RESEARCH ARTICLE Adv. Sci. Lett. Vol. 24, No. 7, 2018 36-6612/2018/24/606/006 doi:10.1166/asl.2018.11735

Copyright © 2011 American Scientific Publishers Advanced Science Letters All rights reserved Vol. 24, Number 7 2018 Printed in the United States of America

Cohesiveness Oral Tradition and Tradition Write: A Case Study On Expansion events and figures of in East Aceh Section

Asnawi1,2, Mufti Riyani1,2 1 Departement Of Science Education, Faculty Of Education, Samudra University, Aceh, 24416, Indonesia 2 History Departement, Faculty Of Education, Samudra University, Aceh, 24416, Indonesia

This study intends to determine the extent to which these oral traditions intersect with historical events and how the myths that developed in the community Tamiang and Perlak as well as in border areas that show the name identification that was related to the events of the expedition and the name of Gajah Mada of Majapahit. Folklore, myth, and the story are the reduction process of the oral tradition that developed and influential in the lives of today. These researchers utilize historical-critical method with traditional historiologies types. This type of research selected because researchers want to use the resources in the form of oral tradition. Highlighted the oral tradition that is still alive in the people of Aceh the East in order to obtain the views of local residents as a source to write a history of the triumph of Majapahit and Gajah Mada figures from a different angle. In the field, historians were often hit by lack of written sources related to a historical event (missing link). This lost period did not disappear completely. Stories, Stories of Heroism, Fables, tale, Chronicle,etc., it often provides a description of the missing historical periods. As a collective memory that was spoken from generation to generation, oral traditions can be a source of history with a particular process. This study uses the historical method with the use of traditional sources; results showed that the process of expansion into Eastern part of Aceh is not written in detail in the book Pararaton and Negarakertagama and leave no evidence of conquests like inscriptions or other written evidence. This expansion event is only recorded through oral tradition associated with some place names or toponymy in the eastern part of Aceh, especially in Aceh Tamiang and Peureulak, East Aceh district

Keywords: East Aceh Section, Expansion Of Majapahit, Oral Tradition, Tradition Write

1. INTRODUCTION The arrival of Majapahit and his envoy to the area has not been widely disclosed in historical writing. Gajah Historical events and great figures always Mada of Majapahit and given the conquered kingdoms or interesting to be rewritten in a variety of viewpoints. One regions of expansion is different from the view of the of the great figures of the archipelago is Gajah Mada. historical center. As with any relationship creates a binary Gajah Mada or the highest office called Mahapatih Gajah opposition notch ordination and subordination. Gajah Mada is a mahapatih during the triumph of Majapahit. Mada of Majapahit and was hailed as a hero and a great Together with King Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit which empire capable of uniting the archipelago given the ruled in the range of 1350-13891. Gajah Mada moves historical center but became a figure which is realize Oath. Palapa Oath and his form in contradictory for the countries conquered and territory expedition history Majapahit intersection Pamalayu expansion. incised with the rest area outside Java island, one of them A great tradition in the history of Sumatra began with the Kingdom of the ocean, and the Empire of with manuscripts written in the form of Hikayat. Samudra, Empire of Peurelak and BenuaTamieng is now Manuscript offensive Majapahit expedition to Sumatra, in parts of East Aceh region. one of the renowned saga is a tale 23111 king Pasai. The

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1 Adv. Sci. Lett. Vol. 4, No. 2, 2011 1936-6612/2011/4/400/008 doi:10.1166/asl.2011.1261

RESEARCH ARTICLE Adv. Sci. Lett. Vol. 24, No. 7, 2018 36-6612/2018/24/606/006 doi:10.1166/asl.2018.11735

