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Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah STKIP PGRI Bandar Lampung Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah STKIP PGRI Bandar Lampung http://eskrispi.stkippgribl.ac.id/ TINJAUAN HISTORIS DAMPAK PERANG BUBAT DALAM BIDANG POLITIK DI MAJAPAHIT TAHUN 1357 Sandi Tomy Irawan, Drs. Muhammad Rb, M.Pd, Yulia Siska, M.Pd, STKIP PGRI Bandar Lampung [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis latar belakang yang menyebabkan terjadinya Perang Bubat, beserta dampak. Karena penelitian ini berguna untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan memperdalam pemahaman peristiwa masa lalu yang telah terjadi serta untuk menumbuhkan rasa cinta terhadap sejarah di masyarakat. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan metode Historis. yang mengacu pada pendapat Rosdy Ruslan dengan metode penelitian yang khusus digunakan dalam penelitian sejarah melalui tahapan tertentu. Metode itu mempunyai 4 langkah: 1. Heuristik, 2. Kritik, 3. Interpretasi, 4. Historiografi. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik keperpustakaan, dengan cara mendapatkan sumber-sumber yang diperoleh dari perpustakaan. Menggunakan teknik Dokumentasi dengan cara mencari data catatan berupa arsip dan berkas. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu adanya Perang Bubat antara Kerajaan Majapahit dan Kerajaan Sunda yang berawal dari rencana pernikahan Hayam Wuruk sebagai Raja Majapahit dan Dyah Pitaloka putri dari Linggabuana seorang Raja dari Kerajaan Sunda. Dikabarkan penyebabnya karena Sumpah Palapa Gajah Mada yang sebagai Mahapatih dari Kerajaan Majapahit yang ingin menguasai Nusantara. Karena adanya Perang Bubat ini menyebabkan terjadinya dampak yang begitu besar yang dirasakan turun temurun. Kata Kunci: Tinjauan Historis, Dampak Perang Bubat, Bidang Politik Abstract: The study aims to analyse the background that causes lath war, along with the impact. Because this research is useful to increase knowledge and deepen understanding of past event that have occurred and to foster a sense of love for history in society. This research is a type of qualitative research with historical methods. Which refers to the opinion of Rusdy Ruslan with research methods specifically used in historical research through certain stages. The methods has 4 steps: 1. Heuristic, 2. Critics, 3. Interpretations, 4. Historiography. Data collection techniques are carried out by library techniques, by obtaining source sources obtained from the library. Using documentations techniques by searching records data in the from of archives and files. The result of this research is the existence of the Bubat War between the Majapahit Kingdom and the Sunda Kingdom which originated from the planned marriage of Hayam Wuruk as the King of Majapahit and Dyah Pitaloka, the daughter of 1 Linggabuana, the King of the Kingdom of Sunda. Reportedly the cause was due to Gajah Mada's Palapa Oath as the Mahapatih of the Majapahit Kingdom who wanted to rule the archipelago. Because of the Bubat War, it had a huge impact that was felt for generations. Keywords: Historical Review, Impact of War, Political Sector alun Bubat yang menjadi medan laga PENDAHULUAN pertempuran Bubat. Para pengawal Hubungan masa lampau, masa kini, dan Sunda beberapa kali berhasil dan masa yang akan datang adalah suatu mampu menyerang balik tentara proses yang penuh dengan pengalaman Majapahit yang mengepung lapangan dan kenangan. Dalam rangka inilah Bubat tersebut. Namun karena semakin harus dipelajari warisan budaya bangsa lama semakin berkurang nya tenaga Indonesia demi menuju muara pasukan Sunda, perlawanan Sunda kebudayaan nasional. menjadi berkurang dan semakin kewalahan menghadapi pasukan Perang Bubat terjadi sekitar tahun Majapahit. Dan karena pertengkaran ini 1357 Masehi. Perang ini melibatkan yang terjadi antara kedua kerajaan antara orang-orang dari Kerajaan tersebut yang menyebabkan tewasnya Majapahit dan Kerajaan Sunda. Berawal seluruh rombongan Kerajaan Sunda dari raja Hayam Wuruk yang ingin termasuk Prabu Linggabuana dan putri memperistri Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi nya yaitu Dyah Pitaloka. puteri Prabu Linggabuana. Selain terpesona karena kecantikan nya, Pertengkaran yang mengakibatkan Hayam Wuruk juga ingin mengikat perang itu karena Sumpah Palapa yang persekutuan dengan negeri Sunda. diucapkan oleh Gajah Mada sewaktu di Kerajaan Sunda yang berdiri sejak angkat menjadi Patih Amangkubumi di tahun 669 (591 Saka), hingga abad ke- Majapahit. Maksud dari sumpah itu 14 masih merupakan kerajaan yang adalah Gajah Mada ingin menguasai masuk dalam kategori besar dan tidak wilayah Nusantara. terkalahkan. KAJIAN TEORI Sumber tertua yang menceritakan Tinjauan Historis peristiwa ini adalah Kidung Sundayana. Diceritakan dalam Kidung Sundayana Kata tinjauan berasal dari