube-­lipped nectar bat, 152, 153f Unicorn myth, 459 care of captive animals in, 23–­24 Tube-­nosed fruit bat, 292f Unicuspid teeth, 77 conservation concerns in, 613 Tube-­nosed gloomy bat, 310 Uniformitarianism, 12 for fur trade, 13, 16f, 18–­19 Tube-­throated ­whale, 450–­451 Upper critical temperature, 178 of parasites, 571 Tubulidentata, 56, 239, 271, 338, 348–­350 Urea, 147 regulations on, 23 Tuco-­tuco, 101, 102, 391 Ureters, 198, 198f, 199f, 216f for research, 5, 23f, 23–­24, 26–­27 Tufted capuchin, robust, 328 Urethra, 198, 198f, 216f, 218f Travel Tufted deer, 437 Urial, 593f, 596 communication for coordination of movements Tufted-­tailed rat, 395 Urine, 147 in, 475–476­ Tularemia, 579f, 580f, 584, 584f in heat adaptations, 199–­200, 210 emigration in, 530, 564 Tundra vole, 173 pheromones in, 470–­471, 471f, 477, 540 immigration in, 530, 561–­562, 562f, 564 Tupaia, 277–278­ Urocitellus migration in. See Migration Tupaiidae, 239, 276, 277–­278 beldingi, 470, 501, 516 Tree hyrax, 408 Turkish hamsters, 194 parryii, 192, 194–­195, 195f, 480 economics and conservation of, 411 Tursiops truncatus, 460, 481, 502 richardsonii, 194 middorsal gland of, 410, 410f Tusk s Urocyon skull of, 411f of babirusas, 431f cinereoargenteus, 186, 354f southern, 409 of elephants, 405f, 406, 407, 614 littoralis, 219, 620, 620f western, 409, 410f as homologous character, 43–­44 Uroderma, 306 Tree kangaroo, 230, 266, 267 as modified incisor tooth, 77 Urogale everetti, 278 Tree mouse, 394–­395 of narwhal, 458, 458f, 459, 459f Urogenital sinus, 220 Tree pangolin, 346 of walrus, 369, 370, 370f, 614 Urogenital system Tree rat, 392 Two-­toed sloth, 150, 227, 339, 340, 341–­342 female, 218f Treeshrew, 52, 53, 85, 270, 276–­278, 316 diet of, 341, 342 male, 216f classification of, 45, 276, 316 feet and claws of, 341, 341f Uropatagium in bats, 291, 291f, 292f dentition of, 76, 277, 278 gestation period of, 341–­342 Ursidae, 240, 352, 353, 366–­367 diet of, 277 Hoffman’s, 340, 343 dentition of, 354f -1— economics and conservation of, 278 Linnaeus’, 340 diet of, 356 0— fossils of, 278 skull of, 341f food hoarding and caching of, 157 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 746 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 747