saga rewrote in historical writing like Tarich Atjeh and Based on the description above, the oral tradition, Archipelago written by Zainuddin by using a source of in this case, can be used as a historical source because it oral tradition. These traits appear in the discussion of the contains things that are positive. This fitsI Gde Widja6 events with the utilization of the words 'according to the opinion stating that oral tradition actually contains source of the story' or 'told by sahibulsaga2. In through the information that is about life of a community with its saga, Majapahit expedition to Sumatra (Aceh) have not various aspects and is special because it is internal been written in the book Pararaton and Negarakertagama information or information from within. in detail. The oral tradition of the People of Gajah Mada of Gajah Mada is believed to lead the expedition to Majapahit which can be traced in the area of East Aceh. Sumatra, which was told as stories or folk tales associated Majapahit contiguity and Gajah Mada in this area is with the names of several places in the eastern part of believed to be the name of a language or phoneme sounds Aceh. The events of this expedition aredescribed in the similar to the word Majapahit; the place is like a hill form of stories or oral tradition and do not develop as a called Manyak Payed (pronounced 'maya'pait) in the historical record3. Tamiang, East Aceh. Besides Manyak Payed in Tamiang If traced based on literature sources there is a area, still, there is a swamp that is between Peurlak and possibility of contact history and the Majapahit kingdom Peu Dadawa with name Paya Gajah. The origin of the and BenuaTamieng. Based on the Timeline adapted from name of two places and several other locations in the various sources, there are number 1352 which stated eastern part of Aceh region has its own tale. invasion of Majapahit to Tamiang, thwarted by This study intends to determine the extent to mangkubhumi Muda Sedinu or known by the name of which these oral traditions intersect with historical events Raja Muda Sedia. According to Ali Hasmy adapted by and how the myths that developed in the community Emi Suhaemi in his writings 'Acehnese Women in Tamiang and Perlak as well as in border areas that show Government and War', appears the name of the daughter the name identification that was related to the events of of Lindung Bulan, daughter of Raja Muda Sedia that the the expedition and the name of Gajah Mada of Majapahit. royal government Benua Tamieng role as Prime Minister. Folklore, myth, and the story are the reduction process of Princess Lindung Bulan or called Princess Sri Kandee the oral tradition that developed and influential in the pursuing a strategy ruse to repulse the duke of Nala, who lives of today. occupied the island of Majapahit envoy Kampey (one region Tamiang) in 1377 4. 2. ORAL TRADITION IN HISTORYCAL METHOD Historical events in a different perspective, in fact, can not always be written. The reasons for this may be These researchers utilize historical-critical due to the limitations of the data sources and less method with traditional historiologies types. This type of stimulation of the written tradition in society. However, research selected because researchers want to use the the events and historical figures in space or the scene is resources in the form of oral tradition. Oral tradition as often retold with a tradition called the oral tradition. materials in this study is an attempt to capture the Although the levels of validity as historical sources have experiences of the group in the past through stories limitations as anachronism properties (not sequential) and passed on from generation to generation from generation the element of subjectivity which is greater than the to generation have a distinctive aspect. The oral tradition written sources and oral history5. is the form of the saga, myth, folklore, stories, imagery or In this case, oral history can also be said to maxim and kind of oral tradition that contains historical contain the oral tradition itself. This often happens data related to the object of the oral tradition according to because it can be considered more meaningful because it the location used as a case study. is the visual reconstruction of the events that had ever As well as historiography, according to historical taken place contained in the memory of every individual research Gottschalk using four stages of heuristics or human being. This oral history can be a primary source if tracing, criticism, interpretation and writing of history, but it is delivered by a perpetrator or a witness, or a for this study using oral tradition as a source of historical secondary source if not the perpetrators or witnesses, but sources, then this needs to be categorized oral tradition7. people who know of an event. The time span of these Oral tradition in the story category tends to convey the eventshas gone too far to be able to find the perpetrators facts to the taste of speakers so filled with additions and witnesses of history required by oral history. according to taste, therefore, need to do a comparison test Meanwhile, the oral tradition is an oral testimony with the information from other speakers8.). delivered orally from generation to generation, although 3. Cohesiveness Oral Tradition and Tradition Write: its content is not a historical event actually occurred or in Expansion events and figures Gajah Mada of the form of tradition, however, does not mean it is Majapahit in East Aceh Section unlikely that the oral tradition contains the instructions for opening the historical facts and resources the new-source in the writing of history. 2