kata tinjau yang berarti melihat, menjenguk, bahwa raja Majapahit kala itu sedang mencari pendamping hidup. memeriksa dan meneliti untuk Mendengar kabar akan kecantikan kemudian menarik kesimpulan. Sedangkan kata Historis berasal dari putri Kerajaan Sunda, Hayam Wuruk mengutus Arya Prabangkara, seorang bahasa Yunani yaitu merupakan kata pelukis Majapahit untuk pergi melukis benda Istoria yang berarti ilmu. putri kerajaan sunda. Setelah melihat Tinjauan adalah hasil meninjau lukisan putri Sunda, Hayam Wuruk pandangan, pendapat tentang suatu hal langsung jatuh hati dan mengirimkan sesudah menyelidiki atau dipelajari. lamaran. Lamaran diterima baik oleh Dalam bahasa Indonesia kata historis pihak Sunda, maka berangkatlah lebih dikenal dengan istilah sejarah. rombongan sunda ke Majapahit. Dalam Jadi, tinjauan historis merupakan suatu kisahnya, para rombongan Kerajaan kajian mengenai sejarah atau tinjauan Sunda itu dikepung di tengah alun – mengenai objek yang diteliti 2 Sandi Tomy Irawan, Muhammad Rb, Yulia Siska berdasarkan bukti-bukti sejarah baik menyatukan dan menaklukkan seluruh tertulis maupun pada masa yang akan wilayah Nusantara yang disebutkan datang dan sebagai sumber ilmu dalam sumpahnya itu. Bisa diketahui pengetahuan. bahwa, Visi dan agenda Gajah Mada Sumpah Palapa dan agenda politik menguasai Nusantara adalah untuk Patih Gajah Mada memperluas wilayah Majapahit.Jika sudah berhasil, baru dirinya pensiun Sumpah Palapa merupakan suatu sebagai Patih Amangkubumi dari pernyataan atau sumpah yang Majapahit. ( Slamet Muljana, 1981 : 72 ) dilontarkan oleh Gajah Mada pada upacara pengangkatannya menjadi Peristiwa Sumpah Palapa ini telah Patih Amangkubumi atau Perdana dijelaskan dalam Kitab Pararaton. Menteri Majapahit pada 1258 Saka Dalam Pararaton, seperti yang (1336 M). istilah Palapa sendiri diuraikan oleh Muldjana bahwa sehabis merupakan istilah Jawa Kuno untuk peristiwa penaklukkan Sadeng, di salah Kelapa. Palapa juga bisa diartikan satu wilayah Majapahit, Pabanyu sebagai kombinasi pala-apa, yang Pindah telah terjadi peristiwa alam berarti buah atau rempah dengan berupa gempa bumi. Tragedi alam ini jenisnya yang beragam. terjadi pada 1334. Gempa bumi yang terjadi di daratan Pabanyu Pindah itu Menurut beberapa pendapat dari kemudian ditafsirkan sebagai tanda beberapa pakar sejarah menafsirkan atau isyarat akan terjadi perubahan bahwa istilah Palapa bermakna sebagai besar di Majapahit. puasa. Bahkan ada yang mencoba mendekatkan kata Palapa dengan Sumpah Palapa yang diucapkan itu Plapah: tempat orang berjualan bumbu sebagaimana ditulis dalam Serat dapur. “Tan ayun amukti palapa” Pararaton yang berbunyi: artinya tak akan makan bumbu dapur, “beliau Gajah Mada tidak ingin atau dengan kata lain makan nasi tanpa bumbu-bumbuan yang bisa juga melepaskan puasanya. Beliau Gajah diartikan dengan puasa mutih. Mada; ‘jika telah berhasil menundukkan Nusantara, saya baru Bermakna bahwa Gajah Mada tidak akan memakan makanan yang akan beristirahat. Jika Gurun (Pulau berbumbu alias akan terus puasa mutih Gorom (Lombok)) , Seran, Tanjungpura (Kalimantan Barat), Haru (Sumatra jika dirinya belum berhasil menyatukan Nusantara. ( Muhammad Muhibuddin, Utara (Karo)), Pahang (Malaysia), 2018 : 64 ) Dompo (daerah yang ada di Pulau Sumbawa), Bali, Sunda (Kerajaan Sunda Menurut Slamet Muldjana menyatakan (Pajajaran)), Palembang (Sriwijaya), bahwa istilah Palapa bermakna Tumasik (Singapura) telah tunduk, saya pensiun, bebas tugas atau baru akan beristirahat.” ( istirahat.Bahkan bisa jadi istilah https:/tatangmanguny.wordpress.com/ Amukti Palapa pada naskah Pararaton Sumpah-Palapa ) bermakna pemberhentian Gajah Mada Diantara daerah tersebut, Kerajaan dari jabatannya sebagai Patih Amangkubumi Majapahit pasca Perang Sunda masuk menjadi salah satu target ekspansi Gajah Mada. Inilah yang Bubat. Berdasarkan penafsiran ini, nantinya akan menyulut terjadinya maka bisa dipahami bahwa Gajah Mada tidak akan pensiun dari jabatannya Perang Bubat. Sebab, Perang Bubat ini sebagai Patih sebelum dirinya bisa memang lebih disebabkan oleh ambisi politik Gajah Mada yang tertuang dalam 3 Sandi Tomy Irawan, Muhammad Rb, Yulia Siska Sumpah Palapa itu, dimana Kerajaan Pada masa pemerintahan Hayam Sunda saat itu belum bisa ditaklukkan Wuruk, Gajah Mada tetap menjabat oleh Majapahit, sehingga Gajah Mada sebagai Patih Amangku Bumi. Justru masih mempunyai tanggung jawab dengan keberadaan Gajah Mada untuk menuntaskan sumpahnya sebagai Patih Amangku Bumi, tersebut. Namun dalam kenyataannya Majapahit mencapai zaman Sunda tetap berdiri sehingga dalam Keemasannya. Ambisi Gajah Mada sebuah kesempatan untuk menjalin untuk menundukkan kerajaan-kerajaan pernikahan antara putri Kerajaan kecil di Nusantara mencapai hasilnya. Sunda dan Raja Majapahit, Gajah Mada Sehingga, pengaruh kekuasaan memanfaatkan kesempatan ini untuk
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