Ursinae, 366 Virginia opossum, 44, 96, 97f, 250 red-­backed, 114, 197 Ursus economics and conservation of, 252–­253 reproduction of, 172–­173, 173f, 215 americanus, 126f, 155, 192, 229, 366, 525f, 614 gestation and lactation of, 226–­227, 227f as r-­selected species, 493 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh arctos, 3, 12–­13, 13f, 23, 102, 155, 192, 356, 366, mammary glands of, 115, 233, 233f sex ratio in population of, 486 556 reproduction of, 215 social behavior of, 188–­189, 497 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh arctos nelsoni, 366–­367 re­sis­tance to snake venom, 361 spatial abilities of, 527 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh horribilis, 12 tail of, 251 sperm competition in, 489 maritimus, 14, 102, 155, 183, 353, 366, 616 Viruses, 570, 571, 584–­587 in successional communities, 560 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh thibetanus, 155, 366 in biological control, 572 taiga, 188, 188f U.S. National Museum, 14 hemorrhagic fevers from, 586–­587 thermogenesis of, 197 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Uta Hick’s bearded saki, 330 rabies from, 584–­586 tundra, 173 Uterus, 217, 218f, 220–­222, 222f rinderpest, 572 ultradian rhythms of, 173, 174, 174f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh bicornuate, 221, 222f, 319 Visayan spotted deer, 437 winter activity of, 191, 192 epithelial tissues of, 224–­225, 226f Visayan warty pig, 430 Voluntary muscles, 122 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh examination of, 30–­31 Viscacha, 390, 390f Vombatidae, 238, 261–­262 placental scars of, 30, 30f, 226 Viscacha-rat,­ 32, 391–­392 Vombatiformes, 260 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh types of, 220–­221, 222f Visceral fluke, 575 Vombatus ursinus, 224, 261, 261f Visceral larva migrans, 578–­579 Vormela peregusna, 364 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Vaccination, 169 Vision, 163, 163f Voucher specimens, 38 animal models in testing of, 614 of bats, 54, 163, 291, 293, 299 Vulnerable species, 238 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh rabies, 586 brain areas in, 166, 166f Vulpavus profectus, 357f Vagina, 217, 218f, 220 as channel of communication, 470f, 473–­474 Vulpes hn hk io il sy SY ek eh in estrus, 30 in homing pro­cess, 525 lagopus, 14, 114, 182, 185f, 186, 544, 556 size and length of, and sperm competition, 490 Visual cortex, 166, 166f macrotis, 557 Vaginal smear technique in estrous cycle, 220 Viverra civettina, 362 velox, 185, 185f Vampire bat, 142f, 142–­143, 288, 305–­306, 306f Viverravidae, 357, 357f vulpes, 113, 185f, 256, 266, 362, 400, 543, 551, blood sharing of, 509, 509f Viverridae, 240, 352, 360–­362 585, 593f common, 305, 306, 306f, 509 compared to Herpestidae, 360, 360f zerda, 185 dentition of, 77, 142, 142f, 305, 306f Viverrinae, 361 economics and conservation of, 298 Viviparous species, 242 Wagner’s mustached bat, 294f false. See False vampire bat Voalavo, eastern, 395 Waif dispersal, 89 food sharing and social behavior of, 306 Voalavo antsahabensis, 395 Walking, 123–­125, 124f giant, 306 Vocalizations, 471–­473 Wallaby, 266, 266f, 267 hairy-­legged, 142, 305 alarm calls in. See Alarm calls bridled nailtail, 267 rabies of, 585 of bats, 304, 470, 473, 505 crescent nailtail, 267 reciprocal altruism of, 306, 509, 509f in begging behavior, 494 hare-­wallaby, 266, 267 sanguinivorous diet of, 142–­143, 288, 305 of elephants, 404, 469, 473 pygmy rock, 266 white-­winged, 142, 305 of felids, 358 red-­necked, 534 Vampirolepis nana, 575 of hyenas, 359 reproductive