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Oral tradition may be interpreted as a habit or Expedition Pamalayu as one embodiment Palapa Oath custom developed in a community of people who spoken Gajah Mada. Gajah Mada was appointed as recorded and passed down from generation to generation Mahapatih (rakryanpatih) by Queen through oral language. In the oral tradition is contained Tribhuwanatunggadewi12 and shows dedication; he took historical events, customs, stories, fairy tales, proverbs, an oath known as Palapa Oath before Rani songs, spells, moral values, and the value of oral Tribuawatunggadewi Jayasawisnuwardhani precisely in religion.Tradisi in the next stage is not rated as a the year 1336 These vows are also called "Oath traditional pre-literacy because the oral tradition is Archipelago" that the wider implementation of the oath it showing a tendency verbal ability in society who have self, Here is the oath that is written in the book palapa known characters. Pudentia provides an understanding of Negarakertagama: the nature of orality as follows9: "Sira Gajah Mada, pepatih hamoengkoe bhoemi tan “The oral tradition includes everything related to ayoen hamoekti palapa.Sira Gajah Mada, lamoen literature, language, history, biography, and a wide hoewoes kalah Noesantara ingsoen hamoekti palapa. range of knowledge as well as other art forms were Lamoen kalah ring Goeroen, ring Seram, passed from mouth to mouth. Thus, the oral tradition Tanjoengpoera, ring Haroe, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring includes not only folklore, riddles, proverbs, folk , Soenda, , Toemasek, samana ingsoen songs, mythology, and legends as commonly thought to hamoekti palapa” 13. people, but also to the cultural cognitive systems, such The translation of sound Palapa Oath is as follows: as history, law, and medicine. The oral tradition is "all “I Gajah Mada, patih Hamangku Bumi takes the oath discourse spoken / conveyed from generation to Palapa. As long as I have not united , I generation include the oral and script discourse" and would not have enjoyed the palapa. Before I conquered is defined as "a system that is not a script discourse..” Desert Island, Ceram, Tanjongpura, Haru Island, Based on the above understanding, the Pahang Island, Dompo, Bali, Sunda, Palembang, development of the oral tradition in contemporary society Tumasik, I will not taste the palapa)”. still bears the cognitive culture system which includes the According to oral tradition stated that the reason inside knowledge of history, in which form this for the arrival of the Majapahit Aceh to triumph begins knowledge is not yet written. Definition of oral tradition, with an alarming Samudra Pasai, Majapahit parties so that more specifically given by some experts. January Vasian in 1350 preceded the Majapahit empire attacked warships defines oral tradition as a "verbal message in the form of ocean with the power of a hundred in number. The a statement reportedly from the past to the present soldier's ocean is governed by Gajah Mada14. like the generation" where "the message must be a statement that Hikayat Radja Pasai mentioning that in the reign of is spoken, sung, or accompanied by musical Sultan Ahmad ruled in pasai, princess Gemerencang instruments"10. He further stated as follows: Majapahit fell in love with the king's son Abdul Jalil "Oral tradition can be defined as a testimony delivered Ahmad. Therefore he went to Pasai with many boats verbally from one generation to the next. such is the before landing came news that Abdul Jalil was killed by special properties of verbality and how he his father. Because disappointed and discouraged Princess delivered….". Gemerencang prays to God that his ship sank. The prayer Therefore, the oral tradition can be used as a was granted and the ship sinks heard that the king of source in the kinds of scientific study. For historians, the Majapahit into a rage, and then mobilized the army to oral tradition can be a source of history with successive attack Pasai. When Majapahit invaded Pasai sultan criteria have been submitted in at least one generation. Ahmad managed to escape but can be mastered Pasai. Another case criteria and viewpoints are taken by The oral traditions provide data regarding the sociologists or anthropologists. In this context the oral course of events Majapahit expansion to the East Aceh tradition and then be understood as a source of oral that is not owned by the written tradition, although it is history in the process of historiography 11 anachronism or not sequential. In Atjeh Tarich that Based on field research with the main source of summarizes some of the saga to show different data. In the speakers of the oral traditions from the different social Chapter XVII Atjeh Tarich stated that the Majapahit background, education and position in the society can be troops failed to land in the ocean because of the strong collected some evidence showing. In principle between Pasai Peureulak border area. Majapahit arrival to the oral tradition and the written tradition have properties Peureulak also mentioned in the following quote: attract each other where there are commonalities can ....has been known since the XIV century in Peureulak logically explain each other but simultaneously also has a no oil, ground wells. In ancient times the land oil, in thrust due to differences in the content and viewpoint. addition to the Fisher flame lamp materials and This condition is the author refers to as cohesiveness. medicines, also used a tool of war or enemy boiler. The properties attract each other with the data Majapahit period of expansion in oil, the land was 15. indicated that the Majapahit been an expedition to the used to burn enemy ships or boats.... eastern part of Aceh. Based on the written tradition in the In the statement are not known exactly when the book Negarakertagama mentioned that the expedition to Majapahit expansion. However, further said that the the Malay region including Aceh background by Majapahit troops landed in the area of Sungai Raya and 3

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establish a fort in what is now called the Gajah Meunta academic background calling Elephant Meuntah as a and re-compile a strategy to attack Samudra Pasai. The village name that corresponds to the "Tafsir Books second attempt failed and encouraged Gajah Mada Country Kertagama" by Slamet Mulyana. The speaker targeting the country Tamiang (1352) as the country tells us that the name Gajah Meuntah is a stretch of the conquered, it can be seen in the genealogy of the kings hill, which has a history as a stopover site preparation and Tamiang as mentioned Majapahit dealing with the king Majapahit troops in its expansion into the kingdom of Young Sedia. The first landing place and built a fort in Samudra Pasai Islam, it is written in the "Events Tamiang called by the name Manyak Payed. And so on Expedition Pamalayu 1350 M”18. Mulyono19 went on to until the various fairy tale place names like Serangjaya, say that the results of his research in the study of kuala king Ulak, Pulau Sembilan, River Kuruk, Landoh, phonemes sound of a voice that was originally named the Kamung Sekumor, Bukit Congratulations, Kampung hill Gajah-Mada, from the development tongue rather Tambun Tulang, Lubuk Tika, Lubuk Mandah, Kampung difficult to say because of habit, then mada be meutah, so Tambun Tulang and the names of other places associated it goes often called Gajah Meuntah. Jumadi (55), as with the process expedition in Benua Tamiang, Gajah tuhapeut20 been reported that in the village there is also a Mada Until finally gave up back home to his country in legacy of the people of Majapahit in the form of small Java. The return to Java brings with prisoners who wells, but the water was clear and never dry. include women with traits Earring Horn (Suweng horn)16. This is in contrast with the speakers who acquire Unfortunately the names of places like Lubuk Tika, knowledge orally. Gajah Meuntah serve as a great spirit. Lubuk Mandah, Kampung Kampung Tambun Tulang Meanings are based on his life story mentioned that the Sekumor and can no longer be identified current money people in the region during the ancient water whereabouts. source used by a herd of elephants Forest. Once the water Defeat of Gajah Mada in Pulau Sembilan and the source is approached by a group of foreign forces trying story tells how he took care of the soldier near the island to oust elephant herd from the water source. In the story, (it's possible Kampey island adjacent to the Pulo it can be a message that needed much encouragement to Sembilan) gave birth imagery or pepetah Malay: “poor protect nature conservation and maintain mutual things can’t be denied, lucky things can't be reached harmony21. for”17. In another village that bears the name of the In this section occurs cohesiveness of data that aluetwo Paya Gajah Gajah have similar stories with a refer to events stopover on this island as a regular event. herd of elephants were mentioned in the first story. But when viewed in the State Kertagama that Kampey Regarding the origin of the founding of the village more Island including conquered areas mentioned it appears connected to the business of the empire Peureulak that this place does not only serve as a haven but has a opening and has a line connecting the Hikayat Radja strategic role. Pasai many mentions figures Elephants. Interesting properties also occur in the oral Name existence Gajah in Peureulak heavily tradition itself. One was to designate a location specified linked with the history of the country Perlak. Sultan in the user 'quiet place'. Lonely place is used by the army Malikul Saleh intends to make the palace for two sons to reconstitute Majapahit, Samudra Pasai attacking result of his marriage to the goddess algae extract. He was strategy. Some found the place deserted island Kampey riding an elephant named Perna Dewana22.In Tale Radja considered is that at that time populated by Malay Pasai / Samudra according to the source of the story is kingdom which escaped during the attack Sriwidjaya. But explained: in Aceh dates mentioned versions that desolate place that There are two kings Brothers: king Ahmad and king is an area called the River of Kings. Gajah Mada in the Muhammad. Both want to create a country in region and establish a fort on the hill called the Mount of Semerlanga. king Muhammad enters the Forest and Java. Mentioned that once built a fort in the area, Gajah Slash found a baby girl in a big rebong Betong. Radja Mada moving Directions Outback and establish a fort to Ahmad build the country at the jungle behind. He obtained a boy who supposedly brought on by an occupy themselves together soldiers strong guard. The elephant named Bujang Sekalis (Zainuddin.1961: 111). hill became known as the Gajah Meunta brogue Aceh The boy was then given the name "red elephant." believed to come from the words of Gajah Mada. Children from Betong rebong daughter and later the Sungai Raya name based features mentioned in Red Elephants are red seulu, founder of the palace the Mythe identical to the region that is now called the semutdara (ants huge) were later known as the Sungai Raya. Sungai Raya is essentially derived from the kingdom of Samudra23. word meaning seungue Rayeuk very silent. In the region This statement caused an anachronism flow of there is a great river navigable which allows for big boats. events, whether after the retreat of Samudra Pasai But unfortunately the Java name of the hill is not can be Majapahit troops headed straight Kampey and continued traced back. While the name has expanded interpretation the attack through Peureulak directly adjacent to the Gajah Meunta. Ocean Pasai. The second possibility is the with drawal of The speakers of the oral tradition which has an troops Majapahit towards Peureulak, strategize and failed 4