effort of, 534 Vampyrum spectrum, 141, 305 of hyraxes, 409 skull and dentition of, 266, 266f Vanikoro flying fox, 300 population density affecting, 536 tammar, 32f, 201, 230, 267 Vaquita, 459, 460 recorded, observation of response to, 27 toolache, 267 Varecia, 322, 323, 609 songs in. See Songs Wallace, Alfred Russel, 15 Variegated spider monkey, 329 sound window in, 472 Wallacea, 85 Vas deferens, 216, 216f ultrasonic, 472 Wallace’s Line, 83, 85 Vasopressin, 492, 497 of ­whales, 304, 444, 454–­455, 456, 470 Wallaroo, 227f, 232 Vater-­Pacini corpuscles, 111f, 112, 404 Volant locomotion, 127 Walrus, 77, 85, 367, 368f, 369f, 369–­370, 370f Vectors of disease, 3, 19, 571, 579–­584 Volcano rabbit, 400, 609 blubber of, 183 Velli, 113 Vole, 396 climate change affecting, 616 Velvet covering of antlers, 118, 437 active dispersal of, 89 fossil history of, 357, 370 Venom, 135f, 135–­136 bank, 486, 583, 611 heat adaptations of, 205 of platypus, 245, 246f Bruce effect on population of, 540 homologous characters of, 43–­44 re­sis­tance to, 360, 361 Chaotung, 200 morphology of, 369, 369f of shrews, 135, 135f, 282 cirannual rhythms of, 172–­173, 173f swimming of, 129 of solenodons, 135, 135f, 280, 280f common, 560 tusk of, 369, 370, 370f, 614 Vertebrae, 75f, 121 communal nesting and huddling of, 188–­189 Wapiti, 487 of hero shrews, 283, 283f in community energy flow, 560 Warfare, habitat degradation from, 612 of xanarthrans, 339, 339f dentition of, 375f Warm-­blooded animals, 176 Vertebral column. See Spine digestive system of, 148 Warthog, 426, 431f Vervet monkey diseases and parasites of, 584 common, 98, 99f, 429 dispersal of, 515, 515f East Eu­ro­pe­an, 545 desert, 429, 430 skin pigmentation of, 112 in food chain, 559, 560f survivorship curve of, 533f social learning of, 504 foraging zones of, 189 Warty pig, 430 Vespertilionidae, 241, 288, 292f, 293f, 294f, 310, 310f habitat degradation affecting, 611 Water hibernation of, 193, 310 habitat selection of, 521 conservation of, 199–­200, 209–­211 subfamilies of, 310, 310f heather, 396 and digestive physiology, 147 Vespertilionoidea, 289, 310 homing of, 525f doubly labeled, in metabolism mea­sure­ment, Veterinary medicine, 3 hormones of, 497 29–­30 Viability analysis of population, 618–­619 and island biogeography, 563f evaporation of, 178, 201–­203 Vibrissae, 113, 165 life history of, 536 in feces, 150, 200 Vicariance, 86 meadow. See Meadow vole in folivorous diet, 150 deep and shallow history of, 94 Mediterranean pine, 541 and heat adaptations, 198–­201 and dispersal, 90–­91, 91f, 93 microsatellite length in, 497 insensible or transpirational loss of, of marsupials, 94–­96 mole, 396 201–­204 Vicugna monogamy of, 495, 497 metabolic, 200 pacos, 428 montane, 172–­173, 173f, 219 and osmoregulation, 198 vicugna, 428, 430f, 593f, 598, 613 ovulation of, 219 plants as source of, 200 Vicuña, 426, 428, 430f parent care of offspring, 492 in respiratory heat exchange, 203, 203f domestication of, 593f, 598 pelage of, 187 in urine, 199–­200 hunting of, 613 population cycles of, 378, 540, 543, 544, 545, 545f Waterbuck, 99f, 440f, 533f Viet­nam­ese pot-­bellied pig, 597f population growth of, 531 Water buffalo, 100, 597 Vietnam mouse deer, 432 population regulation, 540, 541, 543, 544, 544f, Water chevrotain, 432 Villi 545, 545f, 556 Water deer, Chinese, 77, 435, 436, 437, 438f chorionic, 222f, 223f, 224, 248 prairie, 148, 197, 495, 497, 544 Water opossum, 254 —-1 placental, 224, 225f as prey, 545 Water rat, 199f, 397 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 747 12/19/17 4:29 PM 748 Index

Water shrew, 25, 128, 138 echolation of, 164, 452, 452f, 458, 461, 463, 463f life history of, 536 American, 138, 139, 280 economics and conservation of, 13–­14, 14f, life table on, 532 elegant, 280 453–­454, 464, 621f, 621–­622 nursing of non-­offspring, 502f, 508 Eu­ro­pe­an, 135, 135f, 282 Eden’s, 455 population growth of, 538, 538f, 543 Glacier Bay, 138 evolution of, 444, 445, 450, 452–­453, 453f study skins of, 38f hunting behavior of, 138 false killer, 446f in successional communities, 560 insulating fur of, 183 fin.See Fin ­whale survivorship curve on, 532 locomotion of, 138 fossil history of, 452–­453 White-­fronted monkey, 327f Tibetian, 138 gestation period of, 227, 228 sureli, 332 underwater sniffing by, 139 gray. See Gray ­whale White-­lined bat, 303, 517 Water vole, 25 hearing of, 164, 164f White-­lipped peccary, 430, 431, 431f, 432 Wavelength of sound waves, 294, 294f homing of, 526 White-­nosed bearded saki, 330 Weasel, 363 humpback. See Humpback w­ hale White-­nosed coati, 365 African striped, 364 hunting of, 13–­14, 14f, 453–­454, 456, 457–­458, White nose syndrome in bats, 4, 298, 298f, 613 body size and distribution of, 181 464, 613, 614f, 616, 621 White rat, 200 character displacement of, 552 killer. See Killer ­whale White rhinoceros, 424f, 424–­425, 426, 614 delayed implantation of, 229 limbs of, 446, 447f, 448f White-­rumped black leaf monkey, 332 feeding requirements of, 181 lobtail technique in feeding by, 504, 504f White-­shouldered bat, little, 305 in food chain, 559, 560f migration of, 456, 522, 526 White-­sided dolphin, 446f in Great American Interchange, 96, 97f milk of, 232 White-­spotted chevrotain, 432 as introduced species, 615 minke, 446f, 451f, 455, 621, 621f White-­tailed deer, 3, 19, 19f, 165f, 487 least, 88, 229, 356, 363, 364, 559, 560f morphology of, 445–­452 antlers of, 438f long-­tailed, 140, 186, 229, 364 narwhal, 458, 458f, 459 dentition of, 79, 79f North American, 552 navigation errors of, 526 diseases and parasites of, 572, 572f, 583, 587 population cycles of, 544 in oceanic faunal region, 85 endocrine system of, 168 as predator, 353, 501, 507, 544, 559 Omura’s, 455 fur color of, 114 scent glands of, 115, 355 phyloge­ne­tics of, 55, 444, 445f, 455f habitat degradation affecting, 611 seasonal changes in pelage color, 115f, 172, pi­lot, 446f, 448f homing of, 524 186, 364 pinnipeds compared to, 367 hunting of, 23f, 613 short-­tailed, 364, 544 placenta of, 225 interspecific competition affecting, 551 Weather patterns reproduction of, 536 mating season of, 172 adaptations to, 176–­212 right. See Right ­whale population regulation, 539, 539f and Allen’s rule, 102 Risso’s, 446f scent glands of, 165f and Bergmann’s rule, 102, 102f, 181 rorqual, 450–­451, 454f, 455–­456, 457 sex ratio in populations of, 487 and circannual rhythms, 172 sei, 446f, 451f, 455, 621, 621f White-­tailed mongoose, 360 and climate change, 87. See also Climate change sirenians compared to, 411 White-­tailed mouse, 395 and gradients in species diversity, 103–­105 skeletal anatomy of, 121, 446, 447f, 448f White-­tailed prairie dog, 505 and habitat degradation, 610 skull of, 447, 449f, 452, 452f White-­tailed rat, African, 395 and population cycles, 545, 546 smell sense of, 165 White-­tipped tuft-­tailed rat, 395 and sunspot activity, 546 songs of, 304, 456, 473, 473f White-­toothed shrew, 40, 193, 280–­281, 281f and trophic cascades, 556, 557 sperm. See Sperm ­whale White w­ hale, 458 Webbing between toes, 128 stomach of, 446, 448f White-­winged vampire bat, 142, 305 Web-­footed tenrec, 272 straped-­toothed, 462f Wild and