RESEARCH ARTICLE Adv. Sci. Lett. Vol. 24, No. 7, 2018 36-6612/2018/24/606/006 doi:10.1166/asl.2018.11735 in a second trial in an attempt to conquer the Samudra speakers with a background in educational status and Pasai so switch to select conquer Benua Tamiang. position in society have a worldview which largely Apart from these problems there are other oral corresponds to the existing board resources. While other traditions associated with the expansion of Majapahit in speakers who come from the general public has an the form of speaking adage Aceh Tamiang: understanding such as the results, that was presented “Muho Sepakat, before. Emphus Jerat buleh digade, In Aceh Tamiang, the names of such areas Sungepe ekdibendung Manyak Payed, Serangjaya, Sungai Kurug and other Gunong pedapat dibuat” regions very carefully with the events Majapahit Means: expansion. Folklore tells the story of falling in love with “if agreed, The cemetery mey be pawned, Princess Gajah Mada Child Lindung Bulan, Raja Muda The river can be dammed, Sedinu (not as an offering to Hayam Wuruk as evidence The mountain can be made too24”. Conquest) inherited and later give rise to the belief that This proverb is believed to be the end of the river Gajah Mada died in the region. In contrast to the territory events intervened on the orders of Raja Muda Sedia when in East Aceh with Islamic culture stronger. Society tells he was about to retreat, seeking divine blessings for the the story Peureulak more related toponymy Paya Gajah defeat of Majapahit. regions like and Gajah Meuntah with stories connected Tale of place names can still be identified oral with the names of the characters in the saga of King Pasai well by several speakers in Aceh Tamiang. And tales Elephant and the Myth of State Peurelak. The Myth saga submitted by the source of the story in the present and contains a message of local wisdom to maintain corresponds to what is described in Atjeh Tarich25 H.M harmony with the environment Nature. While the border work Zainuddin. He speaker is one of them are elders region as Pangkalan Susu and Besitang, toponymy who are members of the Majelis Adat Aceh Tamiang as reflects the duality of meaning local oral tradition. In Mr. Muntasir Mandiman, Sufi Ibrahim and Syarifuddin some communities, believe the name is derived from the Ismail26, while the other speakers who come from the milk base Base Susur (where reinforcements Majapahit general public as the island Kampey do not have much depreciated) were some of the others connect the name ability to retell stories related to the object of research. with which likened the potential wealth of oil as a source Kampey Island community is now a new society which of livelihood. All three variants can be mutually periodically resides on the island. reinforcing and enrich the data on the sources of local The other speakers who come from the general history and national history in particular in detail the public as Datok Kampung Masjid, Juned Yusuf27 derived process of expansion and events that occur therein. The from Manyak Payed and the general public in Aceh contradictory nature of the written sources is concentrated Tamiang, Express stories with a variety of development, on figures Gajah Mada as the leader of the expedition and displacement and referred to the growth of the myth of data about the end of his life29. one of them is the myth of the death of the Gajah Mada in In Acehtarich mentioned expansion led by Gajah Tamiang with justification that refers to the existence of Mada of Majapahit himself with the numbers 1350 and ancient tombs like the one in the village mosque Aceh touted leave Aceh Tamiang in the year 1357. By the Tamiang. It can be seen from the passionate community people of Aceh Tamiang, believed that Gajah Mada died to uncover the facts28. in this region. This perception associated with the The existence of the oral tradition in Aceh presence of an old cemetery located in Manyak Payed, Tamiang different from oral tradition in the district of especially in the Village Mosque. Based on archeological East Aceh Peureulak precisely around the District and research, the age of the relics has no relevance to the other areas on the border of East Aceh were still years of the arrival of Majapahit in Aceh Tamiang. Also, concerned with some of the places identified in Tarich based on the translation of the ballad Sunda known that Atjeh. Oral tradition in the Aceh region associated with the Year 1357 Gajah Mada follow Bubat war. In the the eastern part of the village toponymy and certain sites Sunda Song told that Bubat War (1357) began when King have different variants of the speaker's attitude that causes Hayam Wuruk began to take steps to marry diplomacy thickening of the story and shift. with Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmiputri Sunda as empress. King Hayam Wuruk application accepted by the Kidung 4 RESULT of Sunda30, and a large entourage to the Majapahit This research results in the mapping of the Kingdom of Sunda came to the grand wedding ceremony. properties of the oral tradition in the communities in the Gajah Mada who want Sunda subdued, forcing wants eastern part of Aceh. Broadly speaking the three variants Dyah Pitaloka as offering recognition of Majapahit. As a to represent the oral tradition that developed in the district result of the refusal of Sunda on this matter, there was an of Aceh Tamiang, East Aceh District as well as the border unequal battle between the forces of Majapahit and the areas in East Aceh. These properties are highly dependent Sundanese party in Bubat; who was a party venue Sunda. on the source of knowledge speakers oral tradition. The Dyah Pitaloka suicide after his father and the entire