Free-­Roaming ­Horses and Burros Act, Website resources, 5 swimming of, 129, 445–­446, 447f 423 Weddell seal, 183 taxonomy of, 444 Wildebeest, 19f, 99f, 100, 147 West African gorilla, 335 thermoregulation of, 447–­449 black, 171 Western barred bandicoot, 260 toothed. See Toot hed ­whale blue, 558 Western giant eland, 610 tube-­throated, 450–­451 grazing of, 147, 558, 558f Western gorilla, 318, 333 white, 458 migration of, 147, 147f, 524, 524f Western gray kangaroo, 230, 267 ­Whale lice, 457 partuition timing of, 171, 171f Western harvest mouse, 201, 553 Whaling, 13–­14, 14f, 453f, 453–­454, 454f, 456, as prey, 510 Western long-­beaked echidna, 82, 242 457–­458, 464 Wildlife Restoration Act, 606 Western quoll, 90, 193 conservation concerns in, 13–­14, 14f, 613, Williamson’s mouse deer, 432 Western red colobus monkey, 318 614f, 621 Williams’s rule of parsimony, 505 Western rock elephant shrew, 275 international regulation of, 14, 454, 616 Wind-­assisted flight, 89 Western tarsier, 326f Whippomorpha, 55, 241, 418, 419f, 426, 440–­442 Wind turbines, bat fatalities associated with, 298 Western tree hyrax, 409, 410, 410f Whipworms, 577–­578 Wing-­gland bat, 311 Western woolly lemur, 322 Whiskered bat, 310 Wing loading, 293 West Indian manatee, 411, 413, 415, 619 Whis­kers, 113 Wings of bats, 54, 127–­128, 128f, 289, 291, 291f, West Indian monk seal, 368f of otter shrews, 272 522 Wetlands, 608, 610 in touch sense, 165 and aerodynamics of flight, 291–­293, 293f, 522 Wet-­nosed primates, 319 Whispering bat, 294 anatomy of, 128f, 289, 291, 291f ­Whale, 418, 426, 440, 444–­464 Whistles of dolphins, 476 aspect ratio of, 293, 293f anthropogenic noise affecting, 164 White adipose tissue, 183, 196 camber of, 292, 293f baleen. See Baleen wh­ ale White bat, 306 as homologous character, 43, 44 beach stranding of, 164, 526 White-­bellied pangolin, 346 Winter lethargy, 192–­193, 366 beaked. See Beaked ­whale White-­bellied spider monkey, 329 Wolf, 4, 8, 362 beluga, 164f, 458, 458f, 459 White blood cells, 169 conservation of, 357, 604, 605f, 617, 618 black, 457 White-­cheeked spider monkey, 329 cooperative rearing of young, 501 blow of, 450 White-­collared lemur, 323 diet of, 31, 141 blubber of, 183, 367, 446, 448 White coloration, 185f, 186–­187 domestication of, 592, 594, 594f, 595 blue. See Blue ­whale White-­eared pocket mouse, 383 dominance interactions of, 481 body shape of, 445–­446, 446f White-­faced saki, 125 eastern, 362, 363f body size of, 129, 237, 444, 445, 448 White-­footed mouse, 19, 19f, 396 Ethiopian, 362 bottlenose, 449 communal nesting of, 501, 503 Falkland Island, 363 bowhead. See Bowhead wh­ ale cooperative rearing of young, 502f, 508 fur of, 182 Bryde’s, 446f, 451f, 455 diseases and parasites of, 572, 583 gray. See Gray wolf classification of, 45, 444, 445 facial region of, 120f as introduced species, 556, 558 commensal relationships of, 558 habitat fragmentation affecting, 611, 612f introgression, 615 communication and vocalizations of, 304, 444, habitat selection of, 518 life expectancy of, 531 454–­455, 456, 469, 470, 473 homing of, 525, 526 maned, 219, 363 countercurrent heat exchange in, 448–­449 inbreeding and outbreeding of, 515, 517 monogamy of, 495 dentition of, 77, 79, 133f, 143, 449f, 452, 461, 462f infanticide of, 505 origin of dog from, 592, 594, 594f, 595 -1— diet of, 143, 144, 448f, 450–­452 interspecific competition of, 553, 554 ovulation of, 219 0— diving of, 449–­450, 463 in landscape ecol­ogy, 564 population growth, 617, 618 +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 748 12/19/17 4:29 PM Index 749