5

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entourage killed in the battle. As a result of the events of the folklore of the origin of the existence of a place can be the diplomatic measures fail Hayam Wuruk and Gajah a useful source of oral history in the historiography of Mada disabled from his post because regarded prefer history. Although there is some shift in the oral tradition achievement by doing a military invasion when this in some areas due to the nature of the narrative such as should not be done. the emergence of creativity speakers, misunderstanding, In told things are a bit different. and distortion. Therefore, the use of written sources with It said that Hayam Wuruk reallyappreciates Gajah Mada intertextuality approach can be utilized. as Mahamantri Court officer, thoughtful, and loyal The oral tradition is more likely to be as a means devotion to country. The king confers hamlet of survival from the past, but the social and cultural life of "Madakaripura" scenic in Tongas, Probolinggo, the Gajah contemporary society has proven that oral tradition is also Mada. There is an opinion stating that in 1359, Gajah necessary to accommodate the ideas of value to be raised Mada reappointed as vice regent; only he ruled from to confront the challenges of the times. The life of the Madakaripura. It was further mentioned in company, showing the relationship between oral tradition nagarakretagama that the return Hayam Wurukdari with community supporters, are countered reply. However, religious ceremony in Simping, he notices that Gajah it is possible; there is a shift that was adjusted to the Mada had been sick. Gajah Mada stated died in 1286 various considerations society itself. Stories, legends, Saka or 1364 AD31. myths or folklore, can be shifted because it is oral, but Arrival Gajah Mada as a direct leader Majapahit sometimes also meant to embody the values or another troops in the expedition to Aceh can be no doubt with message is more highlighted by society. some of the following interpretation: In the case study of oral tradition concerned with a. In Canto Negarakertagama 18/2 Gajah Mada is the the events Majapahit expansion in the Eastern Region of official title of the enumerations rakyan sang Aceh, the oral history can be a source of oral history to mantrimukyapatih I majapahit sang complete the data gaps regarding the event details pranelegkedatwan which means rakian the premier Majapahit expansion into the region. Criticism needs to duke of Majapahit, intermediary palace32. Position be deepened to focus on the rise of elephant Mada name Supreme Patih the highest position in the military as the leader of the expedition. Written sources indicate system that holds the authority to regulate relations contradiction with the oral tradition that developed. at home and abroad so that A Mahapatih not possible Intertextuallity on the object reveals the victory of the to leave the center of the kingdom for a long time. written tradition with some stronger data. b. Position a Mahapatih assisted by the officials of ACKNOWLEDGMENTS other functional. In the conduct of its expansion, This work was supported by Directorate General Of Majapahit using strong famous Sea Fleet. In Strengthening Research And Development, Indonesia Pujasastra Nāgarakṛtāgama known an accomplished Ministry Of Research, Technology And High Education. seaman, who is the right hand the Mahapatih Gajah Mada in the task of uniting the island archipelago REFERENCES under Majapahit. Some sources state that the secret [1] Shashangka, Dhamar. Sabda Palon; Spirit of the power of the naval fleet since the days of the Archipelago and the people of the Wind. Jakarta: Majapahit Kingdom Gajah Mada was located on a Dolphin (2012), Supplement charismatic leader of its navy. Navy chief Majapahit [2] Gottschalk, Louis. Understanding History. Jakarta: is Senopati Sarwajala Mpu Nala or referred Patih UI Press (1975), 34-66 Nala33 (comparable to the Commander or Chief of [3] Irwanto, Dedi. Constraints and Alternative Use of Staff of the Navy with the rank of Rear Admiral or Oral Tradition in Local History Writing in South Admiral of the Sea). Under the control of Senopati Sumatra. Jurnal Forum Sosial, Vol V, No.02, Sarwajala Mpu Nala, warships sailing the ocean September (2012), 123-125 Majapahit Empire conquered one after the other [4] Mulyana, Slamet. Nagara Kretagama: Tafsir Sejarah. islands and countries in the region to unite Nusantara Jakarta:Bharata Jaya Aksara.(1973),16-35 archipelago under Majapahit sovereignty. Later, after [5] -----,Towards the Top of Splendor (History of Mahapatih Gajah Mada stepped down, the Mpu Nala Majapahit Kingdom). Yogyakarta: LkiS, (2005), 99- Hero Member rank, thus its name is Hero Member 159 Rakryan Nala (Admiral Nala). [6] -----, The fall of the Hindu - Javanese Empire and the

emergence of Islamic Countries in the archipelago. 5. CONCLUSIONS Yogyakarta: Lkis, (2005), Basically, between oral tradition and the written [7] Poesponegoro, Marwati djoened and Notosutanto, tradition has complementary properties. The script as a Nugroho. 2nd, Update of Indonesia National History great tradition such as tripe, saga, legend and the like III. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka (2008),432-461 often do not explain the details of an event well. In such circumstances the oral tradition, one of which contains 6

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[8] Pudentia, MPSS. Methodology of Oral Traditions [15] Management of Customary Council Aceh District Review. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia and Aceh Tamiang, interviewon July 13, 2016, 09.00- Yayasan Asosiasi Tradisi Lisan, (1998), 32 13.00 WIB. [9] Suhaemi, Emi. Aceh Women In Government and [16] Juned Yusuf, datok of village Masjid Manyak Payed War.Summeries of book Indonesian Women As [17] Noni Siti Nurwana Sari Boru Nasution, July 19, Statesman and Hero.(2012),6-73 2016, 15.00-16.15 WIB. [10] Suyatno. Nagara Kretagama manuscript. Article. News Perpustakaan Nasional RI (2012), 2-5 [18] http://www.Lintas atjeh.com. Thursday 25/0/2016. [11] Widja, I Gde. Local History A Perspective In Vice Head DPRK Aceh Tamiang Trace Gajah Mada Historical Teaching. Jakarta; Depdikbud.(1989).57- at Manyak Payed 61 [19] http://www.pikiranaceh.com. May 10, 2016 with [12] Vasian, Jan. Oral Tradition as History. Madison: The Title Member of the CommissionX DPR RI Trace University of Wisconsin Press, (1985), 27-28 Gajah Mada at Aceh Tamiang. [13] Zainuddin, H.M. Tarich Atjeh and Nusantara. Banda Aceh: Pustaka Iskandar Muda (1961), 99-236 Interview [14] Geuchik/Head of Village and Secretary of Village Gajah Meutah, July 26, 2016.

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