as predator, 31, 353, 353f, 503, 539, 558 Worm Yellow-­winged bat, 302 range of, 604, 605f flatworm, 570 Yersinia pestis, 579, 612 red, 363, 615 hookworm, 578 Yinpterochiroptera, 241, 289, 299–­303 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh reintroduction of, 617, 618 meningeal, 572, 572f Yolk sac, 223f, 224f social behavior of, 501, 503, 504 roundworm, 570, 577, 578 Yonenaga’s spiny tree rat, 392 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Tasmanian, 551, 611 tapeworm, 570, 575, 576f, 577 Yucatan black howler monkey, 329 in trophic cascades, 556 thorny-­headed, 570, 579, 579f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Wolverine, 363 whipworm, 577–­578 Zaglossus, 82, 233, 242, 246 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Wombat, 224, 260, 261f, 261–­262 Woylie, 266 Zalambdodont teeth, 268, 271, 271f placenta of, 223f, 224 Wrist bones, 121 Zalophus, 27, 368, 371 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh reproductive system of, 249 of bats, 128, 128f, 289 Zambian mole-­rat, 527 skull of, 262, 262f of carnivores, 355, 356f Zanzibar galago, 325 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Women in mammalogy, 14, 15, 17–­18 Wrist-­winged gliders, 264 Zapodidae, 239, 377f, 393 Wood bison, 4, 616 Wyulda, 262, 263f Zapus, 148, 194 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Woodchuck squamicaudata, 262 Zebra, 419 burrows of, 127 Burchell’s, 422, 558 hn hk io il sy SY ek eh circannual rhythms of, 173 Xenarthra, 54–­55, 56, 58, 59, 97, 239, 338–­346 disruptive coloration of, 114 hibernation of, 194 claws of, 341f grazing of, 147, 147f, 558, 558f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh population regulation, 540 dentition of, 339 Grevy’s, 422, 423 thermal windows of, 204 digestive system of, 338–­339 migration of, 147, 147f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Woodland jumping mouse, 393 fossil history of, 340, 340f mountain, 99f, 422 Woodlark cuscus, 263 metabolic rate of, 339, 339f plains, 99f, 422, 423, 423f hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Wood mouse, 490, 543, 583 milk of, 117f signals of, 469, 469f Woodrat, 396 orders and families of, 239, 340f, 340–­346 stripes of, 114, 423 body size and distribution of, 181 phylogene­ tics­ of, 54–­55, 340f survivorship curve of, 533f desert, 200 vertebrae of, 339, 339f Zebu, 593f, 596, 596f diseases and parasites of, 572 Xenopsylla cheopis, 580, 580f Zeitgeber, 170, 173 dusky-­footed, 583 Xerinae, 380 Zenkerella insignis, 383 eastern, 12, 159, 396f Xerus inauris, 209, 209f, 219 Ziama ­horse­shoe bat, 301 food caches of, 480 Ziphiidae, 241, 452, 461–­462, 462f habitat degradation affecting, 612 Yak, domestication of, 593f, 597 Zokor, 394 skull, dentition, and dietary habits of, 133f Yanbaru whiskered bat, 310 Zona pellucida, 226, 228 territory of, 480 Yangochiroptera, 241, 289, 303–­312 Zonary placenta, 224, 225f Wood tick, Rocky Mountain, 584 Yellow armadillo, 346 Zoogeography of marsupials, 249–­250, 250f Wool, 113, 595 Yellow baboon, 486–­487 Zoonoses, 571, 579–­587 Woolly false vampire bat, Peter’s, 305 Yellow-­bellied glider, 154 Zooplankton, 450, 451, 455 Woolly lemur, 321–­322 Yellow-­breasted capuchin, 328 Zoos, 15 threatened species, 609 Yellow fever, 571f, 580f history of, 15 Woolly mammoth, 407, 407f, 408f Yellow-­necked mouse, 26 naturalistic settings of, 15 Woolly monkey, 328–­329 Yellow-­pine chipmunk, 553 research at, 5, 6f, 15 Woolly opossum, 254 Yellow-­shouldered bat, lesser, 306 roles of, 4 Woolly spider monkey, 328, 329 Yellow-­spotted rock hyrax, 408 Zorilla, 364, 364f sperm competition in, 490 Yellowstone National Park, 556, 558, 606, 618 Zygogeomys trichopus, 383 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 606 Yellow-­striped chevrotain, 432 Zygomatic arch, 119, 119f World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 616 Yellow-­tailed woolly monkey, Peruvian, 328, 329 Zygote, 220, 221

—-1 —0 —+1

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 749 12/19/17 4:29 PM Equivalent Weights and Mea­sures hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Length hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Unit Abbreviation Equivalent hn hk io il sy SY ek eh meter m approximately 39 in centimeter cm 10−2 m hn hk io il sy SY ek eh millimeter mm 10−3 m hn hk io il sy SY ek eh micrometer µm 10−6 m hn hk io il sy SY ek eh nanometer nm 10−9 m hn hk io il sy SY ek eh hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Volume hn hk io il sy SY ek eh Unit Abbreviation Equivalent liter L approximately 1.06 qt milliliter mL 10−3 L (1 mL = 1 cm3 = 1 cc) microliter µL 10−6 L

Mass

Unit Abbreviation Equivalent kilogram kg 103 g (approximately 2.2 lb) gram g approximately 0.035 oz milligram mg 10−3 g microgram µg 10−6 g nanogram ng 10−9 g picogram pg 10−12 g

Common Prefixes

Prefix Equivalent Examples kilo 1000 a kilogram is 1000 grams centi 0.01 a centimeter is 0.01 meter milli 0.001 a milliliter is 0.001 liter micro (µ) one-­millionth a micrometer is 0.000001 (one-­millionth) of a meter nano (n) one-­billionth a nanogram is 10−9 (one-­billionth) of a gram pico (p) one-­trillionth a picogram is 10−12 (one-­trillionth) of a gram

-1— 0— +1—

550-57954_Feldhamer_ch08_7P.indd 750 12/19/17 4:29 PM Conversion Chart hn hk io il sy SY ek eh

Length Conversions hn hk io il sy SY ek eh 1 in = 2.5 cm 1 mm = 0.039 in hn hk io il sy SY ek eh 1 ft = 30 cm 1 cm = 0.39 in hn hk io il sy SY ek eh yd = 0.9 m 1 m = 39 in hn hk io il sy SY ek eh 1 mi = 1.6 km 1 m = 1.094 yd hn hk io il sy SY ek eh 1 km = 0.6 mi hn hk io il sy SY ek eh To convert Multiply by To obtain hn hk io il sy SY ek eh inches 2.54 centimeters feet 30 centimeters hn hk io il sy SY ek eh centimeters 0.39 inches hn hk io il sy SY ek eh millimeters 0.039 inches hn hk io il sy SY ek eh

Volume Conversions 1 tsp = 5 mL 1 mL = 0.03 fl oz 1 tbsp = 15 mL 1 L = 2.1 pt 1 fl oz= 30 mL 1 L = 1.06 qt 1 cup = 0.24 L 1 L = 0.26 gal 1 pt = 0.47 L 1 qt = 0.95 L 1 gal = 3.79 L To convert Multiply by To obtain fluid ounces 30 milliliters quart 0.95 liters milliliters 0.03 fluid ounces liters 1.06 quarts

Mass Conversions 1 oz = 28.3 g 1 g = 0.035 oz 1 lb = 453.6 g 1 kg = 2.2 lb 1 lb = 0.45 kg To convert Multiply by To obtain ounces 28.3 grams pounds 453.6 grams pounds 0.45 kilograms grams 0.035 ounces kilograms 2.2 grams

Energy Conversions calorie (cal) = energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water (at 16°C) by 1°C 1 calorie = 4.184 joules 1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 cal 1 joule = 0.24 cal 1 kilocalorie = 4.184 kJ

Temperature Conversions (°F − 32) × 5 Celsius (Centigrade) °C = 9 °C × 9 Fahrenheit °F = + 32 5 —-1 —0 Kelvin K = °C + 273 —+1

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